Philosophy of Property

The collaboration network is an example of a social network which has both non-trivial temporal and spatial dependence. Based on the observations of collaborations in Physical Review Letters, a model of collaboration network is proposed which correctly reproduces the time evolution of the link length distributions, clustering coefficients, degree distributions and assortative property of real data to a large extent.

This chapter explores the influence of technology on traditional components of inheritance. An increasing amount of social interaction takes place online. Consequently, people accumulate large quantities of digital assets. Some of these assets have a considerable material value, while others might have emotional value for the family of a decedent. They might also have historical value for society in general. However, from the standpoint of inheritance law, in many countries it is unclear what happens to digital assets after their owner/user dies. These assets represent a new type of "property" and few legislators around the world have regulated them specifically. The need to implement these assets into inheritance law is why it is important for law students to be familiar with the concept of digital assets, understand their categories, as well as the differences between them. The chapter also considers possible solutions on what will happen to them, post mortem. To map the landscape for the readers, the chapter divides digital assets into four comprehensive groups and explains what happens to each of these digital assets post mortem. This chapter also lists the reasons why some of these assets cannot be inherited and possible problems with inheritance of those digital assets that are inheritable.

Many scholars have claimed that satire is a genre. At the same time, however, it is also widely acknowledged that satire has changed over the centuries, that it has taken various forms and that it still appears in a variety of other genres. Far from being a drawback in identifying satire as a genre, I will claim that variability is a natural property of genres if the latter are conceived of as dynamic cognitive categories that emerge out of a complex interplay of heterogeneous factors which cluster differently under the effect of different contextual and cotextual attractors. I will assume that, in satire, these factors include a range of linguistic and rhetorical devices which interact in different ways to dynamically bring about specifically intended effects. I will further claim that understanding satire is a context-sensitive complex process which implies setting up and maintaining multiple mental representations, and drawing pragmatic inferences.

La tesi di dottorato cerca di condurre un’analisi genealogica dei problemi che la società a capitalismo cognitivo ha posto all’istituto della proprietà intellettuale, tanto nella sua matrice anglosassone del copyright, quanto in quella continentale del diritto d’autore. Il lavoro risale da una individuazione dei tratti della società contemporanea, determinata dall’informatizzazione di ogni attività umana, nonché dell’idealtipo del moderno diritto di copyright e d’autore, al dibattito Sette-Ottocentesco attorno a esso, per evidenziare le criticità soggiacenti una chiara definizione e delimitazione dell’ente sottoposto a tutela, nonché i modelli di soggettività implicitamente assunti da tali istituti giuridici ancora oggi. Il percorso genealogico conduce, dunque, ai modelli di appropriazione originaria (Hobbes e Locke), sulla scorta dell’assunzione della proprietà fondiaria come paradigma di riferimento. Il problema della definizione dell’ente è, in tal senso, rinvenibile come problema costitutivo di tale idea di proprietà, evidenziabile, in negativo, anche attraverso il riferimento al dibattito sulla impossibilità di appropriazione del mare, quale ente non delimitabile. Dall’altro, emerge l’individualismo proprietario come matrice di definizione non solo del soggetto moderno, ma dello stesso autore e del concetto di autorialità. Nella conclusione del lavoro gli elementi emersi vengono utilizzati per illustrare le criticità che nella società del capitalismo cognitivo sono esplose in tutta la loro evidenza e che sono riconducibili a una impossibilità di fondare ontologicamente la pretesa tutela del diritto d’autore, se non in una prospettiva di ontologia sociale, per la quale gli enti sono definiti da una convenzione positivamente assunta. Di conseguenza, i termini di questo istituto giuridico debbono essere totalmente pattuiti e, nella società attuale, questi devono essere ripensati e rimodulati in funzione anche della tutela di altri diritti, quale quello della formazione e dell’accesso al sapere come diritto fondamentale per l’inclusione sociale degli individui e il loro riconoscimento come soggetti.

