Wireless Networks (Computer Science)

This study advances the thesis that Bitcoin constitutes the first instantiation of “perfect money,” uniting the desiderata of classical monetary theory with the invariants of physics, computation, and information theory. Unlike gold, whose scarcity is geological, or fiat, whose scarcity is political, Bitcoin enforces scarcity through mathematics and thermodynamics.

The paper introduces the concept of issuance entropy $H(M)$, demonstrating that Bitcoin uniquely converges asymptotically toward zero, in contrast with the variable entropy of gold and the discretionary entropy of fiat. It further proposes the Bitcoin Constant $B_c$, defined as the asymptotic elimination of issuance variance, an invariant analogous to physical constants such as Planck’s $h$.

Through comparative analysis, thermodynamic modeling, and interdisciplinary synthesis, the paper demonstrates that Bitcoin simultaneously satisfies economic soundness, cryptographic immutability, and empirical falsifiability. Predictions include post-2028 issuance variance below 0.1%, reorganization probability $<10^{-6}$, declining volatility relative to equities, and adoption-linked rises in national savings rates.

The implications are civilizational: Bitcoin is not speculative ephemera but a candidate monetary constant. Its reproducibility, falsifiability, and alignment with physics distinguish it from all prior monies.

All LaTeX sources, tables, and reproducible code are included in this release.

Keywords: Bitcoin, entropy, thermodynamics, praxeology, monetary economics, network science, information theory, sound money, monetary constant.

This paper introduces an evolutionary approach to enhance the process of finding central nodes in mobile networks. This can provide essential information and important applications in mobile and social networks. This evolutionary approach considers the dynamics of the network and it takes into consideration the central nodes from previous time slots. We study also the applicability of maximal cliques algorithms in mobile social networks and how it can be used to find the central nodes based on the discovered maximal cliques. The experimental results are promising and show a significant enhancement in finding the central nodes.

This short note addresses a popular misconception-that new technologies such as spread spectrum have eliminated the problem of radio interference. That is false. Spread spectrum is a great technology, but it does not eliminate the problem of interference. Similarly, although some have asserted otherwise, signals below the noise floor can create interference. We first show that a number of authors have embraced these misconceptions in works addressing public policy-unfortunately, we are not attacking a strawman. Simplifying these authors' views somewhat, they argue, (1) technology has eliminated the problem of interference, therefore (2) the legal rationale for radio regulation under the Communications Act of 1934, affirmed in the 1943 NBC case, must be reconsidered; and, (3) on such reconsideration, the First Amendment trumps an obsolete theory of interference; and therefore (4) the fundamental structure of the Communications Act is invalid. We then provide a nonrigorous (no equations!) explanation of the nature of interference created by spread spectrum signals or by signals below the noise floor. We also offer a few pointers to the technical literature for those who wish to understand these issues in more depth.

Cybersecurity professionals primarily focus on assessing risk profiles and developing strategies to mitigate them effectively. A key goal in this domain is to design robust methods that strengthen security measures. The integration of machine learning has significantly enhanced modern cyber defense systems. Breakthroughs in storage capacity, computing power, and networking have accelerated the adoption of cloud services, advanced networks, and evolutionary programming.

The next generation mobile devices will be enabled with the ability to support multiple types of networks i.e. the terminal supports multiple network interface. The key enablingfunction for achieving seamless mobility and seamless service continuity for such devices is seamlesshandoffs across heterogeneous wireless access networks. A challenging issue in themulti-service next generation wireless network (NGWN) is to select the appropriate Handover decision strategy for the handover initiation stage.An overview and categorization of various verticalhandoff decision schemes are shown that helps in selection of best scheme among them all accordingly to the requirements of different users.

Quantum cryptography represents a breakthrough in secure communication, leveraging the principles of quantum mechanics to create encryption methods that are theoretically immune to classical computational attacks. This paper explores the opportunities and challenges associated with implementing quantum cryptography in real-world communication systems. It examines key technologies, such as Quantum Key Distribution (QKD), and their potential to enhance data privacy. Additionally, the paper discusses the limitations, including technological feasibility, high costs, and integration with existing infrastructures. The challenges of scalability and resistance to quantum computing threats are also analyzed.

