Books by Jaszmina Szendrey
Facilitated Expert System Modelling to Support Organisations in Making Strategic Decisions
TAF, Glasgow, United Kingdom, 2016
Strategic decision making typically entails dealing with ill-structured, knowledge-rich, non-quan... more Strategic decision making typically entails dealing with ill-structured, knowledge-rich, non-quantitative and ambiguous problems which require simultaneous handling of a large amount of knowledge from different areas of expertise. Such decision making usually involves widely disparate interest groups with multiple, possibly conflicting goals and priorities. In search for suitable tools and methods to address the challenges of knowledge-rich problem domains some operational researchers see potential in expert systems. However, generally, the process of expert system development can be characterised as ad hoc and fails to address the challenges of facilitation. This thesis addresses these shortcomings by developing the process of Facilitated Expert System MOdelling (FESMO) using a particular knowledge-based expert system shell, called Doctus. The development of the FESMO process was grounded in both the principles reported in the literature as well as the requirements of Doctus, and was gradually refined through the findings of the empirical investigation conducted in nine European companies from the ICT field and brainstorming sessions held with the experts of Doctus modelling. Three complementary strategic decisions were chosen from the family of sourcing decisions (shared services, outsourcing and buying decisions) for modelling. Additionally, the decision models developed for particular decision situations of the case companies were subsequently integrated into a generic Business Process Sourcing Decision Model (BPS DM). In order to gain a better understanding of the applicability of the developed FESMO process and to develop a generic BPS DM, I designed a collective-case study research process with elements of ethnography and action research. To improve the reliability of the research findings I designed this research process as a multi-method qualitative research with data triangulation.
Book contribution: Atlas Obscura (Joshua Foer, Dylan Thuras, Ella Morton)
It's time to get off the beaten path. Inspiring equal parts wonder and wanderlust, Atlas Obscura ... more It's time to get off the beaten path. Inspiring equal parts wonder and wanderlust, Atlas Obscura celebrates over 700 of the strangest and most curious places in the world. Talk about a bucket list: here are natural wonders—the dazzling glowworm caves in New Zealand, or a baobab tree in South Africa that's so large it has a pub inside where 15 people can drink comfortably. Architectural marvels, including the M.C. Escher-like stairwells in India. Mind-boggling events, like the Baby Jumping Festival in Spain, where men dressed as devils literally vault over rows of squirming infants. Not to mention the Great Stalacpipe Organ in Virginia, Turkmenistan's 40-year hole of fire called the Gates of Hell, a graveyard for decommissioned ships on the coast of Bangladesh, eccentric bone museums in Italy, or a weather-forecasting invention that was powered by leeches, still on display in Devon, England. Created by Joshua Foer, Dylan Thuras and Ella Morton, ATLAS OBSCURA revels in the weird, the unexpected, the overlooked, the hidden and the mysterious. Every page expands our sense of how strange and marvellous the world really is. And with its compelling descriptions, hundreds of photographs, surprising charts, maps for every region of the world, it is a book to enter anywhere, and will be as appealing to the armchair traveller as the die-hard adventurer.
Anyone can be a tourist. ATLAS OBSCURA is for the explorer.
Papers by Jaszmina Szendrey
TAF, 2024
In response to the challenges posed by today’s highly complex and disorderly changing business en... more In response to the challenges posed by today’s highly complex and disorderly changing business environment, while maintaining a delicate balance between preserving continuity and embracing rapid change, organizations are compelled to adapt and redraw their boundaries. While continuity requires orderliness to provide stability and structure, change demands freedom to unleash creativity and innovation. The challenge, therefore, lies in finding the right balance between order and freedom. The purpose of this paper is to present the Semi-Autonomous Collaboration organizational model, a promising approach for achieving this balance. The model empowers semi-autonomous units to take ownership of specific processes, fostering responsiveness, creativity, and innovation while ensuring oversight and coordination aligned with the organization’s overall objectives and culture. By exploring the intricacies of this concept, the paper aims to deepen understanding of its potential utility in future organizational transformations.
