History of Architecture and for Monuments

Star polyhedra appear on some baroque churches in Rome to represent papal heraldic symbols, and on the top of protestant churches in Hungary to represent the Star of Bethlehem. These star polyhedra occur in many different shapes. In this paper, we will provide a morphological overview of these star polyhedra, and we will reconstruct them by using the program package Mathematica 6.

The paper analyses a specific building type, the Baroque
church architecture of historic Hungary, the Greek-cross
ground-plan evangelic churches. This church type has different
prototypes: the Huguenot and Scandinavian Protestant
churches in Europe, the model plans of architectural treatises
- first of all the treatises of Leonhard Christoph Sturm - and
the Lutheran wooden churches of Silesia. The symbolic content
of the cruciform plan was also popular among the Lutheran
congregations, which is explainable with theological reasons as
well as with the good visual and acoustic conditions, furthermore
with the construction benefits from its application. The
Slovak Lutheran congregations played a determining role in the
domestication and the dissemination of the layout type. The late
Baroque central Greek-cross plan is an important antecedent
for the renewal of the late 19th century Protestant church architecture.

Over the past three decades, the Department for History of
Architecture and of Monument Preservation has elaborated architectural
surveys of monuments on different scales, from settlements
to small-scale historic architectural objects, to train
students and to provide research material for larger monument
preservation measures. One of the scholarly leaders of this activity
was Tamás Guzsik (1947-2002), who published several
scientific articles on the methodology of village church research
in Hungary, focusing on medieval architecture. By commemorating
and evaluating his scientific heritage as a school founding
scholar, the paper presents the conceptual opportunities and
the extension of some of his principles in a Lutheran church survey
programme involving the whole country. The results of this
survey can be classified into a typology, which contributes to a
better understanding of late Baroque architecture in Hungary
and to the typology of Protestant church architecture.

Az ellenreformáció 17. századi magyarországi kibontakozása idején a protestánsok jelentős templomépület-állománnyal bírtak. A rend szerint középkori karakterű, belsőjében a református liturgia igényei szerint átalakított hagyományos templomtípussal, valamint evangélikus városi imaházzal jellemzett emlékkör sokkal kisebb számú, építészetileg igényesebb, újonnan épített jelentősebb templomait elemezzük. A 17. század magyarországi protestáns templomépítészetének értékelésekor a késő középkori, reneszánsz és kora barokk stíluselemek és jelenségek tiszta elhatárolása nem lehetséges. A késő reneszánsz és a kora barokk jelenségeit leginkább a részletképzésben, a nyíláskeretelések formálásában, valamint a belső berendezésen ismerhetjük fel. Az emlékkör tömeg- és térkoncepciójára összességében a késő középkori hagyomány volt meghatározó, és ez a korabeli európai protestáns építészeti párhuzamok esetében is kimutatható. 

problemi di conservazione materiali strutture e nuova serie ii numero 4 2013 sapienza • università di roma dipartimento di storia, disegno e restauro dell'architettura Materiali e costruzione in architettura Itinerari di ricerca C o p i a a u t o r e Rivista semestrale, fondata nel 1990 da Giovanni Urbani Autorizzazione del Tribunale di Roma n. 265 del 25/09/2012 Nuova serie, anno II (2013), 3 Roma 2013 -Edizioni Quasar di Severino Tognon s.r.l. via Ajaccio 41/43 -00198 Roma tel. 0685358444 -fax 0685833591

The paper analyses a specific building type, the Baroque church architecture of historic Hungary, the Greek-cross ground-plan evangelic churches. This church type has different prototypes: the Huguenot and Scandinavian Protestant churches in Europe, the model plans of architectural treatises -first of all the treatises of Leonhard Christoph Sturm -and the Lutheran wooden churches of Silesia. The symbolic content of the cruciform plan was also popular among the Lutheran congregations, which is explainable with theological reasons as well as with the good visual and acoustic conditions, furthermore with the construction benefits from its application. The Slovak Lutheran congregations played a determining role in the domestication and the dissemination of the layout type. The late Baroque central Greek-cross plan is an important antecedent for the renewal of the late 19 th century Protestant church architecture.

