Faculty of Letters and Education

This article examines strategies of local Iranian notables for preserving wealth in the nineteenth century, focusing on Fatḥ-'Alī Khān Donbolī of Tabrīz. An analysis of his two inventories and other archival materials reveals that he and his family utilized "property retention tactics," which is the de facto retention and administration of family members' immovable properties without legal contracts. These tactics permitted the family to circumvent the rules of Islamic inheritance law and to prevent the fragmentation of property. Female relatives played a crucial role in these tactics and in the preservation of the family's wealth. This study also shows the importance of the comparison of Islamic legal documents (sharī'a documents) and other types of archival materials for a better understanding of property ownership in Muslim majority societies.

This study examines a dispute over ownership of the village of Amīrzakariyā in the Arvanaq region of Iran in the 19th century. Using Persian archival sources, especially sharī'a documents, I analyze the development and resolution of the legal dispute and the changing understanding of the case, including the issue of water rights. These sources provide an example of " ambivalent ownership, " i.e., a discrepancy between the legal facts of the case and competing understandings of land ownership in practice. The case demonstrates that legal transactions were sometimes inadequately understood or accepted in practice by third parties, with the result that the effects of a legal transaction were not always absolute in 19th-century Iran, as evidenced by the attempts of local 'ulamā' and villagers to restrict the landlord's property rights in favor of preserving the established local order.

The middle of the eighteenth century reportedly witnessed the emergence of the new literary movement in Persian poetry, called the " bāzgasht-e adabi, " or literary return, which rejected the seventeenth-century mainstream Indian or tāza-guʾi style. This literary movement recently merits increased attention from many scholars who are interested in wider Persianate cultures. This article explores the reception of this movement in late eighteenth-and early nineteenth-century Iran and the role played by the Qajar royal court in it, mainly by the analysis of a specific sub-genre of tazkeras, called " royal-commissioned tazkeras, " which were produced from the reign of the second Qajar monarch Fath-ʿAli Shāh onward. A main focus will be on the reciprocal relationship between the court poets/literati and the shah, which presumably somehow affected our understanding of Persian literature today.

Ṣihr and Muṣāhara in Mamluk Royal Relations Transmitting Power and Enlarging Networks Through In-Law Ties in Pre-Modern Egypt Albrecht Fuess L'histoire du pacha exemplaire marié à une sultane extravagante Genre, politique et récit intime à la cour ottomane au xvii e siècle Juliette Dumas Professional Lineages and Transmission Family Legacy Versus Regional Style: Tracing Three Generations of Woodworkers in Māzandarān (Iran, 1460s-1500s) Sandra Aube La formation d'un calligraphe dans le monde iranien Francis Richard Managing Households and Family Estates The Rażavī Sayyids of Mashhad Families within a Family Christoph U. Werner Documenting the Barnābādī Estate Establishment and Growth of a 'Saintly' Family in Fifteenth to Eighteenth-Century Herat Maria Szuppe Creating a Family Property in Early Modern Iran Socioeconomic Activities of Najafqulī Khān Dunbulī of Tabriz in the Eighteenth Century Naofumi Abe

After the fall of the Safavid dynasty in 1722, the shrine of Shaykh Ṣafī faced a decline due to budgetary shortages and the diminution of people's veneration. Hence, contemporary scholars have rarely studied the Safavid shrine during the second half of the 18th and 19th centuries. The shrine, however, survived throughout the centuries, preserving its buildings and precious movable properties such as manuscripts and Chinese porcelains until today. The Ṣarīḥ al-Milk, a well-known inventory of the real estate belonging to the Safavid shrine, was composed in two versions, one in the reign of Shāh Ṭahmāsb and one under Shāh ʿAbbās I. We have recently found that two copies of a synopsized version of the shrine's inventory (Kitābcha-ʾi Khulāṣa-ʾi Ṣarīḥ al-Milk), which have not been correctly catalogued, were newly written at some point between the years 1885 and 1891. This article attempts to locate this synopsized version in the shrine's tradition of compiling inventories of immovable properties even back to the pre-Safavid period. Some documents prove that during and after the Safavid dynasty, the Ṣarīḥ al-Milk had been continuously used for the management of the shrine's waqf properties as documentary evidence. The 19th century synopsized version aimed to survey the status quo of the waqf properties registered in the two previous version of the Ṣarīḥ al-Milk, as the shrine was experiencing decline with the shrinkage of waqf revenues. Available documentation indicates that the synopsized version of the inventory, summarizing the two previous versions, is likely to have been compiled based on a couple of different manuscripts in an attempt to cover necessary items of information. Patterned precisely on the layout of the two Keywords: Shrine of Shaykh Ṣafī, Ṣarīḥ al-Milk (inventory of real estate), 19th century synopsized version of the Ṣarīḥ al-Milk, Qajar dynasty, Survey of the status quo of waqf properties : 19

