Wireless Power Transmission System

The increasing demand for sustainable and reliable power sources in portable and implantable medical devices has led to growing interest in photovoltaic (PV) energy harvesting. Traditional power sources, such as batteries, are limited by finite energy capacity and frequent replacement or recharging needs, particularly in implantable devices where surgical intervention is required for battery replacement. Photovoltaic energy harvesting, which converts light into electrical energy, offers a promising alternative, especially in environments with consistent light exposure. This review provides an in-depth analysis of the advancements in PV technologies for powering medical devices. It covers various types of PV materials, design innovations, and the integration of energy storage systems. Additionally, the review highlights the application of PV systems in both external and implantable medical devices, while addressing critical challenges such as ensuring biocompatibility, optimizing performance in low-light conditions, and miniaturizing PV systems for implantation. The potential of PV energy harvesting to improve device longevity and reduce the need for invasive procedures is emphasized. This review concludes by outlining the current challenges and future directions needed to achieve widespread clinical adoption, aiming to contribute to the development of sustainable power solutions in healthcare.

This paper 1 investigates wireless information and power transfer in a full-duplex MIMO relay channel where the self-sustained relay harvests energy from both source transmit signal and self-interference signal to decode and forward source information to a destination. We formulate a new problem to jointly optimize power splitting at the relay and precoding design for both the source and relay transmissions. Using duality theory, we establish closed-form optimal primal solutions in terms of the dual variables, based on which we then design a customized and efficient primal-dual algorithm to maximize the achievable throughput. Numerical results demonstrate the rate gains from using multiple transmit and receive antennas in both information decoding and energy harvesting, and the significant benefit of harvesting energy from self-interference signals. We also extend our analysis to the case when channel state information is only available at receiving nodes and show how our algorithm can optimize the power splitting at the relay for it to remain self-sustained. Through analysis and simulation, we demonstrate that an optimal combination of non-uniform power splitting, variable power allocation, and self-interference power harvesting can effectively exploit a full-duplex MIMO system to achieve significant performance gains over existing uniform power splitting and half-duplex transmissions.

This paper presents a systematic methodology for the optimal design of wireless power transfer (WPT) systems. To design a WPT for a specific application, the values of coil geometric parameters and the number of resonators should be chosen such that an objective function is maximized while satisfying all the design constraints. The conventional methodologies, which are based on cyclic coordinate optimization, are not comprehensive and efficient methods. This paper presents a design methodology based on the genetic algorithm (GA). The optimization method has been applied to designing different WPTs with series and parallel connections of load and different design constraints. Moreover, the number of resonators is considered as the design parameters. In addition, WPTs with parallel and series connections of load are compared from different aspects. The results of calculation, simulation and measurements demonstrate that the 2-coil WPT can be optimized to achieve maximum efficiency com...

The research paper deals with the investigation results of ferromagnetic wire use for wireless power transfer (WPT). Two groups of coils with a different size, winding material (copper and iron), and conductor cross-sectional areas were developed. Resistance and inductance of coils was evaluated, taking into account that iron is a ferromagnetic material, but copper – a diamagnetic material. It was found that there is substantial increase in coil inductance the when iron wire was used – by almost 20 % at 20 kHz, and by 7 % at 150 kHz, in comparison with the same type copper coil operating at the same frequency. A trend of impedance increase with increase of operation frequency was observed for both types of coils, but for the ferromagnetic material coil it was much more substantial – by more than 9 % when the frequency increased from 20 kHz to 150 kHz. Signs of Giant Magnetic Impedance (GMI) were observed there also with current increase through the windings, impedance and inductance...

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Wireless power transfer (WPT) has emerged as a revolutionary technology in the field of power electronics, offering a convenient and contactless method for charging electronic devices. It eliminates the need for physical connectors and enhances device durability and user experience. However, conventional wireless charging systems typically operate with fixed power output and fail to account for variations in the power demand of the receiving device. This often results in energy inefficiency, overheating, and suboptimal charging performance, especially under dynamic load conditions. To address these challenges, this study presents an adaptive wireless charging system that intelligently adjusts its power transmission based on the real-time power consumption and charging efficiency of the load device. The proposed system utilizes inductive and resonant inductive coupling methods and integrates feedback-based adaptive control to optimize power transfer. A monitoring module continuously analyzes the power requirements of the device, and the transmitter dynamically adjusts its output to match the load conditions, reducing unnecessary power loss and improving energy utilization. The system is modeled and simulated using MATLAB/Simulink and LTspice environments, enabling detailed analysis of system behavior under various operating scenarios. Key parameters such as coupling efficiency, power loss, coil alignment, and load variations are considered to evaluate system performance. Simulation results demonstrate that the adaptive control strategy significantly improves overall efficiency and responsiveness of the wireless charging system. The dynamic power adjustment leads to reduced energy waste, stable voltage output, and faster charging under changing load conditions. This adaptive wireless charging solution has promising applications in mobile devices, electric vehicles, wearables, and Internet of Things (IoT) ecosystems, where energy efficiency and flexibility are critical. The outcomes of this research contribute to the development of smarter and more sustainable wireless power systems suitable for real-world applications.

