Department of Social Sciences

, the RRRC Family Counting Exercise, supported by UNHCR, has counted 836,210 refugees in total in camps and settlements-including arrivals both before and after August 2017. This methodology provides population data with gender and age disaggregated statistics, geolocation and specific protection needs at the household level. The Family Counting Exercise is conducted as a house to house exercise with every refugee family being interviewed, and covers Rohingya refugees across camps and settlements. The complete dataset can be found here. • The RRRC-UNHCR Family Counting and NPM will continue to monitor and triangulate the population figures and report independently based on their individual and complementary methodologies.

The Indian agricultural sector is characterized by a large number of small and marginal farmers who face difficulties in managing the inherent risks involved in farming and exploitations by middlemen. One potential solution to this issue is the establishment of collectives consisting of small groups of farmers, forming Farmer Producer Companies (FPCs). This approach aims to utilize economies of scale and improve their ability to negotiate more favourable terms and conditions. Women play a crucial role in food production and labour on farms. However, despite their significant contribution to agriculture, women often face marginalization and neglect. This paper seeks to explore the challenges faced by women farmers and their impact on the effective management of Purandar Laxmi Shetkari Mahila Producer Company Limited, Zendewadi Village, Pune District. By gaining a better understanding of these challenges, appropriate measures can be implemented to address them and empower women farmers in their roles within FPOs.
Keywords : Agriculture, Entrepreneurship, Gender Equality, Sustainable farming,, Farmer Producer Organization.
 

1. INTRODUCTION
The emergence of agriculture in India can be dated back to the medieval era, signifying a momentous event in the nation's past. Presently, India occupies a prestigious rank as the second-largest contributor to global agricultural production. This commendable feat is underscored in the Indian Economic Survey of 2020-22, which divulges that agriculture continues to be a crucial sector, engaging more than half of the Indian labour force. Moreover, this sector makes a significant contribution of 20 % to the country's Gross Domestic Product (GDP).
Women constitute a significant majority ranging from 70% to 80%, of the labour force in the agricultural sector. They contribute approximately 80% of the agriproduct that are primarily consumed within households, as well as half of the cash crops. Women bear the primary responsibility for food production. Despite their vital role in agricultural production, women continue to be marginalized and overlooked. (Gordon & Gordon, 2007: 300).

Farmer Producer Companies
The Indian agriculture is defined by a significant number of marginal and small-scale farmers who encounter challenges in managing the inherent risks of farming. One potential solution is the formation of collectives comprising small groups of farmers to form a Farmer Producer Company(FPC)). This approach aims to leverage economies of scale and enhance their ability to negotiate better terms and conditions.
A Farmer Producer Company (FPC) is a unique entity that combines the characteristics of both cooperative societies and private limited companies. These companies, which are registered under the Indian Companies Act of 2013, operate with a democratic governance structure. In an FPC, every producer or member holds equal voting rights, regardless of the quantity of shares they possess. This ensures a fair and equitable decision-making process within the company.

Issues in Ethiopian Language Policy and Education (Past and Present)
(Original Publication: https://www.academia.edu/23595570/Issues_in_Ethiopian_Language_Policy_and_Education)
By: Wondwosen Tamrat and Thomas Bloor
Re-Publisher: Habesha Gaaffaa-Geeska Yäafrika, PhD., [Habesha Union (ሐበሻ)].
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
"In Ethiopia, the overthrow of the military government of the Dergue in 1991 ushered in a period of political reforms which are still in progress, including a policy of recognition of a range of indigenous languages other than the traditionally dominant national language, Amharic. This paper addresses the question of language planning and education in this pluralist, multilingual state. It presents a profile of some of the many languages in use within the country, both indigenous and foreign, and briefly considers their historical role in the education system, touching on the associations of Amharic and the classical Ethiopian language Giiz with Orthodox 'Coptic' Christian-ity, and of Arabic with Islam. An evaluative appraisal of the new policy is offered which, whilst acknowledging the enlightened nature of the reforms in light of current political and linguistic concerns for 'linguistic human rights' (Phillipson & Skutnabb-Kangas, 1995), considers a number of major obstacles to the implementation of the policy, and questions in particular the moves towards the preference of the Roman alphabet to the well-established Ethiopic syllabic writing system. The article points out that, contrary to the intentions of the reforms, the outcome could benefit English at the expense of a significant African language" (Wondwosen Tamrat).