Anaerobic Processes

Microcalorimetry was used for monitoring anaerobic digestion processes of heavily polluted industrial waste waters (from cheese industry, distilleries, yeast plant). Interpreting the thermal power-time curves by HPLC, some sub-processes in batch cultures were tentatively identified as acidogenic, acetogenic and methanogenic. Processes underlying power-time curves up to 10 h were different for different wastes. In the case of cheese whey and

Microcalorimetry was used for monitoring anaerobic digestion processes of heavily polluted industrial waste waters (from cheese industry, distilleries, yeast plant). Interpreting the thermal power-time curves by HPLC, some sub-processes in batch cultures were tentatively identified as acidogenic, acetogenic and methanogenic. Processes underlying power-time curves up to 10 h were different for different wastes. In the case of cheese whey and

Carbon capture is a vital strategy for mitigating climate change by reducing industrial CO 2 emissions. Adsorption technology using microporous material shows significant promise. However, significant challenges persist in developing cost-effective and sustainable adsorbents. This study addresses this issue by simultaneously enabling CO 2 adsorption and plastic waste utilization through activated carbon derived from polyethylene terephthalate (PET). It was evaluated under isothermal conditions (27°C, 35°C, and 45°C) at pressures up to 3500 kPa. The maximum CO 2 adsorption capacity was 0.21313 kg/kg at 27°C and 3504.39 kPa, demonstrating the effectiveness of PET-derived activated carbon in capturing CO 2. The Toth isotherm model exhibited a strong fit with experimental data, with an R 2 of more than 99%. The Clausius-Clapeyron equation yielded an adsorption heat of 2223.66 kJ/kg using the Toth fitting, and the Chakraborty-Saha-Koyama model yielded a heat of 2383.65 kJ/kg, confirming strong adsorption potential. These results underline PET waste as a viable precursor for sustainable carbon capture adsorbents. Furthermore, the results provide essential data for developing numerical models to optimize adsorption-based carbon capture technologies.

Conversion of catch-land into residential land in urban areas reduces infiltration, and increases surface flow and flood risk. Artificial infiltration is a potential solution to increase infiltration capacity, but its effectiveness is highly dependent on the physical characteristics of the soil, including geophysical constants. This study aims to determine the level of infiltration capacity based on the value of soil geophysical constants using artificial infiltration in residential land in Padang. Measurements were carried out using the Horton method and double-ring infiltrometer in several residential locations. The study results show that the soil characteristics of residential land in Padang consist of the soil texture of sand, loamy sand, and sandy loam, which have high moisture content, large fill weight, and low porosity, causing low infiltration rate and high surface flow. Artificial infiltration can significantly increase the infiltration capacity, especially on sandy soils with high hydraulic conductivity. The soil geophysical constant, k, is classified according to field measurement results. In the lower range of 1.2 < k ≤ 1.9, the average infiltration capacity was found at 625.1 mm/hour. Within the interval of 1.9 < k ≤ 2.6, the mean capacity decreased to 587.7 mm/hour, but in the upper interval of 2.6 < k ≤ 3.3, the average infiltration capacity was 499 mm/hour. Large soil geophysical constants reveal higher infiltration capacity, while small geophysical constants indicate low infiltration capacity.

Multi-soil-layering (MSL) is well-known as an emerging technology for wastewater treatment. However, limited studies have been conducted on the crumb rubber industry. Thus, this study aims to reduce the crumb rubber industrial wastewater using MSL system. Four models of MSL conducted it. They are (1) constructed by body size of gravel with a mixture of andosol soil and fine charcoal; (2) body size of gravel with a mixture of andosol soil, fine charcoal, sawdust, and iron particles; (3) tube size of gravel with a mixture of andosol soil and fine charcoal; and (4) tube size of gravel with a mixture of andosol soil, fine charcoal and sawdust. The construction models were installed in the variance of the box and each of them was flowed by the Hydraulic Loading Rate of wastewater. Aeration treatment is given to the maximum hydraulic loading rate. The result showed that MSL systems significantly minimize the crumb rubber industrial wastewater under requirements that cover Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Total Suspended Solid (TSS), Total Nitrogen (T-N) and Total ammonia (T-NH 3). It also significantly neutralizes the power of Hydrogen (pH) up to 6. The highest reduction was obtained by the MSL 3 system (tube size of gravel with a mixture of andosol soil and fine charcoal). The aeration significantly decreased the BOD, COD, TSS, and ammonia from 85% to 99%. Although the aeration process enhanced the performance of MSL system, however, MSL without aeration successfully treated the wastewater to meet the required standard. This study provides new insight into the effectiveness of MSL system in reducing pollutant parameters of crum rubber industrial wastewater.

Highlights-AnMBRs are an effective technology for treatment of slaughterhouse wastewater-COD removal was consistently over 95% and was independent of OLR and HRT-Organic loading limit of 3-3.5 gCOD.L-1 d-1 was imposed by active biomass inventory-Biomass inventory in the AnMBR was limited to 40 g.L-1 (TS) to manage fouling ABSTRACT Anaerobic Membrane Bioreactors (AnMBRs) enable high space loading by retaining solids selectively through microfiltration membranes. For organic industrial wastewaters, this offers an alternative to lagoons and granule based high-rate anaerobic treatment due to excellent effluent quality, high tolerance to load variations, and ability to produce a solids free effluent for the purposes of reuse. While there has been extensive work on low-strength and low solids effluent, there has been limited application in high-solids, high fats systems such as slaughterhouse wastewater, which are a key application. A 200L AnMBR pilot plant operated at 2 Australian cattle slaughterhouses consistently removed over 95% of chemical oxygen demand (COD) from the wastewater. Virtually all degradable COD was converted to biogas, 78-90% of nitrogen and 74% of phosphorus in the wastewater were released to the treated permeate as ammonia and phosphate respectively; which would enable subsequent nutrient capture. The mass loading rate limit of 3-3.5 gCOD.L-1 d-1 is imposed by the active biomass inventory, with this in turn limited to 40 g.L-1 (TS) by the need to manage membrane fouling control.