TAF, 2018
The field of sourcing decision problems encompasses an extensive and continually expanding body o... more The field of sourcing decision problems encompasses an extensive and continually expanding body of research literature, reflecting the complexity and significance of the decisions involved. Therefore, this paper does not strive for exhaustive coverage. Instead, its primary purpose is to illustrate the diversity of approaches and methods employed in addressing sourcing decision problems. The analysis of the literature indicates that consensus has been reached regarding the significance of the sourcing decision. However, various research studies highlight different aspects of the sourcing decision problem domain and employ a diverse array of methods and techniques. By highlighting different perspectives, methodologies, and research findings, this paper contributes to a deeper understanding of the complexities of sourcing decisions and provides valuable insights for practitioners and researchers alike.
TAF, 2017
Some operational researchers, when dealing with complex decisions, recognize the potential of art... more Some operational researchers, when dealing with complex decisions, recognize the potential of artificial intelligence to address ill-structured, knowledge-rich, non quantitative and ambiguous decision situations. The purpose of this paper is to explore the suitability of employing artificial intelligence as a modeling tool within operational research. Despite its proven value and relevance in this field, there has been a significant decline in interest among operational researchers regarding artificial intelligence in recent years. This trend raises concerns because operational researchers risk falling behind in their ability to provide cutting-edge solutions to complex problems by overlooking the advancements in artificial intelligence.
TAF, 2023
When conducting research on decision modeling in organizations, three levels are generally recogn... more When conducting research on decision modeling in organizations, three levels are generally recognized: operational, tactical/managerial, and strategic. A significant portion of the literature on strategic level decisions focuses on strategy making. The purpose of this paper is to emphasize the importance of distinguishing strategic decisions from strategy making. By strategy making, I mean the process of identifying strategic goals and providing a high-level, albeit fuzzy, description of the approaches to achieve the overall 'big picture' of the organization. As for strategic decisions, I am referring to ‘big decisions’ that carry high stakes, involve substantial resource implications, lead to long-term consequences, and have the potential to establish precedents or result in irreparable mistakes. Although these decisions address issues with strategic implications, they do not directly alter the ‘big picture’ of the organization. Gaining a better understanding of the differences can be useful in choosing an appropriate decision support.
TAF, 2017
The purpose of this paper is to present a comprehensive literature review on artificial intellige... more The purpose of this paper is to present a comprehensive literature review on artificial intelligence-based applications in operational research. The findings indicate that operational researchers within the field of artificial intelligence exhibit significant interest in the development of expert system applications. The identified expert systems are employed across a diverse range of functional areas and problem domains within organizations. Notably, the area of production and operations management stands out as the most widely adopted domain for expert system-based applications. Moreover, most of the applications are designed to tackle semi- or unstructured problems and aid in operational-level decision making. Furthermore, the majority of the applications primarily support individual decision making rather than providing support for groups or organizations.
TAF, 2017
The purpose of this paper is to present a comprehensive literature review on the research domains... more The purpose of this paper is to present a comprehensive literature review on the research domains related to artificial intelligence within the field of operational research. The findings indicate that artificial intelligence has proven to be a valuable and relevant field within operational research. Furthermore, it is apparent that operational researchers display a predominant inclination towards a particular facet of artificial intelligence, namely expert systems.
TAF, 2022
Problem solving is the process of developing a structured understanding of an issue; the process ... more Problem solving is the process of developing a structured understanding of an issue; the process of formulating the problem and contriving a solution. In today’s ill-structured, turbulent, and information-laden business environment, solving the right problem is of crucial importance and often of strategic significance. Instead of defining a typology of problems, the purpose of this paper is to explore the problem space defined by two dimensions, i.e. content complexity and process management complexity. Gaining a better understanding of the problem space can be useful in framing the problem domain associated with the issue under consideration.