This paper is intended to present optimal route finding system for road network application. It is used to operate in complicated mapping situations and new unknown environments. This technique can be implemented to find the optimal path from source to destination in region of map. This system use A* and Dijkstra algorithms to draw plan and develop the Geographic Information System(GIS) assisted optimal road network route finding and give shortest path. The optimal (or) shortest path based on distance or time or cost. And then evaluates the performance of these two algorithms.

2 Abstract: Many applications would require fast data transfer in high speed wireless networks. In transmission control protocol (TCP) cannot effectively utilize the network capacity in wireless networks. In this paper, We propose a RACC in which sender performs loss based control while receiver is performing delay based control. The receiver measures the network bandwidth based on the packet inter arrival interval and uses it to compute a congestion window. After receiving the advertised value feedback from the receiver, the sender then uses the additive increase and multiplicative decrease (AIMD) mechanism to compute the correct congestion window size to be used.

Wireless sensor network (WSN) require a various power management protocols to reduce the energy consumption. But the lifetime of sensor network greatly depend on their battery. Radio irregularity and fading in multihop WSN also affect lifetime of a sensor. Various cluster-based schemes are discussed as a solution for this problem. The proposed schemes centering on the clustering of network for conserve the energy of a network. The performance of the proposed system is evaluated in terms of energy efficiency and reliability. Wireless sensor networks are one of most hot topics in computer science. Wireless sensor networks are networks in which thousands of small and battery powered nodes communicate with each other through their sensing capabilities. Power management is a major design constraint in sensor networks. Due to this constraint the sensing capability of sensor nodes reduces and their bandwidth limit (2). These networks can contain hundreds or thousands of sensing nodes. It i...

The rising popularity of multimedia applications and potential commercial usage of Mobile Ad hoc network (MANET) clearly indicates that Quality of Service (QoS) support in MANETs is an unavoidable task. Essentially, Multimedia traffic should get preference over conventional data traffic during communication through some kind of priority-based mechanism to assure a timely and guaranteed delivery of multimedia data. In this paper, we have proposed a scheme for supporting QoS in MANET by classifying the traffic flows in the network into different priority classes, and giving different treatment to the packet injection rate of the flows belonging to different classes. In our suggested scheme, the MAC protocol of any intermediate node of a flow detects the presence of high priority traffic in its neighborhood (transmission/reception zone) and back-propagates this knowledge back to the source which then can adaptively control packet injection rate of the low priority flow. This will ensure the high priority flow to get desired access to the medium to maintain its flow-rate.

Cloud computing has revolutionized how
organizations and individuals store, access, and interact with
data, software, and computing resources. Public cloud platforms
offer scalable, cost-efficient, and globally accessible services,
often characterized by managed infrastructure and multitenancy.
However, this technological advancement faces
escalating cyber threats and sophisticated attack vectors such as
Denial-of-Service (DoS), Man-in-the-Middle (MITM) attacks,
data breaches, and insecure APIs. These threats compromise
data integrity, availability, and confidentiality. This study
employs a descriptive research methodology, supplemented by
desktop analysis, to examine the evolving landscape of security
threats in public cloud computing. It further evaluates mitigation
strategies including encryption, access control, secure API
management, and continuous monitoring, while highlighting
persistent research gaps that demand attention for robust cloud
security frameworks.

In Wireless Sensor Network (WSN), QoS (Quality of Service) in sensor application plays a very important role. QoS based routing is required to ensure the best use of nodes in WSN. In this paper, a comparative study of QoS based routing in Media Access Control (MAC) protocols are presented based on the traits to solve problems like prioritization, timeliness, reliability etc. The study mainly focuses on some priority based QoS protocols used in WSN and a comparison among them. The study reveals that among the five mentioned protocols; QMAC, PRIMA, DB-MAC, RAP, GTS; PRIMA shows the best performance in the category of Packet Prioritization, Scheduling Scheme, Queue Type, Energy Awareness and QoS.

