Transportation Research Part D-transport and Environment, Jul 1, 2019
Eco-driving, as individual car-use behavior, is a cost-effective way of improving fuel efficiency... more Eco-driving, as individual car-use behavior, is a cost-effective way of improving fuel efficiency, reducing CO 2 emissions and other air pollutants like NO x . This paper aims to expand the knowledge on the short-term impacts of eco-driving by developing an analytical model of the key factors that explain fuel consumption and eco-driving, and to examine their relations in greater depth. Additionally, this paper analyses the effects on drivers' stress levels after eco-driving. An eco-driving field trial is applied to collect real data of 1156 trips, using two vehicles and 24 drivers (42% Female; Age, M = 30.15; Years of driving experience, M = 10.30) in two Spanish cities with different road characteristics. A sequential method involving factor analysis, regression analysis and path analysis is used to analyze the sample. The results confirm that eco-driving is strongly affected by driving behavior like deceleration rate, RPM and speed, also showing that external factors as congestion and road slope have a direct influence on fuel consumption. The results also reveal that perceived stress levels vary among drivers, but there is not significant change when drivers eco driving.
Influence of the first and last mile on HSR accessibility levels
Edward Elgar Publishing eBooks, Feb 26, 2016
Accessibility models not only help to explain spatial and transport developments in developed and... more Accessibility models not only help to explain spatial and transport developments in developed and developing countries but also are powerful tools to explain the equity and efficiency impacts of urban and transport policies and projects. In this book, leading researchers from around the world show the importance of accessibility in contemporary issues such as rural depopulation, investments in public services and public transport and transport infrastructure investments in Europe.
The Increasing Role of Latent Variables in Modelling Bicycle Mode Choice
Transport Reviews, Mar 28, 2016
ABSTRACT The growing interest in promoting non-motorised active transport has led to an increase ... more ABSTRACT The growing interest in promoting non-motorised active transport has led to an increase in the number of studies to identify the key variables associated with bicycle use, and especially those related to the bicycle mode choice problem. This paper presents a comprehensive survey of the modelling literature on the choice of the bicycle for utilitarian purposes, and summarises and assesses the evolution of the explanatory variables and methodologies used. We review both the evolution of the incorporation of latent variables in bicycle mode choice models and the critical role they play. The chronological evolution of the studies is divided into three stages —initial, intermediate and late — according to the different ways of introducing attitudinal or perceptual indicators and latent variables into the models. Our review shows that the incorporation of latent variables in bicycle choice models has increased in the last decade, with a progressive use of more sophisticated methodologies until the arrival of complex models that explicitly and properly deal with psychological latent variables. In fact, with the use of hybrid choice models, latent variables have nowadays become the core of bicycle mode choice models. Based on our review, a set of questions is proposed as a uniform measurement scale to identify attitudes towards bicycling. Recommendations for future research are also presented.
This study investigates the behavioral drivers underlying the adoption of a multimodal travel inf... more This study investigates the behavioral drivers underlying the adoption of a multimodal travel information mobile app. The hypothesized framework is validated empirically through the case-study of Madrid. Madrid's Public Transport real-time information app ("Mi Transporte") allows users to obtain customized and automated information. A three-wave survey containing questions aligned with the Theory of Planned Behavior was conducted in 2015-2016 to a representative sample of transit users. Data analysis includes a factor analysis and a structural equation model to validate the hypotheses. The model assumes that the intention to use the app can be explained as a function of attitudinal factors and respondent characteristics. Results show that the app adoption is correlated with the intention of the users to adopt it and with their willingness-to-pay; the users' intentions can be explained by various factors like user's expectations on the app, affinity for technology (technophilia) and the previous use of other transport apps. The roles of search functionalities, side-mode information, time saving skills and the importance of the Level of Service (LOS) are also analyzed in the model. Relations between user characteristics and latent variables are subsequently explained as well as the ex-post satisfaction and change in travel patterns to measure the impact on the transport behavior of the app users. The study provides a better understanding of app adoption based on traveler characteristics, the attributes of the app and the perception of its capabilities.
One of the most exciting topics in recent literature is focused on the travel behaviour of Millen... more One of the most exciting topics in recent literature is focused on the travel behaviour of Millennials. These 'young adults' promote a change towards the so-called soft modes, such as cycling, what could become an opportunity to facilitate the transition towards a more sustainable mobility paradigm. This study addresses the case study of Vitoria-Gasteiz (Spain). Bicycle share in Vitoria-Gasteiz in 2014 was the highest of any Spanish city, increasing from 1.4% in 2002 to 12.3% in 2014. An exploratory analysis of the city's last mobility survey (2014) allows us to analyse how cycling is perceived. The results show differences between Millennials (18-36 years old) and the rest of generational cohorts. Significant changes are not found in the context of cycling. It seems that cities cannot expect large increase in rates of bicycle use simply due to generational changes.