TAF, 2021
In today’s highly complex and disorderly changing business environment, organizations face seriou... more In today’s highly complex and disorderly changing business environment, organizations face serious challenges in developing and maintaining their competitive advantage. Moreover, as the timeframes for strategic actions are significantly reduced, the ability to make informed strategic decisions quickly becomes crucial. The purpose of this paper is to present the AKCI (Alertness, Knowledge, Creativity, and Innovation) conceptual framework, which summarizes the major characteristics of the business environment and the elements of an adequate response. The proposed framework adopts a strategic view and aims to guide thinking about the challenges and opportunities that organizations may encounter while dealing with the emerging business environment.
International Scientific Journal of Management Information Systems, 9(2): 3-9, Jun 2014
In this paper we start from examining the resource-based view (RBV), a widely accepted conceptual... more In this paper we start from examining the resource-based view (RBV), a widely accepted conceptual framework, and query its applicability in the very near future. Our initial point is that the notion of resources is automatically associated with the scarcity of resources; therefore RBV cannot serve as an appropriate framework in an era in which we have the abundance of the most important resource knowledge. This new era changes the conditions significantly, resulting in the loss of validity of the previously established framework. We cannot offer yet a comprehensive framework to replace RBV. What we try to achieve in this paper is to observe some prospective characteristics, some of which we can, at least partially, explain, others we cannot explain yet. In some instances we can only identify the problem, such as that we cannot possibly know what the 'right knowledge' will be in the near future. As it is all about learning, we bring together many different perspectives about learning in a transdisciplinary manner, in order to start identifying and clarifying reference points, which will characterize the new conceptual framework that we and many others will work on developing in the next few years.
Conference papers by Jaszmina Szendrey
3rd International OFEL Conference on Governance, Management and Entrepreneurship
After 10 years in teaching a variety of topics in decision making one of the authors decided to d... more After 10 years in teaching a variety of topics in decision making one of the authors decided to develop a tool that can help decision makers to consolidate their knowledge around a particular decision problem. The three remaining authors have joined the R&D team over the next two decades; the work resulted in the Doctus knowledge-based system which is currently 25 years in development. In the most recent incarnation of Doctus we are able to identify relevant patterns from previous decisions by other decision makers, learning from which can be helpful to the
decision makers with the decision situation at hand.
In this paper we introduce the latest incarnation of our Doctus KBS, featuring three distinct ways of reasoning; the newest ‘third way of reasoning’ supports reusing previous decision experience. As far as we know, Doctus is currently the only decision support tool capable of identifying relevant experience as well as learning from it. In this paper we provide a prelude for how the new solution should work in real-life decision support.
The Tunnel of Doctus KBS: The Deeper You Get the Darker It Is
2nd International OFEL Conference on Corporate Governance
When you are on your way inwards to a tunnel, it is getting darker and darker. You reach the dark... more When you are on your way inwards to a tunnel, it is getting darker and darker. You reach the darkest point when you are in the deepest. Then, as you start your way out, there is gradually more and more light. Over the last quarter century we were getting deeper and deeper in. It seems that it is starting to get lighter now.
As academics and consultants we have been working for, with and on top-level business decision takers involved in loosely structured decision problems. Gradually we have achieved better and better understanding of the models of thinking that can be useful for these decision takers. First we realized that the model of thinking needs to be simple; which is the philosophical commonplace of Occam’s razor. Somewhat later we realized that it is easy to cut our-selves if Occam’s razor is too sharp – the model of thinking must not be too simple as it will fail to provide a usable representation of reality. This is also known from philosophy as Einstein’s extension of Occam’s rule: as simple as possible but not simpler than that. Along these lines we have developed the Doctus knowledge-based system shell, for building our models. This way we started building the bridge of trans-disciplinarity between the knowledge do-mains of various experts. However, this bridge is narrow and difficult to use for crossing the disciplinary divides. Decision takers cannot walk the bridge alone; they need a bridge-guide called the knowledge engineer. The knowledge engineer is not a polymath (expert in multiple domains); the knowledge engineer’s expertise is about knowledge and knowers.
