Manuel Fernandez Sande
Manuel Fernández Sande holds a PhD in Media Studies & Journalism (UCM 2001), licentiate degrees in Journalism (UCM 1996) and Documentation Science (Universidad Carlos III 2010) and an MA in Radio Management (UAB 2002).
February 2013-October 2015, he has coordinated the undergraduate programme in Journalism at the Universidad Complutense de Madrid. He was recently appointed chair of UCM’s Department of Journalism IV- Media Management. From 2002 through 2008 he served as academic secretary of UCM’s Institute of Radio Communication.
Fernández Sande has held the position of professor in the Department of Journalism IV of the Universidad Complutense de Madrid since 2001, where he has taught courses at undergraduate (bachelor’s and licentiate) and doctoral level as well as a number of postgraduate courses in journalism and communication. He currently teaches a range of courses related to media management and radio broadcasting in Europe. Fernández Sande has been accredited as a senior lecturer by ANECA (National Agency for Quality Evaluation and Accreditation).
Areas of specialised research:
• A. Radio broadcasting (1999–present) including: the history of radio (since 1999), the analysis of radio broadcasting market (since 2001), crowdfunding for radio and sound projects (since 2013), social and community use of radio, and diversity in the audiovisual sector (since 2014)
• B. Media management and organization (2001–present)
• C. Innovation in education, information and communication technology (ICT) and teaching at the university level (2005–present)
To date, Fernández Sande has focused on two major areas closely related to his work: the analysis of the historical, business, economic and social aspects of radio broadcasting and the organisation and strategic media management. These two lines of investigation have provided the foundation for a third area of research: How media and ICT can be used to promote and implement innovation in the sphere of higher education.
Fernández Sande is a member of the research groups Investigación y Enseñanza de la gestión de los medios y la comunicación - Mediacom UCM at the Universidad Complutense de Madrid and Mídia, Cultura e Memória at the Universidade Paulista, Brasil (certified by the Brazilian National Science Research Council - CNPq).
He has also participated in numerous projects and activities focusing on knowledge transfer for economic and social development.
He currently serves as a senior researcher for “Diversity in the Audiovisual Sector in the Digital Era” (ref. CSO2014-52354-R), a two-year (2015–2016) a project being carried out as part of the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competiveness’s “State R&D Plan for Challenges Facing Society”.
Fernández Sande has produced more than 40 written works related to his fields of expertise that have ranged from journal articles to book chapters and books. He is author of Los orígenes de la radio en España. Volumen I. Historia de Radio Ibérica 1916-1925) and Volumen II. La competencia entre Unión Radio y Radio Ibérica 1925-1927 published in 2006 by Editorial Fragua, Madrid, and co-author of Guía de publicaciones gratuitas en Madrid published by Madrid Emprende in 2009. He also co-edited La Radio y la Televisión en la Europa Digital (Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 2005) In addition to contributing articles to wide range of national and international professional journals such as Estudio sobre el Mensaje Periodístico; El Profesional de la Información; Revista Latina de Comunicación Social; Communication & Society; Arbor, Ciencia, pensamiento y cultura; Razón y palabra; Vivat Academia; Documentación de las Ciencias de la Información; E-Compós; Quaderns Audiovisuals de Catalunya, he has also written chapters for books published by Routledge, Fragua, Instituto de RTVE, and other organisations. Since 2004, he has been an invited speaker at a number of national and international scientific conferences. Fernández Sande and colleague Juan Ignacio Gallego of the Universidad Carlos III are co-chairs of the upcoming European Communication Research and Education Association (ECREA) conference “Radio Research 2015: Diversity, Innovation and Policies”, it has been held in Madrid October 28–30, 2015. In 2013 he co-edited Panorâmica da Comunicação e dos Meios no Brasil e Espanha, a book produced in Brazil to which more than thirty Spanish and Portuguese researchers contributed.
He is an active member of the following professional research organisations: the Spanish Association of Communication Researchers (AE-IC), European Communication Research and Education Association (ECREA), and Sociedade Brasileira de Estudos Interdisciplinares da Comunicação (INTERCOM).