Environmentally benign energy strategies have been implemented to cope with the rapidly increased global energy needs. Indonesia’s coffee consumption has triggered an increase in the generation of spent coffee ground (SCG) that can be used as a biogas raw material. The novelty that we offer in this research effort is to reduce the premature formation of biogas, so that we can extend the biogas production period during the digestion of spent coffee ground by adjusting the right pH and digestion time. This study aimed to produce biogas from an organic substrate mixture containing cow manure and SCG with a 25:1 C/N ratio by employing effective microorganisms-4 (EM-4). The process began with delignification of SCG using sodium hydroxide solution to obtain delignified SCG (DSCG). The biodegradation of the substrate was performed in an anaerobic batch digestion (AD) system at ambient temperature by varying pH (5, 7, and 9) and EM-4 concentration (6%, 9%, and 12%). The biogas product and c...

There have been continuous efforts to find environmentally benign energy to cope steady increase of global energy needs. The spent coffee ground (SCG) is one of agricultural wastes that can be utilized as a raw material to produce biogas. This study aims to produce biogas from mixture of organic substrate containing cow manure and spent coffee ground (SCG) with a C/N ratio of 25:1 with the addition of effective microorganisms-4 (EM-4) to enhance biogas production. The biodegradations were performed in an anaerobic batch digestion (AD) at ambient environment. The variables used of this research were pH (5, 7, and 9) and the loading of EM-4 (6, 9, and 12%). The digestions were run for 60 days and the volumes of biogas produced were measured every two days. The results showed that the addition of EM-4 was able to initiate biogas production earlier, enhance biogas volume, and extend biogas production end time. The best digestion condition for substrate containing cow manure and SCG with...

This work presents an experimental and theoretical investigation of anaerobic fluidized bed reactors (AFBRs). The bioreactors are modeled as dynamic three-phase systems. Biochemical transformations are assumed to occur only in the fluidized bed zone. The biofilm process model is coupled to the system hydrodynamic model through the biofilm detachment rate; which is assumed to be a first-order function of the energy dissipation parameter and a second order function of biofilm thickness. Non-active biomass is considered to be particulate material subject to hydrolysis. The model includes the anaerobic conversion for complex substrate degradation and kinetic parameters selected from the literature. The experimental setup consisted of two mesophilic (36±1ºC) labscale AFBRs (R1 and R2) loaded with sand as inert support for biofilm development. The reactor start-up policy was based on gradual increments in the organic loading rate (OLR), over a four month period. Step-type disturbances were applied on the inlet (glucose and acetic acid) substrate concentration (chemical oxygen demand (COD) from 0.85 to 2.66 g L-1) and on the feed flow rate (from 3.2 up to 6.0 L d-1) considering the maximum efficiency as the reactor loading rate switching. The predicted and measured responses of the total and soluble COD, volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations, biogas production rate and pH were investigated. Regarding hydrodynamic and fluidization aspects, variations of the bed expansion due to disturbances in the inlet flow rate and the biofilm growth were measured. As rate coefficients for the biofilm detachment model, empirical values of 4 3.73 10 ⋅ and 4 0.75 10 ⋅ s 2 kg-1 m-1 for R1 and R2, respectively, were estimated.

Agricultural waste has the potential of biomass as a raw material for producing renewable energy. The primary processing of coffee produces waste from pulping and hulling activities. Waste can be processed further through composting, anaerobic water waste treatment and burning to be converted into electrical energy. Therefore, the calculation is needed that estimates the amount of potential biomass that is converted. Then, the purpose of the paper is to analyze each stage in the life cycle of Gayo Arabica coffee and calculate the potential amount of electrical energy produced. The life cycle assessment method uses material and energy analysis intending to explain the flow of inputs and outputs within the system boundary and analyze the movement and transformation of materials, energy, waste, and emissions. In the context of the paper, the study uses material flow analysis to estimate the biomass potential from solid and water waste treatment. The study uses interviews, observations and a cooperative report located in Central Aceh district as an Arabica coffee producer area in Indonesia. Production of Arabica coffee is managed by cooperatives involving small farmers and collectors from cultivation, primary processing, packaging, and delivery. Cultivation uses the agroforestry system with a shade tree of the type of lamtoro (Leucaena leucocephala). Packing with a pack of burlap is done by the cooperative. Activities undertaken cooperatives include the acceptance of coffee beans from the collector. Since 2016 cooperatives implemented a policy of processing coffee beans at the collector level. The estimation of the study shows that waste treatment through anaerobic water waste treatment, composting and combustion from 1 ton of cherry coffee (primary processing) has an energy potential of 34 kwh.

Indonesia's coffee production will reach 774.6 thousand tons in 2021, an increase of 2.75% from 2020, which was 753.9 thousand tons, and is the highest in the last decade and is expected to increase threefold in 2050. Hence, the evaluating environmental performance of the coffee agroindustry is essential if it is to become a more sustainable agroindustry. This paper aims to assess environmental performance (energy footprint, water footprint, and carbon footprint) in Gayo Arabica coffee green bean production with different agro-industry models. The method to evaluate environmental performance that can be used to identify indications of sustainability is Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) Method. The study was conducted on coffee production and exporter cooperatives in Central Aceh. Primary data were obtained through interviews with farmers, collectors, huller owners, and cooperative administrators. Secondary data comes from cooperative reports. The LCA study is described in two product systems, the model of 2015 and the model of 2016. The LCA model of 2015 is based on the green bean production system carried out in 2015 which includes water treatment, pulping, collecting, drying, hulling, finishing, and transportation. The LCA model of 2016 is based on the green bean production system carried out in 2016 until now which includes sub-processes for water treatment, pulping, collecting 1, hulling, collecting 2, finishing, and transportation. The results show that the energy footprint of the 2016 model (2.5128 MJ per f.u) is greater than that of the 2015 model (1.2336 MJ per f.u), the water footprint of the 2015 model is the same as the water footprint of the 2016 model product system, namely 0. 0086 m 3 per f.u., and the carbon footprint of the 2016 model (1.93 kg CO2-eq per f.u) is greater than that of the 2015 model (1.48 kg CO2-eq per f.u). The cooperative initiative (in the model of 2016) is for the purpose of process improvement but cannot reduce carbon emissions. To reduce emissions from the use of fossil fuels, it is necessary to optimize land transportation routes and energy efficiency.