A fertõdi (a XVIII-XIX. századi névhasználat szerint eszterházai) marionettszínház és báboperajátszás az európai kastélykultúra jelentõs attrakciója volt. Az építtetõ fõúr, Esterházy Miklós herceg mecenatúrája, valamint udvarának kiemelkedõ mûvészei és mesterei -Joseph Haydn és Karl Michael von Pauersbach -a marionettszínházat páratlan kulturális értékké tették hazánkban. Az 1772-73 között felépült színház pompáját és kialakításának egyediségét a korabeli utazók egybehangzóan elismerték. Az épület eredeti rendeltetését már a XVIII. század végén elvesztette, majd 1845 után több ütemben magtárrá alakították át, s a XX. században már a teljes pusztulás fenyegette. A helyreállítást célzó tudományos kutatás a Mûemlékek Állami Gondnoksága megbízásából 2004ben kezdõdött el. A helyszíni munka során alkalmazott "Bauforschung" módszer az épület legkisebb roncsolással járó részletes elemzését teszi lehetõvé. Az alakhû építészeti felmérés egyik tudományos eredménye, hogy bizonyította egy 1789-es átalakítási tervrajz azonosítását az épülettel. A falszövet, a festés-és vakolatrétegek és más nyomok alapos megfigyelése és rajzi dokumentálása lehetõvé tette a marionettszínház átépítési periódusainak körvonalazását, továbbá az épület XVIII. századi -eredeti -tömeg-és téralakításának, homlokzatképzésének és fedélszerkezetének elvi rekonstrukcióját. A további kutatás -elsõsorban a hitelesítõ régészeti ásatások -a teljesen elpusztult gazdag belsõ dekoráció és a színpadtechnika történeti leírásokból ismert kialakításának bizonyítékait hozhatja felszínre.

In the nineteenth century, the Ottoman empire’s large-scale development was illustrated by the new medium of photography. Different territories of the empire were photographed and Ignác Alpár, a significant architect of Hungarian Historicism, purchased some of these photographs. Alpár’s interest in oriental art derived from the ideology of Turanism believing that a Hungarian national style could be developed with the use of oriental motifs. One of the photographs (‘Tombs of Mamluks, Cairo’) of the collection provides some evidence of this idea. The essay develops the background and evidence for the Hungarian-oriental relationship at the turn of the nineteenth-twentieth century.

Over the past three decades, the Department for History of Architecture and of Monument Preservation has elaborated architectural surveys of monuments on different scales, from settlements to small-scale historic architectural objects, to train students and to provide research material for larger monument preservation measures. One of the scholarly leaders of this activity was Tamás Guzsik (1947Guzsik ( -2002, who published several scientific articles on the methodology of village church research in Hungary, focusing on medieval architecture. By commemorating and evaluating his scientific heritage as a school founding scholar, the paper presents the conceptual opportunities and the extension of some of his principles in a Lutheran church survey programme involving the whole country. The results of this survey can be classified into a typology, which contributes to a better understanding of late Baroque architecture in Hungary and to the typology of Protestant church architecture.

Articular church architecture is a less-researched subfield of the Hungarian architectural history. Beyond some memories of particular interest -such as the Lutheran church of Nemeskér -the memories of early Protestant architecture in the area of today's Hungary and their influences are largely unknown to us. This paper aims at studying and preparing the theoretical reconstruction of an articular church no longer existing today. The church building of Vadosfa, standing between 1732 and 1911, is the subject of our study, in connection with which the most important sources are the demolition protocols available in the diocese's archives. By reviewing, analyzing and utilizing the data of the still unpublished archival sources with the use of a new methodology, new knowledge will enrich the image of the articular church architecture in Hungary. We attempt to evoke the old articular church of Vadosfa. The results of the theoretical reconstruction, and the summaries of architectural relationships provide an opportunity to review and expand our knowledge of the regional types of articular architecture.