International Journal of Sustainable Transportation, Jun 5, 2020
Limited attention has been paid to the analysis of cycling in the context of Sub-Saharan Africa (... more Limited attention has been paid to the analysis of cycling in the context of Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). However, understanding cycling and cycling patterns in SSA is crucial for implementing a more effective cycling-oriented policy. Using the city of Quelimane, Mozambique, as a case study, this paper aims to understand cycling mobility in SSA cities by identifying clusters of cycling commuters and mapping their trip patterns. A survey was conducted to explore the socio-demographic aspects of the population and commuter attitudes toward cycling. The underlying factors structuring the population sample were determined by means of factor analysis, and a clustering process was applied. Cyclists' travel patterns were then recreated to assess the influence of road quality on cycling. The results identified three clusters of cycling commuters: informal workers with children, short-distance students, and occasional cyclists. The clusters were based on household composition, employment status and cycling frequency to work/school. It was found that over 40% of cycling trips took place within the city periphery and about 10% between the city periphery and suburban areas. Most people cycle to carry products to sell in local markets and as a bicycle-taxi. The study findings provided a clear understanding of commuter cyclists, and can serve as an empirical basis for developing more targeted policies to encourage cycling.
Despite the recently increasing research interest, this is one of the first studies employing a p... more Despite the recently increasing research interest, this is one of the first studies employing a panel sample of users and nonusers to understand the bike-sharing phenomenon (𝑁 = 205). On the basis of a novel surveying technique, a case study on the clients of the state-of-the-art bike-sharing scheme of Madrid (Spain) is presented. BiciMAD is a system of the latest generation, namely, multimodal demand responsive bike-sharing: a fleet of electric pedal-assisted bicycles (pedelecs) with an advanced technology and unique smart service configuration to tackle challenges that may hinder the promotion of cycling and bike-sharing in the city. A statistical test has verified that there is a moderate association between previous intention and actual use of bike-sharing (Cramer's V = 0.25) and both barriers and motivators of further use have been identified. Indicators on mobility patterns show that although drawing primarily from other sustainable modes of transport, bike-sharing has increased mobility (total number and distance of trips) and especially active travel but decreased the perceived travel time.
High Speed Rail (HSR) in Spain began in 1992 and currently has a network of some 3200 km. In this... more High Speed Rail (HSR) in Spain began in 1992 and currently has a network of some 3200 km. In this 25-year period, accessibility has progressively increased, changing its spatial distribution throughout the country. However, improvements in the HSR network may or may not have contributed to a more balanced territorial distribution of accessibility levels. These distributional effects of HSR have important implications for territorial cohesion, which is a strategic planning goal for transport infrastructures in the European Union. This paper presents a methodology for evaluating 'accessibility-based' territorial cohesion effects of HSR corridors. Accessibility values are calculated for successive fiveyear periods. Territorial cohesion effects are assessed based on changes in accessibility patterns and their spatial distribution. The results show that new HSR lines have significantly increased the accessibility levels of the Spanish population to most destinations. On average accessibility values have improved in the 1990-2015 period by 48.6% due to HSR, with differences among locations depending if they are or not nodes of the HSR network. The study's findings show also a more balanced distribution of accessibility, with 15% reduction in the dispersion of accessibility values between 1990 and 2015, implying a positive contribution to territorial cohesion goals.
Cross Site Multicriteria Evaluation of Urban Pricing Measures in Europe
The paper presents the final Evaluation Results of Transprice Project within the Urban Section of... more The paper presents the final Evaluation Results of Transprice Project within the Urban Section of the IV Framework Programme. Different pricing measures have been implemented in five European cities: Leeds, Madrid, Como, Athens and York. Similar measures were also modelled in Goteborg, Helsinki and Graz as feasibility studies. The tested measures have been HOV pricing, parking pricing, cordon pricing and road pricing. In each case different pricing strategies and price levels have been tested and evaluated from a set point of view: Economic, Financial, Energy Efficiency, Environment, Land Use and Social Equity & Public Acceptability. Afterwards the results from each indicator have been inputs for a multicriteria analysis where the aggregate impact of each measure has been evaluated. Results show that the highest impact is expected with road pricing measures, but the effectiveness of parking pricing measures seems to be relevant as an accompanying measure in every case to improved efficiency. HOV pricing proves to be applicable only in special cases. Results show also that price levels are very relevant for the final impact of the measure. The size of the city is also an important issue because the impact of the measure and the perception of traffic problems are different. Results are evaluated in terms of trip reduction, public transport increases, congestion level and price schemes. They also underline the efficiency of the package approach. For the covering abstract see IRRD E104586.