More recently we have realized that it is not sufficient if the model is useful, it also has to be usable. The bridge should be wide, stable and easy to walk. Of course, it is still nice to have the knowledge engineer to guide the decision taker – it provides a fuller experience. What makes for such bridge? Today we think that we need to apply Occam’s razor tempered by Einstein on the user interface the same way as we have previously used it for representing knowledge. The new Doctus is beautiful and as simpler as it can be – but not simpler than that.
School for Business Pros: Conceptual Framework for Designing a Post-Experiential Post-MBA Business Education
Second International Scientific Conference
IABE: Annual Conference of the International Academy of Business and Economics, 2011
It is the fourth time that we create a new management school. Every time it was different and eve... more It is the fourth time that we create a new management school. Every time it was different and every time we have learned a lot from the process of curriculum design in harmony with the voice of the times. In this paper we outline the process of curriculum design through our latest experience in creating the Strategic Partner School in Hungary. Although there are important characteristics of the Middle-East European market for post-experiential business education taken into consideration, the meta-level of the process, i.e. how to identify the relevant characteristics, can be applicable well beyond the area in which this study originated. Naturally, our way is not the only right way of curriculum design but our aim with this study is to stimulate thinking and discussion rather than selling a recipe.
Expert-Group: A New Research Method
YoungOR 17: Biennial Conference of the Operational Research Society, 2011
This paper is focused on developing a new methodological approach for a research in strategic dec... more This paper is focused on developing a new methodological approach for a research in strategic decision support, including both theoretical and practical considerations. I am interested in rich and complex qualitative data provided by experts participating in the decision making process. This implies the use of qualitative research methods. In order to overcome some of the weaknesses typically associated with qualitative approaches, such as the high demands in terms of the time and resources that are involved in the data generation and analysis as well as the ambiguity of the interpretation and analysis of this data, I am using a knowledge-based expert system to generate and process qualitative data. As the available research methods and tools did not satisfy the requirements of my research, I developed a new research method, that I call the ‘Expert-Group’. After learning how to use the software, I interviewed the facilitators and observed them at work. Then I designed a unique multiple-case study research process incorporating the newly developed Expert-Group research method and implemented it in four case companies. The main advantage of the Expert-Group research method is that it enables a more systematic approach to qualitative research without compromising the data.
From Knowledge Management to Cognition Management: A Multi-Potential View of Cognition
OLKC: International Conference on Organization Learning, Knowledge and Capabilities, 2008
We have defined knowledge as a capacity or potential to act for a long time; this was a useful me... more We have defined knowledge as a capacity or potential to act for a long time; this was a useful metaphor as puts emphasis on the process-nature and fluidity of knowledge and on the purpose for which it is used. However, when considering the idea of autopoietic systems, according to which all living systems are cognitive systems we realised that knowledge is a cognitive potential but not the only cognitive potential. In this paper we developed a conceptual framework that extends the conception of cognition to three further potentials beyond knowledge, the instincts, the emotions, and the transcendence.
Conference Presentations by Jaszmina Szendrey
Dramatic Dilemmas: Drama-based Decision Support (Professional Developmental Workshops)
72nd Annual Meeting of the Academy of Management
For nearly two decades we have been trying to find appropriate ways to support executive decision... more For nearly two decades we have been trying to find appropriate ways to support executive decision takers and dedicated most of both our academic research and our consultancy to this issue. We developed a conceptual framework and some practices for coaching, a software tool for knowledge engineering, and three post-experiential, post-MBA courses for manage-ment education. Building on this prior experience, we have been focusing recently on devel-opment of executives in their organizational context – we offer this contextualized develop-ment as a next-generation decision support.
