Adaptive Environmental Management

Indagar sobre desigualdades e injusticias en el campo de la educación superior, mantener como centro las particularidades de los pueblos originarios y, como parte de estos, las experiencias diferenciadas de las mujeres son el derrotero de reflexión y acción desde donde quienes aquí escribimos hemos adelantado nuestros quehaceres investigativos, colaborativos y docentes hace ya algunos años.
En este marco, este capítulo tiene como objetivo compartir el proceso metodológico que nos posibilitó reconstruir, problematizar y analizar trayectorias, identificaciones y experiencias en clave interseccional de estudiantes y de egresados/as universitarios/as de pueblos originarios de universidades de Puebla y de Veracruz, con énfasis en el trabajo colaborativo realizado con mujeres.
Para ello, inicialmente presentamos algunos referentes generales que encuadran nuestra experiencia investigativa. Luego, damos cuenta del proceso colaborativo de construcción y análisis de hallazgos desarrollado en tres diferentes niveles o momentos: primero, a nivel macro, se describirá cómo la realización de entrevistas y talleres de diálogos intersaberes fue el punto de arranque para consolidar espacios de intercambio de experiencias y de reflexión colectiva sobre las trayectorias de jóvenes universitarios/as de pueblos originarios en el marco del Proyecto Sendas; posteriormente, a nivel meso, se considera cómo, gracias a los ejercicios dialógicos facilitados en el Equipo Puebla-Veracruz, se evidenció la necesidad de implementar herramientas de análisis interseccional para dar cuenta de las identificaciones y
experiencias particulares de las mujeres universitarias como sujeto emergente; en un tercer momento, en el nivel micro, presentamos la Flor de Poder (JASS , 2022) como herramienta que hizo posible identificar cuáles son las identidades que construyen y articulan la realidad compleja que viven las colaboradoras con quienes se adelantó la investigación. Para concluir, ofrecemos algunos comentarios de cierre con el fin de destacar el potencial de la experiencia investigativa compartida.
Las reflexiones expuestas en el presente capítulo son producto del trabajo realizado de manera conjunta en el marco del proyecto de investigación Sendas y trayectorias indígenas en la educación superior mexicana, dirigido por Michael Donnelly (University of Bath), co-dirigido por Judith Perez-Castro (unam) y Gunther Dietz (uv) y patrocinado por el Economic and Social Research Council (grant ES/S016473/1, Londres, Reino Unido), macroproyecto que articula objetivos propios con los propósitos de nuestras investigaciones en curso; a saber: “Trayectorias de
formación de universitarios/as de pueblos originarios en dos instituciones de educación superior en el Estado de Puebla: identificaciones, género, etnia y clase”, tesis doctoral que realiza Yunuen, y “Jóvenes indígenas y educación superior en clave interseccional (experiencias comparadas)”, pesquisa postdoctoral que adelanta Paola. Cabe anotar que ambas investigaciones se inscriben en la línea de investigación Educación Intercultural/Estudios Interculturales, del Instituto de Investigaciones
en Educación de la Universidad Veracruzana (IIE-UV).

During the last 50 years, construction of dams in the western United States declined. This is partly because of increasing recognition of diverse and unintended social-ecological consequences of dams. Today, resource managers are recognizing the wide array of tradeoffs and are including a more diverse group of stakeholders in decision making for individual dams. Yet decisions at the regional scale maintain a focus on a limited number of resources and objectives, leading to inefficient and inequitable outcomes. Socialecological changes compounded by climate change challenge this management paradigm. Increasing water demands for humans and the environment and renewed interest in hydropower present opportunities for operations that include climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies while considering tradeoffs and equitable responses at the regional scale.

En este trabajo se presentan algunos resultados parciales obtenidos en el (PDTS) PP 002: Procesos de simbolizacion y uso de nuevas tecnologias: estrategias de complejizacion del pensamiento en ninos y adolescentes socialmente vulnerables (2014-2015) cuya Directora es la Dra. Patricia Alvarez. El proyecto se propone generar experiencias extracurriculares en diversas instituciones educativas y comunitarias tanto con ninas y ninos pequenos, como adolescentes en situacion de vulnerabilidad social, para propiciar el uso de dispositivos tecnologicos en diversas propuestas novedosas y creativas. Entre los resultados se destaca que las propuestas de trabajo que incluyeron como caracteristicas basicas la permeabilidad, la singularidad, la no homogeneizacion, permitieron el reconocimiento y la valoracion de cada nino y adolescente en sus tiempos y modalidades particulares. Se hipotetiza que las propuestas implementadas contribuyeron a producir cambios en las formas y modalidades de aprendizaj...

