American Sociology

The emergence of interorganizational networks is shaped by an endogenous dynamic between embedded organizational action and the social structure that emerges from that action. Organizations enter ties to access critical resources, but they rely on signals from the emerging network to decide with whom to form partnerships. Consistent with this image, the authors show that the probability of a new alliance between specific organizations increases with their interdependence, but also with their prior mutual alliances, common third parties, and centrality in the alliance network. The structural differentiation of the emerging network mitigates the effect of interdependence and enhances the effect of network centrality on new alliance formation.

Bangladesh Liberation Was Essentially A Peasant Rebellion

'Peasants' in East Pakistan in the Midst of Heightened Bengali Nationalism: An Argument against the Dominant Discourse
Neshat Quaiser
Centre de Sciences Humaines (CSH- Delhi)
[Preliminary Remarks: This essay deals with the agrarian collective action in the East Pakistan/Bangladesh during the period between 1958 and 1971 which witnessed the heightened 'Bengali Nationalism' against what was described as the multiple exploitation and domination of the region by the West Pakistani ruling elite. The essay draws on author's doctoral dissertation.
Politically, the region that constituted East Pakistan/Bangladesh had a distinct character, as it was not the Indian National Congress but the Krishak Praja Party and the Muslim League, which set the terms for politico-ideological discourse. The author has called this region as the 'peripheral Muslim Bengal'. Historically, with the defeat of the Sirajuddaulah, the then Nawab of Bengal in 1756 and the acquisition of Diwani Rights in 1765 by the British, the Muslim landed and bureaucratic elites lost political power that heralded a new chapter in the history of Bengal. However, it was the introduction of the Permanent Settle¬ment Act of 1793 that changed the whole complexion of the Indian sub-continental history paving the way for British rule. The Permanent Settlement Act created a class of new Zaminrdars (mostly Hindus) in place of old Muslim Zamindars and aristocrats. Permanent Settlement produced such conditions with far reaching implications changing social, economic, political and cultural complexion of the Indian sub-continent.[1] Since mid-18th century, the Indian sub-continent wit¬nessed various forms and intensity the British political and administrative control culminating in formal British imperial rule in 1857 that continued till 1947 when British transferred political power to Indians with partition of India into two independent countries India and Pakistan. In 1971 Eastern part of Pakistan became an independent country-Bangladesh.
It is important to note that the Pakistan central governments kept changing in quick succession in whole of 1950s and political and constitutional crisis persisted leading to the imposition of Martial Law in the whole of Pakistan on 7th October 1958, and on the 27th October 1958 Ayub Khan, the Army Chief, became the President. Al1 power went to the hands of the military.]

An extract from The Cambridge Dictionary of Sociology which focuses on The Hidden Curriculum, a book by B.R. Snyder which comprised the outcome of research in which, as a student of psychiatry, Snyder investigated in the early 1960s ‘the paths that students followed during four years at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology’.

This paper is another attempt at a Helen Beebee style essay, but this time in social anthropology. It is probably of interest to philosophers as well. It presents experiences of mine of aesthetics as an official course at the University of Manchester, followed by an analysis. I argue that the main lessons I take do not require the rich fieldwork of the social anthropologist. Anthropologists are expecting one question or some questions in the philosophy of music and the big question there is quite different.

As institutions and governance structures develop in modern markets, they tend to "feed back" onto economic activity. Through such feedback loops, market and political arenas can develop symbiotically into relatively coherent "fields" that gradually embed actors' orientations and activities. Using these insights, this article develops and tests a theory of European integration focusing on the case of the European Community, the first pillar of the European Union. Traders, organized interests, courts, and the EC's policy-making organs, over time, have produced a self-sustaining causal system that has driven the construction of the European market and polity. The generality of this explanation to a sociology of markets and polity-building projects is discussed in the conclusion.

Protest events occur against the backdrop of public life. Of 382 public events in police records for one year in a small U.S. city, 45% convey a message, 14% involve social conflict, and 13% are standard protest event forms. Local newspapers covered 32% of all events, favoring events that were large, involved conflict, were sponsored by business groups, and occurred in central locations. The more liberal paper also favored rallies and events sponsored by national social movement organizations (SMOs) or recreational groups. Discussion centers on the ways these factors shape the content of the public sphere.