The scene of our workshop is the chaotic-turbulent world of organizations and our executive is a drama hero (as opposed to the action hero) in constant doubt about right and wrong. We started using dramas several years ago to depict decision situations as they over-emphasize the characters, making the conflict more obvious. In the catharsis the executives realized: “this happened to me” or “this could have happened to me” or “this can happen to me tomorrow”. We have found this approach to education of executives and executive coaches fruitful, and now we are taking the ‘dramatic dilemmas’ from the classroom into the organizational context of decision takers. The main problem that we are trying to address is changing how the executive views a particular situation. To achieve this, the executive has to change the conceptual framework and we have found that switching from the old concepts to the new ones requires a ‘trigger concept’. In this PDW we offer the participants a hands-on experience of this process.
Thesis Chapters by Jaszmina Szendrey
A hibrid áramkörök és a nyomtatott huzalozású lemezek szereléséhez használatos folyasztószerek vizsgálata
University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary, 1994
A forrasztás és ezen belül a lágyforrasztás régóta alkalmazott technológiai eljárás. Az elektroni... more A forrasztás és ezen belül a lágyforrasztás régóta alkalmazott technológiai eljárás. Az elektronikai és elektrotechnikai ipar leggyakrabban használt kötési eljárása, amely napjainkban új fejlődési szakaszba érkezett. Ma már jobban ismerjük azokat a fizikai és metallurgiai folyamatokat, amelyek a forrasztáskor az összekötendő fémekben, a forrasztó anyagokban és általában a forrasztás folyamatában résztvevő anyagokban végbemennek.
A hibrid áramkörök és a nyomtatott huzalozású lemezek szereléséhez használatos jó minőségű forrasztott kötések kialakulásának előfeltétele, hogy a forraszömledék jól nedvesítse a kötendő felületeket. Ez csak abban az esetben teljesül, ha a fémfelületek tiszták, oxidmentesek. A folyasztószerek (fluxok) szolgálnak a kötési felületek esetleges oxidszennyezéseinek eltávolítására. Ezek az anyagok kémiailag különböző aktivitásúak lehetnek. A lapka felmelegedésekor, a hő hatására aktiválódnak. Forrasztás után a folyasztószer maradványait illetve bomlástermékeit el kell távolítani megfelelő tisztítási eljárással, mert ha ezt nem végezzük el, korróziót okozhatnak, befolyásolják az elektromos paramétereket. Eddig a különböző Freonokat alkalmazták lemosásra, igen eredményesen. A gondot az okozza, hogy ezek az oldószerek környezetszennyezőek és ezért a közeljövőben használatuk betiltása várható. Vizsgálataim célja egy olyan folyasztószer kiválasztása, mérési eredményeim alapján, amelynek csekély a maradványtartalma.
A korábban sokféle mérgező, környezetkárosító, szigorú óvórendszabályok szerint kezelendő gyakorta tűzveszélyes mosó-oldószerek használatához hozzászokva, nehéz elfogadni, hogy létezik már olyan veszélytelen, környezetbarát technológia is, amelyik nem tűzveszélyes, nem mérgező, korlátozások nélkül szállítható, raktározható, kezelhető és veszélyes hulladékként eltávolítható, mégis hatásosan működő oldószert, Prozone-t alkalmaz. Javaslom a Prozone oldószer használatát, mert ez nem csupán kompromisszumos megoldás. Ez egy teljesen új, tökéletes tisztító-oldószer, nincs károsító hatása az ózonrétegre, hatékonyan működik, kitűnően eltávolítja a folyasztószer maradványokat és az ionos szennyezéseket, tehát nem helyettesítő pótanyag.