Agricultural waste has the potential of biomass as a raw material for producing renewable energy. The primary processing of coffee produces waste from pulping and hulling activities. Waste can be processed further through composting, anaerobic water waste treatment and burning to be converted into electrical energy. Therefore, the calculation is needed that estimates the amount of potential biomass that is converted. Then, the purpose of the paper is to analyze each stage in the life cycle of Gayo Arabica coffee and calculate the potential amount of electrical energy produced. The life cycle assessment method uses material and energy analysis intending to explain the flow of inputs and outputs within the system boundary and analyze the movement and transformation of materials, energy, waste, and emissions. In the context of the paper, the study uses material flow analysis to estimate the biomass potential from solid and water waste treatment. The study uses interviews, observations and a cooperative report located in Central Aceh district as an Arabica coffee producer area in Indonesia. Production of Arabica coffee is managed by cooperatives involving small farmers and collectors from cultivation, primary processing, packaging, and delivery. Cultivation uses the agroforestry system with a shade tree of the type of lamtoro (Leucaena leucocephala). Packing with a pack of burlap is done by the cooperative. Activities undertaken cooperatives include the acceptance of coffee beans from the collector. Since 2016 cooperatives implemented a policy of processing coffee beans at the collector level. The estimation of the study shows that waste treatment through anaerobic water waste treatment, composting and combustion from 1 ton of cherry coffee (primary processing) has an energy potential of 34 kwh.

Bioethanol is an innovative solution that is environmentally friendly and able to reduce pollution by agricultural wastes. It has high oxygen content and burns more completely than gasoline. The research was aimed to utilize coffee wastes for producing a value added products and to reduce environmental pollution burden as well as to evaluate the potential for bioethanol production at probable optimum conditions using Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This process allows a yield of 77.29 % of bioethanol with respect to the theoretical value, which can be a viable alternative for obtaining second-generation biofuels in rural areas and for coffee smallholder plantation. The bioethanol production cost was assessed from waste coffee processing. In substantial amounts therefore, coffee pulp can be utilized as a potential raw material in bioethanol production in Ijen plateau region of East Java. Bioethanol production cost was IDR 6 000 • L-1 or USD 0.48 • L-1. Based on these facts, compared to food crops coffee pulp which is an agricultural waste is a promising alternative feedstock for second generation bioethanol production.

Indonesia's coffee production will reach 774.6 thousand tons in 2021, an increase of 2.75% from 2020, which was 753.9 thousand tons, and is the highest in the last decade and is expected to increase threefold in 2050. Hence, the evaluating environmental performance of the coffee agroindustry is essential if it is to become a more sustainable agroindustry. This paper aims to assess environmental performance (energy footprint, water footprint, and carbon footprint) in Gayo Arabica coffee green bean production with different agro-industry models. The method to evaluate environmental performance that can be used to identify indications of sustainability is Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) Method. The study was conducted on coffee production and exporter cooperatives in Central Aceh. Primary data were obtained through interviews with farmers, collectors, huller owners, and cooperative administrators. Secondary data comes from cooperative reports. The LCA study is described in two product systems, the model of 2015 and the model of 2016. The LCA model of 2015 is based on the green bean production system carried out in 2015 which includes water treatment, pulping, collecting, drying, hulling, finishing, and transportation. The LCA model of 2016 is based on the green bean production system carried out in 2016 until now which includes sub-processes for water treatment, pulping, collecting 1, hulling, collecting 2, finishing, and transportation. The results show that the energy footprint of the 2016 model (2.5128 MJ per f.u) is greater than that of the 2015 model (1.2336 MJ per f.u), the water footprint of the 2015 model is the same as the water footprint of the 2016 model product system, namely 0. 0086 m 3 per f.u., and the carbon footprint of the 2016 model (1.93 kg CO2-eq per f.u) is greater than that of the 2015 model (1.48 kg CO2-eq per f.u). The cooperative initiative (in the model of 2016) is for the purpose of process improvement but cannot reduce carbon emissions. To reduce emissions from the use of fossil fuels, it is necessary to optimize land transportation routes and energy efficiency.

Agricultural waste has the potential of biomass as a raw material for producing renewable energy. The primary processing of coffee produces waste from pulping and hulling activities. Waste can be processed further through composting, anaerobic water waste treatment and burning to be converted into electrical energy. Therefore, the calculation is needed that estimates the amount of potential biomass that is converted. Then, the purpose of the paper is to analyze each stage in the life cycle of Gayo Arabica coffee and calculate the potential amount of electrical energy produced. The life cycle assessment method uses material and energy analysis intending to explain the flow of inputs and outputs within the system boundary and analyze the movement and transformation of materials, energy, waste, and emissions. In the context of the paper, the study uses material flow analysis to estimate the biomass potential from solid and water waste treatment. The study uses interviews, observations and a cooperative report located in Central Aceh district as an Arabica coffee producer area in Indonesia. Production of Arabica coffee is managed by cooperatives involving small farmers and collectors from cultivation, primary processing, packaging, and delivery. Cultivation uses the agroforestry system with a shade tree of the type of lamtoro (Leucaena leucocephala). Packing with a pack of burlap is done by the cooperative. Activities undertaken cooperatives include the acceptance of coffee beans from the collector. Since 2016 cooperatives implemented a policy of processing coffee beans at the collector level. The estimation of the study shows that waste treatment through anaerobic water waste treatment, composting and combustion from 1 ton of cherry coffee (primary processing) has an energy potential of 34 kwh.