Analytic property of the lattice spin or gauge system with improved action is studied. The existence of two regions is shown. In one of the regions the two•point function or the expectation value of the Wilson loop decays with oscillation. In the other region it decays exponentially. The boundary of the two regions is branch point. Systematic procedure to obtain the strong coupling expansion series for the mass gap or the string tension is also shown. § 1. Introduction Lattice formulation has been successful to investigate the low energy non-perturbative behaviour of the quantum field theories with asymptotic freedom and strong coupling expansion is one of the powerful methods for its analytic investigation. However, by this method one has not yet succeeded in reproducing the scaling behaviour of the physical quantities in the weak coupling region, for instance, in four-dimensional non-abelian gauge theories. l ) Recently Symanzik ) suggested a systematic procedure for improving lattice actions so that the scaling of the physical quantities starts when the correlation length of the system is small compared with the naive action. Because the strong coupling expansion series converge faster as the correlation length is smaller, we expect that the strong coupling expansion would be more effective in the improved action. The tree level improved action for two-dimensional O(N) non-linear sigma model 3 ) is given as S = -2:{Sos(n) ' [s(n+ .ux)+s(n+ .uy)]+Sls(n) • [s(n+2.ux)+s(n+2.uy)]} n with the constraint and that for four-dimensional SU(N) gauge theory4) is given as . with the constraint S = So2:Tr(I)+ Sl2:Tr(Il) 1:0, II:[IJ t) Fellow of Yukawa Foundation. t t) Fellow of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science.

The aims of this research is to examine and analyze: the reasons for justifying the policies issued by the government on residential ownership for foreign employees domiciled in Indonesia, the regulation of residential ownership for foreign employees domiciled in Indonesia, and the procedures of residential ownership for foreign employees domiciled in Indonesia. The method used is legal normative with a statute approach and conceptual approach. Sources and types of legal materials, primary, secondary and tertiary legal materials. The technique of collecting legal materials is done through literature research. The process and analysis of legal materials is carried out in a coherent, and systematic manner, by carrying out classification techniques. As the result, a principle of benefit is the reason for government to issue the policies in which the presence of Foreign employees in Indonesia must beneficial to the national development and not harmful to discipline and security of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia. The regulation started from

In this paper, for fibrations p : E → B, p ′ : E ′ → B over B and a free involution τ : E → E which satisfy the equality p • τ = p, we discover a connection between the sectional category of the double covers q : E → E/τ and q Y : and the parametrized Borsuk-Ulam property (PBUP) for the triple ((p, τ ); p ′ ). Explicitly, we demonstrate that the triple ((p, τ ); p ′ ) satisfies the PBUP if the sectional category of q is bigger than the sectional category of q p ′ . This property connects a standard problem in parametrized Borsuk-Ulam theory to current research trends in sectional category. As applictions of our results, we explore the PBUP for E, E ′ one of the following fibrations: trivial fibration, Hopf fibration and the Fadell-Neuwirth fibration.

This work addresses the leader election problem in partially synchronous distributed systems where processes can crash and recover. More precisely, it focuses on implementing the Omega failure detector class, which provides a leader election functionality, in the crash-recovery failure model. The concepts of communication efficiency and near-efficiency for an algorithm implementing Omega are defined. Depending on the use or not of stable storage, the property satisfied by unstable processes, i.e., those that crash and recover infinitely often, varies. Two algorithms implementing Omega are presented. In the first algorithm, which is communication-efficient and uses stable storage, eventually and permanently unstable processes agree on the leader with correct processes. In the second algorithm, which is nearcommunication-efficient and does not use stable storage, processes start their execution with no leader in order to avoid the disagreement among unstable processes, that will agree on the leader with correct processes after receiving a first message from the leader.

