design principle

GOES-R, the next generation of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) System, represents a new technological era in operational geostationary environmental satellite systems. GOES-R ...

The role of human-computer interaction technologies has become a prominent factor that most can determine the successful introduction of new computer games. Players, in fact, wish to experience playful exchanges with the objects and characters that compose games. To reach this aim, new technologies have come into the play that comprise the use of video cameras and gesture recognition software. The great news is that such types of technologies could be exploited not only while playing at home on a console, but also in public spaces, thus broadening the use of games to new segments of customers. Nonetheless, to the best of our knowledge, neither relevant exemplars of such specific type of games (that can be played in public spaces) have yet emerged, nor extensive measurement studies exist regarding how players enjoy games in public immersive environments (e.g., fairs, museums and exhibits), the motivation being that those technologies that support completely hands-free gaming have been commercialized only very recently. Hence, our contribution with this article is twofold: on one side we want to illustrate the main design principles we have devised to design a gestural game to be played in a public space, based on novel hand following and gesture recognition techniques. On the other side we wish to report on real measurements we took when over one hundred players enjoyed our gestural game at the Shanghai 2010 World Expo.

No-Take Areas in the Great Barrier Reef Fernandes et al. the precautionary principle; using independent experts; facilitating input to decision making; conducting extensive and participatory consultation; having an existing marine park that encompassed much of the ecosystem; having legislative power under federal law; developing high-level support; ensuring agency priority and ownership; and being able to address the issue of displaced fishers.

We present an approach to connect multiple remote environments over web for natural interaction among people and objects. Focus of current communication and telepresence systems severely restrict user affordances in terms of movement, interaction, peripheral vision, spatio-semantic integrity and even information flow. These systems allow information transfer rather than experiential interaction. We propose Environment-to-Environment (E2E) as a new paradigm for communication which allows users to interact in natural manner using text, audio, and video by connecting environments. Each Environment is instrumented using as many different types of sensors as may be required to detect presence and activity of objects. This object position and activity information is used by a scalable eventbased multimodal information system called EventServer to share the appropriate experiential information with other environments as well as to present incoming multimedia information on right displays and speakers. This paper describes the design principles for E2E communication, discusses system architecture, and gives our experience in implementing prototypes of such systems in telemedicine and office collaboration applications. We also discuss the research challenges and a road-map for creating more sophisticated E2E applications in near future.

Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) has gained popularity as a design paradigm for realizing enterprise software systems through abstract units of functionality called services. While the key design principles of SOA have been discussed at length in the literature, much of the work is prescriptive in nature and do not explain how adherence to these principles can be quantitatively measured in practice. In some cases, metrics for a limited subset of SOA quality attributes have been proposed, but many of these measures have not been empirically validated on real-life SOA designs. In this paper, we take a deeper look at how the key SOA quality attributes of service cohesion, coupling, reusability, composability and granularity may be evaluated, based only on service design level information. We survey related work, adapt some of the well-known software design metrics to the SOA context and propose new measures where needed. These measures adhere to mathematical properties that characterize the quality attributes. We study their applicability on two real-life SOA design models from the insurance industry using a metrics computation tool integrated with an Eclipse-based service design environment. We believe that availability of these measures during SOA design will aid early detection of design flaws, allow different design options and trade-offs to be considered and support planning for development, testing and governance of the services.