Indonesia's coffee production will reach 774.6 thousand tons in 2021, an increase of 2.75% from 2020, which was 753.9 thousand tons, and is the highest in the last decade and is expected to increase threefold in 2050. Hence, the evaluating environmental performance of the coffee agroindustry is essential if it is to become a more sustainable agroindustry. This paper aims to assess environmental performance (energy footprint, water footprint, and carbon footprint) in Gayo Arabica coffee green bean production with different agro-industry models. The method to evaluate environmental performance that can be used to identify indications of sustainability is Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) Method. The study was conducted on coffee production and exporter cooperatives in Central Aceh. Primary data were obtained through interviews with farmers, collectors, huller owners, and cooperative administrators. Secondary data comes from cooperative reports. The LCA study is described in two product systems, the model of 2015 and the model of 2016. The LCA model of 2015 is based on the green bean production system carried out in 2015 which includes water treatment, pulping, collecting, drying, hulling, finishing, and transportation. The LCA model of 2016 is based on the green bean production system carried out in 2016 until now which includes sub-processes for water treatment, pulping, collecting 1, hulling, collecting 2, finishing, and transportation. The results show that the energy footprint of the 2016 model (2.5128 MJ per f.u) is greater than that of the 2015 model (1.2336 MJ per f.u), the water footprint of the 2015 model is the same as the water footprint of the 2016 model product system, namely 0. 0086 m 3 per f.u., and the carbon footprint of the 2016 model (1.93 kg CO2-eq per f.u) is greater than that of the 2015 model (1.48 kg CO2-eq per f.u). The cooperative initiative (in the model of 2016) is for the purpose of process improvement but cannot reduce carbon emissions. To reduce emissions from the use of fossil fuels, it is necessary to optimize land transportation routes and energy efficiency.

The global market’s sustainability demand for coffee as a result of environmental concerns has influenced coffee producers to practice green coffee production. The efforts to improve the environmental performance of coffee production should also consider the other sustainability aspects: energy and economics. Using a green fertilizer from agricultural biomass can lower carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions since the cultivation process, which is directly impacted by fertilizer use, has been identified as an environmental damage hotspot for coffee production. This study aims to determine the impact of coffee pulp biomass utilization on coffee production in terms of energy savings, CO2 emission reduction, and economic value added. The methodologies used were environmental Life Cycle Assessment, energy requirement analysis, life cycle costing, and eco-efficiency analysis. The study findings showed that using coffee pulp biomass in coffee cultivation impacted the energy savings, environmental ...

The global market’s sustainability demand for coffee as a result of environmental concerns has influenced coffee producers to practice green coffee production. The efforts to improve the environmental performance of coffee production should also consider the other sustainability aspects: energy and economics. Using a green fertilizer from agricultural biomass can lower carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions since the cultivation process, which is directly impacted by fertilizer use, has been identified as an environmental damage hotspot for coffee production. This study aims to determine the impact of coffee pulp biomass utilization on coffee production in terms of energy savings, CO2 emission reduction, and economic value added. The methodologies used were environmental Life Cycle Assessment, energy requirement analysis, life cycle costing, and eco-efficiency analysis. The study findings showed that using coffee pulp biomass in coffee cultivation impacted the energy savings, environmental ...

Sustainability of Sidomulyo smallholder coffee agro industry as a part of Jember coffee agribusiness should be attempted by improving their high quality of coffee bean. Development of sustainability assessment indicators is needed to determine the factors that are feasible to support coffee agro industry. Case studies conducted in smallholder coffee plantation at Jember District, East Java. Through Rap-Coffee simulation, sustainability status is moderate (58.94%). Improving the status can be achieved based on the key attributes of sustainability framework. Supports from stakeholders such as government, research institute and banking with incentives, credit, maintaining equipment and quality standards assistance would increase productivity and quality while improving smallholder coffee prices.

The global market’s sustainability demand for coffee as a result of environmental concerns has influenced coffee producers to practice green coffee production. The efforts to improve the environmental performance of coffee production should also consider the other sustainability aspects: energy and economics. Using a green fertilizer from agricultural biomass can lower carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions since the cultivation process, which is directly impacted by fertilizer use, has been identified as an environmental damage hotspot for coffee production. This study aims to determine the impact of coffee pulp biomass utilization on coffee production in terms of energy savings, CO2 emission reduction, and economic value added. The methodologies used were environmental Life Cycle Assessment, energy requirement analysis, life cycle costing, and eco-efficiency analysis. The study findings showed that using coffee pulp biomass in coffee cultivation impacted the energy savings, environmental ...

Bioethanol is an innovative solution that is environmentally friendly and able to reduce pollution by agricultural wastes. It has high oxygen content and burns more completely than gasoline. The research was aimed to utilize coffee wastes for producing a value added products and to reduce environmental pollution burden as well as to evaluate the potential for bioethanol production at probable optimum conditions using Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This process allows a yield of 77.29 % of bioethanol with respect to the theoretical value, which can be a viable alternative for obtaining second-generation biofuels in rural areas and for coffee smallholder plantation. The bioethanol production cost was assessed from waste coffee processing. In substantial amounts therefore, coffee pulp can be utilized as a potential raw material in bioethanol production in Ijen plateau region of East Java. Bioethanol production cost was IDR 6 000 • L-1 or USD 0.48 • L-1. Based on these facts, compared to food crops coffee pulp which is an agricultural waste is a promising alternative feedstock for second generation bioethanol production.