Phone: +34 699060511
Address: Departamento Periodismo IV
Facultad de Ciencias de la Información
Avenida Complutense s/n
28040 Madrid
February 2013-October 2015, he has coordinated the undergraduate programme in Journalism at the Universidad Complutense de Madrid. He was recently appointed chair of UCM’s Department of Journalism IV- Media Management. From 2002 through 2008 he served as academic secretary of UCM’s Institute of Radio Communication.
Fernández Sande has held the position of professor in the Department of Journalism IV of the Universidad Complutense de Madrid since 2001, where he has taught courses at undergraduate (bachelor’s and licentiate) and doctoral level as well as a number of postgraduate courses in journalism and communication. He currently teaches a range of courses related to media management and radio broadcasting in Europe. Fernández Sande has been accredited as a senior lecturer by ANECA (National Agency for Quality Evaluation and Accreditation).
Areas of specialised research:
• A. Radio broadcasting (1999–present) including: the history of radio (since 1999), the analysis of radio broadcasting market (since 2001), crowdfunding for radio and sound projects (since 2013), social and community use of radio, and diversity in the audiovisual sector (since 2014)
• B. Media management and organization (2001–present)
• C. Innovation in education, information and communication technology (ICT) and teaching at the university level (2005–present)
To date, Fernández Sande has focused on two major areas closely related to his work: the analysis of the historical, business, economic and social aspects of radio broadcasting and the organisation and strategic media management. These two lines of investigation have provided the foundation for a third area of research: How media and ICT can be used to promote and implement innovation in the sphere of higher education.
Fernández Sande is a member of the research groups Investigación y Enseñanza de la gestión de los medios y la comunicación - Mediacom UCM at the Universidad Complutense de Madrid and Mídia, Cultura e Memória at the Universidade Paulista, Brasil (certified by the Brazilian National Science Research Council - CNPq).
He has also participated in numerous projects and activities focusing on knowledge transfer for economic and social development.
He currently serves as a senior researcher for “Diversity in the Audiovisual Sector in the Digital Era” (ref. CSO2014-52354-R), a two-year (2015–2016) a project being carried out as part of the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competiveness’s “State R&D Plan for Challenges Facing Society”.
Fernández Sande has produced more than 40 written works related to his fields of expertise that have ranged from journal articles to book chapters and books. He is author of Los orígenes de la radio en España. Volumen I. Historia de Radio Ibérica 1916-1925) and Volumen II. La competencia entre Unión Radio y Radio Ibérica 1925-1927 published in 2006 by Editorial Fragua, Madrid, and co-author of Guía de publicaciones gratuitas en Madrid published by Madrid Emprende in 2009. He also co-edited La Radio y la Televisión en la Europa Digital (Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 2005) In addition to contributing articles to wide range of national and international professional journals such as Estudio sobre el Mensaje Periodístico; El Profesional de la Información; Revista Latina de Comunicación Social; Communication & Society; Arbor, Ciencia, pensamiento y cultura; Razón y palabra; Vivat Academia; Documentación de las Ciencias de la Información; E-Compós; Quaderns Audiovisuals de Catalunya, he has also written chapters for books published by Routledge, Fragua, Instituto de RTVE, and other organisations. Since 2004, he has been an invited speaker at a number of national and international scientific conferences. Fernández Sande and colleague Juan Ignacio Gallego of the Universidad Carlos III are co-chairs of the upcoming European Communication Research and Education Association (ECREA) conference “Radio Research 2015: Diversity, Innovation and Policies”, it has been held in Madrid October 28–30, 2015. In 2013 he co-edited Panorâmica da Comunicação e dos Meios no Brasil e Espanha, a book produced in Brazil to which more than thirty Spanish and Portuguese researchers contributed.
He is an active member of the following professional research organisations: the Spanish Association of Communication Researchers (AE-IC), European Communication Research and Education Association (ECREA), and Sociedade Brasileira de Estudos Interdisciplinares da Comunicação (INTERCOM).
Phone: +34 699060511
Address: Departamento Periodismo IV
Facultad de Ciencias de la Información
Avenida Complutense s/n
28040 Madrid
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Papers by Manuel Fernandez Sande
role being played by audiences and the development of digital networks have transformed the production, distribution and consumption of cultural products including radio and audio content.