etal-organic coordination networks (MOCNs) have attracted wide interest because they provide a novel route towards porous materials that may find applications in molecular recognition, catalysis, gas storage and separation 1,2 . The so-called rational design principle-synthesis of materials with predictable structures and properties-has been explored using appropriate organic molecular linkers connecting to metal nodes to control pore size and functionality of open coordination networks 3-9 . Here we demonstrate the fabrication of surface-supported MOCNs comprising tailored pore sizes and chemical functionality by the modular assembly of polytopic organic carboxylate linker molecules and iron atoms on a Cu(100) surface under ultra-high-vacuum conditions. These arrays provide versatile templates for the handling and organization of functional species at the nanoscale, as is demonstrated by their use to accommodate C 60 guest molecules. Temperature-controlled studies reveal, at the single-molecule level, how pore size and chemical functionality determine the host-guest interactions. Transition metal carboxylates are widely used as constituents for nanoporous supramolecular materials 8,10-14 . The linker molecules used for the present study are 1,4-dicarboxylic benzoic acid (terephthalic acid, TPA), 1,2,4-tricarboxylic benzoic acid (trimellitic acid, TMLA) and 4,1′,4′,1′′-terphenyl-1,4′′-dicarboxylic acid (TDA), as depicted in Fig. . Our previous studies revealed that on deposition on a Cu(100) surface at room temperature, such species readily undergo complexation with coadsorbed Fe . In particular, on the engagement of the endgroups in Fe-carboxylate formation, the linear linkages allow for the construction of MOCNs comprising surfacesupported nanometre-size cavities with specific topology. They represent two-dimensional (2D) analogues to previously described 3D porous metal-organic framework structures . The different backbone length (∼7 Å for TPA and TMLA; ∼15 Å for TDA) controls the cavity dimensions,whereas the additional side group of TMLA bestows a specific chemical functionality to the cavities. The tuning of 2D metal-organic networks using Fe and TPA or TDA is demonstrated by the scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) data reproduced in Fig. .The identification of the organic molecules and Fe atoms in the MOCNs is based on a thorough analysis of carboxylate nanostructures from related benzoic acids and transition metal atoms at Cu(100) . Their symmetry and shape is induced by the atomic arrangement of the underlying Cu atomic lattice, which induces the orientation along the principal directions of the substrate. The positioning of the flat-lying molecular species and the bonding of Fe atoms to their functional groups gives rise to networks comprising nanocavities of distinct shape and size. The overview image in Fig. shows the mesoscopic ordering of Fe-TPA MOCNs in domains extending up to 50 nm. In the highresolution data in Fig. , the formation of ladder-type and fully 2D interconnected networks is shown,the formation of which is controlled by the amount and ratio of the materials deposited (a complete account of the system is given elsewhere 17 ).With the Fe concentration kept small, ladder-type structures with elongated cavities evolve (Fig. ). In such cases, not all carboxylate groups can participate in coordinating Fe atoms; presumably they form hydrogen-bridges (marked by dotted lines in Fig. ) with adjacent phenyl rings to stabilize the network structures further. On complete 2D Fe-carboxylate reticulation, a trellis

It seems characteristic for humans to detect structural patterns in the world to anticipate future states. Therefore, scientific and common sense cognition could be described as information processing which infers rule-like laws from patterns in data-sets. Since information processing is the domain of computers, artificial cognitive systems are generally designed as pattern discoverers. This paper questions the validity of the information processing paradigm as an explanation for human cognition and a design principle for artificial cognitive systems. Firstly, it is known from the literature that people suffer from conditions such as information overload, superstition, and mental disorders. Secondly, cognitive limitations such as a small short-term memory, the seteffect, the illusion of explanatory depth, etc. raise doubts as to whether human information processing is able to cope with the enormous complexity of an infinitely rich (amorphous) world. It is suggested that, under normal conditions, humans construct information rather than process it. The constructed information contains anticipations which need to be met. This can be hardly called information processing, since patterns from the "outside" are not used to produce action but rather to either justify anticipations or restructure the cognitive apparatus. When it fails, cognition switches to pattern processing, which, given the amorphous nature of the experiential world, is a lost cause if these patterns and inferred rules do not lead to a (partial) reorganisation of internal structures such that constructed anticipations can be met again. In this scenario, superstition and mental disorders are the result of a profound and/or random restructuring of already existing cognitive components (e.g., action sequences). This means that whenever a genuinely cognitive system is exposed to pattern processing it may start to behave superstitiously. The closer we get to autonomous self-motivated artificial cognitive systems, the bigger the danger becomes of superstitious information processing machines that "blow up" rather than behave usefully and effectively. Therefore, to avoid superstition in cognitive systems they should be designed as information constructing entities.

Mobile IP represents a simple and scalable global mobility solution but lacks support for fast handoff control and real-time location tracking found in cellular networks today. In contrast, third generation cellular systems offer seamless mobility support but are built on complex and costly connection-oriented networking infrastructure that lacks the inherent flexibility, robustness and scalability found in IP networks. Future wireless networks should be capable of combining the strengths of both approaches without inheriting their weaknesses. In this paper we present analysis of Cellular IP, a new host mobility protocol which represents one such approach. Cellular IP incorporates a number of important cellular system features but remains firmly based on IP design principles. The protocol presented in this paper is implemented as extensions to the ns simulator.

This paper describes the design principles of electrostatically actuated microelectromechanical capacitors. Key properties, such as capacitance tuning range, quality factor (Q), different control methods, thermal stability, effect of radio frequency signal on capacitance and gas damping are examined. Experimental devices were designed and fabricated using the design principles. The two-gap capacitor has a measured nominal capacitance of 1.58 pF and achieves a tuning range of 2.25:1 with parasitics. When all parasitic capacitances to the substrate are extracted the measured nominal capacitance is 1.15 pF and the tuning range is 2.71:1. The device is made of electroplated gold and has a Q of 66 at 1 GHz, and 53 at 2 GHz. In addition, two-and three-state capacitors were designed, fabricated and characterized.