Biodiversity in developing countries is inextricably linked with development. Consequently, policies to conserve biodiversity must take into account national development objectives and vice versa. Policy makers in developing countries are forced to identify creative ways of conserving biodiversity while supporting development and eradicating poverty. Even more than elsewhere, arid countries must focus on biodiversity valuation for both direct (e.g. biotrade, biotechnology and tourism) and indirect (e.g. ecosystem function, aesthetics and cultural values) uses. While inappropriate policies can undermine the conservation of biodiversity, good policies do not ensure that it takes place. Particularly in arid regions, policy markers and managers must have diverse skills to address a wide variety of challenges. Adaptive management is essential for biodiversity conservation in arid environments. It requires regular, informed problem-solving over a wide range of issues, and this, in turn, requires adequate and accessible databases concerning appropriate indicators of environmental change. Major headaches for planners are the intrinsic variability of arid environments, the long-term, changes that occur, and the often uncharismatic biota involved. Managers must be able to handle rapid and adaptive program planning and implementation, monitoring and evaluation, dissemination of information to authorities and the general public, and, often, training of junior and volunteer staff. Management education in support of the conservation of biodiversity in arid environments must focus on problemsolving skills and information management to ensure the depth and breadth of the training.

En las ultimas decadas se han llevado adelante multiples iniciativas en el campo escolar y educativo que tienen como punto de partida el reconocimiento de distintas experiencias culturales vinculadas a pueblos originarios, jovenes, mujeres y migrantes. Frecuentemente, sin embargo, una parte significativa de estas experiencias se ha preocupado por lo que fue considerado como dificultades escolares de ninos y ninas, sustentandose en la expectativa de asimilacion del “Otro” a la cultura mayor. En otra perspectiva se ubican las propuestas basadas en el derecho de los pueblos indigenas a la escolarizacion en su lengua materna y a una educacion que se inscriba en su repertorio cultural como estrategia no solo de consolidacion identitaria, sino como forma de superar el fracaso escolar. Esta construccion de la diversidad cultural en la escuela constituye la base sobre la que se han asentado algunos modelos de educacion intercultural-bilingue. Desde este punto de vista la interculturalidad e...

Podestá (coords.), Educando en la diversidad. Investigaciones y experiencias educativas interculturales y bilingües. Quito: Abya-Yala, pp. 367-397. Leff, E. (2004). Racionalidad ambiental y diálogo de saberes: significancia y sentido en la construcción de un mundo sustentable. Polis, Revista de la Universidad Bolivariana, 2(7), pp. 3-18. Quijano, A. (2000). Colonialidad del poder y clasificación social.

Las universidades comienzan a promover políticas dirigidas a eliminar las discriminaciones, fomentando espacios de participación comunitaria, social y educativa. Por ello, se promueve la incorporación de estudiantes universitarios a su comunidad discursiva académica, ya que son jóvenes con una historia particular y vida social compleja, que se incluyen de manera diversa al sistema de educación. El propósito general es valorar el recurso intercultural "rap"

En las ultimas decadas se han llevado adelante multiples iniciativas en el campo escolar y educativo que tienen como punto de partida el reconocimiento de distintas experiencias culturales vinculadas a pueblos originarios, jovenes, mujeres y migrantes. Frecuentemente, sin embargo, una parte significativa de estas experiencias se ha preocupado por lo que fue considerado como dificultades escolares de ninos y ninas, sustentandose en la expectativa de asimilacion del “Otro” a la cultura mayor. En otra perspectiva se ubican las propuestas basadas en el derecho de los pueblos indigenas a la escolarizacion en su lengua materna y a una educacion que se inscriba en su repertorio cultural como estrategia no solo de consolidacion identitaria, sino como forma de superar el fracaso escolar. Esta construccion de la diversidad cultural en la escuela constituye la base sobre la que se han asentado algunos modelos de educacion intercultural-bilingue. Desde este punto de vista la interculturalidad e...

During the last 50 years, construction of dams in the western United States declined. This is partly because of increasing recognition of diverse and unintended social-ecological consequences of dams. Today, resource managers are recognizing the wide array of tradeoffs and are including a more diverse group of stakeholders in decision making for individual dams. Yet decisions at the regional scale maintain a focus on a limited number of resources and objectives, leading to inefficient and inequitable outcomes. Socialecological changes compounded by climate change challenge this management paradigm. Increasing water demands for humans and the environment and renewed interest in hydropower present opportunities for operations that include climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies while considering tradeoffs and equitable responses at the regional scale.