Wireless power transfer (WPT) has emerged as a revolutionary technology in the field of power electronics, offering a convenient and contactless method for charging electronic devices. It eliminates the need for physical connectors and enhances device durability and user experience. However, conventional wireless charging systems typically operate with fixed power output and fail to account for variations in the power demand of the receiving device. This often results in energy inefficiency, overheating, and suboptimal charging performance, especially under dynamic load conditions. To address these challenges, this study presents an adaptive wireless charging system that intelligently adjusts its power transmission based on the real-time power consumption and charging efficiency of the load device. The proposed system utilizes inductive and resonant inductive coupling methods and integrates feedback-based adaptive control to optimize power transfer. A monitoring module continuously analyzes the power requirements of the device, and the transmitter dynamically adjusts its output to match the load conditions, reducing unnecessary power loss and improving energy utilization. The system is modeled and simulated using MATLAB/Simulink and LTspice environments, enabling detailed analysis of system behavior under various operating scenarios. Key parameters such as coupling efficiency, power loss, coil alignment, and load variations are considered to evaluate system performance. Simulation results demonstrate that the adaptive control strategy significantly improves overall efficiency and responsiveness of the wireless charging system. The dynamic power adjustment leads to reduced energy waste, stable voltage output, and faster charging under changing load conditions. This adaptive wireless charging solution has promising applications in mobile devices, electric vehicles, wearables, and Internet of Things (IoT) ecosystems, where energy efficiency and flexibility are critical. The outcomes of this research contribute to the development of smarter and more sustainable wireless power systems suitable for real-world applications.

Wind generation connection to power system affects steady state and transient stability. Furthermore, this effect increases with the increase of wind penetration in generation capacity. In this paper optimal location of FACTS devices is carried out to solve the steady state problems of wind penetration. Two case studies are carried out on modified IEEE39 bus system one with wind reduction to 20% and the second with wind penetration increase by 50% in the two cases system suffer from outage of one generator with load at bus 39 decreases from 1104 MW to 900 MW. The system suffers from min voltage reduction, total loss increases and violated of power and power angle limits. This paper found that series FACTS devices in certain range are the best type to solve these problems associated with wind penetration in power systems.

A photovoltaic direct current (DC) power can be changed into AC power using an inverter. The inverter must be connected to an alternating current (AC) load using wire, which has drawbacks in terms of air space, wire cost, and an unattractive view of the sky. It is appropriate to suggest a wireless power transfer (WPT) system concept to replace the use of wires in the transfer of electrical power. The WPT system has been conducted by the previous researchers, but it is still in the frequency system of hundred, kilo, mega or gigahertz, thus it can only be applied on DC load after rectifying it, but cannot be applied for a normal AC load, also its distance is relative near. The modelling of wireless photovoltaic power transfer (WPVPT) with a 50 Hz system frequency is presented in this work. The four modelling components that create the WPVPT system are models of the PV module, the transmitter circuit, the magnetic relay, and the receiver circuit. The findings indicate that the efficiency of the proposed WPVPT system is 71.27% without a magnetic relay and 72.82% with a magnetic relay. It suggests that the use of magnetic relay can improve the WPVPT system's efficiency.

Wireless power transfer (WPT) based eddy current can be applied for metal defect detection because of its resonance point attainment and frequency splitting nature due to coupling effect. Of recent, it has started been applied for metal detection. However, metallic crack detection and characterization remain a great bared challenge. Therefore, an eddy-current influence from resonance WPT is proposed in this research to quantify the cracks in a metallic sample using splitting frequency features. Two coils for transmitter and receiver are configured based on resonance inductive power transfer to act as an eddy current probe. It then scanned an Aluminium sample over three cracks area after a vector network analyzer is connected to transmitter and receiver unit. The magnitudes of the transmission coefficient for the two coils configuration measured at every scan point for the crack evaluation. Point base-features are extracted from the data, and the principal components analysis (PCA) a...