The paper will investigate a special type of nonlinear equation, the transfer equation with power law nonlinearities. We shall start with the Lie symmetry problem and then we shall try to generalize the equation towards a whole class of nonlinear equations with the same type of symmetries. We shall apply the so-called inverse problem and we shall see that from the symmetry point of view the transfer equation belongs to the class of nonlinear heat equations. The importance of our investigation is connected with the possibility of reducing the initial equation to a simpler one by using the similarity reduction procedure and, by that, of obtaining particular solutions which can not be deduced directly.

We introduce a quantitative version (using s ∈ (0, 1]) of almost (local) squareness of Banach spaces. The latter concept (i.e., the s = 1 case) was introduced by Abrahamsen, Langemets, and Lima in 2016. Related diameter 2 properties (local, strong, and symmetric strong) are also relaxed correspondingly. Our note contains some (counter-)examples and results for the s-almost (local) squareness property. Almost square Banach spaces were introduced by Abrahamsen et al. in 2016. These spaces have already got quite a lot of attention in the literature; see, e.g., for results and references. Let X be a Banach space over R and let S X denote its unit sphere, B X its closed unit ball and X * its dual space. Following [1], we say that X is almost square (ASQ) if for every nite subset {x 1 , . . . , x n } of S X and every ε > 0, there exists y ∈ S X such that x i + y 1 + ε for all i = 1, . . . , n. Also, following [1], X is called locally almost square (LASQ) if for every x ∈ S X and every ε > 0, there exists y ∈ S X such that x ± y 1 + ε. Denition 1.1. Let s ∈ (0, 1]. A Banach space X is s-locally almost square (s-LASQ) if for every x in S X and for every ε > 0 there exists y ∈ S X such that x ± sy 1 + ε. Note that 1-LASQ means precisely LASQ.

We introduce a quantitative version (using s ∈ 2 (0; 1]) of almost (local) squareness of Banach spaces. The latter concept (i.e., the s = 1 case) was introduced by Abrahamsen, Langemets, and Lima in 2016. Related diameter 2 properties (local, strong, and symmetric strong) are also relaxed correspondingly. Our note contains some (counter-)examples and results for the s-almost (local) squareness property.

Machine learning is transforming materials discovery by providing rapid predictions of material properties, which enables large-scale screening for target materials. However, such models require training data. While automated data extraction from scientific literature has potential, current auto-generated datasets often lack sufficient accuracy and critical structural and processing details of materials that influence the properties. Using band gap as an example, we demonstrate Large language model (LLM)-prompt-based extraction yields an order of magnitude lower error rate. Combined with additional prompts to select a subset of experimentally measured properties from pure, single-crystalline bulk materials, this results in an automatically extracted dataset that's larger and more diverse than the largest existing human-curated database of experimental band gaps. Compared to the existing human-curated database, we show the model trained on our extracted database achieves a 19% reduction in the mean absolute error of predicted band gaps. Finally, we demonstrate that LLMs are able to train models predicting band gap on the extracted data, achieving an automated pipeline of data extraction to materials property prediction.

There are many things that the bundle theory of objects is thought to accomplish—an explication of the more exact “composition” or make-up of existent substances, the truth-making scheme for propositions and perhaps even an ontological foundation for property theory. The aim ...

Quantitative estimation of load bearing capacity of parallel fibre assembly has been made by applying transverse pressure on them with the help of an attachment while they are strained longitudinally by the tensile strength tester. Tenacity of parallel fibre assembly increases with the increase in transverse pressure applied by the compression blocks (attachment), the rate of increase is found to be high initially up to 80 g/cm applied pressure and thereafter, notable reduction in the rate of increase in tenacity is observed. These results confirm the assumption that in case of Dref-III yarns the tensile force developed in the parallel bundle of core fibres is due to the compressive force generated by the sheath fibres. Required sheath-fibre content for generation of a given transverse pressure has been calculated by solving the regression equations for sheath fibre content and applied transverse pressure with tenacity.

