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During taking the bed load sample, the bed load sampler was sank into the bed of the river, and allowed it to settle for about twenty (20) seconds as suggested by (Government of India & Government of the Netherlands, 2003), after the bed load sampler has been oriented to the flow of the river (plate 3). Then the bed load materials entered the sampler through the inlet and the divergent flows within the sampler reduced the flow velocity allowing the sediment to accumulate. Affine mesh at the rear of the sampler allowed water to pass through, but not the bed load sediments. After the appropriate measured time-interval (20s) as suggested by (Government of India & Government of the Netherlands, 2003), the sampler was removed and the trapped sediment was removed for weighing in the laboratory (plate 4). Transportation and Storage of Sample a“ ili The samples were transported sediment planned analysis. T sampler under strict protection analysis, and concentration, p storage. During the transporta a“ to the laboratory under conditions that could not compromise th his was done by using vehicle as transportation means with th condition respectively. Since the samples were mainly for physica astic bags made of polyethylene were used for transportation anc ion, care was taken to; minimize the interaction between samples and containers/implements, minimize the interaction between sample, and external environment treat the sample containers wi h the same precaution as that of samples, wash the containers anc implement with appropriate cleaning agents, and ran appropriate analytical blanks which wa referred to every sample.

Figure 3 During taking the bed load sample, the bed load sampler was sank into the bed of the river, and allowed it to settle for about twenty (20) seconds as suggested by (Government of India & Government of the Netherlands, 2003), after the bed load sampler has been oriented to the flow of the river (plate 3). Then the bed load materials entered the sampler through the inlet and the divergent flows within the sampler reduced the flow velocity allowing the sediment to accumulate. Affine mesh at the rear of the sampler allowed water to pass through, but not the bed load sediments. After the appropriate measured time-interval (20s) as suggested by (Government of India & Government of the Netherlands, 2003), the sampler was removed and the trapped sediment was removed for weighing in the laboratory (plate 4). Transportation and Storage of Sample a“ ili The samples were transported sediment planned analysis. T sampler under strict protection analysis, and concentration, p storage. During the transporta a“ to the laboratory under conditions that could not compromise th his was done by using vehicle as transportation means with th condition respectively. Since the samples were mainly for physica astic bags made of polyethylene were used for transportation anc ion, care was taken to; minimize the interaction between samples and containers/implements, minimize the interaction between sample, and external environment treat the sample containers wi h the same precaution as that of samples, wash the containers anc implement with appropriate cleaning agents, and ran appropriate analytical blanks which wa referred to every sample.

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River Yedzeram is one the rivers that flows its water into Lake Chad. It has a total length of about 330 km (Uba topographical sheet 156, Edition 1., 1974). It takes its source from the Hudu Hills south-east of Mubi and flows northwards into the Chad, (Adebayo, & Dayya, 2004, extracted from Yonanna, 2007). The study area is located between longitudes 13° 11' 12"E, and 13° 30' 00"E of Equator, and between latitudes 10° 06' 30"N, and 10° 26' 54"N Greenwich Meridian Time (GMT) (Figure 1). The study area lies within the tropical zone, comprising of both wet and dry climate symbolized as Aw in the Coppin’s climate classification (Jones, & Bartlett, 2012). The radiation of the study area is high in that the temperature is warm as from May to October, while hottest months are the months of Match, and April. Basement complex rock is the dominant rock in the North Eastern part of Nigeria particularly the Hard Crystalline rock within the study Area (Tukur, 2014).). The hard crystalline rock form series of orogenic cycles within the mobile belts of Central Africa (Opeloye, & Dio, 1999). The origin of the rocks were Gneisses, migmatites and quarzites, but later on wiped out by the late proterozoic and pan-Africa period, and replaced by older Biotite granite, Biotite, porphyroid-granite, and alkaline granite (Yonanna, 2006). The study