This study deals with the inductive-based wireless power transfer (WPT) technology applied to power a deep implant with no fixed position. The usage of a large primary coil is here proposed in order to obtain a nearly uniform magnetic field inside the human body at intermediate frequencies (IFs). A simple configuration of the primary coil, derived by the Helmholtz theory, is proposed. Then, a detailed analysis is carried out to assess the compliance with electromagnetic field (EMF) safety standards. General guidelines on the design of primary and secondary coils are provided for powering or charging a deep implant of cylindrical shape with or without metal housing. Finally, three different WPT coil demonstrators have been fabricated and tested. The obtained results have demonstrated the validity of the proposed technology.

The Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) Recommended Practice (RP) J2954 (November 2017) was recently published to standardize the wireless power transfer (WPT) technology to recharge the battery of an electric vehicle (EV). The SAE J2954 RP establishes criteria for interoperability, electromagnetic compatibility (EMC), electromagnetic field (EMF) safety, etc. The aim of this study was to predict the magnetic field behavior inside and outside an EV during wireless charging using the design criteria of SAE RP J2954. Analyzing the worst case configurations of WPT coils and EV bodyshell by a sophisticated software tool based on the finite element method (FEM) that takes into account the field reflection and refraction of the metal EV bodyshell, it is possible to numerically assess the magnetic field levels in the environment. The investigation was performed considering the worst case configuration—a small city car with a Class 2 WPT system of 7.7 kVA with WPT coils with maximum admiss...

There has been an increase in use of series connected controllers for dynamic power compensation and enhancement of active power transmission capacity. A thyristor controlled series capacitor (TCSC) is a series FACTS device, which can be employed to enhance power transfer capability of transmission line. This paper presents a conceptual study about the operation and different mode of TCSC device. It can govern the power either in inductive or capacitive operating region by selecting proper value L-C parameters and properly conduction angle. Mismatch in selection of parameters cause multi-resonance condition. This paper represents various steps to be followed in selection of TCSC parameters. A three phase transmission system is developed using MATLAB/simulink.

This document evaluates the performance of an electric (EV) go-kart. The evaluation considers various metrics including
acceleration, top speed, handling, energy efficiency, and factors influencing these metrics, such as motor power, battery
capacity, and chassis design, torque, regenerative braking, and weight distribution. The motor power andtorque determine
the go-kart's ability to generate speed and acceleration. Battery capacity affects the range and duration of playtime.
Regenerative braking helps in recovering energy while braking, enhancing the overall efficiency. Weight distribution
affects the balance and stability of the go-kart. By considering all these factors, we can have a comprehensive
understanding of the performance capabilities of EV go-karts.

Wireless power transfer is a widely applied technology whose market and application areas are growing rapidly. It is considered to be a promising supplement to the conductive charging of electrical vehicles (EVs). Wireless charging provides safety, convenience, and reliability in terms of mitigating issues related to wiring, risk of tearing, trip hazards, and contact wear inherent to the conductive charging. A variety of coil structures have been researched for EV charging applications; however, most of them were of the symmetrical type. This work analyzes systems of coils possessing ferromagnetic backing with non-symmetrical geometries and compares them with the conventional symmetrical ones. Numerical FEM simulation was applied in the research. The numerical models were verified analytically and experimentally. The impact of air-gap length, longitudinal displacement, number of turns, and width of the ferrite bars on coupling factor was investigated. The results suggest that coil systems with non-symmetrical structures of ferromagnetic backings are a good alternative to the conventional symmetrical structures for wireless electrical vehicle charging applications.

The electric vehicles (EVs) charging by use of slow and fast chargers with plugin charging and pantograph has been adopted at many location across the United States. The EVs are inherently capable of being integrated with some smart operations with information technology in autonomous features. Given batteries in smart phones are capable of being charged either by cord or wirelessly, the EVs have similar charging capabilities. However, a concept of wirelessly charging the EV battery while in-motion is realistic and have a great potential in improving the travel experience for the customers. Some pilot projects around the United States have a proven success but at a low vehicle speed. This paper is focused on presenting a scheme for charging while in-motion for the EV batteries while in major highways where there is least interference of pedestrian conflicts. The application of such technology requires huge investment by the transportation agencies, but there is excellent potential for power supply to the necessary charging infrastructure located at the highways with renewable energy supply for either solar farms or array of solar mounted at physical gores and separation areas between the highways. A practical application with the layout of the equipment was presented in the paper to allow planning of the wireless charging infrastructure at the roadways.

Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) has been drawing a lot of attention in the last ten years parallel with the market increase in electric vehicles. Although conductive charging methods are still the preferred ones, WPT-based charging systems are used as clean and flexible alternatives. At the center of these systems are the transmitting and receiving coils, and different coil types have been proposed in the literature. This study proposes a square-hexagonal hybrid coil structure to increase magnetic coupling by shaping the magnetic field. In addition, this design aims to minimize the coupling coefficient variation for misaligned coils which is one of the most significant problems in WPT systems. A 3D model of the coils was created and analyzed using ANSYS, Maxwell software. Compared to the conventional square coil structure the coupling coefficient of the proposed structure is less affected by misalignment on the x and y axes, and as a result, it has a better efficiency. In addition, a WPT system operating at 50 W, 85-kHz is designed and tested in a laboratory environment. The FEA analyses and experimental application results largely overlap, and accordingly, the coil-to-coil efficiency of our WPT system was 93.5% and the overall efficiency of the system was 87%.

The global focus on sustainable transportation has led to the emergence of retrofitting existing conventional bikes as a
practical strategy to transition from traditional combustion engine vehicles to environmentally friendly alternatives. This
research delves into the conceptualization, design, and implementation of retrofitting technologies aimed at enhancing the
performance, efficiency, and environmental impact of conventional bikes. In the age of Technological Advancement,
Innovations, and Development, the Electric Mobility trend has captured the attention of all industries. Electric vehicles are
poised to revolutionize the automotive sector

In this paper, we describe how the customization of design task, in solid modeling with CATIA V5 for two stage spur gearbox can be approached, by means of macros (piece of code) and with GUI form. The user has to supply some basic requirements of the gearbox and rest of the different parameters for design of gearbox is calculated by formulas. And then with the help of these parameters, part model of gearbox is created.

Tez (Yüksek Lisans) -- İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2007Thesis (M.Sc.) -- İstanbul Technical University, Institute of Science and Technology, 2007Bu çalışmada, kablosuz enerji ve bilgi iletimi ile motor kontrolü yapılmıştır. Aralarında enerji transferi yapılan birincil ve ikincil sistemler arası mesafe yaklaşık 10mm’dir. İkincil tarafda bir DC motora, vidalı bir mekanik sistem monte edilerek doğrusal hareket elde edilmiştir. Birincil sistem, ikincil sisteme kablosuz olarak enerji göndermektedir. Aynı zaman da, gönderilen güç sinyalinin içine motorun hangi yönde ve ne kadar döneceğini bildiren bilgi mesajı da eklenmiştir. İkincil sisteme gönderilen güç 0.5W ile 3W arasında olacak şekilde tasarlanmıştır.Ansoft Maxwell 3D ve OrCAD PSpice simulasyon programları ile tasarlanan iki adet bobin arasında kurulan manyetik kuplaj ile enerji gönderimi istenen mertebelerde sağlanmıştır. Bunun için yarım köprü devresi sürülen rezonans devresi kullanılmış, ve kaçak endükt...

The main target of this project is to build up a device to transfer power wirelessly. The idea of wireless power exchange was first thought by Nikolas tesla. Wireless power transfer can roll out an exceptional improvement in the field of the electrical designing which takes out the utilization conventional copper cables and current conveying wires. In view of this idea, the task is produced to exchange power inside a small range. This project can be utilized for charging batteries those are physically impractical to be connected electrically, for example, pace producers (An electronic gadget that works instead of a faulty heart valve) embedded in the body that keeps running on a battery. The patient is required to be operated every year to replace the battery. This project is designed to charge a rechargeable battery wirelessly for the purpose. We are using a DC fan that runs through wireless power. This project is based after utilizing an electronic circuit which changes over AC 230V 50Hz to AC 12V, High frequency. The output is fed to a tuned coil forming as primary of an air core transformer. The secondary loop builds up a voltage of HF 12volt. hence the exchange of power is finished by the primary(transmitter) to the secondary that is isolated with an extensive distance(say 3cm).Therefore the transfer could be seen as the primary coil transmits and the secondary coil receives the power to run load. Additionally this system can be utilized as a part of number of uses, as to charge a cell phone, iPod, workstation battery, propeller clock remotely. And furthermore this sort of charging gives a far lower risk of electrical shock as it would be galvanically segregated. This idea is an Emerging Technology, and in future the distance power transfer can be upgraded as the research all over the world is as yet going on.

The main objective of this study is to design and fabricate an electric kart for the physically challenged (Lame people). I noticed that people with disabilities have difficulties when walking a longer distance. They use crutches to aid their walking. With the help of these walking sticks or crutches, they take more time before they can reach their destination. This project is therefore appropriate to design and fabricate an electric kart that will help them ease their movement.

We need electricity to use wireless information. If we reduce amount of batteries or electrical wires with a wireless power transmission technology via microwave (MPT), it is a green communication system. We Kyoto University propose a Fixed Wireless Access (FWA) system with the MPT with NTT , Japan. In this paper, we show mainly development results of 24GHz rectennas, rectifying antenna, for FWA. We developed some types of the rectennas. Finally we achieve 65% of RF-DC conversion efficiency with output filter of harmonic balance.