Conservation of agricultural and forestry land has taken on a new urgency as development patterns have exploded over the past few decades, due to demand for residential, industrial and commercial land uses in the U.S. As a result, numerous land conservation programs have been implemented over the years. Current Use Property Taxation is one of the land conservation programs that was initiated in the 1960s, introducing some property tax relief for landowners who wished to keep undeveloped productive land in current use without developing it for more urbanized uses. The substantial property tax relief landowners receive by enrolling land in the Current Use program was believed to be the main determinant in avoiding property tax induced land development. However, the forgone property tax revenue was a concern for state and local governments. In order to recapture forgone tax revenues and also to discourage enrollment of land for short-term property tax gains, withdrawal penalties and re...

The aim of the present paper is to introduce new mathematical tools for the analysis and control of nonlinear time-delay systems (NLTDS). An Extended Lie bracket operation equivalent to the Lie bracket operation for system without delays is introduced. It will be shown that this operation, which generalizes that introduced in [19], helps to characterize certain properties of a given submodule, such as nilpotency. This basic property is then used to define the conditions under which a given unimodular matrix represents a bicausal change of coordinates. The effectiveness of the proposed approach will be shown by solving an important basic problem: to characterize if a NLTDS is equivalent or not, to a Linear Time-Delay System by bicausal change of coordinates.

The present paper reports the semiconducting Ag 2 S (silver sulphide) thin films were grown on the glass substrate by means of chemical bath deposition method (CBD). Films deposited at the 60 0 in bath containing aqueous solution of silver acetate , thiourea, TEA and ammonia. Silver acetate for silver ion source, thiourea for sulphur ion source, TEA is the complexing agent and ammonia for pH. Photocurrent,Dark current, excitation behavior and photoconductivity rise and decay studies has been done. In the excitation spectra photocurrent exist with the visible wavelength light. Quite good photosensitivity is observed in silver sulphide thin films. INTRODUCTION Silver sulphide is the sulphide of silver. This dense black solid constitutes the tarnish that forms over time on silver ware and other silver objects. Silver sulphide is insoluble in all solvents, but is degraded by strong acids. When formed on electrical contacts operating in an atmosphere rich in hydrogen sulphide, long filam...

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In this paper, we prove that the regularity property, in the sense of Gehring-Giaquinta-Modica, holds for weak solutions to non-stationary Stokes type equations. For the construction of solutions, Rothe's scheme is adopted by way of introducing variational functionals and of making use of their minimizers. Local estimates are carried out for time-discrete approximate solutions to achieve the higher integrability. These estimates for gradients do not depend on approximation.

We study the Mathias-Prikry and the Laver type forcings associated with filters and coideals. We isolate a crucial combinatorial property of Mathias reals, and prove that Mathias-Prikry forcings with summable ideals are all mutually bi-embeddable. We show that Mathias forcing associated with the complement of an analytic ideal always adds a dominating real. We also characterize filters for which the associated Mathias-Prikry forcing does not add eventually different reals, and show that they are countably generated provided they are Borel. We give a characterization of ω-hitting and ω-splitting families which retain their property in the extension by a Laver type forcing associated with a coideal.

Mechanical properties are the attributes of a metal to withstand several forces and tensions. Specifically, ultimate tensile strength is the force a material can resist until it breaks. The only way to examine this mechanical property is the employment of destructive inspections that renders the casting invalid with the subsequent cost increment. In a previous work we showed that modelling the foundry process as a probabilistic constellation of interrelated variables allows Bayesian networks to infer causal relationships. In other words, they may guess the value of a variable (for instance, the value of ultimate tensile strength). Against this background, we present here the first ultimate tensile strength prediction system that, upon the basis of a Bayesian network, is able to foresee the values of this property in order to correct it before the casting is made. Further, we have tested the accuracy and error rate of the system with data of a real foundry.