River Yedzeram is one the rivers that flows its water into Lake Chad. It has a total length of about 330 km (Uba topographical sheet 156, Edition 1., 1974). It takes its source from the Hudu Hills south-east of Mubi and flows northwards into the Chad, (Adebayo, & Dayya, 2004, extracted from Yonanna, 2007). The study area is located between longitudes 13° 11' 12"E, and 13° 30' 00"E of Equator, and between latitudes 10° 06' 30"N, and 10° 26' 54"N Greenwich Meridian Time (GMT) (Figure 1). The study area lies within the tropical zone, comprising of both wet and dry climate symbolized as Aw in the Coppin’s climate classification (Jones, & Bartlett, 2012). The radiation of the study area is high in that the temperature is warm as from May to October, while hottest months are the months of Match, and April. Basement complex rock is the dominant rock in the North Eastern part of Nigeria particularly the Hard Crystalline rock within the study Area (Tukur, 2014).). The hard crystalline rock form series of orogenic cycles within the mobile belts of Central Africa (Opeloye, & Dio, 1999). The origin of the rocks were Gneisses, migmatites and quarzites, but later on wiped out by the late proterozoic and pan-Africa period, and replaced by older Biotite granite, Biotite, porphyroid-granite, and alkaline granite (Yonanna, 2006). The study
Plate 1 and 2 materials and instrument Sampling procedure for suspended and bed load sediments
Plate 1 and 2 materials and instrument Sampling procedure for suspended and bed load sediments
All the sieves were assembled in the ascending order of sieve numbers (plate 9). The sediment samples were carefully poured into the top sieve, and place the cap over it. The sets of sieves with the sediment were placed on the shaker to shake them very well (Plate 10). The stack was removed from the shaker and carefully weighed and recorded the weight of each retained sediment (plate 11). In addition, the weight of the bottom pan with its retained fine sediment was weighed, and recorded. The Amount of Material Retained on the Sieve was determined. Stream flow, Sediment Concentration and Particle-Size Analysis of Selected Channel Reach of River Yedzeram at Wuro-Gude, Northeast Nigeria: KADMIEL, O. & MICHAEL, W. M. weight of each size fraction present in the sediment sample was determined by subtracting each
All the sieves were assembled in the ascending order of sieve numbers (plate 9). The sediment samples were carefully poured into the top sieve, and place the cap over it. The sets of sieves with the sediment were placed on the shaker to shake them very well (Plate 10). The stack was removed from the shaker and carefully weighed and recorded the weight of each retained sediment (plate 11). In addition, the weight of the bottom pan with its retained fine sediment was weighed, and recorded. The Amount of Material Retained on the Sieve was determined. Stream flow, Sediment Concentration and Particle-Size Analysis of Selected Channel Reach of River Yedzeram at Wuro-Gude, Northeast Nigeria: KADMIEL, O. & MICHAEL, W. M. weight of each size fraction present in the sediment sample was determined by subtracting each
The filtered sampled sediments were dried in oven and weighed (plate 15). After drying, the sediment on the filtering paper was weighed (plate 16). Suspended Load Sediment Sample Analysis Coefficient of uniformity here we said is Cy which is equal to Deo by Dio and Coefficient of curvature as (D30 square) by (Deo into Dio). Effective particle size is indicated as Dio which indicates that 10 percent of the particles are finer and 90 percent of the particles are coarser than this size. C. shows whether the sediment is well graded or poorly graded. C. complements Cy, to evaluate whether the sediment was well graded or poorly graded, or gap graded (Elizabeth, Melissa, & Scott, 2007).
The filtered sampled sediments were dried in oven and weighed (plate 15). After drying, the sediment on the filtering paper was weighed (plate 16). Suspended Load Sediment Sample Analysis Coefficient of uniformity here we said is Cy which is equal to Deo by Dio and Coefficient of curvature as (D30 square) by (Deo into Dio). Effective particle size is indicated as Dio which indicates that 10 percent of the particles are finer and 90 percent of the particles are coarser than this size. C. shows whether the sediment is well graded or poorly graded. C. complements Cy, to evaluate whether the sediment was well graded or poorly graded, or gap graded (Elizabeth, Melissa, & Scott, 2007).