This paper presents the development of a web application, which aims to provide a platform for white paper authors to upload and have their documents reviewed by industry experts and scholars. The web app will utilize Ethereum block chain technology to provide security and authenticity to the uploaded white papers, which will be converted into non-fungible tokens to ensure their uniqueness. The authors will have the ability to self-upload their white papers onto a secured IPFS (Inter Planetary File System) database and use ERC721 (Ethereum Request for Comments) protocols to mint them as non-fungible tokens. In addition, the web app will allow white paper authors to receive crowdfunded support from users holding ETH in their web3 wallets. With our unique authentication system utilizing decentralized techniques, the Paper Publication Portal ensures that only verified authors can publish their work, enhancing both the security and credibility of the platform.

Psychotronic weapons, utilizing electromagnetic, sonic, or other energy-based technologies to influence human behavior, cognition, or emotions, represent a profound and controversial technological frontier.

This timeline chronicles their development through scientific research, military experiments, declassified documents, patents, and firsthand accounts, suggesting a continuous effort to harness mind-influencing devices.

Spanning from ancient optical and psychological manipulation to modern neuroscience, it highlights contributions from nations like the U.S., Soviet Union, China, the UK, and France, while raising ethical questions about human autonomy, consent, and security.

The timeline blends verified scientific advancements with speculative claims, reflecting the complex interplay of fact, theory, and conspiracy in this field. Key terms like Remote Neural Monitoring, Directed Energy Weapons, and Voice-to-Skull (V2K) Technology, along with influential works like Cathy O’Brien’s Trance-Formation of America and Fritz Springmeier and Cisco Wheeler’s The Illuminati Formula Used to Create an Undetectable Total Mind Controlled Slave, are integrated to provide context.

Based on IEEE 802.11 Distributed Coordination Function (DCF), Persistent Relay Carrier Sense Multiple Access (PRCSMA) was proposed for cooperative transmission with two or more relay nodes. We propose random assigning of the initial Contention Window (CW) value of each relay node at the beginning of cooperation phase in PRCSMA and evaluate its performance with and without binary exponential baskoff (BEB) algorithm. Each relay node independently and randomly selects its initial CW value among a predefined set of integers, while in the original PRCSMA, a relay node fixes its CW value to a common given integer. Numerical results obtained from computer simulation reveal that the proposed protocol can improve the performance of the original PRCSMA. The proposed protocol makes it possible to reduce the possibility of frame collisions among relay nodes and successfully reduce the duration of cooperation. Also, the results demonstrate that the BEB algorithm is inefficient for PRCSMA, since ...

First of all, I would to thank my tutor Professor Floriano De Rango for the possibility he offered to me to accomplish a productive PhD path and for the invaluable support that he gave to me in these years. This experience, has enabled me to learn a lot of useful things about research world and to understand the importance to provide a personal contribution to the research, enhancing the existing state of art. At the same way, I would to give a very special grateful to Professor Alfonso Ariza Quintana for the extremely precious collaboration, especially in terms of code programming and modeling and simulation, resulting in a large number of publications. In addition, I want to thank professor Quintana for putting me up in the Telecommunications and Electrical Department, during my abroad study period at University of Malaga, Spain. Next, I would to thank my department colleagues

At the transport layer of the Open System Interconnection (OSI) model, the transmission control protocol (TCP) is a major protocol used in today's communication over the Internet. The TCP is designed to provide a reliable end-to-end connection over unreliable links. Besides affecting the physical and media access control (MAC) layers of the OSI model, ensuring the high data rates in environments characterised with fluctuations in the quality of the wired links or wireless channels deteriorate the performance of the transport layer of the network . Ensuring reliable end-to-end connections over versatile wired and wireless networks which become complex and heterogeneous, presents a demanding challenge in terms of its practical implementation. This challenge arose during the last decades as the subject of the researchers' interest . One of the mechanisms that plays a critical role in TCP performance is the congestion control (CC) mechanism. One of the main purposes of the CC mechanism is to probe the network for available capacity by dynamically increasing or decreasing the amount of data (also known as window size) that can be sent over a communication link. This approach enables avoiding the congestion of the network that can be caused by a large burst of data during transmission . Node or link congestion in wired networks and blockage and beam misalignment in wireless networks can seriously affect the TCP CC mechanism. This further results in poor end-to-end transmission performance. Conventional TCP CC algorithms are not able to differentiate between the potential causes of packet loss. They can occur due to a lack of wired link capacity or poor wireless channel quality . In today's data networks, the main protocol used to ensure reliable communications is the transmission control protocol (TCP). The TCP performance is largely determined by the used congestion control (CC) algorithm, which main purpose is to avoid the congestion of the network that can be caused by a large burst of data traffic. TCP CC algorithms have evolved over the past three decades and a large number of CC algorithm variations have been developed to accommodate various communication network environments. Considering the importance of CC in communication networks, the fundamentals of the TCP as the main transport layer protocol and CC process have been explained in detail. Also, an encyclopedic overview of the most popular single-flow and multi-flow TCP CC algorithms with corresponding alternatives has been present. Future directions in the possible improvement of CC algorithms for implementation in complex heterogeneous networks composed of wired and wireless elements are lastly discussed in this encyclopedic work.

Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) deployment is growing at a rapid pace. Since Mobile WiMAX has the key advantage of serving large coverage areas per base station, it has become a popular emerging technology for handling mobile clients. However, serving a large number of Mobile Stations (MS) in practice requires an efficient handover scheme. Currently, mobile WiMAX has a long handover delay that contributes to the overall end-to-end communication delay. Recent research is focusing on increasing the efficiency of handover schemes. In this paper, we analyse the performance of the two standardised handover schemes, namely the Mobile IP and the ASN-based Network Mobility (ABNM), in mobile WiMAX using simulation. Our results clearly indicate that ABNM is more efficient for handover in terms of handover delay and throughput.

Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) deployment is growing at a rapid pace. Since Mobile WiMAX has the key advantage of serving large coverage areas per base station, it has become a popular emerging technology for handling mobile clients. However, serving a large number of Mobile Stations (MS) in practice requires an efficient handover scheme. Currently, mobile WiMAX has a long handover delay that contributes to the overall end-to-end communication delay. Recent research is focusing on increasing the efficiency of handover schemes. In this paper, we analyse the performance of the two standardised handover schemes, namely the Mobile IP and the ASN-based Network Mobility (ABNM), in mobile WiMAX using simulation. Our results clearly indicate that ABNM is more efficient for handover in terms of handover delay and throughput.

Prolong node&#39;s lifetime that is limited by its battery, as long as possible is an important factor during wireless sensor network designing. Several routing algorithm have been adopted to manage the energy strategy of WSNs. Multi-hoping is considered to be data transmission technique in WSNs, and Gossiping is one of well-defined multi-hopping as an epidemic routing algorithm. Gossip algorithm constructs its routing based on random selection of intermediate nodes, thus leads to its inefficiency. In this paper, three algorithms proposed for developing Gossip algorithm, DGossip, EN_Gossip and ENL_Gossip. Network lifetime improved by considering the information of nodes location, energy and their distance to the base station. The simulation executed in MATLAB, and the results of the proposed algorithms show that they are more efficient than LGossip and ELGossip and prolong the overall network lifetime. Keywords: Gossiping, epidemic routing algorithm, DGossip, Network life time, EN_G...

The development of Directional Medium Access Control (DMAC) strategies that allow to enhance the limitations due to the use of omnidirectional antennas in Mobile ad Hoc Networks (MANET), introduces several issues that need to be properly addressed such as the Deafness problem. The use of Smart Antenna Systems (SAS) along with Directional Request To Send (DRTS) and Directional Clear To Send (DCTS) could be not sufficient to mitigate the Deafness. In this regard, a sectorized antenna approach together with a frame scheduling mechanism can improve the overall MAC performance while limiting the Deafness; however, the employment of scheduling algorithms without priority such as the Round Robin could limit the network performance especially in terms of Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) and fairness. For this reason, we propose two approaches: the A-MSDU (Aggregation MAC Service Data Unit) MAC and a WRR (Weighted Round Robin) MAC that could allow to overcome the limitations of the Round Robin scheme applied at MAC layer in order to have an high efficiency in the overall resource allocation. More specifically, obtained results show that, through the use of frame aggregation, it is possible to considerably reduce issues implied by Round Robin such as time slice and network overhead; WRR approach, instead, is able to enhance the overall network fairness