Changing the conventional model of risk and investment,
crowdfunding involves listeners in the dissemination and funding of different projects. This paper analyses the viability and sustainability of such funding by looking at different projects related to radio content carried out in Spain in recent years.
rol de las audiencias y el desarrollo de las redes digitales han
transformado la producción, la distribución y el consumo de
productos culturales, incluyendo los contenidos sonoros y
radiofónicos.
A partir de un cambio en el modelo tradicional de riesgo e
inversión, el crowdfunding introduce al oyente en la circulación y la financiación de diferentes proyectos. De esta manera, este trabajo analiza la viabilidad y la sostenibilidad de esta forma de financiación centrando su atención en diferentes proyectos desarrollados en España alrededor de los contenidos radiofónicos.
Estos programas se difunden a través de la antena de emisoras comunitarias, de sus páginas webs y de otras vías de difusión por Internet.
Nuestro análisis ha combinado diversas metodologías de carácter cualitativo como la observación directa, la escucha de los programas y la realización de entrevistas en profundidad con terapeutas y pacientes, con el objetivo de determinar los factores más importantes que determinan el éxito terapéutico
de estas experiencias.
Una de las conclusiones que se constatan es que existe una gran heterogeneidad pudiendo identificarse diferentes modelos de aplicación. Existen proyectos radiofónicos vinculados a programas públicos de salud mental,
mientras otros son impulsados por asociaciones u instituciones de carácter privado. El papel que desempeñan las personas que padecen los trastornos así como el de sus coordinadores-terapeutas en el proceso de producción y
difusión de los programas también registra diferencias significativas en los casos de estudio.
redefined considering the future of the Union. The challenge to define Europe and create a common identity that respects the diversity of cultures within the Union has been attempted
through various media policies. We explore the recent evolution of European radio policies, considering a range of projects from the global to network levels (e.g. Radio E, Euranet and Euranet Plus) that are fundamental to our understanding of the use of media in the development of a European identity that respects the diversity of cultures within the Union.
comercial españolas (Cadena Ser, Onda Cero y Cope) para identificar y analizar la estructura de los departamentos encargados de la gestión de contenidos así como el modelo y las herramientas de gestión. El estudio se presenta aplicando la metodología de casos y desde una perspectiva funcional, es decir, en relación con la actividad principal de cada una de las
empresas, que fundamenta su modelo de negocio en la comercialización de contenidos informativos, culturales y de entretenimiento. En la segunda fase del análisis, se han realizado entrevistas en profundidad a los responsables de los cuadros altos de los organigramas de las empresas radiofónicas.
We present partial results of a comparative analysis in three major commercial broadcasters in Spain -Cadena Ser, Onda
Cero and Cope- to identify and analyze the structure of the departments responsible for content management, as well as
the model and management tools used. The study applies a case methodology and takes a functional perspective, that is, a
business model based on the core business of each company, i.e., informational, cultural, or entertainment content. For the
second phase of the analysis, we conducted in-depth interviews with the heads of the executive team of each broadcasting company
The specialized publications on radio represent a source of information of maximum value for researchers in the field of Communication Studies and Media History. Along with the first radio broadcasts in Spain, a set of specialized publications start selling, satisfying the need of radio aficionados for information, including technological developments and activities of the pioneer stations. Most of them have monthly editions and some run for a short period of time. Others manage to live longer and are published for several years. Some publications are born linked to radio broadcasters or associations of radio aficionados, others as independent editorial projects. This paper presents the results of this research, which describes in depth the history of magazines that emerged in the 1920s. This research was carried out in the main Spanish newspaper libraries, where we obtained detailed information about the following broadcasters: Radio Sport,
Radio Sola, Radio Barcelona, Tele Radio, Radio Ciencia Popular, TSH, Radio and Ondas, all essential in order to understand the origins of radio broadcasting in Spain.
been manifested mainly through economic and policy agreements. The European Union has achieved many goals during the last 25 years, including the implementation of a common currency that has led to a real economic union between member states and the transfer of various nat¡onal competences to European ¡nstitutions. However, the constructíon of a real European civíl socie§ has proved to be a
greater challenge; Europeans still cling to their índividual national, regional and local identities and have not developed a greater sense of European citizenship.