This paper studies the effects of the 1763 Komárom earthquake (Hungarian Kingdom) by analysing historical building archetypes using both Nonlinear Static Analysis (NSA)-the EC8 N2-method-and Incremental Dynamic Analysis (IDA). Hungary is located in the Carpathian Basin, a region with a regular low-to-moderate seismicity and a relatively small occurrence rate of high-intensity events. A method for the estimation of the magnitude of historical seismic events exists and uses IDA to produce fragility functions. The Bayesian framework of the method allows the incorporation of physical and epistemic uncertainties in the final magnitude estimates. Thus, in order to obtain reliable magnitude estimates it is important to reduce the uncertainty in both structural resistance and demand. While this requires different investigation levels on the building typologies, the materials, the collapse mechanisms, the ground motion (GM) patterns of the affected region, and the incorporation of uncertainties in the structural models is computationally costly. While NSA is conducted in Tremuri, an OpenSEES Pinching4 hysteretic material model is calibrated in order to carry out the IDA. The resulting fragilities show a relatively high damage probability at low acceleration levels. An application of the magnitude estimation method is illustrated.

The production of fragility functions describing the probable behaviour and damage on historical buildings is a key step in a method for the estimation of the magnitude of historical seismic events that uses a Bayes'. The fragilities are estimated by integrating the structural capacity with the seismic demand using either static methods, as the Capacity Spectrum Method (CSM), or dynamic methods, as Incremental Dynamic (IDA) and Multiple Stripes Analysis (MSA). Uncertainties in both resistance, demand, and distance and magnitude models propagate to the posterior magnitude distribution. The present paper studies the effect of uncertainties related both to the production of fragility functions and prior distributions, in the estimation of the magnitude of the 1763 Komárom earthquake (in historical Hungary). In the XVIII century most of the structures in the region were built of earth, adobe, clay or stone masonry, which is complex to model. While micro or detailed macro-modelling s...

The paper analyses a specific building type, the Baroque church architecture of historic Hungary, the Greek-cross ground-plan evangelic churches. This church type has different prototypes: the Huguenot and Scandinavian Protestant churches in Europe, the model plans of architectural treatises -first of all the treatises of Leonhard Christoph Sturm -and the Lutheran wooden churches of Silesia. The symbolic content of the cruciform plan was also popular among the Lutheran congregations, which is explainable with theological reasons as well as with the good visual and acoustic conditions, furthermore with the construction benefits from its application. The Slovak Lutheran congregations played a determining role in the domestication and the dissemination of the layout type. The late Baroque central Greek-cross plan is an important antecedent for the renewal of the late 19 th century Protestant church architecture.

A fertõdi (a XVIII-XIX. századi névhasználat szerint eszterházai) marionettszínház és báboperajátszás az európai kastélykultúra jelentõs attrakciója volt. Az építtetõ fõúr, Esterházy Miklós herceg mecenatúrája, valamint udvarának kiemelkedõ mûvészei és mesterei -Joseph Haydn és Karl Michael von Pauersbach -a marionettszínházat páratlan kulturális értékké tették hazánkban. Az 1772-73 között felépült színház pompáját és kialakításának egyediségét a korabeli utazók egybehangzóan elismerték. Az épület eredeti rendeltetését már a XVIII. század végén elvesztette, majd 1845 után több ütemben magtárrá alakították át, s a XX. században már a teljes pusztulás fenyegette. A helyreállítást célzó tudományos kutatás a Mûemlékek Állami Gondnoksága megbízásából 2004ben kezdõdött el. A helyszíni munka során alkalmazott "Bauforschung" módszer az épület legkisebb roncsolással járó részletes elemzését teszi lehetõvé. Az alakhû építészeti felmérés egyik tudományos eredménye, hogy bizonyította egy 1789-es átalakítási tervrajz azonosítását az épülettel. A falszövet, a festés-és vakolatrétegek és más nyomok alapos megfigyelése és rajzi dokumentálása lehetõvé tette a marionettszínház átépítési periódusainak körvonalazását, továbbá az épület XVIII. századi -eredeti -tömeg-és téralakításának, homlokzatképzésének és fedélszerkezetének elvi rekonstrukcióját. A további kutatás -elsõsorban a hitelesítõ régészeti ásatások -a teljesen elpusztult gazdag belsõ dekoráció és a színpadtechnika történeti leírásokból ismert kialakításának bizonyítékait hozhatja felszínre.