This paper describes the process for creating and validating an assessment test that measures the effectiveness of instruction by probing how well that instruction causes students in a class to think like experts about specific areas of science. The design principles and process are laid out and it is shown how these align with professional standards that have been established for educational and psychological testing and the elements of assessment called for in a recent National Research Council study on assessment. The importance of student interviews for creating and validating the test is emphasized, and the appropriate interview procedures are presented. The relevance and use of standard psychometric statistical tests are discussed. Additionally, techniques for effective test administration are presented.

The test program consists of two sandwich plate system specimen sets, each with six specimens. Five specimens from each set are tested under cyclic loading. The remaining specimen of each set is tested under monotonic load. Ancillary tests measure properties of steel-elastomer interfaces, elastomer and steel layers. Steel surface and interface are fatigue critical locations. Favourable interface properties, such as higher interface shear capacity and surface roughness, improve the fatigue strength of the interface, so that the member is steel fatigue critical. Consequently, the torsion test shows potentials as a quality control tool for interface fatigue strengths. Two deflection models examined are energy and coupled shear wall. The coupled shear wall model provides reasonable estimates of deflection. The energy model provides practical deflection equations, but overestimates the deflection. A consistent ratio between the results from the two models suggests results of one model can approximate results for the other model.

The majority of synapses in the mammalian cortex originate from cortical neurons. Indeed, the largest input to cortical cells comes from neighboring excitatory cells. However, most models of cortical development and processing do not reflect the anatomy and physiology of feedback excitation and are restricted to serial feedforward excitation. This report describes how populations of neurons in cat visual cortex can use excitatory feedback, characterized as an effective "network conductance", to amplify their feedforward input signals and demonstrates how neuronal discharge can be kept proportional to stimulus strength despite strong, recurrent connections that threaten to cause runaway excitation. These principles are incorporated into models of cortical direction and orientation selectivity that emphasize the basic design principles of cortical architectures.

PurposeCompanies are increasingly adopting design processes as a key driver for their innovation practice. Design processes help companies develop innovations that produce high user value as well as economic value and business value. The purpose of this paper is to describe how design processes can be effectively used in innovation projects through a good understanding design principles, tools, and frameworks.Design/methodology/approachThe frameworks in this paper are based on our direct experience with several innovation projects within leading companies. The processes adopted by many other companies and innovation projects, both academic and professional from around the world, were also studied as drawn from various sources. The goal was to uncover insights about the types of processes adopted by successful innovators.FindingsThese analyses reveal that there is a new focus on “design innovation” that produces offerings with a better fit with users and results in higher rates of ad...

We developed a 1.5-m band TM-mode waveguide optical isolator that makes use of the nonreciprocalloss phenomenon. The device was designed to operate in a single mode and consists of an InGaAlAs͞InP ridge-waveguide optical amplifier covered with a ferromagnetic MnAs layer. The combination of the optical waveguide and the magnetized ferromagnetic metal layer produces a magneto-optic effect called the nonreciprocal-loss phenomenon-a phenomenon in which the propagation loss of light is larger in backward propagation than it is in forward propagation. We propose the guiding design principle for the structure of the device and determine the optimized structure with the aid of electromagnetic simulation using the finite-difference method. On the basis of the results, we fabricated a prototype device and evaluated its operation. The device showed an isolation ratio of 7.2 dB͞mm at a wavelength from 1.53 to 1.55 m. Our waveguide isolator can be monolithically integrated with other waveguide-based optical devices on an InP substrate.

TCP Westwood (TCPW) is a sender-side modification of the TCP congestion window algorithm that improves upon the performance of TCP Reno in wired as well as wireless networks. The improvement is most significant in wireless networks with lossy links, since TCP Westwood relies on endto-end bandwidth estimation to discriminate the cause of packet loss (congestion or wireless channel effect) which is a major problem in TCP Reno. An important distinguishing feature of TCP Westwood with respect to previous wireless TCP "extensions" is that it does not require inspection and/or interception of TCP packets at intermediate (proxy) nodes. Rather, it fully complies with the end-to-end TCP design principle. The key innovative idea is to continuously measure at the TCP source the rate of the connection by monitoring the rate of returning ACKs. The estimate is then used to compute congestion window and slow start threshold after a congestion episode, that is, after three duplicate acknowledgments or after a timeout. The rationale of this strategy is simple: in contrast with TCP Reno, which "blindly" halves the congestion window after three duplicate ACKs, TCP Westwood attempts to select a slow start threshold and a congestion window which are consistent with the effective bandwidth used at the time congestion is experienced. We call this mechanism faster recovery. The proposed mechanism is particularly effective over wireless links where sporadic losses due to radio channel problems are often misinterpreted as a symptom of congestion by current TCP schemes and thus lead to an unnecessary window reduction. Experimental studies reveal improvements in throughput performance, as well as in fairness. In addition, friendliness with TCP Reno was observed in a set of experiments showing that TCP Reno connections are not starved by TCPW connections. Most importantly, TCPW is extremely effective in mixed wired and wireless networks where throughput improvements of up to 550% are observed. Finally, TCPW performs almost as well as localized link layer approaches such as the popular Snoop scheme, without incurring the O/H of a specialized link layer protocol.