Performance of the wireless power transfer (WPT) system relies on the physical dimensions of the coupled coil, which should be optimally designed to meet required system performance and reduce the operating cost. This paper presents an optimal design based on genetic algorithm (GA) for the transmitter coil used in wireless power transfer system. Physical parameters of the circular flat spiral coil, including wire’s cross-sectional area, coil’s inner diameter, coil’s outer diameter, coil’s turn number, and space between each turn of the coil are considered. The design objective is to minimize the total wire length required by the coil subjected to both linear and nonlinear constraints. The design process is implemented on MATLAB optimization toolbox which is simple and accurate. The validity of proposed optimal coil design is verified by the experiment, which indicates that total wire length of the optimized coil can be reduced by 5.5 percent compared to the conventional coil without...

This paper aims to validate the β-Ginibre point process as a model for the distribution of base station locations in a cellular network. The β-Ginibre is a repulsive point process in which repulsion is controlled by the β parameter. When β tends to zero, the point process converges in law towards a Poisson point process. If β equals to one it becomes a Ginibre point process. Simulations on real data collected in Paris (France) show that base station locations can be fitted with a β-Ginibre point process. Moreover we prove that their superposition tends to a Poisson point process as it can be seen from real data. Qualitative interpretations on deployment strategies are derived from the model fitting of the raw data.

In this paper, the influence of network deployment on downlink dimensioning under an interference limited regime is studied. Theoretical and numerical results are derived for a network deployed as a Poisson point process. We show that slightly degraded propagation conditions has a beneficial effect on network dimensioning and performance. Spatial influence is also studied thanks to the β-Ginibre model. Simulations show that a regularly deployed network improves dramatically spectrum usage and network performances.

Multiuser transmission with shared spectrum is investigated in the presence of energy harvesting. For each user, the data generation, the harvested energy arrival, and the channel state variation are, respectively, considered as stochastic processes. Each user aims to maximize its own average throughput. Accordingly, a stochastic game is formulated at first. Next, we analyze the stochastic game in infinitestage and finite-stage scenarios, respectively. On the basis of theoretical studies, an iterated distributive algorithm with solving a linear problem in each iteration is designed for the infinite case. For the finite case, two distributed algorithms named CVPBI and GoPGA are proposed. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed algorithms is demonstrated by simulations.

Winding coils are key elements in the design and the implementation of an effective wireless power charging platform for wireless devices such as mobile phones, smart phones and tablet computers. Planar winding inductors are low-cost, ready to integrate with the electronics and fully compatible with a general printed circuit board (PCB) manufacturing process. This paper addresses the design and the simulation of the planar winding inductors in order to overcome some drawbacks of such structures concerning mainly the quality factor and the resistive/thermal losses.

This article presents a modeling and parametric investigation of printed circuit board (PCB) coils used in inductive power charging systems by using intensive full-wave electromagnetic simulations. Low frequencies applications (below 1 MHz) are targeted. The proposed modeling approach and design methodology are validated for wireless power transfer systems including transmitting (Tx) and receiving (Rx) coils. The impact of ferrite materials used for shielding and efficiency improvement is also analyzed. Optimized PCB coils allowing a theoretical efficiency of 88.7% at 100 kHz and 98.5% at 1 MHz confirms that PCB coils are appropriate for wireless power transfer at such frequencies.

Winding coils are key elements in the design and the implementation of an effective wireless power charging platform for wireless devices such as mobile phones, smart phones and tablet computers. Planar winding inductors are low-cost, ready to integrate with the electronics and fully compatible with a general printed circuit board (PCB) manufacturing process. This paper addresses the design and the simulation of the planar winding inductors in order to overcome some drawbacks of such structures concerning mainly the quality factor and the resistive/thermal losses.

With more than 230 products on st estimation of 100 million wireless power devi (IHS source), the wireless power market is Moreover, current smartphones are us applications (music streaming, satellite navigat NFC virtual key for car sharing) and thus a supply system is required. This paper addre modeling and characterization of this power so Power Transfer context by an original mod good correlation between measurement a obtained both for electrical (e.g. input imped and electromagnetic (e.g. magnetic field) qu simulations performed on commercial softwar simulation/measurement shows a difference o active power available on the load and the m the magnetic field corroborates with the measu Index Terms-Wireless power transfer, i electromagnetic modeling, electronic ci automotive systems, power budget I.