A döntéshozatal tényezőinek modellezése (Modelling the Constituents of Decision Making)
University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary, 2006
Ebben a dolgozatban azt vizsgálom, milyen eszközöket” alkalmaz és hogyan a profi döntéshozó dönté... more Ebben a dolgozatban azt vizsgálom, milyen eszközöket” alkalmaz és hogyan a profi döntéshozó döntéseinek meghozatalakor. A döntéshozót rosszul strukturált, turbulens és bizonytalan környezetben vizsgálom, mert ilyenben tevékenykedik. Valamint csak az eredeti döntésekkel foglalkozom, mert a profi döntéshozó ezeket tartja meg magának.
Vizsgálataim során rosszul strukturált fenomenológiai megfigyeléseket végeztem természetes környezetben, valamint gondolatkísérleteket használtam.
Arra a megállapításra jutottam, hogy a profi döntéshozó preferenciáját négy tényező befolyásolja: ösztöne, értelme, érzelmei, és intuíciója. Vizsgálódásom eredménye egyetlen új elem, egy új metaséma, amely integrálja ezt a négy tényezőt. Az idő során ösztöneinkkel, értelmünkkel, érzelmeinkkel és intuíciónkkal kapcsolatos gondolataink, tapasztalatunk, tudásunk egybeolvad emlékezetünkben – ez a modell idődimenziója. A modellnek nagyon fontos eleme még a szabadság. A szabadságtól függ, hogy az adott döntési dilemmára, ott és akkor, a döntési tényezők milyen kombinációját fogja alkalmazni.
A modell megmutatja, hogy melyek azok a képességek, amelyekre szükség van a döntéshozatal során. Ha a döntéshozatal működését szeretnénk jobban megismerni a döntéshozatal folyamatával kell foglalkozni. Ennek megfelelően további vizsgálódás tárgya lehetne a modell dinamikussá tétele.
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Books by Jaszmina Szendrey
Anyone can be a tourist. ATLAS OBSCURA is for the explorer.
Papers by Jaszmina Szendrey
Conference papers by Jaszmina Szendrey
decision makers with the decision situation at hand.
In this paper we introduce the latest incarnation of our Doctus KBS, featuring three distinct ways of reasoning; the newest ‘third way of reasoning’ supports reusing previous decision experience. As far as we know, Doctus is currently the only decision support tool capable of identifying relevant experience as well as learning from it. In this paper we provide a prelude for how the new solution should work in real-life decision support.
As academics and consultants we have been working for, with and on top-level business decision takers involved in loosely structured decision problems. Gradually we have achieved better and better understanding of the models of thinking that can be useful for these decision takers. First we realized that the model of thinking needs to be simple; which is the philosophical commonplace of Occam’s razor. Somewhat later we realized that it is easy to cut our-selves if Occam’s razor is too sharp – the model of thinking must not be too simple as it will fail to provide a usable representation of reality. This is also known from philosophy as Einstein’s extension of Occam’s rule: as simple as possible but not simpler than that. Along these lines we have developed the Doctus knowledge-based system shell, for building our models. This way we started building the bridge of trans-disciplinarity between the knowledge do-mains of various experts. However, this bridge is narrow and difficult to use for crossing the disciplinary divides. Decision takers cannot walk the bridge alone; they need a bridge-guide called the knowledge engineer. The knowledge engineer is not a polymath (expert in multiple domains); the knowledge engineer’s expertise is about knowledge and knowers.
More recently we have realized that it is not sufficient if the model is useful, it also has to be usable. The bridge should be wide, stable and easy to walk. Of course, it is still nice to have the knowledge engineer to guide the decision taker – it provides a fuller experience. What makes for such bridge? Today we think that we need to apply Occam’s razor tempered by Einstein on the user interface the same way as we have previously used it for representing knowledge. The new Doctus is beautiful and as simpler as it can be – but not simpler than that.