Invasive species outbreaks are often unintended side effects of trade. In this paper partial equilibrium trade models and stochastic bioeconomic impact simulation models are combined to present a benefit cost analysis template to assess market access requests. The template is used to assess the likely regional economic welfare implications of a decision by Australian biosecurity regulators to allow the Chilean table grape industry access to the national table grape market. We show that consumption benefits expected to accrue to Western Australia are exceeded by increases in likely invasive species damage resulting from grape imports, implying that insufficient consumer gains are grounds to deny market access.

The Federalism Research Centre was established in 1972 with a special research grant from the Commonwealth (initially under the name Centre for Research on Federal Financial Relations). With effect from 1990, all States and Territories have agreed to match the Commonwealth's grant for an initial period of 3 years. The Centre's research involves a focus both on fiscal issues and on the constitutional and institutional arrangements and operating conventions which shape federal financial, political and administrative interactions. It thus involves both 'fiscal federalism' and 'intergovernmental relations', and brings to bear perspectives from a range of disciplines, including economics, political science, public administration and constitutional law.

Se trata de una mirada, que por sus razones e implicaciones neoliberales, puede llevar consigo nuevas y sutiles formas colonizadoras que invisibilizan las repercusiones en la crianza, la socialización temprana y la educación no formal de la niñez en general pero sobre todo de la niñez indígena. Presentamos reflexiones a partir de un estudio etnográfico en la población maya de Sahcabá Yucatán, en el que estudiamos la relación escuela-comunidad, las tensiones y resistencias que emergen entre las lógicas escolares y las lógicas locales de participación escolar y socialización infantil. ¿Schooling or education? Silent resistance and indigenous early childhood education Summary: This article seeks to warn about the risks of schooling in early education. We highlight that the problem of international and national care policies in early childhood tend to centralize their programs in formats of parenting schooling and early socialization, creating subtle but violent neo-colonial forms of education. The reflections presented are based on ethnographic research in the Mayan population of Sahcabá, Yucatan, in which we analyzed the relationship school-community tensions and resistance emerging in the inter-cultural encounter between the school and the community through school participation and child socialization.

This research conducts a benefit-cost analysis of water policies to reach an optimal level of dissolved oxygen (DO) to meet year-round fishable water quality criteria in the Delaware River. A watershed pollutant load model is utilized to estimate marginal cost curves of water quality improvements to meet a more protective year-round fishable standard and annual benefits are defined to achieve future DO criteria in the Delaware River. The most cost-effective DO standard is 4.5 mg/L defined by the point where the marginal benefits of willingness to pay (WTP) for improved water quality equals the marginal costs of pollution reduction. This optimal criteria (4.5 mg/L) can be achieved at a cost of $150 million with benefits ranging from $250 to $700 million/year. While a future DO standard of 4.5 mg/L reflects an economically efficient level of water quality, this DO criteria is less protective than the level of 5–6 mg/L needed to protect anadromous fish such as the Atlantic sturgeon. Th...

Once there were brook trout in the streams in the mountains. You could see them standing in the amber current where the white edges of their fins wimpled softly in the flow. They smelled of moss in your hand. Polished and muscular and torsional. On their backs were vermiculate patterns that were maps of the world in its becoming. Maps and mazes. Of a thing which could not be put back. Not be made right again. In the deep glens where they lived all things were older than man and they hummed of mystery. Cormac McCarthy, The Road 1 I. INTRODUCTION 'Don't let emotion get in the way. Science has shown us that there is nothing about which to be concerned.' These words, albeit somewhat of a paraphrase, were voiced in public by the Newfoundland and Labrador Minister of the Environment and Conservation. The issue? Vale Canada Limited, a global mining company headquartered in Brazil, needed a waste disposal site for over 400,000 tons of waste that were to be generated annually from its new nickel processing plant in Long Harbour, a small town located on the Avalon Peninsula of southeastern Newfoundland. Despite court challenges, conservationists lost their legal battle when, in 2013, a Canadian federal court judge deemed the use of lakes for toxic waste impoundment as legal under the Government of Canada Fisheries Act. This example reveals what we term a poverty of discourse when we talk of nature and our relationship to nature. 2 To the point, our discourse about nature protection or care for nature seems dominated by technical language, in particular, the language of science and of economics. This discourse, considered 'objective' and therefore true, defines what we are permitted to say about the world and what the world is permitted to say to us. Once scientific and economic 'facts' have been uttered, other narratives are deemed impermissible. Language considered as 'religious' or 'spiritual', or language that speaks of the 'sacred' is termed at best 'subjective' or at worse, nonsensical. Characterized as such, it is relegated to private discourse and considered of no consequence in public debate and discussion. By 'sacred' discourse, we mean a language that speaks of what is most important to us, of that which considers life, beauty, goodness, community, wonder and wisdom. At its root, the