Indonesia's coffee production will reach 774.6 thousand tons in 2021, an increase of 2.75% from 2020, which was 753.9 thousand tons, and is the highest in the last decade and is expected to increase threefold in 2050. Hence, the evaluating environmental performance of the coffee agroindustry is essential if it is to become a more sustainable agroindustry. This paper aims to assess environmental performance (energy footprint, water footprint, and carbon footprint) in Gayo Arabica coffee green bean production with different agro-industry models. The method to evaluate environmental performance that can be used to identify indications of sustainability is Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) Method. The study was conducted on coffee production and exporter cooperatives in Central Aceh. Primary data were obtained through interviews with farmers, collectors, huller owners, and cooperative administrators. Secondary data comes from cooperative reports. The LCA study is described in two product systems, the model of 2015 and the model of 2016. The LCA model of 2015 is based on the green bean production system carried out in 2015 which includes water treatment, pulping, collecting, drying, hulling, finishing, and transportation. The LCA model of 2016 is based on the green bean production system carried out in 2016 until now which includes sub-processes for water treatment, pulping, collecting 1, hulling, collecting 2, finishing, and transportation. The results show that the energy footprint of the 2016 model (2.5128 MJ per f.u) is greater than that of the 2015 model (1.2336 MJ per f.u), the water footprint of the 2015 model is the same as the water footprint of the 2016 model product system, namely 0. 0086 m 3 per f.u., and the carbon footprint of the 2016 model (1.93 kg CO2-eq per f.u) is greater than that of the 2015 model (1.48 kg CO2-eq per f.u). The cooperative initiative (in the model of 2016) is for the purpose of process improvement but cannot reduce carbon emissions. To reduce emissions from the use of fossil fuels, it is necessary to optimize land transportation routes and energy efficiency.

Globally, one amongst the major agro-based industry contributing significantly is Coffee. Coffee growing estates use water for pulping and the wastewater generated from coffee pulping activity is generally discharged to the water bodies. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of effluents from traditional wet coffee processing plants on the water quality. Coffee fruits are processed by two methods, wet and dry process. The wet processing produces a drink of higher quality and has the advantage of reducing the drying space area and time required. However, this preparation step generates high volume of coffee wastewater as it involves utilizing large volumes of water with concurrent generation of wastewater. Throughout wet processing, coffee fruits generate enormous quantities of high strength wastewater. The so generated wastewater is characterized by high concentrations of organic matter, low pH, nutrients, suspended matter associated with odor and dark color with hi...

Anaerobic treatment offers a sustainable alternative to aerobic treatment by recovering energy from wastewater. Anaerobic treatment, however, is challenged by reduced performance at lower temperatures and dissolved methane in the effluent, which represents a loss in recoverable energy and a potent greenhouse gas emission. Long-term operation of a bench-scale anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR) at 15-20°C, with domestic wastewater, provided data to evaluate life cycle environmental and economic performances of mainstream anaerobic treatment. Performance of the ABR was compared to a conceptual design of treatment with trickling filter+anaerobic digestion (TF+AD). The ABR and TF were modeled as example low-cost anaerobic and aerobic treatments, respectively, because these technologies may be more easily implemented (compared to membrane systems and activated sludge) in developing countries. This type of comprehensive study, not conducted previously for the ABR, is imperative for selecting appropriate technologies as we determine how to bring sanitation to billions who are unserved. The ABR recovered approximately six times more energy from low-strength wastewater than TF+AD and resulted in significantly more beneficial life cycle impacts for ecosystem quality and human health. Furthermore, technoeconomic analysis showed that the ABR has a life cycle cost that is about 40% lower than TF+AD. Dissolved methane in the effluent of the ABR, however, resulted in a harmful impact on climate change, whereas TF+AD resulted in approximately neutral impacts on climate change. A combined ABR+TF assembly, which was assumed to oxidize residual organics and dissolved methane, resulted in beneficial environmental impacts for four environmental categories. Advancements in synergistic technologies that remove or recover dissolved methane in anaerobic effluent would allow implementation of the ABR without increasing climate change impacts.

Highlights  BMP of citrus waste (peel, pulp and rotten fruit) was 354-398 L•kgVS-1.  Grinding the citrus waste did not improve BMP but slowed the kinetics.  IC50 of limonene was 423 mg•kg-1 in batch anaerobic digestion of cellulose.  Inhibition of anaerobic digestion process by limonene was reversible.  IC50 value increased to 669 mg•kg-1 for a second load of limonene, indicating that some biomass adaptation may occur.

Agricultural waste has the potential of biomass as a raw material for producing renewable energy. The primary processing of coffee produces waste from pulping and hulling activities. Waste can be processed further through composting, anaerobic water waste treatment and burning to be converted into electrical energy. Therefore, the calculation is needed that estimates the amount of potential biomass that is converted. Then, the purpose of the paper is to analyze each stage in the life cycle of Gayo Arabica coffee and calculate the potential amount of electrical energy produced. The life cycle assessment method uses material and energy analysis intending to explain the flow of inputs and outputs within the system boundary and analyze the movement and transformation of materials, energy, waste, and emissions. In the context of the paper, the study uses material flow analysis to estimate the biomass potential from solid and water waste treatment. The study uses interviews, observations and a cooperative report located in Central Aceh district as an Arabica coffee producer area in Indonesia. Production of Arabica coffee is managed by cooperatives involving small farmers and collectors from cultivation, primary processing, packaging, and delivery. Cultivation uses the agroforestry system with a shade tree of the type of lamtoro (Leucaena leucocephala). Packing with a pack of burlap is done by the cooperative. Activities undertaken cooperatives include the acceptance of coffee beans from the collector. Since 2016 cooperatives implemented a policy of processing coffee beans at the collector level. The estimation of the study shows that waste treatment through anaerobic water waste treatment, composting and combustion from 1 ton of cherry coffee (primary processing) has an energy potential of 34 kwh.

Increasement of demand for gayo arabica coffee has influenced the coffee industry, either in increasing the coffee production and also in increasing the usage of coffee machinery and equipment significantly. However, combustion of oil fuels result the emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) which increase the effect of greenhouse gases from the coffee production process. This study aimed to analyze the direct impact of gayo coffee production towards environment using the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) method, including several stages such as (1) the goal and scope definition, (2) the inventory analysis, (3) the impact assessment, and (4) the interpretation. Results of this study showed that the energy needed to process 1000 kg of coffee was 7.67 MJ, while the produced liquid waste was 5 953.2 kg. The value of the global warming impact on the coffee life cycle was 56 807 165.63 CO2eq.