The Euranet Project-an initiative to create a pan-European radio network-began in December 2007 as a joint pr.oposal put forth by 13 nationa! and regional radio stations operat¡ng in 12 European countries- lts stated mission when it went on air on April 1, 2008 was to broadcast European news from a transnational perspective to local communities within the European Union. As an independent rád¡o network comprised of member stations spread out across Europe that generates a steady stream of quality Eurocentric information, Euranet serues the EU as an altemative to an sff¡cial, centralised institutional radio service managed and broadcast from Brussels.
Euranet makes a particularly interesting object ol study lrom a researcher's point of view, as it offers a cross-sectional view of multidisciplinary issues that are central to both European convergence and communications studies. From the perspective of convergence, Euranet constitutes the first successful pan-European radio project to recognise and address the diversity of European member states. It has
been specifically designed to adapt to d¡fferent radio markets and deliver tailor-made messages to local audiences. From a communication perspect¡ve, it's an example of how the technology and inherent syrergies of Internet can be exploited to promote listener interaction and improve the dissemination of content online. Euranet has embraced web-based technologies such as streaming and podcasting and uses its connection with universi§ radio stations to focus on youth as a key target audienee. Euranet alsc represents a significant shift in European Commission media policy radio now functions as a key part of the Commission's communication strategy to forge social cohesion in Europe and foster a sense of pan-European citizenship.
Euranet currently offers radio programming in 15 languages through a network of 18 radio stations located in 16 EU member states. It annually broadcals 110,000 minutes (approximately 2,000 hours) of contents devoted to topics related to the European Union" Individual stations have complete freedom to determine the content of their programming. Each station daily produces between 30 and
60 minutes of Eurocentric content that is distributed throughout a varie§ of news and entertainment programs devoted to sport, travel and European cuiture. At the present time, it serves an audience of nearly L5 million listeners.
This paper presents a critical evaluation of Euranet's first four years of operations and speculates on the future of the network beyond the expiration of the European Commission's current 6 million euro annual funding commitment in 2013. It also offers an evaluation of various aspects of Euranet's operations programming, web strategy, web 2.0. tools) and the role it has played in the construction of a European identity.
de Umbral con la radio, e indaga, a través del análisis de diferentes referencias presentes en su obra literaria y periodística, la concepción que el escritor tenía de este medio de comunicación.
Ya en la última etapa de su vida, entre 1999 y 2001, Umbral
realiza un comentario radiofónico diario desde los micrófonos de Onda Cero que titula La orquídea. Se trata de unos textos con un intenso tono lírico que conjugan poesía y actualidad. Tienen una gran significación para comprender los procesos creativos de Umbral en esos años dadas las abundantes conexiones intertextuales que se pueden encontrar en ellos respecto al conjunto de su obra de la época, en especial con sus poemas –editados de forma póstuma en 2009-, Un ser de lejanías, Los alucinados y su columna de El Mundo Los placeres y los días.
This article deals with Umbral’s little-studied relationship
with the radio, and explores, through the analysis of various
references in his literary and journalistic work, the conception that the writer had of this medium. Towards the end of his life, between 1999 and 2001, Umbral gave a daily radio commentary on the Onda Cero radio station entitled La Orquidea (The Orchid), during which he presented texts with an intense lyrical tone combining poetry and topicality. They are of considerable significance in understanding Umbral’s creative processes in those years given the abundant intertextual connections that can be found in them
in relation to the body of work from that time, especially with his poems —published posthumously in 2009—, Un ser de lejanías, Los alucinados and his column in El Mundo “Los placeres y los días” (“The pleasures and the days”).
A través del análisis de estos textos podemos conocer los orígenes del periodismo y la literatura de Francisco Umbral, sus primeros pasos en diversos géneros: poesía, artículo de opinión, relato y entrevista. Se incluyen sus cuatro primeros poemas y en anexo el texto integro de su primer relato “Un hombre de mundo”, su primer artículo “Seudoteoría de la primavera”, y “La mañana”, citado por el propio escritor
como el más destacado de esta época.
Francisco Umbral, a young clerk of Valladolid, fully decided to dedicate himself to his writing vocation, publishs, incitted by his cousins José Luis and José Antonio Perelétegui, his first texts in two publications in León, Diario Proa and Revista Arco, both linked to SEU, of the spanish Falange. This article recuperates and analyzes this first journalistic collaborations, a joint of eighteen texts published between the years 1954 and 1956, that emphasizes by their high quality and maturity. With the analysis of these texts we can know the origins of the journalism and literature of Francisco Umbral, his first steps in some genders: poetry, opinion article, story and interview. We include his first poems and, in the annex, the completed
text of his first story, “Un hombre de mundo”, his firs article, “Seudoteoría de la primavera” and “La mañana”, quoted by the writer as the most important of this time.
décadas en puestos de responsabilidad y analistas e inversores en contenidos digitales.