Understanding the characteristics of design knowledge, and finding ways to support novices in gaining it is of high importance in many design fields. This research examined the nature of design knowledge in three semesterlong courses in which graduate students learned to design technology-based curriculum modules. All courses were based on an instructional model developed in a design-based research methodology with four iterations. The model integrates the openness and reflective nature of a studio instructional approach, with the structure of a well-known instructional systems design process. It also takes advantage of experts' design knowledge embedded in a design principles and patterns database. Qualitative data was used to characterize how students acquired design knowledge, and a rubric was developed to evaluate the degree to which students were able to translate their design ideas into design artifacts. Outcomes indicate that many students had difficulties in concretizing their design ideas, and that successive versions of the instructional model better supported students in acquiring this skill. We view concretization as an important aspect of design knowledge, and claim that it helps students relate between their own design ideas and advanced pedagogical ideas expressed in experts' design knowledge.

A recent trend towards increasing use of computers and the World Wide Web ("the Web") in higher education is currently merging with an earlier trend towards using multiple choice questions in assessment. The use of computers in conjunction with such assessments greatly enhances their potential effectiveness. The Web further enhances the ability to distribute assessment material widely, allows inclusion of multi-media content, and enables a level of interactivity and data collection not possible with paper-and-pencil assessments. With these possibilities in mind, the WebMCQ system was conceived as a means of presenting multiple choice questions to students, and potentially providing immediate feedback on their responses so that WebMCQ could be used as a learning tool in the first instance, and also as a summative assessment tool. The development of software such as WebMCQ is part of a much broader shift made possible by extensively-networked computers and the emergence of the internet. It will be argued in this paper that new models of distribution and utilisation of software are now poised to bring about a major shift in the way software is perceived. Rather than a traditional view of software as a product that is installed on individual computers, the features of WebMCQ led developers to adopt a new distribution model, whereby software resides on a central server and is accessed by subscribers to a service. It is this shift from perceiving software as a product to perceiving software as a service that has potential to bring about enormous changes to software design and utilisation and which, it is argued, will result in the arrival of 'next wave' software. Among a host of benefits to consumers will be vastly superior ease of use and convenience, leading to adoption of new software on a massive scale. Next wave software will force software developers to adopt new ways of designing, distributing and supporting software. To illustrate some of the new design principles that future developers will need to consider, the paper includes a discussion of five core design principles used in the development of WebMCQ: ease of use, flexibility, consistency, accessibility, and integrity. Each of these issues are discussed in detail, and several predictions are made about how each may impact upon future software developments. It is concluded that the arrival of next wave software will herald a revolutionary shift in the way educational professionals perceive and use Information Technology.

This paper presents a novel "cache-and-forward" (CNF) protocol architecture for mobile content delivery services in the future Internet. The CNF architecture can be implemented as an overlay on top of the Internet Protocol (IP), or as a clean slate protocol for next-generation networks. CNF is based on the concept of store-and-forward routers with large storage, providing for opportunistic delivery to occasionally disconnected mobile users and for in-network caching of content. The proposed CNF protocol uses reliable hop-by-hop transfer of large data files between CNF routers in place of an end-to-end transport protocol like TCP. This approach makes it possible to serve mobile users with intermittent connectivity, while also mitigating selfinterference problems which arise in multi-hop wireless scenarios. Hop-by-hop transport is similarly useful in wired networks where router storage can help to smooth out link congestion bottlenecks which arise in TCP/IP networks. A second key feature of the CNF protocol is the integration of addressbased and content-based routing to support various content delivery modes that take advantage of in-network storage. An overview of the CNF architecture and major protocol components is given, and preliminary performance evaluation results are summarized to validate the main design principles.

TRIPLE was designed as a practical rule language for data manipulation applications. Over the last couple of years the language has been deployed in various applications and use case studies. In this paper we first introduce the design principles of TRIPLE and then present some of the applications for which this language has been used.