Conference Presentations by Jaszmina Szendrey
The scene of our workshop is the chaotic-turbulent world of organizations and our executive is a drama hero (as opposed to the action hero) in constant doubt about right and wrong. We started using dramas several years ago to depict decision situations as they over-emphasize the characters, making the conflict more obvious. In the catharsis the executives realized: “this happened to me” or “this could have happened to me” or “this can happen to me tomorrow”. We have found this approach to education of executives and executive coaches fruitful, and now we are taking the ‘dramatic dilemmas’ from the classroom into the organizational context of decision takers. The main problem that we are trying to address is changing how the executive views a particular situation. To achieve this, the executive has to change the conceptual framework and we have found that switching from the old concepts to the new ones requires a ‘trigger concept’. In this PDW we offer the participants a hands-on experience of this process.
Thesis Chapters by Jaszmina Szendrey
A hibrid áramkörök és a nyomtatott huzalozású lemezek szereléséhez használatos jó minőségű forrasztott kötések kialakulásának előfeltétele, hogy a forraszömledék jól nedvesítse a kötendő felületeket. Ez csak abban az esetben teljesül, ha a fémfelületek tiszták, oxidmentesek. A folyasztószerek (fluxok) szolgálnak a kötési felületek esetleges oxidszennyezéseinek eltávolítására. Ezek az anyagok kémiailag különböző aktivitásúak lehetnek. A lapka felmelegedésekor, a hő hatására aktiválódnak. Forrasztás után a folyasztószer maradványait illetve bomlástermékeit el kell távolítani megfelelő tisztítási eljárással, mert ha ezt nem végezzük el, korróziót okozhatnak, befolyásolják az elektromos paramétereket. Eddig a különböző Freonokat alkalmazták lemosásra, igen eredményesen. A gondot az okozza, hogy ezek az oldószerek környezetszennyezőek és ezért a közeljövőben használatuk betiltása várható. Vizsgálataim célja egy olyan folyasztószer kiválasztása, mérési eredményeim alapján, amelynek csekély a maradványtartalma.
A korábban sokféle mérgező, környezetkárosító, szigorú óvórendszabályok szerint kezelendő gyakorta tűzveszélyes mosó-oldószerek használatához hozzászokva, nehéz elfogadni, hogy létezik már olyan veszélytelen, környezetbarát technológia is, amelyik nem tűzveszélyes, nem mérgező, korlátozások nélkül szállítható, raktározható, kezelhető és veszélyes hulladékként eltávolítható, mégis hatásosan működő oldószert, Prozone-t alkalmaz. Javaslom a Prozone oldószer használatát, mert ez nem csupán kompromisszumos megoldás. Ez egy teljesen új, tökéletes tisztító-oldószer, nincs károsító hatása az ózonrétegre, hatékonyan működik, kitűnően eltávolítja a folyasztószer maradványokat és az ionos szennyezéseket, tehát nem helyettesítő pótanyag.
Vizsgálataim során rosszul strukturált fenomenológiai megfigyeléseket végeztem természetes környezetben, valamint gondolatkísérleteket használtam.
Arra a megállapításra jutottam, hogy a profi döntéshozó preferenciáját négy tényező befolyásolja: ösztöne, értelme, érzelmei, és intuíciója. Vizsgálódásom eredménye egyetlen új elem, egy új metaséma, amely integrálja ezt a négy tényezőt. Az idő során ösztöneinkkel, értelmünkkel, érzelmeinkkel és intuíciónkkal kapcsolatos gondolataink, tapasztalatunk, tudásunk egybeolvad emlékezetünkben – ez a modell idődimenziója. A modellnek nagyon fontos eleme még a szabadság. A szabadságtól függ, hogy az adott döntési dilemmára, ott és akkor, a döntési tényezők milyen kombinációját fogja alkalmazni.
A modell megmutatja, hogy melyek azok a képességek, amelyekre szükség van a döntéshozatal során. Ha a döntéshozatal működését szeretnénk jobban megismerni a döntéshozatal folyamatával kell foglalkozni. Ennek megfelelően további vizsgálódás tárgya lehetne a modell dinamikussá tétele.