Figure 5 – uploaded by Ruth Plets

FIGURE 5 Gravel-dominated sites presented as digital elevation models with a multidirectional hillshade occlusion: (a) SS Lugano, (b) SS Santa Maria. Rose charts represent the modeled near-seabed current data. Grab samples: G, gravel; sG, sandy gravel [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com] — Figure 5 Gravel-dominated sites presented as digital elevation models with a multidirectional hillshade occlusion: (a) SS Lugano, (b) SS Santa Maria. Rose charts represent the modeled near-seabed current data. Grab samples: G, gravel; sG, sandy gravel [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

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FIGURE 1 (a) Location of the study area on the map of the United Kingdom and Ireland. (b) Locations of the study sites in the Irish Sea with inset maps representing sites (c) between Fairhead and Rathlin Island, (d) off Belfast Lough, (e) northeast of Dublin, (f) east of Dublin, (g) southeast of Dublin. Backdrop bathymetry presented in Figure 1 was obtained from (b) EMODnet Bathymetry Consortium (2018), (c) Joint Irish Bathymetric Survey project (https://www.infomar.ie/partnerships/jibs-joint-irish-bathymetricsurvey), (d) Royal Navy (public sector information, licensed under the Open Government License v2.0), and (e-g) INFOMAR project [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com] north to Dublin Bay in the south (Figure 1). Within this area, 10 wrecks were investigated: SS Lugano, SS Santa Maria, SS Tiberia, SS Chirripo, SS Polwell, FV St. Michan, SS WM Barkley, SS Hare, RMS Leinster, and HMS Vanguard. With the exception of HMS Vanguard, all shipwrecks investigated in this study were lost due to naval warfare during World War 1. HMS Vanguard sank in fog in 1875 due to a collision with its sister ship HMS Iron Duke. The 10 shipwreck sites were selected to represent a range of physical environments, characterized by different tidal con- ditions and varied geological substrates. These shipwrecks are just a few of more than 18,000 other wrecking incidents that are recorded off the island of Ireland (Brady et al., 2012; Forsythe et al., 2000). The study area encompasses the waters off the east and northeast coast of the island of Ireland from Rathlin Island in the

Note: 2019a and 2019b correspond to surveys before and after a storm/ spring tide, respectively. TABLE 1 Multibeam echosounder time-lapse survey date availability for the candidate shipwrecks

FIGURE 2 Sand-dominated sites presented as digital elevation models with a multidirectional hillshade occlusion: (a) RMS Leinster, (b) SS WM Barkley, (c) SS Hare, (d) HMS Vanguard (the seismic profile is described in Figure 3). Rose charts represent the modeled near-seabed current data. Grab samples: gS, gravelly sand; (g)S, slightly gravelly sand; S, sand [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

TABLE 2 Characterization of the shipwreck sites

FIGURE 3 (a) Seismic line acquired over HMS Vanguard and (b) its interpretation, showing the digitized horizons vertically limiting further development of the scour pits. The profile's location is shown in Figure 2d. Sediment waves and a large sediment wave are visible SSE and NNW of the wreck, correspondingly. Multiple reflections (seismic artifacts) are marked separately [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

Figure 5 – uploaded by Ruth Plets

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