colleges takes the opposite tack, that is, they believe that faithbased ideas must lead the discussion, and, in some cases, be the essential filter through which all academic work must be done. For them, "God" is not in the box but on the throne of the college. Maryville College and this Symposium take a determinedly moderate approach in this regard. We embrace the tensions involved, and acknowledge that the seeming paradoxes are hard to resolve, if they can ever be resolved. By my count, there are about eighty colleges in North America committed to this moderate approach. It is President Gibson's hope that we might join with them in this ongoing discourse, and that our Maryville Symposium might play a modest part in it.

Environmental pragmatism has faced numerous criticisms for relativism and crude instrumentalism as well as for sidestepping the fundamental concerns of environmental ethics. Recently, Andre Santos Campos and Sofia Guedes Vaz have proposed a new 'method' of environmental pragmatism, justificatory moral pluralism, with the aim of overcoming these criticisms. It is argued that this new approach is plagued by the traditional concerns. Instead, the pitfalls of pragmatism can be avoided by adopting the central insight of the classical pragmatists that values may be revised in light of experience in a process that resembles scientific inquiry. The resulting view may not be satisfying for those who expect pragmatism to live up to its periodic promise of immediate and concrete results. Nevertheless, pragmatism presents the environmental ethicist with a range of promising tasks.

Se presentan los primeros resultados de una investigación que se está realizando sobre las experiencias de los estudiantes migrantes de retorno en la Universidad Veracruzana (UV), con la finalidad de conocer desde su propia versión, los retos a los que se enfrentaron durante su regreso. Se realizaron entrevistas donde relataron su integración en la sociedad mexicana y el sistema educativo. Para este estudio exploratorio y descriptivo, la información se analizó desde una perspectiva deductiva basándose en Vargas (2018), quien propone tres tipos de barreras que afrontan los migrantes educativos al retornar al país, las barreras estructurales (económico y administrativas), culturales y sociales, y algunas de sus características fueron halladas en las entrevistas realizadas. Al final, se presentan unas sugerencias que las estudiantes realizaron para mejorar la atención educativa en la universidad. Se concluye que la importancia de este estudio es ser pionero en la UV porque hasta ahora no se había presentado una investigación de esta naturaleza, de ahí su aporte como un primer acercamiento a este grupo de estudiantes. En ese sentido, actualmente, en la institución se están llevando a cabo algunas acciones institucionales con la finalidad de sensibilizar y atender de manera integral a dichos estudiantes.

Resumen El presente proyecto se desarrolló en tres universidades argentinas, una chilena y una portuguesa. En las universidades latinoamericanas asisten sujetos de distintas etnias (huarpes, aymarás, wichi, mapuches). Fueron objetivos de la investigación: a) identificar las motivaciones del ingreso a la Universidad y la evolución de sus expectativas (de futuro, de trabajo); b) conocer las representaciones que tienen del valor de la educación como vía de progreso; c) conocer las estrategias institucionales (curriculares, de convivencia, de servicios) para integrarlos y retenerlos. Los hallazgos muestran la baja efectividad de los programas implementados, con altos índices de fracaso y abandono.

The science of biodiversity conservation has come of age in Australia. The combined effect of better information on conservation priorities and improved mechanism design means that it is now possible to implement cost-effective biodiversity conservation schemes. We outline recent advances in the development of databases, mapping tools and concepts for characterising the quality and spatial attributes (location, size, connectivity) of native vegetation and species' habitat. The conservation strategies that provide impetus for these developments are emphasised. The paper also highlights the role of ideas from information economics in stimulating thinking about mechanism design. How the new information about biodiversity can improve the efficiency of policy mechanisms is outlined. Specific attention is given to payments for conservation services, environmental management systems, voluntary programs, and catchment-wide decision-making processes.