We study LFD, a base logic of functional dependence introduced by Baltag and van Benthem (2021) and its connections with the guarded fragment GF of first-order logic. Like other logics of dependence, the semantics of LFD uses teams: sets of permissible variable assignments. What sets LFD apart is its ability to express local dependence between variables and local dependence of statements on variables. Known features of LFD include decidability, explicit axiomatization, finite model property, and a bisimulation characterization. Others, including the complexity of satisfiability, remained open so far. More generally, what has been lacking is a good understanding of what makes the LFD approach to dependence computationally wellbehaved, and how it relates to other decidable logics. In particular, how do allowing variable dependencies and guarding quantifiers compare as logical devices? We provide a new compositional translation from GF into LFD, and conversely, we translate LFD into GF in an 'almost compositional' manner. Using these two translations, we transfer known results about GF to LFD in a uniform manner, yielding, e.g., tight complexity bounds for LFD satisfiability, as well as Craig interpolation. Conversely, e.g., the finite model property of LFD transfers to GF. Thus, local dependence and guarding turn out to be intricately entangled notions.

In this study an attempt is made to study the effect of valley geometry on strong ground motion response during earthquakes. Response analysis was made for the different shapes and sizes valleys. Input motions and soil properties were kept similar and only 2D valley features were varied. The result showed that the response is strongly influenced by size and shape of valleys. Case study was made by considering the response of the Sumiyoshi Area in Kobe during the Earthquake of 1995. The case study showed good agreement with the analytical study on hypothetical valleys.

The Civil Code of Lithuania (1964), in force until 2000, did not regulate the objects of civil rights, thus Chapter V of Part III of Book I of the Civil Code of Lithuania is a significant novelty. Several approaches to an abstract definition of the objects of civil rights still exists in the legal doctrine: whether the object of civil rights and the object of the civil relationship coincide; is the object of civil rights an element of the civil relationship and can separate objects (e.g. actions) be considered as the objects of civil rights. Some authors consider such discussion useless to the practical implementation of the law, however, other authors emphasise that the lack of attention of the theory to this subject causes methodological problems while analysing the functional and systemic links among different types of civil relationships. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to analyse the link between the concepts of the object of civil rights and the object of civil relationship, the link between the objects of civil rights and property objects and the types of objects of civil rights in order to reveal the system of objects of civil rights. The subject-matter of the research is the analysis of legal regulation and legal doctrine of the objects of civil rights and their types and their interrelation with the property objects in order to identify the abstract definition of the object of civil rights and examine the system of objects of civil rights.

Anotacija. Straipsnyje analizuojama termino "turtas" teisinis turinys, stengiamasi atskleisti, kokie turto vienetai laikytini turtu teisine prasme, nagrinėjama turto sampratos genezė ir vystymasis. Lengviausiai suprantamas ir paprasčiausiai apibūdinamas turto vienetas yra daiktas, todėl straipsnyje skiriama daug dėmesio daiktui, kaip civilinių teisių objektui. Tačiau, be daikto vietos turto sampratoje, straipsnyje nagrinėjami ir kiti turto vienetai, kurie atsirado vėliau, t. y. pinigai, vertybiniai popieriai, intelektinės veiklos rezultatai, intelektinis kapitalas. Analizuojant Lietuvos teisės aktuose įtvirtintas turto apibrėžtis prieinama prie išvados, kad įstatymų leidėjas nepateikia abstrakčios turto sampratos, kurioje būtų apibendrintais požymiais apibūdintas turtas. Diskutuojant apie turto sampratą straipsnyje aptariamas sąvokų "turtas", "nuosavybė" ir "nuosavybės teisių objektai" ryšys, nes šios sąvokos dažnai teisinėje literatūroje bei teisės aktuose vartojamos kaip sinonimai, nesigilinant į jų turinį. Dėl sudėtingėjančių ekonominių santykių teisėje atsiranda ne tik nauji nematerialūs nuosavybės teisės objektai, bet ir jau esami objektai, susieti funkcinės paskirties, tampa turtiniais kompleksais. Straipsnyje daroma išvada, kad siauroji turto samprata, turtu laikant tik materialaus pasaulio objektus, neatitinka šiuolaikinės civilinės teisės poreikių ir tendencijų, todėl šiuo metu teisėje įsivyrauja turto samprata plačiąja prasme. Taip pat atkreipiamas dėmesys į žinių ekonomikos nulemtus turto sampratos pokyčius, kai visi nematerialūs gėriai (žinios, gebėjimai, informacija, žmogiškieji ištekliai), kuriantys pridėtinę vertę, yra laikomi turtu.