Grids have metamorphosed from academic projects to commercial ventures. Avaki, a leading commercial vendor of Grids, has its roots in Legion, a Grid project at the University of Virginia begun in 1993. In this chapter, we present fundamental challenges and requirements for Grid architectures that we believe are universal, our architectural philosophy in addressing those requirements, an overview of Legion as used in production systems and a synopsis of the Legion architecture and implementation. We also describe the history of the transformation from Legion -an academic, research project -to Avaki, a commercially supported, marketed product. Several of the design principles as well as the vision underlying Legion have continued to be employed in Avaki. As a product sold to customers, Avaki has been made more robust, more easily manageable and easier to configure than Legion, at the expense of eliminating some features and tools that are of less immediate use to customers. Finally, we place Legion in the context of OGSI, a standards effort underway in Global Grid Forum.

With the advent of 157 nm as the next photolithographic wavelength, there has been a need to find transparent and radiation durable polymers for use as soft pellicles. Pellicles are $1 mm thick polymer membranes used in the photolithographic reproduction of semiconductor integrated circuits to prevent dust particles on the surface of the photomask from imaging into the photoresist coated wafer. Practical pellicle films must transmit at least 98% of incident light and have sufficient radiation durability to withstand kilojoules of optical irradiation at the lithographic wavelength. As exposure wavelengths have become shorter the electronics industry has been able to achieve adequate transparency only by moving from nitrocellulose polymers to perfluorinated polymers as, for example, Teflon 1 AF 1600 and Cytop TM for use in 193 nm photolithography. Unfortunately, the transparency advantages of perfluorinated polymers fail spectacularly at 157 nm; 1 mm thick films of Teflon 1 AF 1600 and Cytop TM have 157 nm transparency of no more than 38 and 2%, respectively, with 157 nm pellicle lifetimes measured in millijoules. Polymers such as -[(CH 2 CHF) x C(CF 3 ) 2 CH 2 ] y -, or -(CH 2 CF 2 ) x [2,2-bis(trifluoromethyl)-4,5-difluoro-1,3-dioxole] y -with chains that alternate fluorocarbon segments with either oxygen or hydrocarbon segments frequently show >98% transparency at 157 nm, if amorphous. These polymers are made from monomers, such as vinylidene fluoride (VF 2 ) and hexafluoroisobutylene, which themselves exhibit good alternation of CH 2 and CF 2 in their structures. In addition, we find that ether linkages also can serve to force alternation. In addition, we find that fluorocarbon segments shorter than six carbons, and hydrocarbon segments less than two carbons or less than three carbons if partially fluorinated also promote 157 nm transparency. We also find that even with these design principles, it is advantageous to avoid small rings, as arise in the cyclobutanes. These results suggest a steric component to transparency in addition to the importance of alternation. Upon irradiation these polymers undergo photochemical darkening and therefore none has demonstrated the kilojoule radiation durability lifetimes required to be commercially attractive. This is likely because these exposure lifetimes require every bond to absorb $10 photons, each photon having an energy roughly twice common bond energies. We have studied intrinsic (composition, molecular weight) and extrinsic (trace metals, impurities, environmental contaminants, oxygen, water) contributions to optical absorption and photochemical darkening in these polymers. Studies of photochemical darkening in model molecules illustrate the dynamics of photochemical darkening and that appreciable lifetimes can be achieved in fluorocarbons. To a first approximation the polymers that have lower 157 nm optical absorbance also tend to show the longest lifetimes. These results imply that quantum yield, or the extent to which the polymer structure can harmlessly dissipate the energy, can be important as well.

The design of interfaces for automotive information systems is a critical task. In fact, in the vehicular domain the user is busy in the primary task of the driving, and any visual distraction inducted by the telematic systems can bring to serious consequences. Since road safety is paramount, it is needed to define new interaction metaphors, not affecting the driver's visual workload, such as auditory interfaces. In this paper we propose an innovative automotive auditory interaction paradigm, whose main goals are not to require visual attention, to be smart for expert users, as well as easy to use for inexperienced users. This is achieved by a new atomic dialogue paradigm, based on a help-on-demand mechanism, to provide a vocal support to users in trouble. Finally, we present some examples of dialogue based on such approach.