Diversidad e interculturalidad desde la conceptualización de estudiantes, para pensar la formación docente en una universidad pública Students' conceptualization of diversity and interculturality as a tool for teacher training strategies in public universities

Resumen La identidad originaria es, hoy día, asumir la vida como un proceso decolonializante, donde la de-colonialidad significa desaprender lo impuesto. En este artículo reflexionamos en torno a las vicisitudes que atraviesan los psicólogos educativos al trabajar con jóvenes mayas en escuelas y comunidades. Todo esto forma parte de una investigación que aborda la identidad maya juvenil, trastocada históricamente por las escuelas y otros dispositivos del colonialismo. El giro metodológico que proponemos, requiere y apunta a hacia una rereflexión. Lo que planteamos son procesos necesarios para que surja una razón decolonializante y decolonizada, implicándonos en la realidad histórica con quienes trabajamos, a fin de contribuir a la construcción de procesos de inter-culturización educativa, siempre en un marco de respeto hacia la cultura originaria.

Instream flows, sometimes called environmental flows, are the base water flow in streams that sustain ecological processes. If the cumulative impacts of flow modification and other human disturbances on freshwater systems alter streams beyond critical limits, the ecological integrity and self-sustaining productivity of the aquatic ecosystem becomes severely compromised. In some areas of the province dangerously low flow levels have been reached. For example, in the South Okanagan 235 out of 300 streams are fully recorded, which means there is no additional water available for new water licences. The purpose of this report is to explain the water management regime in British Columbia in the context of ecosystem health to assist land trusts to evaluate how best to protect instream flows, or the quantity of water in a stream, for conservation. Water Use Regulation Both surface and groundwater is vested in the provincial Crown (provincial government). This ownership is subject to aboriginal rights and title claims protected under the Canadian Constitution Act, 1867, and it is important to note that the vast majority of aboriginal rights and title claims to water in BC have not been finalized and are not factored into the water licensing regime and ecological needs for instream flows. The province does not regulate the use of groundwater, and in much of the province there is little consideration of the interaction between groundwater and surface water when the Ministry of Environment approves water licences. There is no comprehensive understanding of the cumulative effects of groundwater use on surface water hydrology. To use water in BC a user must obtain a licence under the Water Act from the Ministry of Environment, Water Stewardship Division. Licences are held for a variety of purposes, including domestic, agricultural, industrial and conservation. There are over 43,000 licences on more than 17,000 water sources in BC. The Ministry of Environment now restricts water licensing (prohibits or restricts the issuance of new licences because sufficient water is no longer available for human use) on more than 25 percent of those water sources, with the South Okanagan and East coast of Vancouver Island most heavily restricted. Water licences establish a hierarchy for water use and are conditional in many ways. They are subject to the seniority of older licences: earlier licences take precedence over more recently granted licences when water shortages arise. Rights held under licences are subject to the rules in the Water Act and regulations, the terms of the licence, and orders made under the Water Act. Principles of Water Licensing Water licensing is based on several principles that affect for what purposes land trusts can use water. Prior allocation is how the seniority or priority of a water licence is determined. Priority is based on the date of the water licence with older licences taking precedence over more recent licences if there is not enough water in a stream to satisfy all licences. An older industrial or irrigation use has priority over a more recent conservation use. The Ministry can limit water use if there is a shortage. Appurtenance means that licences must be attached to a specific parcel of land. Those entitled to

ExpErt rEvIEw panEl This document integrates the feedback from peer and practitioner reviewers. The review panel consisted of practitioners, researchers, government representatives, and thought leaders from across Canada, some anonymous and some named below. We thank all who contributed to this work through their expertise and experience in various aspects of water law and sustainability. Further, we acknowledge that their review does not necessarily represent full endorsement of its contents or conclusions. We would like to specifically thank the following individuals for their input and suggestions:

Recommendations to extend water law reform to include the adaptation of existing water entitlements goes against a basic principle of water law: to provide security of tenure to water authorization holders so they can rely on a specific volume of water. This paper evaluates how well subnational water law in Canada permits adaptive management to address existing water authorizations. With some laws allowing changes based on new scientific information, the public interest or planning, possibilities for adaptive water law in Canada arise that are instructive for other jurisdictions.

Groundwater sustainability is challenged by the difference between legal and scientific understanding of groundwater as well as the lack of focused attention to regulatory design in the literature on groundwater institutions, governance and management. The purpose of this paper is to use groundwater science to direct the necessary elements of regulatory design for the unique characteristics of groundwater. Using plain and interdisciplinary language that could be applied in any jurisdiction or region, the article describes seven groundwater characteristics as processes, functions, qualities, physical sustainability, scale, information and data, and physical state. Using the characteristics of groundwater embeds the scientific understanding of groundwater into regulatory design and enables the expression of new values, such as Indigenous rights to water. Applying these characteristics to a case study of new groundwater regulation in a sub-national jurisdiction in the global north-British Columbia, Canada-highlights the failure of regulatory design even in a well-resourced jurisdiction where environmental regulation is the norm. Groundwater in British Columbia is extremely heterogeneous in quality and function with low observation density and undefined sustainability goals where regulations are applied on uniformly. Looking forward, three recommendations can be drawn using the characteristics of groundwater to improve regulatory design in British Columbia: defining sustainability goals and ecological thresholds; regionalizing and prioritizing; and long-term planning. This scienceforward and interdisciplinary approach has implications for legally pluralistic states with customary water entitlements. It also provides practitioners with an interdisciplinary language that can be useful for assessing current and future regulatory design.