In the nineteenth century, the Ottoman empire’s large-scale development was illustrated by the new medium of photography. Different territories of the empire were photographed and Ignác Alpár, a significant architect of Hungarian Historicism, purchased some of these photographs. Alpár’s interest in oriental art derived from the ideology of Turanism believing that a Hungarian national style could be developed with the use of oriental motifs. One of the photographs (‘Tombs of Mamluks, Cairo’) of the collection provides some evidence of this idea. The essay develops the background and evidence for the Hungarian-oriental relationship at the turn of the nineteenth-twentieth century.

Over the past three decades, the Department for History of Architecture and of Monument Preservation has elaborated architectural surveys of monuments on different scales, from settlements to small-scale historic architectural objects, to train students and to provide research material for larger monument preservation measures. One of the scholarly leaders of this activity was Tamás Guzsik (1947Guzsik ( -2002, who published several scientific articles on the methodology of village church research in Hungary, focusing on medieval architecture. By commemorating and evaluating his scientific heritage as a school founding scholar, the paper presents the conceptual opportunities and the extension of some of his principles in a Lutheran church survey programme involving the whole country. The results of this survey can be classified into a typology, which contributes to a better understanding of late Baroque architecture in Hungary and to the typology of Protestant church architecture.

Articular church architecture is a less-researched subfield of the Hungarian architectural history. Beyond some memories of particular interest -such as the Lutheran church of Nemeskér -the memories of early Protestant architecture in the area of today's Hungary and their influences are largely unknown to us. This paper aims at studying and preparing the theoretical reconstruction of an articular church no longer existing today. The church building of Vadosfa, standing between 1732 and 1911, is the subject of our study, in connection with which the most important sources are the demolition protocols available in the diocese's archives. By reviewing, analyzing and utilizing the data of the still unpublished archival sources with the use of a new methodology, new knowledge will enrich the image of the articular church architecture in Hungary. We attempt to evoke the old articular church of Vadosfa. The results of the theoretical reconstruction, and the summaries of architectural relationships provide an opportunity to review and expand our knowledge of the regional types of articular architecture.

This paper studies the effects of the 1763 Komárom earthquake (Hungarian Kingdom) by analysing historical building archetypes using both Nonlinear Static Analysis (NSA)-the EC8 N2-method-and Incremental Dynamic Analysis (IDA). Hungary is located in the Carpathian Basin, a region with a regular low-to-moderate seismicity and a relatively small occurrence rate of high-intensity events. A method for the estimation of the magnitude of historical seismic events exists and uses IDA to produce fragility functions. The Bayesian framework of the method allows the incorporation of physical and epistemic uncertainties in the final magnitude estimates. Thus, in order to obtain reliable magnitude estimates it is important to reduce the uncertainty in both structural resistance and demand. While this requires different investigation levels on the building typologies, the materials, the collapse mechanisms, the ground motion (GM) patterns of the affected region, and the incorporation of uncertainties in the structural models is computationally costly. While NSA is conducted in Tremuri, an OpenSEES Pinching4 hysteretic material model is calibrated in order to carry out the IDA. The resulting fragilities show a relatively high damage probability at low acceleration levels. An application of the magnitude estimation method is illustrated.

The production of fragility functions describing the probable behaviour and damage on historical buildings is a key step in a method for the estimation of the magnitude of historical seismic events that uses a Bayes'. The fragilities are estimated by integrating the structural capacity with the seismic demand using either static methods, as the Capacity Spectrum Method (CSM), or dynamic methods, as Incremental Dynamic (IDA) and Multiple Stripes Analysis (MSA). Uncertainties in both resistance, demand, and distance and magnitude models propagate to the posterior magnitude distribution. The present paper studies the effect of uncertainties related both to the production of fragility functions and prior distributions, in the estimation of the magnitude of the 1763 Komárom earthquake (in historical Hungary). In the XVIII century most of the structures in the region were built of earth, adobe, clay or stone masonry, which is complex to model. While micro or detailed macro-modelling s...