Networks of several distinct types of social tie are aggregated by a dual model that partitions a population while simultaneously identifying patterns of relations. Concepts and algorithms are demonstrated in five case studies involving up to 100 persons and up to eight types of tie, over as many as 15 time periods. In each case the model identifies a concrete social structure. Role and position concepts are then identified and interpreted in terms of these new models of concrete social structure. Part 11, to be published in the M a y issue of this Journal (Boorman and White 1976)) will show how the operational meaning of role structures in small populations can be generated from the sociometric blockmodels of Part I. During the past decade, the network metaphor has become increasingly popular with social scientists;Vt has even penetrated the conservative Support from the National Science Foundation under grant GS-2689 is gratefully acknowledged. In addition to Phipps Arabie, Gregory H. Heil, Paul R. Levitt, and F r a n ~o i s Lorrain (who have coauthored related papers with us), Paul Bernard and Joseph E. Schwartz had substantial, specific impact on the work. The generosity of Belver C. Griffith, Nicholas C. Mullins, and S. Frank Sampson in supplying and interpreting data is deeply appreciated, as were A. P. M. Coxon's detailed comments on earlier drafts. The editorial advice of Carolyn J. Mullins led to notable improvements in the exposition. Thanks are due the Mathematical Social Science Board for supporting two small conferences on models of role networks, a t which early versions of this work were discussed. Access to computer facilities was kindly given by the Cambridge Project and its director, Dr. Douwe Yntema. The senior author wrote a draft of this paper while holding a Guggenheim Fellowship. 2Network metaphors date back at least to Simmel ( , 1955;; first published in 1908) and the so-called formal school of German sociologists. Simmel emphasized the ubiquity of social networks based on "the actual similarity of [individuals'] talents, inclinations, activities, and so on" (1955, p. 128) and which cross-cut the categorical attributes of persons. Von Wiese, strongly influenced by Simmel, stressed the multiplicity of types of social ties and the analytic desirability of reducing network structures. If the "constantly flowing stream of interhuman activity" were halted in its course for one moment, von Wiese (1941, pp. 29-30) suggested, we would observe 730

Muara akhir penelitian ini adalah mendeskripsikan pandangan dunia pengarang (dalam hal ini Sutan Takdir Alisyahbana) untuk pembangunan bagi Indonesia baru dalam novel Layar Terkembang. Metode yang digunakan adalah kualitatif deskriptif dengan pendekatan strukturalisme genetic menurut Lucian Goldman. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa pandangan dunia pengarang tentang harapan untuk pembangunan bagi Indonesia baru diserupai oleh tokoh Tuti dalam usaha mengangkat harkat kaum wanita Indonesia. Harapan itu dimulai dari perkawinan tokoh Yusuf dan Tuti. Kedua tokoh pemuda ini pada akhirnya yang memenuhi harapan pengarangnya—Sutan Takdir Alisyahbana untuk mengisi pembangunan bagi Indonesia baru. Kata Kunci: Layar Terkembang, Sutan Takdir Alisyahbana, Strukturalisme Genetik

In recent years, women have overtaken men in college enrollment and degree completion across the United States. This study examines the widening gender gap in higher education by investigating the factors that encourage women to pursue advanced education and the deterrents that contribute to male underrepresentation in college settings. Using a mixed-methods approach, this research combines survey data, qualitative interviews, and thematic coding analysis to examine educational aspirations, socioeconomic drivers, cultural influences, and long-term career goals. Additionally, the study examines how this shift impacts broader societal constructs, including leadership representation, financial independence, and dating or partnership dynamics. The findings aim to inform educators, policymakers, and institutions about the causes and implications of gendered educational trajectories, enabling the development of targeted interventions and strategies for academic equity.

The authors examine self-reported emotional experiences of individuals in a large probability sample of Americans, using two theories in the sociology of emotions as lenses to apprehend social order in emotional processes. Viewing emotions as indicators of individuals' positions in a three-dimensional affective space (e.g., Heise, Smith-Lovin, MacKinnon), the authors find emotional station correlates with a variety of social structural, circumstantial, and individual-level variables. Viewing emotions as the focus of emotion norms and emotion management efforts (e.g., Hochschild), the authors arrive at new postulates about how transformations of emotions can be achieved in social support groups and other types of social institutions. A further demonstration that emotions reflect multiple sociological realities develops through the examination of sex differences in emotional experience. The authors find that there are concrete though subtle sex differences in the experience, structure, transformation, and contextual significance of emotions. The analyses suggest complementarities between affect control and emotion management that may have been overlooked in other studies. Concluding a review of societal evolution, Douglas Massey said, "Emotionality remains a strong and independent force in human affairs, influ-