While international instruments and a few state governments endorse the "free, prior and informed consent" of Indigenous peoples in decision-making about the water in their traditional territories, most state water governance regimes do not recognize Indigenous water rights and responsibilities. Applying a political ecology lens to the settler colonialism of water governance exposes the continued depoliticizing personality of natural resources decision-making and reveals water as an abstract, static resource in law and governance processes. Most plainly, these decision-making processes inadequately consider environmental flows or cumulative effects and are at odds with both Indigenous governance and social-ecological approaches to watershed management. Using the example of groundwater licensing in British Columbia, Canada as reinforcing colonialism in water governance, this article examines how First Nations are asserting Indigenous rights in response to natural resource decision-making. Both within and outside of colonial governance processes they are establishing administrative and governance structures that express their water laws and jurisdiction. These structures include the Syilx, Nadleh Wut'en and Stellat'en creating standards for water, the Tsleil-Waututh and Stk'emlúpsemc te Secwépemc community assessments of proposed pipeline and mining facilities, and the First Nations of the Nicola Valley planning process based on their own legal traditions. Where provincial and federal environmental governance has failed, Indigenous communities are repoliticizing colonial decision-making processes to shift jurisdiction towards Indigenous processes that institutionalize responsibilities for and relationships with water.

Titre francophone : Gestion adaptative dans les législations relatives à l'eau : Évaluation des initiatives de réforme législative en Australie (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud) et au Canada (Colombie-Britannique) * Deborah Curran is an Assistant Professor in the Faculty of Law and School of Environmental Studies at the University of Victoria. This research was made possible by funding from the Tula Foundation. Special thanks to the Hakai Institute and the Environmental Law Centre at the University of Victoria whose environmental programs provide an interdisciplinary foundation for this research.

Decision analytic approaches have been widely recommended as well suited to solving disputed and ecologically complex natural resource management problems with multiple objectives and high uncertainty. However, the difference between theory and practice is substantial, as there are very few actual resource management programs that represent formal applications of decision analysis. We applied the process of structured decision making to Atlantic horseshoe crab harvest decisions in the Delaware Bay region to develop a multispecies adaptive management (AM) plan, which is currently being implemented. Horseshoe crab harvest has been a controversial management issue since the late 1990s. A largely unregulated horseshoe crab harvest caused a decline in crab spawning abundance. That decline coincided with a major decline in migratory shorebird populations that consume horseshoe crab eggs on the sandy beaches of Delaware Bay during spring migration. Our approach incorporated multiple stakeholders, including fishery and shorebird conservation advocates, to account for diverse management objectives and varied opinions on ecosystem function. Through consensus building, we devised an objective statement and quantitative objective function to evaluate alternative crab harvest policies. We developed a set of competing ecological models accounting for the leading hypotheses on the interaction between shorebirds and horseshoe crabs. The models were initially weighted based on stakeholder confidence in these hypotheses, but weights will be adjusted based on monitoring and Bayesian model weight updating. These models were used together to predict the effects of management actions on the crab and shorebird populations. Finally, we used a dynamic optimization routine to identify the state dependent optimal harvest policy for horseshoe crabs, given the possible actions, the stated objectives and our competing hypotheses about system function. The AM plan was reviewed, accepted and implemented by the Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission in 2012 and 2013. While disagreements among stakeholders persist, structured decision making enabled unprecedented progress towards a transparent and consensus driven management plan for crabs and shorebirds in Delaware Bay.