The Civil Code of Lithuania (1964), in force until 2000, did not regulate the objects of civil rights, thus Chapter V of Part III of Book I of the Civil Code of Lithuania is a significant novelty. Several approaches to an abstract definition of the objects of civil rights still exists in the legal doctrine: whether the object of civil rights and the object of the civil relationship coincide; is the object of civil rights an element of the civil relationship and can separate objects (e.g. actions) be considered as the objects of civil rights. Some authors consider such discussion useless to the practical implementation of the law, however, other authors emphasise that the lack of attention of the theory to this subject causes methodological problems while analysing the functional and systemic links among different types of civil relationships. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to analyse the link between the concepts of the object of civil rights and the object of civil relationship, the link between the objects of civil rights and property objects and the types of objects of civil rights in order to reveal the system of objects of civil rights. The subject-matter of the research is the analysis of legal regulation and legal doctrine of the objects of civil rights and their types and their interrelation with the property objects in order to identify the abstract definition of the object of civil rights and examine the system of objects of civil rights.

In a legal sense, a proprietary complex is comprehended as a totality of the objects of civil rights having common purpose which is referred to as a self-sufficient object having separate monetary value. In contemporary doctrine of private law, wherein the pluralistic theory of civil relationship is prevalent, the object of the civil relationship as well as the object of civil rights is considered the values regarding which of the civil relationship emerged. Proprietary complexes as the multipartite objects of civil rights are comprised of various units of asset. In a legal sense, assets are considered as the objects of civil rights having economic value and capacity to participate in civil turnover, i.e. the owner is able to transfer such object to another person. While forming proprietary complexes, different units of assets (tangible and intangible) are united into a totality which is considered as one object of civil rights. So, if the positive law constitutes a possibility to f...

The Civil Code of Lithuania (1964), in force until 2000, did not regulate the objects of civil rights, thus Chapter V of Part III of Book I of the Civil Code of Lithuania is a significant novelty. Several approaches to an abstract definition of the objects of civil rights still exists in the legal doctrine: whether the object of civil rights and the object of the civil relationship coincide; is the object of civil rights an element of the civil relationship and can separate objects (e.g. actions) be considered as the objects of civil rights. Some authors consider such discussion useless to the practical implementation of the law, however, other authors emphasise that the lack of attention of the theory to this subject causes methodological problems while analysing the functional and systemic links among different types of civil relationships. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to analyse the link between the concepts of the object of civil rights and the object of civil rela...

This paper critiques the multifarious ways whereby academic qualifications may be falsified in the international marketplace. The objectives are fourfold: (1) defining the main terms used such as fake degrees and diploma mills; (2) providing a brief history of fake degrees and identifying the factors that explain their recent development; (3) developing a theoretical framework to analyze fake degrees; and (4) exploring the costs and benefits of this activity and its net impact on a given society. Degrees serve instrumental and ceremonial purposes. It is argued that degree holders may be considered as members of a club. They confer to their holders excludable but non-rival property rights such as abilities, signaling and status. The paper contends that holders of fake degrees can be considered as "free riders" on these property rights, especially the status tied to legitimate degrees.

We describe a higher-dimensional generalization of edge expansion from graphs to simplicial complexes, which we discuss as a type of co-isoperimetric inequality. The main point is to observe that sufficiently dense random simplicial complexes have this expander-like property with high probability, a higher-dimensional analogue of the fact that random graphs are expanders.