McDade each gave expert advice regarding questionnaire development. The study would not have been possible without the contribution of each of the deans who participated. I respectfully thank them and the panel of experts for sharing their talent and time from busy schedules. Carol Demuth, friend and colleague, was also my trusted critic. Her attention to detail in data analysis and review of the manuscript are gratefully acknowledged. Claudia Abernathy volunte.ered to complete a tedious yet essential task for which I give heartfelt thanks. The staff at The University of Tulsa Computer Center and McFarlin Library gave much assistance. I am particularly grateful to Bob Chappelle and Margaret Smith for their computer expertise and advice. Iris McPherson, at the Oklahoma State University Computer Center, provided expertise for completing statistical analyses. This period of study would not have been possible without the support of good colleagues and administrators from The University of Tulsa. I am grateful to Dean Ira Adams and Dr. Rita Payton, who both encouraged me on this journey. President J. Paschal Twyman made it possible to take a sabbatical year to complete studies. In the last few days of this report's preparation, Dr. Twyman died unexpectedly. I pay tribute to his splendid example of dynamic, people-oriented leadership. A special word is due about my family. I thank Mark Nix, my husband, for his substantial contributions in maintaining our family, home and my spirit. I thank him for his devotion, forbearance and belief in me. Shawn and Jamie Nix, our sons, have been patient and loving while sacrificing time that might have been spent with their IV mom. John and Winona Nix have been exceptional in their parental love and support, stepping in whenever, wherever help was needed. Other family members and friends have been supportive in many ways. To each and every one, I sincerely thank you.

The editors are indebted to their many colleagues who assist them in the assessment of manuscripts. The value of these referees cannot be overstated: their work is a continuous service to the profession. The following is a list of people who served as ad hoc reviewers for at least one paper in 2019. We take this opportunity to thank this supportive community of scholars.

CUMHURİYET TÜRKİYE'SİNİN YETİŞTİRDİĞİ ilk sosyal bilimciler kuşağının önde gelen temsilcilerinden biri olan Niyazi Berkes'in, Cumhuriyet Türkiye'sine ve özellikle de Mustafa Kemal inkılaplarına duyduğu sımsıkı bağlılık ve inanç; hayatı boyunca verdiği bütün eserlerine sinmiştir. Berkes, Atatürk'ün Türkiye'de uygulamaya koyduğu inkılaplar ve bu inkılaplarla gerçekleştirmeyi hedeflediği toplumsal projenin, Milli Şef döneminden itibaren güzergâhından saptırıldığına inanmaktadır. 1940'ların ikinci yarısında -kendisini "yersiz yurtsuz bir adam olarak yaşamak" zorunda bırakan-DTCF'den tasfiyesinin nedenlerinden biri -belki de en başta geleni-olarak bu sapmayı görmektedir. Milli Şef'le başlayan bu sapmanın DP döneminde artarak devam ettiği kanaatini taşıyan Berkes'in hayatının tasfiyeden sonraki safhası, Mustafa Kemal'in gerçekleştirmeyi düşündüğünü iddia ettiği toplumsal projenin ne olduğunun anlatılmasına adanmış gibidir. Kemalist modernleşme projesine sadakati ve Mustafa Kemal Cumhuriyetine karşı duyduğu sorumluluk nedeniyle, çalışmalarını yurt dışında sürdürmek zorunda kaldığı bu dönemde, ülkenin iç ve dış siyasî gelişmelerini de çok yakından takip etmiştir. Hatta belli bir dönem, Türkiye'nin mevcut durumu ve gelecekte alması gerektiğine inandığı biçime ilişkin düşüncelerini, kendisini yakın hissettiği Yön dergisinde yazılar yazarak paylaşmış, Türkiye'nin siyasal, sosyal ve kültürel tartışma gündemine katılmıştır. Bu yazıda, Niyazi Berkes'in çalışmalarının -yukarıda çok kısa olarak bahsedilen özellikleri nedeniyle-eserlerin verildiği dönemlerin koşulları, Berkes'in biyografik özellikleri ve ideolojik yaklaşımları bağlamında bir değerlendirmesini yapmak amaçlanmıştır. 1