Project SETI@HOME has proven to be one of the biggest successes of distributed computing during the last years. With a quite simple approach SETI manages to process large volumes of data using a vast amount of distributed computer power. To extend the generic usage of this kind of distributed computing tools, BOINC is being developed. In this paper we propose HEP@HOME, a BOINC version tailored to the specific requirements of the High Energy Physics (HEP) community. The HEP@HOME will be able to process large amounts of data using virtually unlimited computing power, as BOINC does, and it should be able to work according to HEP specifications. In HEP the amounts of data to be analyzed or reconstructed are of central importance. Therefore, one of the design principles of this tool is to avoid data transfer. This will allow scientists to run their analysis applications and taking advantage of a large number of CPUs. This tool also satisfies other important requirements in HEP, namely, s...

As observed by Jain [l], congestion control really has two separate components congeshon avoidance and congestion recovery. We will be focus- We say relevant users since the service obtained by a user in one portion of the Internet typically does not depend in detail on the behavior of another user far away.

We present a protocol developed by the ASPeCT project for secure billing that provides the incontestable charging that is required for UMTS. This protocol realises a payment system for value added services. We describe the protocol and in particular the design features that are of particular relevance to the UMTS environment. We also describe the configuration of a field trial of this protocol over the experimental UMTS platform developed by the project EXODUS.

This paper describes the development of a multilevel model for investigating the impact of organizational social web site (SWS) usage on individual and team performance. Despite the SWS focus on collective phenomena such as crowd sourcing and collective intelligence previous research on SWS usage in general does not investigate it as a multilevel phenomenon. Our paper addresses this gap by drawing on existing guidelines for multilevel theorizing. We thus propose that SWS usage impacts individual and team performance through its improved collaboration capabilities. Organizational learning and social capital theories serve as the theoretical foundation. Ultimately, we present a multilevel model as the foundation for future empirical research on SWS usage's impact on individual and team performance. Our research's contribution lies in the theoretical derivation of a multilevel model.

CDMA2000, WCDMA and WiMAX are three widely used 3G technologies. Since they share the same goal, which is to provide broader coverage and higher throughput in 3G networks, an impartial comparison of their performance is indispensable. However, they are based on different design principles and methodologies, which make the comparison challenging. This paper presents a comparative study of these technologies, with focus on system spectral efficiency and stability in 3G networks. Specifically, the paper presents a framework for the comparison based on the common set of configurations adopted by these technologies, which include channel models, system parameters and key algorithms. Through extensive simulations, the system spectral efficiency and stability of CDMA2000 1x EV-DO Rev.A, WCDMA HSDPA/HSUPA and Mobile WiMAX are compared. It is found that while WiMAX can provide highest throughput, the two CDMA-based technologies achieve higher system spectral efficiency, especially on the downlink. Regarding system stability, it is observed that CDMA2000 1x EV-DO Rev.A can operate under higher interference levels than WCDMA HS-DPA/HSUPA and Mobile WiMAX. In addition, the comparison on system spectral efficiency between CDMA2000, WCDMA and WiMAX is also conducted when relevant enhanced technologies, i.e., MIMO and interference cancelation, are adopted. We believe that our work will serve as a cornerstone for a fair comparison between the various technologies for prospective 3G networks.

We present a framework for cross-layer optimization in small, resource-constrained wireless communication systems that require a high degree of optimization. We argue that often these systems allow for a departure from conventional OSI network stack design principles, opening up broad opportunities for optimizations. We examine these new opportunities and propose a design strategy to take advantage of them. Simulation results are presented in support of our design framework proposal and as motivation for future work in this important area.

Physically based rendering is the process of generating a 2D image from the abstract description of a 3D Scene. Despite the development of various new techniques and algorithms, the computational requirements of generating photorealistic images still do not allow to render in real time. Moreover, the configuration of good render quality parameters is very difficult and often too complex to

We have developed an optical heterodyning experiment for the undergraduate physics laboratory curriculum that permits observation of optical beat phenomena associated with the interference of two light beams with slightly different frequencies. For optical beat frequencies below 10 Hz the interference of the light beams is observed on a viewing screen as a slowly drifting Michelson interference fringe pauern. For beat frequencies greater than 10 Hz the drift ofthe interference fringes is too rapid to be observed visually; however, if a photodetector is placed so as to detect light from within the rapidly drifting fringe pattern, the time variation of the detected light signal can be amplified and fed to a loudspeaker, allowing an individual student or a lecture audience to hear the beating of the two light beams. Since commercial amateur radio transceivers are used to control the frequencies of the two interfering light beams, the transceivers can be modulated with a voice signal to generate single sideband modulated light beams that can be demodulated using standard optical homodyne detection techniques. This simple optical communications system demonstrates clearly how transmitter and receiver design principles at radio frequencies can be transferred to optical frequencies for the implementation of modem lightwave communication systems.