Ensuring the provision of sustainable and secure electrical power for ingestible/implantable medical devices (IMDs) is crucial for facilitating the multifaceted capabilities of these IMDs and preventing the need for recurrent battery replacements. Using photovoltaic (PV) energy harvesting in conjunction with an external light source can be advantageous for an optical wireless power transfer (OWPT) system to enable energy self-sufficiency in IMDs. This study investigates the performance of OWPT using commercial monocrystalline silicon PV cells exposed to an 810 nm Near-infrared (NIR) LED light. The ethical concerns are addressed by utilizing porcine samples (ex vivo approach), eliminating the need for live animal experimentation. The experimental setup employs porcine meat samples with several compositions, e.g., pure fat, pure muscle, and different layers of fat-muscle. The primary goal of this initial study is to analyze the open-circuit voltage output (V OC) of the PV against received optical power in the presence of biological tissue. Our study demonstrates that PV cells can generate voltage even when exposed to light passing through porcine samples with a thickness of up to 30 mm. Furthermore, the V OC values of PV cells attained in this study meet the required voltage input level for supplying current IMDs, typically ranging from 2V to 3V. The findings of this study provide valuable insights into OWPT systems in the future, where monocrystalline silicon PV cells can be employed as energy harvester devices to supply various IMDs utilizing NIR light.

For a determinantal point process X with a kernel K whose spectrum is strictly less than one, André Goldman has established a coupling to its reduced Palm process X u at a point u with K(u, u) > 0 so that almost surely X u is obtained by removing a finite number of points from X. We sharpen this result, assuming weaker conditions and establishing that X u can be obtained by removing at most one point from X, where we specify the distribution of the difference ξu := X \ X u. This is used for discussing the degree of repulsiveness in DPPs in terms of ξu, including Ginibre point processes and other specific parametric models for DPPs. Keywords: Ginibre point process; globally most repulsive determinantal point process; isotropic determinantal point process on the sphere; globally most repulsive determinantal point process; projection kernel; stationary determinantal point process in Euclidean space.

Massive MIMO is attractive for wireless information and energy transfer due to its ability to focus energy towards desired spatial locations. In this paper, the overall power transfer efficiency (PTE) and the energy efficiency (EE) of a wirelessly powered massive MIMO system is investigated where a multiantenna base-station (BS) uses wireless energy transfer to charge single-antenna energy harvesting users on the downlink. The users may exploit the harvested energy to transmit information to the BS on the uplink. The overall system performance is analyzed while accounting for the nonlinear nature of practical energy harvesters. First, for wireless energy transfer, the PTE is characterized using a scalable model for the BS circuit power consumption. The PTE-optimal number of BS antennas and users are derived. Then, for wireless energy and information transfer, the EE performance is characterized. The EE-optimal BS transmit power is derived in terms of the key system parameters such as the number of BS antennas and the number of users. As the number of antennas becomes large, increasing the transmit power improves the energy efficiency for moderate to large number of antennas. Simulation results suggest that it is energy efficient to operate the system in the massive antenna regime.

Consider the devices we use every day: From smart phones and smart watches to the potential future transport-the electric vehicles. On the global scenario where electronics is getting as mobile as human beings themselves, we depend on and require our devices to be charged at all times, for the improved functionality, readyto-use when needed. Presently, we still need to plug in our electronic gadgets, tethering us to cords and cables, bringing on with it the concern for maintenance of functionality, anxiety, and the need for being obsessed over the remainder of its battery life, quite uncomfortable. In this age, its more desirable to have a consumer experience wherein our electronics are charged autonomously and seamlessly, without the need of conscious human intervention, even at the same time as our gadgets are in u. The physical act of "plugging in" should-and soon will bean outdated concept as research and development in wireless power transfer is gaining more and more momentum. This project focuses on Inductive power transfer and hopes to make the common existent PC systems wire-free in terms of power transfer using an inductive interface. This project focuses on using near-field technique of WPT. It will revolve around designing and implementing an optimal model that will be able to power the devices on office desks. A new planar coil design with high transfer efficiency using a two-coil energy transfer mechanism will be used so as to maximize the active power transfer and reduce conduction losses in system.

An All-Terrain Vehicle (ATV) roll cage is a structural arrangement that gives three-dimensional protection for the driver in the event of a rollover or abrupt impact accident, while also supporting the subsystems. In order to ensure that an ATV is structurally well-balanced and can protect the driver from impacts from the terrain, it should meet regulations with a proven design, few structural elements, light weight, great strength, and should be tested for unexpected impact loading. The objective of present work is to formulate a conceptual design followed by analysis of roll cage of robust 3-seater ATV need to be fabricated by CSMT, Tekanpur for the BSF frontiers at creeks of Gujarat. Ansys student 2024 R1 is used for analysis under defined constraints like front, side and rear impact on the roll cage. Three types of materials AISI 4130, AISI 1020 (DOM), and AISI 1018 are used for comparative analysis of crash test. This work provides the well-studied and optimal design approach on ATV roll cage to improve its impact bearing capability with better weight reduction and enriched strength ratio for a long duration. The research aims to give an introduction to the material selection procedure that need to be done before finalizing the design, using FEA software. In present work, various factors such as impact force calculations, loading points, generated Von-Misses Stress, deformation and Factor of Safety (FOS) are studied. The result of Finite Element Analysis (FEA) simulation showed least stress and deformation with highest factor of safety to suggests AISI 4130 as best suitable material for fabrication of roll cage.