CUMHURİYET TÜRKİYE'SİNİN YETİŞTİRDİĞİ ilk sosyal bilimciler kuşağının önde gelen temsilcilerinden biri olan Niyazi Berkes'in, Cumhuriyet Türkiye'sine ve özellikle de Mustafa Kemal inkılaplarına duyduğu sımsıkı bağlılık ve inanç; hayatı boyunca verdiği bütün eserlerine sinmiştir. Berkes, Atatürk'ün Türkiye'de uygulamaya koyduğu inkılaplar ve bu inkılaplarla gerçekleştirmeyi hedeflediği toplumsal projenin, Milli Şef döneminden itibaren güzergâhından saptırıldığına inanmaktadır. 1940'ların ikinci yarısında -kendisini "yersiz yurtsuz bir adam olarak yaşamak" zorunda bırakan-DTCF'den tasfiyesinin nedenlerinden biri -belki de en başta geleni-olarak bu sapmayı görmektedir. Milli Şef'le başlayan bu sapmanın DP döneminde artarak devam ettiği kanaatini taşıyan Berkes'in hayatının tasfiyeden sonraki safhası, Mustafa Kemal'in gerçekleştirmeyi düşündüğünü iddia ettiği toplumsal projenin ne olduğunun anlatılmasına adanmış gibidir. Kemalist modernleşme projesine sadakati ve Mustafa Kemal Cumhuriyetine karşı duyduğu sorumluluk nedeniyle, çalışmalarını yurt dışında sürdürmek zorunda kaldığı bu dönemde, ülkenin iç ve dış siyasî gelişmelerini de çok yakından takip etmiştir. Hatta belli bir dönem, Türkiye'nin mevcut durumu ve gelecekte alması gerektiğine inandığı biçime ilişkin düşüncelerini, kendisini yakın hissettiği Yön dergisinde yazılar yazarak paylaşmış, Türkiye'nin siyasal, sosyal ve kültürel tartışma gündemine katılmıştır. Bu yazıda, Niyazi Berkes'in çalışmalarının -yukarıda çok kısa olarak bahsedilen özellikleri nedeniyle-eserlerin verildiği dönemlerin koşulları, Berkes'in biyografik özellikleri ve ideolojik yaklaşımları bağlamında bir değerlendirmesini yapmak amaçlanmıştır. 1

Advanced Introduction to International Relations by Benjamin de Carvalho and Halvard Leira presents a succinct overview of International Relations (IR), addressing contemporary issues, challenging assumptions, and critically examining the fundamental aspects of the field.

Corporate control can be addressed as the power to shape corporate policies and strategies. We suggest that the social control of the business is affected by meso orders or social fields. This implies that corporate policies and strategies are shaped by relations between and within organized groups. From this perspective, the article explores how the corporate ownership structure and the executives' trajectories affect financial performance in the largest automobile companies. Panel regression discloses the effects of the forms of control over time. Results open an intriguing debate among economic sociology, agency, and corporate control literature.

Few studies of social movement political success investigate the strategic and tactical approaches used to achieve positive political outcomes. This work investigates a rarely studied mobilization of U.S. women in the first half of the 20th century to explore how movement organizations bring about legal change. Archival data for 15 states are examined to investigate how women won the right to sit on juries. The authors argue that jury movement activists engaged in strategic adaptation were more likely to win a change in jury laws rapidly. Those not engaged in such strategic action won their reforms more slowly. The authors suggest that when social movement actors tailor their actions to respond to exigencies in the environment they are more likely to expedite political success.

Bernard Lahire sunuşu ve editörlüğü ile 2002 yılında derlenen Sosyoloji Ne İşe Yarar? eseri dilimize 2023 yılının Nisan ayında çevrilmiştir. Lahire’in dışında sekiz sosyoloğun yazılarıyla oluşan bu eserin temel tartışması eserin de başlığında geçen “yaramak” fiilidir.

After becoming consistently more egalitarian for more than two decades, gender role attitudes in the General Social Survey have changed little since the mid-1990s. This plateau mirrors other gender trends, suggesting a fundamental alteration in the momentum toward gender equality. While cohort replacement can explain about half of the increasing egalitarianism between 1974 and 1994, the changes since the mid-1990s are not well accounted for by cohort differences. Nor is the post-1994 stagnation explained by structural or broad ideological changes in American society. The recent lack of change in gender attitudes is more likely the consequence of the rise of a new cultural frame, an "egalitarian essentialism" that blends aspects of feminist equality and traditional motherhood roles. Since Myra Marx Ferree (1974) noted the increased acceptance of voting for women for president, a steady series of studies have documented rising egalitarianism in gender attitudes and made guarded but optimistic predictions about the future (Mason,

This study examined influence of education on intergenerational social mobility among graduate workers in the Eti-Osa Local Government area of Lagos State. A stratified random sampling technique was used to draw 240 graduate workers from twenty (20) different companies across four district areas of the local government. The research instrument, a researcher-made questionnaire titled; Influence of Education on Intergenerational Social Mobility Questionnaire (IEISMQ) was used for data collection. A descriptive research design was adopted in the study. Three hypotheses were tested using the Analysis of variance (ANOVA) statistical tool at 0.05 level of significance. The findings revealed that parents' educational attainment, occupational attainment and geographical settlement significantly influenced respondents' social mobility. In the light of the findings, the study recommended that the government and her agencies involved in policy formulation and implementation should formulate appropriate policy that will promote equal access to education and remove any obstacle standing in the way of realization of Education for All (EFA) agenda. Also, the government should ensure effective implementation of Universal Basic Education (UBE) programme, all children within the school age are to be enrolled in school and an appropriate penalty be meted out to defaulters.