In this chapter we reflect on a relatively small but influential example of adaptive management which seeks to enhance the environmental benefits of the flow regime in the highly regulated Mitta Mitta River in Australia's Murray-Darling Basin. In 1999 an operational review recommended the reintroduction of greater in-stream flow variability in the Mitta Mitta River in an attempt to improve river health. The river managers have worked towards this through managed variable releases from Dartmouth Dam. These variable releases have been trialled four times from 2001-2008, with the explicit intention of learning more about the ecological impacts of variable flows while still achieving operational goals for the River Murray System overall. The ecological impact of the variable releases was studied via a series of consultancies by a University freshwater ecology team. They concluded that variable flow improved ecological condition compared with the condition after periods of relatively constant flow for greater than 1 month, although the benefits of it are relatively short-lived. Principles were developed over time through discussions between river managers and the research team. These principles are being progressively refined and incorporated into the current operational plan for the river, and learning continues. We suggest that three key ingredients enabled and supported adaptive management in this particular case; aspects of the operational context, the people involved and the trusting relationships that developed.

Biodiversity in developing countries is inextricably linked with development. Consequently, policies to conserve biodiversity must take into account national development objectives and vice versa. Policy makers in developing countries are forced to identify creative ways of conserving biodiversity while supporting development and eradicating poverty. Even more than elsewhere, arid countries must focus on biodiversity valuation for both direct (e.g. biotrade, biotechnology and tourism) and indirect (e.g. ecosystem function, aesthetics and cultural values) uses. While inappropriate policies can undermine the conservation of biodiversity, good policies do not ensure that it takes place. Particularly in arid regions, policy markers and managers must have diverse skills to address a wide variety of challenges. Adaptive management is essential for biodiversity conservation in arid environments. It requires regular, informed problem-solving over a wide range of issues, and this, in turn, requires adequate and accessible databases concerning appropriate indicators of environmental change. Major headaches for planners are the intrinsic variability of arid environments, the long-term, changes that occur, and the often uncharismatic biota involved. Managers must be able to handle rapid and adaptive program planning and implementation, monitoring and evaluation, dissemination of information to authorities and the general public, and, often, training of junior and volunteer staff. Management education in support of the conservation of biodiversity in arid environments must focus on problemsolving skills and information management to ensure the depth and breadth of the training.

Adaptive management is an approach to environmental management based on learning-by-doing, where complexity, uncertainty, and incomplete knowledge are acknowledged and management actions are treated as experiments. However, while adaptive management has received significant uptake in theory, it remains elusively difficult to enact in practice. Proponents have blamed social barriers and have called for social science contributions. We address this gap by adopting a qualitative approach to explore the development of an ecological monitoring program within an adaptive management framework in a public land management organization in Australia. We ask what practices are used to enact the monitoring program and how do they shape learning? We elicit a rich narrative through extensive interviews with a key individual, and analyze the narrative using thematic analysis. We discuss our results in relation to the concept of 'knowledge work' and Westley's (2002) framework for interpreting the strategies of adaptive managers-'managing through, in, out and up.' We find that enacting the program is conditioned by distinct and sometimes competing logics-scientific logics prioritizing experimentation and learning, public logics emphasizing accountability and legitimacy, and corporate logics demanding efficiency and effectiveness. In this context, implementing adaptive management entails practices of translation to negotiate tensions between objective and situated knowledge, external experts and organizational staff, and collegiate and hierarchical norms. Our contribution embraces the 'doing' of learning-bydoing and marks a shift from conceptualizing the social as an external barrier to adaptive management to be removed to an approach that situates adaptive management as social knowledge practice.

During the last 50 years, construction of dams in the western United States declined. This is partly because of increasing recognition of diverse and unintended social-ecological consequences of dams. Today, resource managers are recognizing the wide array of tradeoffs and are including a more diverse group of stakeholders in decision making for individual dams. Yet decisions at the regional scale maintain a focus on a limited number of resources and objectives, leading to inefficient and inequitable outcomes. Socialecological changes compounded by climate change challenge this management paradigm. Increasing water demands for humans and the environment and renewed interest in hydropower present opportunities for operations that include climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies while considering tradeoffs and equitable responses at the regional scale.

Adaptive management has the potential to make environmental management more democratic through the involvement of different stakeholders. In this article, we examine three case studies at different scales that followed adaptive management processes, critically reflecting upon the role of stakeholder participation in each case. Specifically, we examine at which stages different types of stakeholders can play key roles and the ways that each might be involved. We show that a range of participatory mechanisms can be employed at different stages of the adaptive cycle, and can work together to create conditions for social learning and favorable outcomes for diverse stakeholders. This analysis highlights the need for greater reflection on case study research in order to further refine participatory processes within adaptive management. This should not only address the shortcomings and successes of adaptive management as a form of democratic environmental governance, but should also unpack the links between science, institutions, knowledge, and power.