Coffee is an important crop for developing countries, particularly in Indonesia. It provides essential income to millions of people, but the wastewater generated threatens the environment and human health. The basic needs in Indonesia are enormous, similar to many other coffee producing areas around the globe. This project has the ability to combat many of the problems facing humans today such as scarcity of potable water and energy supplies for the people that need it most. Coffee producers are all in developing nations and have serious problems disposing of the waste properly because they have no capital available to address the water contamination crisis and little environmental regulatory enforcement. Additionally, the people of rural coffee producing communities have inadequate health care so the availability of clean water is essential to quality of life. Responsible treatment of the wastewater will reduce the impact on the local ecology, and decrease the need for human health...

After investigating the application of the mesophilic and thermophilic processes in completely stirred, batch, and plug-flow reactors, in this study the authors consider the anaerobic fermentation of source-sorted organic municipal solid wastes in psychrophilic conditions (14-22°C) without pH control. The pilot-scale reactor was operated in a batch mode, with a hydraulic retention time of 4-4.5 d. The production of soluble COD from the particulate matter was (on average) 0.27 gCOD per gram of total volatile solids fed to the reactor when operating with a total solids content of 20-35 g/L. The volatile fatty acids (VFA) were 15% of the soluble COD produced after 4 d of reaction. These values are far lower than those found in mesophilic and thermophilic conditions, where the production of soluble COD ranged from 0.5 up to 0.9 gCOD/ gTVS fed and volatile fatty acids could reach 90% of soluble COD. Further, the first-order reaction constant for the hydrolysis process, K h , for the psychrophilic conditions was found equal to 0.11 d-1 at 20°C, while it was in the range 0.2-0.4 d-1 when operating in mesophilic or thermophilic conditions. Conclusively, the study of the psychrophilic fermentation process allowed for completing the scenario of different options of anaerobic solid-state fermentation of organic waste. Though mesophilic and thermophilic processes resulted in being more effective in dissolution of particulate matter, psychrophilic processes can be of some interest because they are simpler and energy saving. In particular, psychrophilic processes can be useful for the production of rough soluble COD to be used, e.g., for sustaining the biological nutrients removal processes in wastewater treatment.

Cocoa bean winnowing has a function to separate cocoa nibs from shell after roasting process of dry bean. Nibs are further processed into fine cocoa liquor by refining process. The aim of this experiment was to evaluate working performance of a home-scale winnower to separate shell from nibs with minimum shell parchment content in cocoa nibs. This experiment was conducted in Postharvest Laboratory at the Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute using roasted cocoa bean grade A according to standard of SNI 2323:2008/ Amd1:2010 with shell content of 15% originated from Forastero cocoa. Working performance of the home-scale winnower was evaluated based on shell parchment content in the output, its capacity, energy consumption and power transfer efficiency value by several air suction rates as variable. Data were analyzed using regression and variance analysis to evaluate the influence of the rate and to determine the optimum machine operation. Results of regression and variance a...

Globally, one amongst the major agro-based industry contributing significantly is Coffee. Coffee growing estates use water for pulping and the wastewater generated from coffee pulping activity is generally discharged to the water bodies. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of effluents from traditional wet coffee processing plants on the water quality. Coffee fruits are processed by two methods, wet and dry process. The wet processing produces a drink of higher quality and has the advantage of reducing the drying space area and time required. However, this preparation step generates high volume of coffee wastewater as it involves utilizing large volumes of water with concurrent generation of wastewater. Throughout wet processing, coffee fruits generate enormous quantities of high strength wastewater. The so generated wastewater is characterized by high concentrations of organic matter, low pH, nutrients, suspended matter associated with odor and dark color with hi...

This work describes a comparative study of staged and non-staged anaerobic Ðlters for treating a synthetic dairy waste under similar operating conditions. The e †ect of increasing the substrate concentration from 3 to 12 g COD dm~3 at a constant hydraulic residence time (HRT) of 2 days was evaluated with respect to overall reactor performance, biogas production, volatile fatty acids proÐles along the height, methanogenic and acidogenic activity distribution, and hydrodynamic behaviour. The potential maximum speciÐc methanogenic activity against acetate, hydrogen, propionate and butyrate and the lactose speciÐc activity were determined for sludge sampled from three di †erent points in each reactor, under two operating conditions (inÑuent COD of 3 and 9 g COD dm~3). Although all trophic groups involved in the anaerobic process were found throughout the reactors, it was possible to identify di †erent speciÐc sludges at di †erent heights in both reactors. Performances of the two conÐgurations were very similar under the operating conditions tested and the plug Ñow behaviour of the staged reactor was clearly reduced when the inÑuent concentration increased from 3 to 9 g COD dm~3.

The carbon footprint of coffee production has links to the issue of climate change. Greenhouse gas emissions as a result of the activities of the coffee production system unit are calculated based on the amount of CO2, N20 and CH4 compounds. Sources of emissions come from fossil fuels, electricity, decomposition of organic matter in liquid waste and pulp and burning of parchment skins. The purpose of the paper or research objectives is to identify the footprint of carbon emissions in each unit of the semi-wet primary coffee processing system in order to determine the hot spots that will be the focus of efforts for sustainable improvement. System limits are ―gate to gate‖ with pulping, collector, hulling, cooperative system units. Based on the identification results, the highest to lowest carbon footprint footprints for each system unit are pulping, cooperative, collector, and hulling with carbon equivalent emission values in a row of 0.214 kg CO2-e/kg green bean (62.87%), 0.1 kg CO2...

The carbon footprint of coffee production has links to the issue of climate change. Greenhouse gas emissions as a result of the activities of the coffee production system unit are calculated based on the amount of CO2, N20 and CH4 compounds. Sources of emissions come from fossil fuels, electricity, decomposition of organic matter in liquid waste and pulp and burning of parchment skins. The purpose of the paper or research objectives is to identify the footprint of carbon emissions in each unit of the semi-wet primary coffee processing system in order to determine the hot spots that will be the focus of efforts for sustainable improvement. System limits are ―gate to gate‖ with pulping, collector, hulling, cooperative system units. Based on the identification results, the highest to lowest carbon footprint footprints for each system unit are pulping, cooperative, collector, and hulling with carbon equivalent emission values in a row of 0.214 kg CO2-e/kg green bean (62.87%), 0.1 kg CO2...