Wireless power transfer (WPT) is a technology that is considered the focus of scientists' attention for its development and creation to be compatible with many devices that are used today and also consider one of the green technology apps which means any technology can reduce the effect of people on the environment which is today grow continuously. In this paper, a wireless power transfer for a mobile charger had been discussed to get a maximum power and efficiency power transfer. WPT is considered as a reliable technology, efficient, fast, not using wires, and can be used for short and long-range. There are three methods for WPT, electromagnetic induction, magnetic resonance coupling, and radio waves which are classified by the distance that sends the power. Magnetic resonance coupling is the method that has been focused on in this paper because of compatibility with short or medium distances as battery chargers which depend on the magnetic field to transfer power without wires that can protect devices from damages and heating. As result the effect of distance on efficiency has been discussed with reached to nearer distance can improve efficiency however by using magnetic resonance technique, acceptable efficiency can be obtained with appropriate distance.

This letter focuses on the high-frequency wireless power transfer by electromagnetic induction and its dependence on the lateral misalignment and tilt of the small receiving coil relative to the transmitting coil. We combine two structures, the twisted loop antenna (TLA) and subcoils of a distributed diameter coil (DDC) for transmitting designs. Our system is then referred to as TLA-DDC. The radius of the subcoils is parametrically varied for different distances between the coils and performed in two positions for each distance (coaxial position when the receiving coil is parallel to the plane of the transmitting coil, and center position for the perpendicular orientation of both coils). Then, using different radii for the transmitting DDC TLA when the receiving coil is moved onto its surface allows us to obtain a greater value of efficiency at different positions: up to 2.4 times for the peak value and 1.5 for the average value for receiving coil in parallel plane. The efficiency of the magnetic coupling is determined by means of power efficiency with a comparison between the DDC TLA antennas and a standard coil antenna corresponding to the same inductance value.

Inductance mutuelle Bilan de liaison par induction magnétique Boucle monocouche et multicouche Boucle spirale sur le corps Gélule ingérable sans fil Monolayer-and compact-multilayer-stacked ingestible TX coils are investigated for ingestible capsule systems. The inductive link through the human body is modeled. The efficiency of the near-field magnetic induction link budget is evaluated in the air, in the homogeneous human body and in the three-layer human body. The variations of the position and the orientation of the TX capsule coil are taken into account to evaluate the coupling response between the TX ingestible and RX on-body coils. r é s u m é Des boucles monocouches et multicouches compactes sont étudiées pour des systèmes de gélules ingérables. Le lien inductif à travers le corps humain est modélisé. L'efficacité du bilan de liaison en champ proche par induction magnétique est évalué dans l'air, dans le corps humain homogène et dans le corps humain trois couches. Les variations de la position et de l'orientation de la boucle dans la gélule d'émission sont prises en compte pour évaluer la réponse de couplage entre les boucles d'émission dans la gélule ingérable et de réception sur le corps humain.

Independent System Operators have difficulty in fulfilling all contractual power transactions in a competitive energy market due to transmission network congestion. As a result, applications of generator rescheduling become one of the antidotes in alleviating this difficulty in the consequence of ever-increasing numerous power transactions. The goal of this research is to lower the cost of active and reactive power of the generators by reducing the deviation of rescheduled active and reactive power from scheduled values. The inclusion of reactive power rescheduling and voltage stability in this paper is innovative, as compare to other existing methodologies solely examine active power rescheduling. This paper made the following contributions: formulated a multi-objective function for congestion control in an electric transmission network. Furthermore, formulated the generator sensitivity factors to identify overloaded lines and which generators will be involved in congestion management. Developed a particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm to solve the multi-objective function of the transmission congestion management system. In addition, the developed PSO method for CM approach was validated on three IEEE standard test system networks (14, 30, and 118). The simulation results prove that reduces active and reactive power, lowering the cost of generator rescheduling, and demonstrating the usefulness of developed PSO method for transmission network congestion. Furthermore, voltage stability and voltage profile improvements demonstrate the performance effectiveness of the PSO algorithm used in this work.