Background: Cholelithiasis is a common abdominal disorder resulting in increasing hospital admissions. About 10-12% of adults develop gallstones. Aim of this study was to find out any association of serum iron and ferritin levels in patients of cholelithiasis. Subjects and Methods: Present study was conducted at the department of surgery, tertiary care institute of for the period 1 year. For the study purpose 70 gall stone cases and 70 normal healthy matched controls were taken as study participants. After explaining about the study to the subjects, an informed consent will be obtained, followed by a detailed history with clinical examination with more emphasis on the parameters given below in outcome variable (ultrasonography finding, serum iron level, serum ferritin level, serum cholesterol). Results: The mean age in the case group (gallstones present) is 43.12 years, as compared to the control group the mean age is 41.05 years, The study shows in the case group 64% of patient was female and 36% was male and in the control group 76% of patient was female and 24% was male. In this study 46 (65.7%) patients with gallstones have the value of serum iron less than normal (normal value: >40 µg/dl). Our study shows, there are 35 female patients with gallstone disease who have serum iron levels below the normal value Most of the patients with gallstone disease whose serum iron levels are subnormal are females. Our study shows that the mean serum iron between cases and control was statistically significant p≤0.05. There is no effect of anemia on serum cholesterol. In this study the mean serum cholesterol between cases and control was statistical insignificant (p>0.7)) In the case group, 20 of male and 36 of female patients have normal serum ferritin levels. The number of females having normal serum ferritin levels (in both case and control groups) is more. Conclusion: Gallstones are more prevalent in female population than males. Serum ferritin association is insignificant as it increases other condition with inflammation also. Low serum iron level associated with high risk of cholelithiasis as this may lead to super saturation of bile.

Background: Cholelithiasis is a common abdominal disorder resulting in increasing hospital admissions. About 10-12% of adults develop gallstones. Aim of this study was to find out any association of serum iron and ferritin levels in patients of cholelithiasis. Subjects and Methods: Present study was conducted at the department of surgery, tertiary care institute of for the period 1 year. For the study purpose 70 gall stone cases and 70 normal healthy matched controls were taken as study participants. After explaining about the study to the subjects, an informed consent will be obtained, followed by a detailed history with clinical examination with more emphasis on the parameters given below in outcome variable (ultrasonography finding, serum iron level, serum ferritin level, serum cholesterol). Results: The mean age in the case group (gallstones present) is 43.12 years, as compared to the control group the mean age is 41.05 years, The study shows in the case group 64% of patient was...

This article addresses a paradox: on the one hand, environmental sociology, as currently developed, is closely associated with the thesis that the classical sociological tradition is devoid of systematic insights into environmental problems; on the other hand, evidence of crucial classical contributions in this area, particularly in Marx, but also in Weber, Durkheim, and others, is too abundant to be convincingly denied. The nature of this paradox, its origins, and the means of transcending it are illustrated primarily through an analysis of Marx's theory of metabolic rift, which, it is contended, offers important classical foundations for environmental sociology. In recent decades, we have witnessed a significant transformation in social thought as various disciplines have sought to incorporate ecological awareness into their core paradigms in response to the challenge raised by environmentalism and by what is now widely perceived as a global ecological crisis. This transformation has involved a twofold process of rejecting much of previous thought as ecologically unsound, together with an attempt to build on the past, where possible. This can be seen as occurring with unequal degrees of success in the various disciplines. Geography, with its long history of focusing on the development of the natural landscape and on biogeography (see Sauer 1963), was the social science that adapted most easily to growing environmental concerns. Anthropol-1 I would like to express my gratitude to

Does religious pluralism decrease religious participation or increase it? Secularization theorists claim the former, while religious economies proponents claim the latter, and each side has used estimated pluralism-participation correlations to support its argument. Using a formal game theoretic model, this article shows how religious market forces and regulations generate plausible pluralism-participation correlations, whether or not the direct causal mechanisms argued by either side of the debate exist. The model generates testable hypotheses concerning the pluralism-participation relationship at both local and national levels and yields insights into previous empirical work. The production and consumption of religious goods and services has been one of humankind's most enduring forms of social activity, and social scientists have, in turn, studied the many various factors that hinder or promote religious participation. 2 One issue that has received tremendous attention from researchers is the relationship between religious activity (or participation) and religious pluralism. For decades, the common belief was that pluralism decreased vitality, a belief exemplified by Berger's (1967) idea of "the sacred canopy." 3 In short, pluralism undermines the 1 I thank Armand Mauss, Stergios Skaperdas, the AJS referees, participants at the Institute for Mathematical Behavioral Sciences colloquium, and UC Irvine colloquium participants

The main aim of this article is to start a discussion of social pattern, a term that is commonly used in sociology but not specified or defined. The key question can be phrased as follows: Is it possible to transform the notion of social pattern from its current status in sociology as a proto-concept into a fully worked out concept? And if so, how can this be done? To provide material for the discussion we begin by introducing a few different types of patterns that are currently being used (patterns in nature, cultural patterns, statistical patterns, and computationally generated patterns). This is followed by a suggestion for what a strictlysociologicalconcept of social pattern may look like. A useful and theoretically solid concept of social pattern can in our view be constructed by basing it on Weber’s concept of social action. This means thatboththe behavior of the actorsandthe meaning these invest their behavior with must be taken into account. The article ends with a brief dis...