Traffic and Atmospheric Pollution: Emission and Diffusion Models for Pollutants in the City of Madrid
Pollution due to urban traffic is a very high proportion of the overall pollution in a big town l... more Pollution due to urban traffic is a very high proportion of the overall pollution in a big town like Madrid. In a recent study, emissions of CO, NOx, SO2, hydrocarbons, etc. have been calculated based on intensity of traffic and fuel consumption. At the same time, a complete grid of pollution stations, set by municipal government, are computing half-hourly data about pollutant concentrations and other meteorological parameters. Many models have been designed for pollution spread but none refer to Madrid, so those existing were studied to identify the one which best fitted the conditions in the Spanish capital. As there is not an accurate dispersion model for Madrid, a general dispersion model was tested, only for traffic pollution, considering a linear and infinite source. This one was checked with measured data from pollution stations. The model chosen used several parameters to compute the concentrations of pollutants at ground level. All these variables and information have been introduced in a GIS and the mathematical model was run with the last one and then the results were mapped. This tool enables any other model or algorithm to be used. For the covering abstract, see IRRD 890401.
Comparison of the willingness to adopt MaaS in Madrid (Spain) and Randstad (The Netherlands) metropolitan areas
Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 2021
Abstract Mobility as a Service (MaaS) is expected to reorganise how we travel. To date, it is sti... more Abstract Mobility as a Service (MaaS) is expected to reorganise how we travel. To date, it is still unclear who will embrace these new mobility strategies, and how they will transform travellers’ behaviours. This study identifies the key drivers determining the adoption of MaaS in two European metropolitan areas, based on a survey taken in Madrid (Spain) and Randstad (The Netherlands). Overall, we found strong positive attitudes towards MaaS. The results highlight the role played by a set of demographic, socioeconomic, and travel-related variables, after their validation with a generalized ordered logit (gologit) model. The willingness to adopt MaaS appeared to be related to personal characteristics such as gender, age, education level, occupation, and household structure. Unexpectedly, the place of residence (city versus outskirts) was not found to be significant. The acceptance of MaaS was also influenced by individuals’ mobility patterns. We detected that private car users were not significantly attracted by MaaS, while individuals engaged with public transport and shared mobility services did intend to adopt it. Our final findings will help urban authorities and transport planners to predict the population segments with a higher (and lower) probability of using MaaS. Policy efforts could stimulate MaaS acceptability in the coming years by taking these insights into account.
Mobility-as-a-Service (MaaS) represents a technological innovation with the potential to revoluti... more Mobility-as-a-Service (MaaS) represents a technological innovation with the potential to revolutionise the urban mobility paradigm, triggering a societal shift towards more sustainable travel behaviours. Successful implementation of these novel mobility solutions will largely rely on travellers' adoption of MaaS mobile-technologies. As with any new technology, the qualitative, user-centric research approaches focusing on the individuals' point of view may be significantly beneficial for the initial stages of development. Within this context, the paper explores which services should be offered by MaaS technologies to provide travellers with tailored mobility solutions that satisfy their daily needs. To that end, six Focus Groups were conducted in the metropolitan area of Madrid (Spain). We examined the services expected by travellers when adopting MaaS and compared them with those already identified from a comprehensive literature review. Our analysis revealed six new services that had not been recognised previously, including route optimisation and the provision of real-time information on the following five categories: passenger crowding, pollution levels, route facilities, vehicle conditions, and urban security. Overall, our results also highlighted the relevance given to the availability of information on environmental and health implications of travel behaviours. We believe that our findings provide valuable guidelines for the development of successful MaaS mobiletechnologies. The incorporation of the travellers' perspective enables a more thoughtful design of these innovations and, thus, maximises their potential for addressing the limitations of our complex mobility-systems in meeting urban sustainability goals.
Comparing the Heterogeneity: Analysis of Perceived Quality of Passenger Interchange Stations in Europe
The satisfaction level on different aspects stated by customers may be very useful in order to de... more The satisfaction level on different aspects stated by customers may be very useful in order to determine which particular areas need to be improved in the provision of transport services,- in this case, intermodal services. In this regard, a number of theories remark the need to evaluate the quality through surveys. But the level of satisfaction does not indicate quality directly, since it is highly dependent on the respondents’ expectations and on intrinsic characteristics of the aspects being evaluated, and, therefore, is not an objective measure. Here the authors have evaluated the quality of five interchange stations through passenger’ surveys, in order to determine the service areas that are worst performing. A methodology for homogenising the quality levels reported- therefore, not real but perceived quality- has been developed to achieve the objectives.
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Papers by Andrés Monzón