Environmental policy makers are interested in ways to prevent environmental degradation without significantly limiting economic and social development. Increasingly, market-based instruments are being incorporated into the suite of policy tools to accomplish these aims. However, the lack of information on market-based instruments accessible to non-economists limits understanding of how and when a market-based instrument can be integrated into a traditional policy regime. This paper aims to address the lack of accessible information using a generic screening process for policy instruments demonstrated through application to a non-point source pollution problem in Lake Taupo, New Zealand.

Reseña del libro “La interculturalidad en espacios universitarios multiculturales. Voces estudiantiles de Michoacán, Puebla y Veracruz, México” es coordinado por María de Lourdes Vargas Garduño y Gunther Dietz, publicado por la editorial Abya Ayala, 2017, 216 páginas.

Environmental policy makers are interested in ways to prevent environmental degradation without significantly limiting economic and social development. Increasingly, market-based instruments are being incorporated into the suite of policy tools to accomplish these aims. However, the lack of information on market-based instruments accessible to non-economists limits understanding of how and when a market-based instrument can be integrated into a traditional policy regime. This paper aims to address the lack of accessible information using a generic screening process for policy instruments demonstrated through application to a non-point source pollution problem in Lake Taupo, New Zealand.

Though much has been rightly made of the destruction wrought by the oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico in April, 2010, it pales in comparison to the ongoing damage done to the environment by our unsustainable way of life. Global instability exacerbated by the economic crisis of 2008 to the present has compounded increasing ecological vulnerabilities, including the most basic needs of food and water among the world’s poorest. Because of these combined crises, it is vital that people of faith develop methods of collaboration that support and enrich each others’ efforts towards sustainability sooner rather than later. Given the extent and magnitude of our economic and environmental problems, it is time for evangelicals and liberal Protestants to work together for the ecological good. Protestantism has been a religious movement for great good, but also the source of deep divisions. Born through a division with the Roman Catholic Church, Protestantism, in its engagement with modernity, forc...

Las universidades comienzan a promover políticas dirigidas a eliminar las discriminaciones, fomentando espacios de participación comunitaria, social y educativa. Por ello, se promueve la incorporación de estudiantes universitarios a su comunidad discursiva académica, ya que son jóvenes con una historia particular y vida social compleja, que se incluyen de manera diversa al sistema de educación. El propósito general es valorar el recurso intercultural "rap"

This article describes the Participatory Action Research (PAR) methodology used to trial and evaluate a suite of planning tools to improve the engagement process for statutory water planning in Australia, and assesses its value and limitations in the Australian context. We argue that the strength of this method is its consistency with a social learning and adaptive management approach. We owe the success of this research approach to five key factors: a high degree of access to the project setting; clear demarcation of roles and responsibilities between researchers and participants; considerable effort spent building and maintaining informal networks and relationships; sensitivity to the relationship between 'insiders' (the participants or owners of the issue i.e. government and community) and 'outsiders' (the research project team); and continual review of project planning and willingness to adapt timeframes and processes to suit the situation. The value and challenges of Participatory Action Research are discussed with key lessons emerging for improving its practice, as well as the transferability of this knowledge to engagement practice for water planning.

Ecological Economics has developed as a "transdisciplinary science," but it has not taken significant steps toward a truly integrated process of evaluating anthropogenic ecological change. The emerging dominance within ecological economics of the movement to monetize "ecological services," when combined with the already wellentrenched dominance of contingent pricing as a means to evaluate impacts on amenities, has created a "monistic" approach to valuation studies. It is argued that this monistic approach to evaluating anthropogenic impacts is inconsistent with a sophisticated conception of ecology as a complex science that rests on shifting metaphors. An alternative, pluralistic and iterative approach to valuation of anthropogenic ecological change is proposed. What do you get if you cross an economist and an ecologist? While genetic technology has (thankfully) not yet allowed for this experiment to be attempted at the level of the individual, over the last 20 years the field of ecological economics has emerged and grown as a result of just this type of cross-fertilization at the disciplinary level. As nurtured through ISEE conferences, other national ISEE meetings, in colleges and agencies, and in the writings in the journal, Ecological Economics, the field is the result of a sustained experiment in integrated ecological and economic understanding of environmental problems and the challenge of sustainable living. Is the post-disciplinary, trans-disciplinary chimera that stands before us a fulfillment of the vision that gave it birth? Or are we feeding a beast that does not serve the purpose for which it was designed? Perhaps it is time to evaluate the direction and standing of the field of ecological economics. A report card, however informal, may be timely because, as I understand the current situation, the trans-disciplinary field of ecological economics faces an important choice, a crossroads that will determine its future shape as a discipline and will