Coffee is one of the main commodities in Indonesia. In Indonesia, coffee plantations began to grow rapidly so that potential for the development of domestic coffee. The development of people&#39;s coffee plant required support of various factors such as availability of facilities, methods of processing and postharvest handling which suitable for the coffee plantations to produce excellent coffee beans according to Indonesian National Standard

Jember district is one of the centers for smallholder plantation of the Robusta coffee in East Java. However, there are still limited reports about environmental conditions, particularly soil fertility of existing smallholder plantations and its effect on coffee flavor. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of soil fertility on flavor of coffee in existing smallholder Robusta coffee plantations in Jember district. This research was carried out by survey method in several area of the smallholder Robusta coffee plantation in Jember. Evaluation of sensory profile was carried out using cup test organoleptic method based on Standard cupping method of the Specialty Coffee Association of America. Research locations as subdistricts were chosen by purposive sampling method, namely Panti, Silo, Rambipuji, Sukorambi, and Tanggul subdistricts. Results of this study showed that soil of the smallholder Robusta coffee plantation in research locations possessed low organic carbon ...

Increasement of demand for gayo arabica coffee has influenced the coffee industry, either in increasing the coffee production and also in increasing the usage of coffee machinery and equipment significantly. However, combustion of oil fuels result the emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) which increase the effect of greenhouse gases from the coffee production process. This study aimed to analyze the direct impact of gayo coffee production towards environment using the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) method, including several stages such as (1) the goal and scope definition, (2) the inventory analysis, (3) the impact assessment, and (4) the interpretation. Results of this study showed that the energy needed to process 1000 kg of coffee was 7.67 MJ, while the produced liquid waste was 5 953.2 kg. The value of the global warming impact on the coffee life cycle was 56 807 165.63 CO2eq.

T he paper examines the broader environmental issues and environmental management aspects of primary coffee processing in general and more specifically how it is addressed in India. Primary processing, the production of green beans from the coffee fruits, is practised to bring out more flavour. Coffee is an important global commodity, yet seen from a systemic view the producers and consumers of such an important commercial commodity are far apart. Primary coffee processing, with all its attendant environment impact, takes place at the producer end. The consumers in general are unaware of these impacts. The various methods of processing, the processing steps and the waste discharge associated with them are reviewed. A review of pollution and associated management methods is presented. An anaerobic bioreactor design developed and tested in a few Indian coffee plantations as a simple solution is also described.

Increasement of demand for gayo arabica coffee has influenced the coffee industry, either in increasing the coffee production and also in increasing the usage of coffee machinery and equipment significantly. However, combustion of oil fuels result the emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) which increase the effect of greenhouse gases from the coffee production process. This study aimed to analyze the direct impact of gayo coffee production towards environment using the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) method, including several stages such as (1) the goal and scope definition, (2) the inventory analysis, (3) the impact assessment, and (4) the interpretation. Results of this study showed that the energy needed to process 1000 kg of coffee was 7.67 MJ, while the produced liquid waste was 5 953.2 kg. The value of the global warming impact on the coffee life cycle was 56 807 165.63 CO2eq.

Increasement of demand for gayo arabica coffee has influenced the coffee industry, either in increasing the coffee production and also in increasing the usage of coffee machinery and equipment significantly. However, combustion of oil fuels result the emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂), methane (CH₄) and nitrous oxide (N₂O) which increase the effect of greenhouse gases from the coffee production process. This study aimed to analyze the direct impact of gayo coffee production towards environment using the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) method, including several stages such as (1) the goal and scope definition, (2) the inventory analysis, (3) the impact assessment, and (4) the interpretation. Results of this study showed that the energy needed to process 1000 kg of coffee was 7.67 MJ, while the produced liquid waste was 5 953.2 kg. The value of the global warming impact on the coffee life cycle was 56 807 165.63 CO₂eq.

T he paper examines the broader environmental issues and environmental management aspects of primary coffee processing in general and more specifically how it is addressed in India. Primary processing, the production of green beans from the coffee fruits, is practised to bring out more flavour. Coffee is an important global commodity, yet seen from a systemic view the producers and consumers of such an important commercial commodity are far apart. Primary coffee processing, with all its attendant environment impact, takes place at the producer end. The consumers in general are unaware of these impacts. The various methods of processing, the processing steps and the waste discharge associated with them are reviewed. A review of pollution and associated management methods is presented. An anaerobic bioreactor design developed and tested in a few Indian coffee plantations as a simple solution is also described.

Landfill leachate containing heavy metals was subjected to anaerobic treatment by using an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor combined with recyclable uniform beads (RUB) of seaweed species of Gracilaria. During the treatment of leachate without the RUB, the organic loading rate (OLR) was increased in stages from 0.125 to 0.833 kg chemical oxygen demand (COD) m-3 d-1 and further increased to 2.50 kg COD m-3 d-1 by reducing the hydraulic retention time from 4 to 1 d. Results showed that the COD removal efficiency declined from 65.70% to 9.33% when the OLR was increased from 0.125 to 2.50 kg COD m-3 d-1. The removal of cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), and iron (Fe) was almost constant, regardless of the OLR (around Cd [36%], Ni [32%], and Fe [29%]). However, when the leachate was treated with UASB + RUB, a complete removal (100%) of Cd, Ni, and Fe was witnessed. Fouriertransform infrared spectrometer spectra of RUB pre and post leachate treatment indicated clearly that RUB was the major component that worked to remove the heavy metals. The functional groups that were responsible for the removal of heavy metals were hydroxide (O-H), amine (N-H), carboxylic (C=O), amide (N=O), sulfinyl (S=O), and sulfides (C=S).