Digital formats in the media, especially newspapers, are going through a phase of new communication models. A tour of the digital world, its most significant figures and some studies supporting the growth in digital environments, especially those concerning the media is made. In addition, some projects for immediate implementation in digital format with a specific theme, which usually do not cover traditional media are proposed. At the forefront of these projects include expert
journalists, with more than two decades in positions of responsibility and analysts and investors in digital content.
Los resultados revelan una progresiva implantación de recursos interactivos entre los gabinetes universitarios,
aunque aún son mayoría los que se limitan a trasladar sin modificaciones los contenidos que producen de forma tradicional, al tiempo que se evidencia cierto desequilibrio en la atención prestada a los distintos tipos de públicos.
The aim of the present study has been to analyze the incorporation of the Spanish universities’ press offices
to the Web 2.0, checking if they attend equally to the internal and external users. In order to achieve this, we have focused on specific features presented by their offices and their most frequently used on line communication resources, as well as their incorporation to the social networks and their degree of
interaction.
The analysis has shown that press offices have undertaken a progressive adaptation to the digital environment; although, the method used by the majority of these offices to isseminate the material remains traditional, i.e. without further modifications. Besides, we have detected than some users get more attention than others.
En este sentido, conviene poner en práctica nuevos procedimientos de aprendizaje que permitan dinamizar el entorno y las herramientas de adquisición de saber y
competencias por parte de los alumnos .Se trata de una transformación difícil para la comunidad universitaria que afectará tanto a la gestión, como a la aplicación de la
docencia y su seguimiento.
El curso 2010/2011 ha sido el año de adecuación de los estudios de la Facultad de Ciencias de la Información de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid al Nuevo Espacio
Europeo de Educación Superior. En este nuevo escenario se ha puesto en práctica un proyecto de innovación educativa y mejora de la docencia, el número 247, financiado
por el Vicerrectorado de Desarrollo y Calidad de la Docencia de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, dirigido a los alumnos del primer curso de Periodismo. El objetivo del proyecto es favorecer la adquisición y desarrollo de competencias capaces
de fomentar y facilitar la participación activa de los alumnos en la construcción del conocimiento teórico-práctico de la asignatura “Teoría de la Empresa Informativa”, y de
los procedimientos para la evaluación de ese conocimiento.
A lo largo de esta contribución, se describe la estructura y orientación de este proyecto de innovación docente para el estudio de la empresa informativa.
After its adaptation to the EHEA, the Department of Journalism IV of the Complutense University of Madrid began a project of methodological renovation and educational innovation –linked to an R&D project– in the teaching of Media Management, with the aim of providing future communication professionals with the skills required by the new business reality. The project was developed in different stages and was structured along the following lines of action: use of ICTs and Web 2.0 tools to develop activities that put new energy into the learning process: podcasts, interviews with executive directors and managers, entrepreneurial projects 2.0, intensive use of the Virtual Campus and blogs. In addition the teaching innovation project involved collaborative work to resolve real cases, with the implementation of the Educlick system’s software and hardware. This article presents the foundations and results of the new learning methodology model, which could be extrapolated to the teaching of other subjects of journalism.
primordial era su alfabetización multimedia y su familiarización con los procesos productivos en los
mass media. Entre los objetivos está el conocer qué motivos les impulsaba a estos alumnos a cursar algunos de los Grados en Comunicación en las Universidades de Madrid, a partir de veinte ítems que surgen de una de las treinta y cuatro preguntas del cuestionario: ¿Porque has elegido estudiar esta titulación superior?
This paper reflects the research result of a group of professors of Department of Journalism IV (Media Management) of the UCM in July 2010 from a sample consolidated the three hundred students participating in the Summer Media School and whose main objective was their media literacy and familiarity with production processes in the mass media. Among the objectives is to know what reasons drove them
to these students attend some of the degrees in communication at the University of Madrid, from twenty
items arising from one of the thirty-four survey questions: Why have you chosen to study this higher degree?