This paper introduces a novel idea for adding virtual inertia in power systems by controlling the frequency swing dynamics through voltage channel. The purpose is to develop a frequency-based supplementary VAR modulation to assist governor action during power imbalance events. In this aim, we propose a two-band power system stabilizer, tuned for very low-frequency common swing mode, to adaptively adjust reference voltage of a Synchronous Condenser (SC) and modulate its reactive power on a second-by-second basis. The feasibility of this idea is supported by theoretical and simulation evidences. From theoretical side, we formulate a computational procedure to measure the degree of control impact, accompanied by sensitivity analyses around varying operating points. On the simulation side, we perform extensive studies on four well-known IEEE multi-machine test systems. The results show that VAR modulation by SC has a considerable impact on the minimum post-contingency frequency (frequency nadir), even more than so-called load modulation methods in some cases, which in fact has not been given enough attention in the past. In addition, we show that the proposed method can aid governors to improve primary frequency response particularly in low inertia power systems by reducing post-event frequency settling time and bias.

Eddy current testing (ECT) has been employed as a traditional non-destructive testing and evaluation (NDT&E) tool for many years. It has developed from single frequency to multiple frequencies, and eventually to pulsed and swept-frequency excitation. Recent progression of wireless power transfer (WPT) and flexible printed devices open opportunities to address challenges of defect detection and reconstruction under complex geometric situations. In this paper, a transmitter–receiver (Tx–Rx) flexible printed coil (FPC) array that uses the WPT approach featuring dual resonance responses for the first time has been proposed. The dual resonance responses can provide multiple parameters of samples, such as defect characteristics, lift-offs and material properties, while the flexible coil array allows area mapping of complex structures. To validate the proposed approach, experimental investigations of a single excitation coil with multiple receiving coils using the WPT principle were conduc...

The goal of future wireless communications systems is to provide a wide variety of high quality high-rate services with minimum requirements on spectrum, power consumption and hardware complexity. Toward this end, proper system structures as well as robust system designs are required to meet the challenges in wireless transmissions, such as multipath fading, limited spectrum resource, and interference. Recent research results have unveiled the multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system as a potential candidate to play a key role in future wireless. A MIMO wireless system is commonly deployed by using multiple transmit and receive antennas. Early work on multi-antenna systems involves the use of antenna arrays at the receiver to provide spatial diversity against the random destructive effect of fading. There is a recent rich literature on employing multiple antennas at the transmitter and achieving diversity through space-time coding when there is no channel state information at the transmitter (CSIT), or through transmit beam forming when there is perfect CSIT.

Wireless charging has become an emerging challenge to reduce the cost of a conventional plug-in charging system in electric vehicles especially for supercapacitors that are utilized for quick charging and low-energy demands. In this article, the design of an efficient wireless power transfer system has been presented using resonant inductive coupling technique for supercapacitor-based electric vehicle. Mathematical analysis, simulation, and experimental implementation of the proposed charging system have been carried out. Simulations of various parts of the systems are carried out in two different software, ANSYS MAXWELL and MATLAB. ANSYS MAXWELL has been used to calculate the various parameters for the transmitter and receiver coils such as self-inductance ( L), mutual inductance ( M), coupling coefficient ( K), and magnetic flux magnitude ( B). MATLAB has been utilized to calculate output power and efficiency of the proposed system using the mathematical relationships of these par...

In this paper, we consider a full duplex wireless powered communication network where multiple users with RF energy harvesting capabilities communicate to a hybrid energy and information access point. An optimization framework is proposed with the objective of maximizing the sum throughput of the users subject to energy causality and maximum transmit power constraints considering a realistic energy harvesting model incorporating initial battery levels of the users. The joint optimization of power control, time allocation and scheduling is mathematically formulated as a mixed integer non linear programming problem which is hard to solve for a global optimum. The optimal power and time allocation and scheduling decisions are investigated separately based on the optimality analysis on the optimization variables. Optimal power and time allocation problem is proven to be convex for a given transmission order. Based on the derived optimality conditions, we propose a fast polynomial-time complexity heuristic algorithm. We illustrate that the proposed algorithm performs very close-to-optimal while significantly outperforming an equal time allocation based scheduling scheme.

An induction wireless power transmission (I-WPT) system using multiple coils has been proposed to drive a wireless sensor system (WSS) that monitors the status of the propulsion shaft. While maintaining a constant transfer voltage, the minimum number of coils and the minimum air gap between coils were extracted through several experiments. The optimized air gap between transmitter (Tx) and receiver (Rx) coils was 3 mm and the number of the Rx and Tx coils was four and six, respectively. The optimized I-WPT system was installed on the shaft with a diameter of 20 cm and obtained the stable transferred voltage characteristics and output power of 1.75 W with above 75% efficiency in spite of different rotation speed of the shaft.