Sociologists view education as the pivot in the process of social stratification in economically advanced societies. While educational attainment is largely determined by the characteristics of people’s social origins, it is, in turn, an important determinant of their subsequent life chances—their occupational and economic attainments as well as their health and longevity. Education can be seen as a double-edged sword in the stratification process. On the one hand, it is an important avenue for social mobility for men and women raised in the lower social strata who can not inherit privilege. On the other hand, education contributes to the transmission of inequality between generations since it is unequally distributed between strata. Whether it performs more of the former or more of the latter depends on the extent to which educational attainment is affected by social origins. Therefore, a central empirical question in the field of social stratification and mobility is the extent to which, if at all, the association between social origins and education declined or increased over time. Although scholars studying processes of educational attainment subscribe to similar theoretical foundations which are well developed, they reach different conclusion regarding change in inequality of educational opportunity (IEO) over time. Some interpret the data to suggest that IEO has been rather persistent over time while others claim that it has declined.
In this chapter, we review the comparative empirical literature on stability and change in IEO between individuals raised in different social strata in an attempt to identify the underpinnings of disagreements in this debate.
We begin with a very brief review of theoretical arguments concerning educational stratification between social strata. This is followed by an equally brief discussion of theoretical arguments for and against the expectation that IEO would decline over time. We then review the main methodological approaches to the study of change in educational stratification: traditional OLS regressions; Mare’s model of educational transitions; and log linear models of the association between people’s social origins and their educational attainment. We conclude with a discussion of the effects of educational expansion on educational inequality, and of the present status of the hypothesis that inequality between strata in educational attainment persists over time.
Our review of the literature favours a weak version of the hypothesis of persistent inequality. Allowing for declining inequalities between social strata in the odds of completing lower educational levels, and for declining inequalities in the middle of the twentieth century— which may be explained by period effects—inequality of educational opportunity is fairly resilient to change in most countries for which data are available.

Purpose Mental health research has powerfully documented inequities related to characteristics, such as ethnicity and gender. Yet how and where disparities like unmet need occur have been more elusive. Drawing from a now modest body of research that deployed the Network Episode Model (NEM), we examine how individuals create patterns of response to mental health problems, influenced by the culture and resources embedded in their social networks. Methods The Person-to-Person Health Interview Study (P2P; N ~ 2,700, 2018-2021) provides representative, communitybased, NEM-tailored data. Both descriptive, latent class and multinomial regression analyses mark mental health care-seeking patterns, including individuals consulted and activities used, as well as the influence of the structure and cultural content of social networks. Results Latent class analysis detected five pathways with good fit statistics. The Networked General Care Path (37.0%) and The Kin General Care Path (14.5%) differ only in whether friends are activated in using the general care sector. The Networked Multi-Sector Care Path (32.5%) and The Saturated Path (12.6%) involve family, friends, and both general and specialty care with only the latter expanding consultation to coworkers and clergy. The Null Path (3.3%), or no contacts, is not used as perceived problem severity increases. Network size and strength are associated with the more complex pathways that activate ties, respectively. Trust in doctors is associated with pathways that include specialty providers but not others at work or church. Race, age, and rural residence have specific pathway effects, while gender has no significant impact. Conclusions Social networks propel individuals with mental health problems into action. Tie strength and trust produce care responses that are fuller and more targeted. Considering the nature of homophily, results also suggest that majority status and college education are clearly implicated in networked pathways. Overall, findings support community-targeted rather than individually based efforts to increase service use.