The project goal is to develop expertise in domain-guided statistical design for optimal manufacturing, computational materials engineering, with uncertainty quantification to support decision-making, and additional scientific insight into complex, noisy, high-dimensional, and high-volume data sets from experiments and simulations. Predictive models will be validated against experimental data. Data entries in the analyzed 9-12{\%}Cr Steel dataset for iron base alloy compositions (\textgreater 80), processing parameters, results of strength and creep tests were arranged in 47 columns by 2800 rows. Detailed microstructural information was not available. Complexity of the phase transformations and microstructure evolution in multi-component (21 chemical elements) alloys, with major influence on mechanical properties, leads to inefficiency in direct application of unbiased linear regression across the entire data space. To address the non-linearity, without using microstructure data, analyses of tensile and creep data were carried out in composition-based clusters. Partitioning revealed the biased nature of available alloy datasets, with implied "rules of thumb" in design practices; processing and test temperatures effects on the phases and mechanical properties are the major contributors and need to be modeled first, before searching for minor effects of the composition variations; Mn and C (and to a lesser extent, N) are global variables, while other elements tend to produce local (non-linear, cluster-centered) dependencies.

Predictive analysis of the influence of the chemical composition and pre-processing regimen on structural properties of steel alloys using machine learning techniques. NARAYANAN KRISHNAMURTHY, SID-DHARTH MADDALI, VYACHESLAV ROMANOV, National Energy Technology Laboratory (Pittsburgh), JEFFREY HAWK, National Energy Technology Laboratory (Albany) -We present some structural properties of multi-component steel alloys as predicted by a random forest machine-learning model. These non-parametric models are trained on high-dimensional data sets defined by features such as chemical composition, pre-processing temperatures and environmental influences, the latter of which are based upon standardized testing procedures for tensile, creep and rupture properties as defined by the American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM). We quantify the goodness of fit of these models as well as the inferred relative importance of each of these features, all with a conveniently defined metric and scale. The models are tested with synthetic data points, generated subject to the appropriate mathematical constraints for the various features. By this we highlight possible trends in the increase or degradation of the structural properties with perturbations in the features of importance.

We give a simple proof of the fact that the following property: any injective transition function of a cellular automaton on a group G is surjective, holds for any group G approximable by amenable groups. For finitely generated groups this was proved by Gromov in

The relevance of this topic for our present is based on the need of every conscientious citizen of Ukraine to be acquainted with his ancient history, the sources and origins of certain socio-political processes that took place in our country during the last Millennium, and state-legal relations that accompanied them. The understanding of this peculiarity of science which is called ''History of the state and law'' gives us the perfect opportunity to use its teaching for the history exploration from the perspective of jurisprudence. Prior to carry out a comparative analysis of civil regulations in Kievan Rus' and the Halych-Volhyn' Principality, it should be noted that considering time aspect the civil law of these states was highly developed due to intensive development of crafts and trade there. While comparing the civil law of Kievan Rus' and the Halych-Volhyn' Principality it should emphasized that both law of both states have been highly developed, humanistic and progressive, still possessing common as well as distinctive features. Right of property. The sources of law of Kievan Rus' and the Halych-Volhyn' Principality did not contain general term to determine the ownership title, taking into account that the content of that title depended on who was the subject of relationships and what was the ownership object. In particular, there have been differentiated "ownership title" and "possession title" to movable and immovable things. According to the provisions of "Rus'ka Pravda" in the said countries the subjects of ownership were princes, princely and county boyars, warriors, clergy, artisans, merchants, smerds, zakups. Servants and slaves were not entitled to be the ownership subject. The law of both Kievan Rus' and the Halych-Volhyn' Principality regulated the legal status of the owner authorised to dispose of property, enter into agreements, etc. Analysis of the law of Kievan Rus' and the Halych-Volhyn' Principality shows that the object of civil law was movable and immovable property, such as land, livestock, clothing, weapons, tools, etc. After emergence of legal regulation of property relations the land became the main ownership object. Both in Kievan Rus' and the Halych-Volhyn' Principality main ways to acquire the ownership title to the land were: granting of the land for service and for the sake of service, development of vacant lands, direct seizure of communal lands, purchase, gift, exchange and inheritance. The main forms of land ownership in the above countries were: princely domain boyar patrimony, monastic patrimony, personal patrimony of the church

The recent results of the research in the construction of the electronic dictionary of Serbo-Croatian are presented. This research involves the development of methodological and theoretical principles for the construction of the lexicon for a highly inflective language. The problems that emerge on different levels of language standardization such as graphemic, orthographic, dialectic, inflective and derivational are pointed out.