T he paper examines the broader environmental issues and environmental management aspects of primary coffee processing in general and more specifically how it is addressed in India. Primary processing, the production of green beans from the coffee fruits, is practised to bring out more flavour. Coffee is an important global commodity, yet seen from a systemic view the producers and consumers of such an important commercial commodity are far apart. Primary coffee processing, with all its attendant environment impact, takes place at the producer end. The consumers in general are unaware of these impacts. The various methods of processing, the processing steps and the waste discharge associated with them are reviewed. A review of pollution and associated management methods is presented. An anaerobic bioreactor design developed and tested in a few Indian coffee plantations as a simple solution is also described.

Microcalorimetry was used for monitoring anaerobic digestion processes of heavily polluted industrial waste waters (from cheese industry, distilleries, yeast plant). Interpreting the thermal power-time curves by HPLC, some sub-processes in batch cultures were tentatively identified as acidogenic, acetogenic and methanogenic. Processes underlying power-time curves up to 10 h were different for different wastes. In the case of cheese whey and distillery waste it was acidogenesis, in the case of sulfate containing waste- ...

Agricultural waste has the potential of biomass as a raw material for producing renewable energy. The primary processing of coffee produces waste from pulping and hulling activities. Waste can be processed further through composting, anaerobic water waste treatment and burning to be converted into electrical energy. Therefore, the calculation is needed that estimates the amount of potential biomass that is converted. Then, the purpose of the paper is to analyze each stage in the life cycle of Gayo Arabica coffee and calculate the potential amount of electrical energy produced. The life cycle assessment method uses material and energy analysis intending to explain the flow of inputs and outputs within the system boundary and analyze the movement and transformation of materials, energy, waste, and emissions. In the context of the paper, the study uses material flow analysis to estimate the biomass potential from solid and water waste treatment. The study uses interviews, observations and a cooperative report located in Central Aceh district as an Arabica coffee producer area in Indonesia. Production of Arabica coffee is managed by cooperatives involving small farmers and collectors from cultivation, primary processing, packaging, and delivery. Cultivation uses the agroforestry system with a shade tree of the type of lamtoro (Leucaena leucocephala). Packing with a pack of burlap is done by the cooperative. Activities undertaken cooperatives include the acceptance of coffee beans from the collector. Since 2016 cooperatives implemented a policy of processing coffee beans at the collector level. The estimation of the study shows that waste treatment through anaerobic water waste treatment, composting and combustion from 1 ton of cherry coffee (primary processing) has an energy potential of 34 kwh.

The carbon footprint of coffee production has links to the issue of climate change. Greenhouse gas emissions as a result of the activities of the coffee production system unit are calculated based on the amount of CO2, N20, and CH4 compounds. Sources of emissions come from fossil fuels, electricity, decomposition of organic matter in liquid waste and pulp, and burning of parchment skins. The purpose of the paper or research objective is to identify the footprint of carbon emissions in each unit of the semi-wet primary coffee processing system in order to determine the hot spots that will be the focus of efforts for sustainable improvement. System limits are "gate to gate" with pulping, collector, hulling, and cooperative system units. Based on the identification results, the highest to lowest carbon footprint footprints for each system unit are pulping, cooperative, collector, and hulling with carbon equivalent emission values in a row of 0.214 kg CO2-e/kg green bean (62.87%), 0.1 kg CO2-e/kg green bean (29.27%), 0.019 kg CO2-e/kg green bean (5.47%), and 0.008 kg CO2-e/kg green bean (2.39%). The high carbon emission in the pulping system unit is due to the presence of waste produced in the form of naturally decomposed liquid waste with a carbon emission value of 0.125 kg CO2-e/kg green bean. Therefore, the hot spots in this identification is the use of water in the pulping system unit. For continuous improvement, it is necessary to minimize the use of water in the pulping system unit.

Coffee is one of the most important agriculture commodities in the world. Ethiopia had been the origin of coffee because coffee plant was initially found and cultivated in the Kaffa province. Due to the great demand of coffee, large amounts of residues are generated in the coffee industry, which are toxic and represent serious environmental problems. 100 kg of fresh berry gives about 40 kg of wet waste pulp. Coffee pulp contains caffeine, tannins, polyphenols and organic solid residues. It shows toxic nature and thus not been utilized beneficially. This effluent is being directly discharged to the nearby water bodies causing severe ailments like overexcitement, skin irritation, stomach pain, nausea and breathing problem. Severeness of this waste causes a serious environmental problem among the residents of nearby area. For this reason, efforts have been made to develop methods for coffee waste treatment and management, also its utilization as a raw material for the production of bio energy is emerging as a new technology. Recently, some attempts have been made to use these residues for energy or value-added compounds production as strategies to reduce their toxicity levels. The present article provides an overview regarding coffee and its main industrial residues. Based on the data, it was concluded that coffee may be considered as one of the most valuable primary products in world trade, crucial to the economies and politics of many developing countries since its cultivation, processing, trading, transportation, and marketing provide employment for millions of people. As a consequence of this big market, the reuse of the main coffee industry residues is of significant importance from environmental and economical viewpoints.

Wet processing for red coffee berry is intended to improve smallholder coffee quality despite produce wastewater that can pollute the environment. In order to minimize and prevent wastewater generated from processing, then it should be designed coffee processing based on water minimization as part of clean production. The purpose of this study is to design smallholder coffee processing using wet method based on clean production that can provide added value and environmental friendly. This study use experimental approach through water minimization design and wastewater treatment alternatives. Alternative use of biodiesel also analyzed as a preliminary study. The results showed water minimization in wet processing could improve coffee quality. Minimum water volume for coffee pulping and washing are 0.73 -0.78 and 2.25 -2.56 m 3 .tonne -1 coffee berry, respectively. Highly concentration of coffee wastewater caused by water minimization strategy is a great potential to produce biogas as alternative fuel sources. Wastewater treatment alternatives which can be applied are neutralization, anaerobic, coagulation flocculation, filtration and sedimentation. There are also added-value byproducts generated from coffee processing such as biogas, irrigation water, compost, organic fertilizer, animal feed and briquettes. Biodiesel use in coffee processing increase the efficiency of energy consumption and reduce carbon emissions impact.