This study examines how dynamics surrounding biographical disruptions compare to more routine fluctuations in personal social networks. Using data from the Indianapolis Network Mental Health Study, the authors track changes in patients' social networks over three years and compare them to a representative sample of persons with no self-reported mental illness. Overall, individuals at the onset of treatment report larger and more broadly functional social networks than individuals in the population at large. However, the number of network ties among the latter increases over time, whereas network size decreases slightly among people using mental health services. As individuals progress through treatment, less broadly supportive ties drop out of extended networks, but a core safety net remains relatively intact. The findings in this case provide evidence that social network dynamics reflect changing needs and resources: persons labeled with psychiatric disorders learn to manage illness, with functionality driving social interaction in times of biographical disruption. Social networks, critical for individuals' life chances, are dynamic. Early on, Wellman and colleagues (1997) suggested that the dynamics of social

This study examines how dynamics surrounding biographical disruptions compare to more routine fluctuations in personal social networks. Using data from the Indianapolis Network Mental Health Study, the authors track changes in patients' social networks over three years and compare them to a representative sample of persons with no self-reported mental illness. Overall, individuals at the onset of treatment report larger and more broadly functional social networks than individuals in the population at large. However, the number of network ties among the latter increases over time, whereas network size decreases slightly among people using mental health services. As individuals progress through treatment, less broadly supportive ties drop out of extended networks, but a core safety net remains relatively intact. The findings in this case provide evidence that social network dynamics reflect changing needs and resources: persons labeled with psychiatric disorders learn to manage illness, with functionality driving social interaction in times of biographical disruption. Social networks, critical for individuals' life chances, are dynamic. Early on, Wellman and colleagues (1997) suggested that the dynamics of social

As defined by the European Commission, the Hamburg-Athens Corridor is one of the most significant European transportation axes. It is one of the key areas for international investments in transportation hubs and lines; however, it coincides with the Western Balkan and Eastern Mediterranean migration routes. Global issues, hence, make the Hamburg-Athens Corridor a key strategic area in Europe. As paper presents the results of the initial phase of the European project on transnational cooperation in the domain of integrated spatial and transport development along the Hamburg-Athens Corridor, the overview of the results is given as follows. Firstly, the paper presents the main trade, economic and demographic statistic indicators in order to clarify the strategic position of Europe against transcontinental relations. Secondly, major findings on infrastructural, economic and demographic parameters relevant for the countries along the Hamburg-Athens Corridor are indicated. Finally, a close interaction between transport and spatial development in the cities along the corridor is briefly presented. Such a multi-scalar perspective gives a hint on the dynamics of transnational cooperation (in broader terms), as well as the cooperation process among many stakeholders from various domains, mainly transportation and spatial planning (in narrow terms).

Bu makale dizisini ben herşeyden önce üniversiteme, fakülteme ve acı tatlı 40 yılımı geçirdiğim bölümüme borçlu olduğumu biliyorum. Anlatılanların, aktarılanların bir şekilde yazıya dökülmeye başlaması gerekiyordu ilk elifi ben çektim umarım arkamdan gelenler olur.

Modernleşme, Anadolu coğrafyasında son üç yüzyıldır adından bahsettiren bir olgu olarak öne çıkmaktadır. Osmanlı-Türk siyasi hayatında bir geçiş dönemi paradigmasını ifade eden bu olgu, çoğu zaman "Batılılaşma" kavramıyla birlikte kullanılagelmiştir. 18. yüzyılda Osmanlı Devleti'nin geri kalmışlığını tersine çevirme stratejisi olarak da benimsenen modernleşme, yeni devletin kuruluşunun ardından rejimin benimsediği temel kimliklerden biri olmuştur. Böylelikle ülkenin siyasi, ekonomik, kültürel, toplumsal vb. alanlarda "geliştirilmesi" şiarına eşlik ederek bugünkü modern Türkiye'nin oluşum sürecinin temel belirleyicisi olmuştur. Şüphesiz modern Türkiye'nin oluşumunda ülkenin Batı ile girdiği ilişkiler birincil kaynak olarak alınmış, Batılı devletlerin benimsedikleri ilke, model, yaklaşım veya dünya görüşlerinin ülkeye transferiyle süreç ilerletilmiştir. Bu ülkelerden biri olarak Amerika Birleşik Devletleri (ABD) de modern Türkiye'nin oluşumunda kritik rol oynamıştır. Özellikle İkinci Dünya Savaşı sonrasında dünyanın süper güçlerinden biri olarak uluslararası politikaya yön vermeye başlayan ABD ile çeşitli alanlarda kurulan ittifaklar, iki ülke arasındaki ilişkiyi sıklaştırmış ve karşılıklı etkileşimi arttıran bir etki yapmıştır (Ayata & Ercan, 2007; Doğan, 2019). Bu nedenle Türkiye'nin 20. yüzyılda geçirdiği dönüşüm, sadece siyasi ve ekonomik reformlarla sınırlı kalmamış, bilim, eğitim, kültür ve toplumsal yaşamın her alanında Batılı, özellikle de Amerikan, modellerin ve etkilerin izlerini taşımıştır (Orçan, 2007). Ali Erken'in eseri, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti'nin kuruluşundan 1970'lere uzanan süreçte, Amerikan etkisinin Türkiye'nin modernleşme çabaları üzerindeki çok yönlü veçhelerini inceleyen önemli bir çalışmadır. Erken'in çalışması, Türk modernleşmesi olgusunun analizinde genellikle göz ardı edilen ya da basite indirgenen boyutları, titiz bir arşiv araştırması ve çok sayıda birincil kaynağa dayanarak ortaya koymaktadır. Eser, Robert Koleji gibi eğitim kurumlarından, Rockefeller ve Ford Vakıfları gibi etkili kuruluşlarının faaliyetlerine, Türk akademisyenlerin ve uzmanların ABD'de aldıkları eğitimden, Amerikan modelinin Türk kurumlarına uyarlanma çabalarına kadar geniş bir yelpazede, Türk modernleşmesinin Amerikan boyutunu ele almaktadır. Bu inceleme de Erken'in çalışmasının ana hatlarını, güçlü ve zayıf yönlerini ve alana katkılarını tartışmaktadır. Erken, Amerika ve Modern Türkiye'nin Oluşumu başlıklı eserinde, Türkiye'nin modernleşme sürecindeki Amerikan etkisinin, siyasal ve askeri işbirliklerinin ötesine geçen, çok yönlü ve girift bir süreçler bütünü olduğunu iddia etmektedir. Buradan hareketle Erken, bu etkinin bilimsel, kültürel, Kitap İncelemesi / Book Review