Table 2: The Samples of Grain Size Characteristics of Yedzeram at Wuro-Gude Channel Bed. deposit derived from the erosion processes operating in the drainage basin. the channel bed indicated that coarse sand was 29.20%, followed by medium sand 25.10%, then gravel 17.45%, fine sand 15.56%, pebbles 7.14%, cobbles 2.32%, boulders 1.61% and silt 1.60%, and 0.02% clay contents (table 2). This implies that the channel bed of Yedzeram at Wuro-Gude majorly consist of coarse sand. This implies that channel bed of Yedzeram majorly consist of medium sand without clay. The results obtained from textural and data analysis revealed that the bed of the channel is mainly sand
Table 2: The Samples of Grain Size Characteristics of Yedzeram at Wuro-Gude Channel Bed. deposit derived from the erosion processes operating in the drainage basin. the channel bed indicated that coarse sand was 29.20%, followed by medium sand 25.10%, then gravel 17.45%, fine sand 15.56%, pebbles 7.14%, cobbles 2.32%, boulders 1.61% and silt 1.60%, and 0.02% clay contents (table 2). This implies that the channel bed of Yedzeram at Wuro-Gude majorly consist of coarse sand. This implies that channel bed of Yedzeram majorly consist of medium sand without clay. The results obtained from textural and data analysis revealed that the bed of the channel is mainly sand
Logarithmic curve of Grain Size of Wuro-Gude Channel section Source: Fieldwork, 2019 Taraba International Journal of Social Science Research (TIJOSSR) Vol. 1, No 1. June. 2024
Logarithmic curve of Grain Size of Wuro-Gude Channel section Source: Fieldwork, 2019 Taraba International Journal of Social Science Research (TIJOSSR) Vol. 1, No 1. June. 2024
From table 3, total suspended load obtained was 1241.98cm’, Percentage filtered was 124.198cm’, and total Mass of suspended load retained by filter paper was 2.72855g. This indicates that in every 20 second, 1241.98cm? volume of water that pass through Wuro-Gude channel contain an approximate of 2.72855g of suspended load. In a minute, volume of 8.3565g can pass through the channel. In an hour the volume of 501.390g can pass through the channel. In a day, the volume of 12,033.360g can passes through the channel, in week the volume of 84,233.520g can pass through the channel, in a month the volume of 336,934.080g. In a year, the volume of 4,043,208.960¢ of suspended load can pass through River Yedzeram around Wuro-Gude. This result indicated that Table 3: The Samples of suspended load Characteristics of Yedzeram Channel Bank at Wuro- Gude The Nature of Suspended Particles of Yedzeram Channel at Wuro-Gude Sample Station Since the Cy = 0.146 is less than 4-6, C, = 0.896 is below the range 1-3, then the sediment sizes are well graded (Sivakugan, 2000). This mean that the sediments in the reach are uniformly graded because the particles are of equivalent size and you can see that the curve is a steeper curve that represents uniformly graded or a uniform fully graded sediment.
From table 3, total suspended load obtained was 1241.98cm’, Percentage filtered was 124.198cm’, and total Mass of suspended load retained by filter paper was 2.72855g. This indicates that in every 20 second, 1241.98cm? volume of water that pass through Wuro-Gude channel contain an approximate of 2.72855g of suspended load. In a minute, volume of 8.3565g can pass through the channel. In an hour the volume of 501.390g can pass through the channel. In a day, the volume of 12,033.360g can passes through the channel, in week the volume of 84,233.520g can pass through the channel, in a month the volume of 336,934.080g. In a year, the volume of 4,043,208.960¢ of suspended load can pass through River Yedzeram around Wuro-Gude. This result indicated that Table 3: The Samples of suspended load Characteristics of Yedzeram Channel Bank at Wuro- Gude The Nature of Suspended Particles of Yedzeram Channel at Wuro-Gude Sample Station Since the Cy = 0.146 is less than 4-6, C, = 0.896 is below the range 1-3, then the sediment sizes are well graded (Sivakugan, 2000). This mean that the sediments in the reach are uniformly graded because the particles are of equivalent size and you can see that the curve is a steeper curve that represents uniformly graded or a uniform fully graded sediment.
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