This paper analyzes the debates on ''interracial competition'' and ''racial extinction'' in the biological discourse on human evolution during the second half of the nineteenth century. Our intention is to discuss the ideological function of these biological concepts as tools for the naturalization and scientific legitimation of racial hierarchies during that period. We argue that the examination of these scientific discussions about race from a historical perspective can play the role of a critical platform for students and teachers to think about the role of science in current othering processes, such as those related to biomedical technosciences. If they learn how biological ideas played an ideological function concerning interracial relationships in the past, they can be compelled to ask which ideological functions the biological knowledge they are teaching and learning might play now. If this is properly balanced, they can eventually both value scientific knowledge for its contributions and have a critical appraisal of some of its implications. We propose, here, a number of initial design principles for the construction of teaching sequences about scientific racism and science-technology-society relationships, yet to be empirically tested by iterative cycles of implementation in basic education and teacher education classrooms.

Ubiquitous computing, as a subfield of computer science, has traditionally been associated with a set of principles expressed (loosely but tellingly) with terms like transparency, invisibility, and the like: essentially, the idea is that people should be able to use ubiquitous computing artifacts while hardly being conscious that they are doing so. We argue that, as a design principle, "invisibility" has advantages in some domains; but that it has powerful, and ultimately counterproductive, connotations for educational design. We present an alternative set of potential design principles for educational ubiquitous computing, stressing values such as expressiveness, creative control, and aesthetics; and we illustrate these principles with several projects undertaken in our lab.

Changes in the stress patterns under heavy loads and high tyre inflation pressures are not currently compensated for in design methods, while large quantities of available traffic data are underutilised in design. The aim of this paper is to present recently measured tyre inflation pressure and axle loading data and to utilize this information in the structural investigation of three different pavements structures on the N3 Toll Road by employing a sensitivity analysis approach to mechanistic design. Results of extensive tyre inflation pressure and axle loading measurements will be presented and discussed. The measurements are employed in a statistical approach to current mechanistic design principles to develop conclusions as to the most appropriate choice and application of stress and load parameters.

Many challenges facing urban and built environment researchers stem from the complexity and diversity of the urban data landscape. This landscape is typified by multiple independent organizations each holding a variety of heterogeneous data sets of relevance to the urban community. Furthermore, urban research itself is diverse and multi-faceted covering areas as disparate as health, population demographics, logistics, energy and water usage, through to socio-economic indicators associated with communities. The Australian Urban Research Infrastructure Network (AURIN) project (www.aurin.org.au) is tasked with developing an e-Infrastructure through which a range of urban and built environment research areas will be supported. This will be achieved through development and support of a common (underpinning) e-Infrastructure. This paper outlines the requirements and design principles of the e-Infrastructure and how it aims to provide seamless, secure access to diverse, distributed data sets and tools of relevance to the urban research community. We also describe the initial case studies and their implementation that are currently shaping this e-Infrastructure.

SoC design will require asynchronous techniques as the large parameter variations across the chip will make it impossible to control delays in clock networks and other global signals efficiently. Initially, SoCs will be globally asynchronous and locally synchronous (GALS). But the complexity of the numerous asynchronous/synchronous interfaces required in a GALS will eventually lead to entirely asynchronous solutions. This paper introduces the main design principles, methods, and building blocks for asynchronous VLSI systems, with an emphasis on communication and synchronization. Asynchronous circuits with the only delay assumption of isochronic forks are called quasi-delay-insensitive (QDI). QDI is used in the paper as the basis for asynchronous logic. The paper discusses asynchronous handshake protocols for communication and the notion of validity/neutrality tests, and completion tree. Basic building blocks for sequencing, storage, function evaluation, and buses are described, and two alternative methods for the implementation of an arbitrary computation are explained. Issues of arbitration, and synchronization play an important role in complex distributed systems and especially in GALS. The two main asynchronous/synchronous interfaces needed in GALSVone based on synchronizer, the other on stoppable clockVare described and analyzed.

This paper presents the design and construction of the PolyU Treebank, a manually annotated Chinese shallow treebank. The PolyU Treebank is based on shallow annotation where only partial syntactical structures within sentences are annotated. Guided by the Phrase-Standard Grammar proposed by Peking University, the PolyU Treebank has been designed and constructed to provide a large amount of annotated data containing shallow syntactical information and limited semantic information for use in natural language processing (NLP) research. This paper describes the relevant design principles, annotation guidelines, and implementation issues, including the achievement of high quality annotation through the use of well-designed annotation workflow and effective post-annotation checking tools. Currently, the PolyU Treebank consists of a one-million-word annotated corpus and has been used in a number of NLP research projects with promising results.