In this paper, we introduce the new notion of Suzuki-type (α, β, θ, γ)-contractive mapping and investigate the existence and uniqueness of the best proximity point for such mappings in non-Archimedean modular metric space using the weak P λ -property. Meanwhile, we present an illustrative example to emphasize the realized improvements. These obtained results extend and improve certain well-known results in the literature.

In this paper, we present some coincidence point theorems in the setting of quasi-metric spaces that can be applied to operators which not necessarily have the mixed monotone property. As a consequence, we particularize our results to the field of metric spaces, partially ordered metric spaces and G-metric spaces, obtaining some very recent results. Finally, we show how to use our main theorems to obtain coupled, tripled, quadrupled and multidimensional coincidence point results. Definition . Let (X, d) be a metric space and F : X × X → X and g : X → X be given mappings. Let M be a nonempty subset of X  . We say that M is an (F * , g)-invariant subset of X  if and only if for all x, y, z, u, v, w ∈ X, . (x, u, y, v, z, w) (gx, gu, gy, gv, gz, gw) Definition . Let (X, d) be a metric space and M be a subset of X  . We say that M satisfies the transitive property if and only if for all x, y, w, z, a, b, c, d, e, f ∈ X, (x, y, w, z, a, b) ∈ M and (a, b, c, d, e, f ) ∈ M ⇒ (x, y, w, z, e, f ) ∈ M.

In this paper, we present some coincidence point theorems in the setting of quasi-metric spaces that can be applied to operators which not necessarily have the mixed monotone property. As a consequence, we particularize our results to the field of metric spaces, partially ordered metric spaces and G-metric spaces, obtaining some very recent results. Finally, we show how to use our main theorems to obtain coupled, tripled, quadrupled and multidimensional coincidence point results. Definition . Let (X, d) be a metric space and F : X × X → X and g : X → X be given mappings. Let M be a nonempty subset of X  . We say that M is an (F * , g)-invariant subset of X  if and only if for all x, y, z, u, v, w ∈ X, . (x, u, y, v, z, w) (gx, gu, gy, gv, gz, gw) Definition . Let (X, d) be a metric space and M be a subset of X  . We say that M satisfies the transitive property if and only if for all x, y, w, z, a, b, c, d, e, f ∈ X, (x, y, w, z, a, b) ∈ M and (a, b, c, d, e, f ) ∈ M ⇒ (x, y, w, z, e, f ) ∈ M.

According to the neogrammarians and de Saussure, all linguistic change is either sound change, analogy, or borrowing. 1 Meillet (1912) identified a class of changes that don't fit into any of these three categories. Like analogical changes, they are endogenous innovations directly affecting morphology and syntax, but unlike analogical changes, they are not based on any pre-existing patterns in the language. Meillet proposed that they represent a fourth type of change, which he called GRAMMATICALIZATION. Its essential property for him was that it gives rise to new grammatical categories -that is, to categories previously unexpressed in the language -and thereby transforms its overall system. ". . . Tandis que l'analogie peut renouveler le détail des formes, mais laisse le plus souvent intact le plan d'ensemble du système grammatical, la "grammaticalisation" de certains mots crée des formes neuves, introduit des categories qui n'avaient pas d'expression linguistique, transforme l'ensemble du système." The "newness" of a category can be either a matter of content, as when a language acquires a new tense category, or a matter of new form for old content, as when postpositions turn into case