Books by Manuel Fernandez Sande
Este ebook, coordinado por los doctores Manuel Fernández Sande, profesor de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid y Antonio Adami, profesor de la Universidade Paulista –UNIP- y Universidade Estadual de Campinas –UNICAMP-; está dividido en cinco áreas temáticas: Empresa y multimedia, Prensa, Radio, Televisión y Cine, y Educación y Comunicación. La obra de casi 800 páginas es el resultado de la colaboración entre la Universidad Complutense y la Universidade Paulista.
El ebook cuenta con la contribución del reconocido autor brasileño José Marques de Melo, en cuyo prefacio define el contenido de esta obra como un mosaico asimétrico que revela los objetos de investigación preferidos por los académicos de las universidades y hace hincapié en la importancia de los proyectos de colaboración de este tipo.
Esta obra ha sido editada por INTERCOM, Sociedad Brasileña de Estudios Interdisciplinares de la Comunicación, principal asociación de investigadores y comunicadores en Brasil.
El libro se puede descargar de forma gratuita en la página de Intercom: http://www.portcom.intercom.org.br/ebooks/detalheEbook.php?id=57143
A obra “Panorama da Comunicação e dos Meios no Brasil e Espanha” (Panorámica de la Comunicación y los Medios en Brasil y España) reúne trabalhos de mais de 30 autores brasileiros e espanhóis.
O e- book foi editado pela E-Livros Intercom, e está disponível para download gratuito no Portal Intercom, em Coleção Avulsa.
Idealizado e organizado pelos doutores Antonio Adami, da Universidade Paulista, e Manuel Fernández Sande, da Universidad Complutense de Madrid, este e-book está dividido em cinco áreas temáticas − Empresa e Multimídia; Imprensa; Rádio; Televisão e Cinema; e Educação e Comunicação − o que possibilita uma visão interdisciplinar da realidade, história, estrutura e impacto social dos meios de comunicação no Brasil e na Espanha.
O livro conta também com a contribuição do Prof. Dr. José Marques de Melo, presidente de honra da Intercom, que, ao redigir o prefácio, define o conteúdo desta obra como se tratando “de um mosaico desafiadoramente assimétrico, descortinando os objetos de pesquisa preferidos pelos acadêmicos de duas universidades distintas, cujo ponto de interseção reside na grandeza organizacional”.
Marques de Melo enfatiza a importância de projetos como este nas colaborações investigativas bem sucedidas, mais especificamente no caso do Brasil e Espanha.
Dentre os autores brasileiros, destacam-se os trabalhos de Michael Hanke, da UFRN, com o tema da semiótica e da comunicação em Vilém Flusser, e de Lucimara Rett, da UFRJ, que apresenta uma analogia entre Cultura Digital, Felicidade e Entretenimento na Publicidade. Antonio Adami, um dos organizadores desta obra, escreve sobre o papel da Rádio Record na Revolução Constitucionalista de 1932 contra o regime de Getúlio Vargas.
de las emisiones diarias en mayo de 1924, desde
una completa perspectiva que incluye su evolución empresarial
y económica, sus relaciones políticas, el diseño de las primeras
programaciones, el desarrollo tecnológico, las diversas dificultades que afrontaron sus profesionales, y las incipientes audiencias- permite al lector conectar con la época y conocer con detalle la forma en que surgieron aquellas emisoras pioneras, determinadas por la inviabilidad económica y una inadecuada regulación jurídica.
El profesor Manuel Fernández Sande ha manejado una rica
documentación, en gran parte inédita hasta el momento, para
realizar un minucioso análisis del nacimiento de nuestra radio,
enmarcado en el contexto político de los últimos años de la
Restauración y la dictadura de Primo de Rivera. La obra contiene también una serie de fotografías de Alfonso y un ampliovmaterial gráfico que en su mayoría se publica por primera vez. Este primer volumen abarca el periodo 1916-1925: el descubrimiento de la radio, la primera etapa de la Compañía lbérica de Telecomunicación y Radio lbérica, el desarrollo de un marco jurídico, la aparición de las emisiones de radiodifusión, y la dura pugna por el pago de derechos con la Sociedad de Autores y la Sociedad de Empresarios de Espectáculos.