We report on the measurements of nonlinear current-voltage characteristics of graphene fabricated by chemical vapor deposition. The current-voltage characteristic is described by a power law with a superlinear dependence of the current on the voltage, and the nonlinearity depends on the carrier density and the excitation level. The nonlinearity is strongest at the Dirac point and becomes weaker as the carrier density increases. At the Dirac point, we also observe a crossover to a much stronger nonlinear transport when the electric field increases above 10 4 V/m.

We show that abstract interpretation-based static program analysis can be made efficient and precise enough to formally verify a class of properties for a family of large programs with few or no false alarms. This is achieved by refinement of a general purpose static analyzer and later adaptation to particular programs of the family by the end-user through parametrization. This is applied to the proof of soundness of data manipulation operations at the machine level for periodic synchronous safety critical embedded software. The main novelties are the design principle of static analyzers by refinement and adaptation through parametrization (Sect. 3 and 7), the symbolic manipulation of expressions to improve the precision of abstract transfer functions (Sect. 6.3), the octagon (Sect. 6.2.2), ellipsoid (Sect. 6.2.3), and decision tree (Sect. 6.2.4) abstract domains, all with sound handling of rounding errors in floating point computations, widening strategies (with thresholds: Sect. 7.1.2, delayed: Sect. 7.1.3) and the automatic determination of the parameters (parametrized packing: Sect. 7.2).

The paper reviews the nature of statistics in the UK National Curriculum. While there is great opportunity for statistics to inform thinking in a range of disciplines, there is little coherence in the planning of activities for children. Formal assessment of statistical ability focuses on procedural knowledge, applied to univariate and bivariate problems. These provisions are inadequate for informed citizenship. We report work on World Class Tests (WCT), where students aged 9 and 13 years are presented with both paper-based and IT-based problem solving tasks in mathematics and science. Many of these tasks require students to work with three or more variables, often non-linearly related to each other. Students perform rather well on these tasks. Tasks are shown, together with performance data disaggregated by school and sex. Features of the displays that make them well suited to the exploration of complex patterns are discussed, and our design principles are described. Our current ac...

Throughout their life, plants typically remain in one location utilizing sunlight for the synthesis of carbohydrates, which serve as their sole source of energy as well as building blocks of a protective extracellular matrix, called the cell wall. During the course of evolution, plants have repeatedly adapted to their respective niche, which is reflected in the changes of their body plan and the specific design of cell walls. Cell walls not only changed throughout evolution but also are constantly remodelled and reconstructed during the development of an individual plant, and in response to environmental stress or pathogen attacks. Carbohydrate-rich cell walls display complex designs, which together with the presence of phenolic polymers constitutes a barrier for microbes, fungi, and animals. Throughout evolution microbes have co-evolved strategies for efficient breakdown of cell walls. Our current understanding of cell walls and their evolutionary changes are limited as our knowledge is mainly derived from biochemical and genetic studies, complemented by a few targeted yet very informative imaging studies. Comprehensive plant cell wall models will aid in the re-design of plant cell walls for the purpose of commercially viable lignocellulosic biofuel production as well as for the timber, textile, and paper industries. Such knowledge will also be of great interest in the context of agriculture and to plant biologists in general. It is expected that detailed plant cell wall models will require integrated correlative multimodal, multiscale imaging and modelling approaches, which are currently underway.

Intelligent assist devices (IADs) are a new class of hybrid 1 devices for direct, physical, interaction with a human operator in shared workspaces. These devices -designed for the assembly line worker -can reduce ergonomics concerns that arise due to on-the-job physical and cognitive loading, while improving safety, quality and productivity. Cobots, a sub-set of IADs, implement software defined virtual guiding surfaces while providing some amplification of human power. They exemplify the central theme of this paper -that humans are critical in many assembly operations and ergonomics tools that enable them to perform their duties are necessary. This paper describes broad design principles for human-machine interaction in these industrial settings. Prototype industrial cobots designed for testing and validation are described. Efforts at commercializing these technologies for use in industrial settings are currently underway.

No-Take Areas in the Great Barrier Reef Fernandes et al. the precautionary principle; using independent experts; facilitating input to decision making; conducting extensive and participatory consultation; having an existing marine park that encompassed much of the ecosystem; having legislative power under federal law; developing high-level support; ensuring agency priority and ownership; and being able to address the issue of displaced fishers.

The design of a bilinear self-tuning control strategy and its application to a pilotscale reheating furnace are described. A comparison with standard PID control shows that the new approach offers significant potential benefits. 1996 A. Dunoyer and K.J. Burnham are with the Control Theory