Sacred places and religious institutions such as shrines, mausoleums, and khānqāhs, alongside mosques and madrasas, in Muslim societies of the Middle East, Central Asia, India, and Africa have drawn the attention of various researchers. In the history of Iran, numerous scholars have studied the shrine of Sheykh Ṣafī al-Dīn from various viewpoints, such as political, social, religious, art and architectural history. Some of them, analyzing not only narrative sources but also archival materials, have pointed out the various aspects of the shrine's socioeconomic character, religious issues, and the political relationship with the successive dynasties. However, very few studies have focused on the shrine following the collapse of the Safavid dynasty in the early eighteenth century. In addition to the lack of interest in the former dynastic shrine which lost patronage of the central authorities as well as social influence due to the political changes, another reason for this trend is the growing importance of the Shi'ite sacred shrines of ʿAtabāt, Mashhad, and other Shi'ite emāmzādes from the sixteenth century onward. It is reasonable that these "orthodox" Shiʿite shrines attracted more researchers than the Safavid shrine. Nevertheless, an analysis of the Safavid shrine after the fall of the Safavids will be useful for a better understanding of its long history. More importantly, the study of a shrine, diminished in its significance, besides being given relatively less importance throughout history, will shed light on the struggles, agency, and self-help efforts of a religious institution for survival. This study proposes Persian texts and Japanese translation of eight decrees in post-Safavid Iran from the Ardabil documents, which are some

Ṣihr and Muṣāhara in Mamluk Royal Relations Transmitting Power and Enlarging Networks Through In-Law Ties in Pre-Modern Egypt Albrecht Fuess L'histoire du pacha exemplaire marié à une sultane extravagante Genre, politique et récit intime à la cour ottomane au xvii e siècle Juliette Dumas Professional Lineages and Transmission Family Legacy Versus Regional Style: Tracing Three Generations of Woodworkers in Māzandarān (Iran, 1460s-1500s) Sandra Aube La formation d'un calligraphe dans le monde iranien Francis Richard Managing Households and Family Estates The Rażavī Sayyids of Mashhad Families within a Family Christoph U. Werner Documenting the Barnābādī Estate Establishment and Growth of a 'Saintly' Family in Fifteenth to Eighteenth-Century Herat Maria Szuppe Creating a Family Property in Early Modern Iran Socioeconomic Activities of Najafqulī Khān Dunbulī of Tabriz in the Eighteenth Century Naofumi Abe

Purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of maternal health to physical fitness of their preschool children living in Tokyo. Subjects were 106 mothers and 106 their preschool children aged five to six years old. For all children, physical fitness measures were evaluated by the battery test for preschool children in Japan such as the performance of standing long jump, 25m run, throwing the soft ball, ball-catching task, repetitive small jumps, sustaining the balance with their arms and sit-and-reach test. Sixty-four mothers and their children wore tri-axial accelerometer for a week except sleeping and bathing or in any occasions of water immersion. Steps count and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) were evaluated by the accelerometer. Rest forty-two mothers completed questionnaire asking their demographics, both physical and mental symptoms and perceived stress scale (PSS) (Cohen et al.,1986) by Japanese version of PSS-10 (Washimi, 2006). We divided preschool ch...

Many athletes who perform artistic movements such as synchronized swimming, rhythmic sports gymnastics, and figure skating commonly perform dance training to improve their performance level. Physical characteristics of ballet dancers would contain useful information for considering the training for those athletes. The purpose of this study was to investigate the physical characteristics of Japanese female ballet dancers especially for lower extremity flexibility patterns and their correlation to injury. From the results of this study, dancers with more than one injury showed higher flexibility in hip flexion and external rotation. It is suggested that higher flexibility by dance training would be one of the risk factors for injury as well as the important factors to improve performance level.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the ground reaction force and kinematic variables in the ballet single turn called pirouette in both flat shoes and pointe shoes by skilled professional ballet dancers. Kinematic parameters of both legs and ground reaction force were obtained from eight skilled ballet dancers through a threedimensional motion analysis. We found significant increased ground reaction force and significant increased range of motion for both legs only for hip joint in pointe shoes, while angular velocity of hip, knee and ankle joint in pointe shoes were significantly greater in pointe shoes than those in flat shoes. From the results of this study, it is indicated that performing a single pirouette in pointe shoes would increase in ground reaction force associated with greater joint range of motion and angular velocity of lower extremity.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of fatigue on peak vertical ground reaction force and lower extremity kinematics during single-leg landing in dancers and non-dancers. Subjects (n=20) were divided into two groups; Dance group (n=10) and Control group (n=10). Subjects performed single-leg drop landing from a 30 cm platform before and after fatigue protocol. Before fatigue protocol, dancers showed significant longer time between initial contact and the maximum ground reaction force achieved compared with the controls. After fatigue protocol, there was significant increase in peak ground reaction force during landing for both dancers and controls. Both groups also showed significant increase in hip and knee flexion after fatigue protocol.

The purpose of this study was to investigate postural stability of landing in modem and ballet dancers (n=18) during three different drop landings. Two-way mixed ANOVA were used to compare the differences of kinematic and ground reaction force (GRF) between the groups and the landing tasks. Modem dancers showed significant shorter center of pressure (COP) sway than that of ballet dancers (p less than 0.05). Maximum trunk forward flexion ( p less than 0.05) and knee flexion (p less than 0.05) occurred earlier in modem dancers than in ballet dancers. There were no significant differences in peak vertical GRF between two groups. These data suggest that greater trunk forward angle and shorter time between initial contact of the drop landing and the occurrence of the maximum trunk forward flexion and knee fiexion would relate to higher postural stability during landing in modern dancers.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of static stretching on maximal force production of the dorsi flexors in dance students who had been performing stretching exercise regularly. Eight female university students in the department of dance and dance education, and nine female university students without dance experience performed a maximal voluntary contraction of the dorsi flexors after six minutes of static stretching. After static stretching, maximal voluntary force of dorsi flexors decreased significantly in both groups, while the joint range of motion in plantar flexion was significantly higher in the dance students compared with the non-dancers. These results suggest that prolonged stretching exercise induces a similar deficit in force production after acute static stretching in both dancers and non-dancers.