This study examined the influence of chief executive officers' (GEO) incentives and individual characteristics on the likelihood that target firms will resist takeover attempts. Results showed that the greater the level of GEO stock ownership, the lower the likelihood of takeover resistance; however, neither the existence nor the magnitude of a CEO's "golden parachute" payment affected takeover resistance. Although GEO age had a curvilinear relationship with the likelihood of takeover resistance, GEO tenure was insiguificant. In the market for corporate control, the interests of target firm managers and the interests cf target firm shareholders often diverge (Jensen & Ruhack, 1983). For a diversified shareholder, a takeover bid simply represents an opportunity to achieve a capital gain from a takeover premium. However, for a manager a takeover bid represents a potential job loss (or, at least, a job reduction) and a concomitant loss of prestige and security . As a result, managers may choose to resist a takeover attempt that would increase their shareholders' wealth. This study draws upon agency theory and upper echelons theory to examine the role of chief executive officers (CEOs) in target firm resistance by assessing the impact of their financial incentives and individual characteristics. Proponents of agency theory argue that "golden parachutes," through which managers receive compensation for job loss resulting from a change of control, and CEO stock ownership align manager and shareholder incentives in the market for corporate control by lessening the likelihood that a target firm's management will resist a shareholder-wealth-maximizing takeover attempt. Colden parachutes reimburse managers for the potential personal We thank Michael Lubatkin, James Walsh, and this journal's anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments. The support of the Research Foundation and the School of Business Administration at the University of Connecticut is gratefully acknowledged.

As defined by the European Commission, the Hamburg-Athens Corridor is one of the most significant European transportation axes. It is one of the key areas for international investments in transportation hubs and lines; however, it coincides with the Western Balkan and Eastern Mediterranean migration routes. Global issues, hence, make the Hamburg-Athens Corridor a key strategic area in Europe. As paper presents the results of the initial phase of the European project on transnational cooperation in the domain of integrated spatial and transport development along the Hamburg-Athens Corridor, the overview of the results is given as follows. Firstly, the paper presents the main trade, economic and demographic statistic indicators in order to clarify the strategic position of Europe against transcontinental relations. Secondly, major findings on infrastructural, economic and demographic parameters relevant for the countries along the Hamburg-Athens Corridor are indicated. Finally, a close interaction between transport and spatial development in the cities along the corridor is briefly presented. Such a multi-scalar perspective gives a hint on the dynamics of transnational cooperation (in broader terms), as well as the cooperation process among many stakeholders from various domains, mainly transportation and spatial planning (in narrow terms).

This review provides an analysis of the political and intellectual contributions made by the modern civil rights movement. It argues that the civil rights movement was able to overthrow the Southern Jim Crow regime because of its successful use of mass nonviolent direct action. Because of its effectiveness and visibility, it served as a model that has been utilized by other movements both domestically and internationally. Prior to the civil rights movement social movement scholars formulated collective behavior and related theories to explain social movement phenomena. These theories argued that movements were spontaneous, non-rational, and unstructured. Resource mobilization and political process theories reconceptualized movements stressing their organized, rational, institutional and political features. The civil rights movement played a key role in generating this paradigmatic shift because of its rich empirical base that led scholars to rethink social movement phenomena.

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