Homes, offices and vehicles are getting networked. This will enable context aware, autonomous operation of many support systems that could be controlled remotely. To achieve this there would be a large number of tiny devices -sensors and actuators -which are networked and they are termed generally as Internet of Things (IoT) devices. In future, they will be powered through harvested energy from the ambience to enable perennial lifetime and minimal manual maintenance. Some examples of energy sources are photovoltaic panels and piezoelectric crystals. Several challenges arise due to the nature of sources of energy. One of these challenges is that the devices (nodes) leave and reenter networks due to fluctuating availability of harvested energy. As a result, the neighbor table maintained at each node changes quite often leading to complications in forming and maintaining routes. In fact initial neighbor discovery (ND) itself is a difficult task. Further, usage of directional antennas would increase the time taken to complete ND. We study such a network through exhaustive simulation study considering various parameters. We demonstrate the benefits and challenges of using directional antennas for ND. We present a scheme that nodes could use to discover their neighbor during initial deployment and another scheme that could be used for subsequent discovery on re-entry into the network. We show that a dedicated ND protocol is necessary for energy harvesting networks and that directional ND is beneficial in these networks under some circumstances.

GHz radio is a very attractive technology for short-range wireless communication due to its capability to provide Gbps data rate. To address the neighbor discovery (ND) problem in 60 GHz networks, we propose a novel analytical framework to investigate the ND performance. The main difficulty in modeling the ND process in a 60 GHz network is the involvement of the directional antennas with gain differences between the antenna's main lobe and side lobes. Different antenna modes -directional or omni-directional -coupled with different ND mechanisms make the analytical study demanding. In this article, we propose a comprehensive theoretical model to demonstrate the performance of ND processes using one-way ND and handshake-based ND mechanisms. Moreover, we combine them with different antenna modes, i.e., directional transmitting with omni-directional listening (DO) and directional transmitting with directional listening (DD) modes. The impact of antenna modes on the ND process is analyzed. Since 60 GHz radio is prone to co-channel interference, we examine a realistic interferenceaware link model and antenna pattern via simulation studies. Our work is specifically beneficial to provide guidelines for applying directional neighbor discovery process within 60 GHz wireless networks.

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are made up of a large number of tiny sensors, which can sense, analyze, and communicate information about the outside world. These networks play a significant role in a broad range of fields, from crucial military surveillance applications to monitoring building security. Key management in WSNs is a critical task. While the security and integrity of messages communicated through these networks and the authenticity of the nodes are dependent on the robustness of the key management schemes, designing an efficient key generation, distribution, and revocation scheme is quite challenging. While resource-constrained sensor nodes should not be exposed to computationally demanding asymmetric key algorithms, the use of symmetric key-based systems leaves the entire network vulnerable to several attacks. This chapter provides a comprehensive survey of several well-known cryptographic mechanisms and key management schemes for WSNs.

Qilin ransomware was a sophisticated cyber-attack that targeted critical infrastructure systems in various locations around the world. The attacks were highly sophisticated. Qilin was able to bypass authentication and execute remote code using an unpatched vulnerability in Fortinet's second FortiGate and Fortisuite devices. The service offers Ransomware-as-As a Service with the ability to load any payload as required. This review paper examines the warhead dispatch mechanism, the evasion tactic, and a multi-phase extenuation and recovery technique.

India's tourism industry, a vital contributor to economic growth, has rapidly embraced digital platforms for bookings, payments, and travel management. However, this digital transformation has exposed tourists, tourism businesses, and government portals to a growing range of cyber threats. Tourists face risks such as phishing, fake booking websites, and insecure Wi-Fi, while businesses and government tourism portals are vulnerable to data breaches, ransomware, and outdated security practices. This study investigates the cyber security challenges in India's tourism ecosystem, assessing threats to tourists, vulnerabilities in tourism businesses, the security posture of government tourism websites, and data privacy practices involving travelers' personal information. A mixed-methods approach combining surveys, interviews, and analysis of secondary data was used to evaluate awareness levels, existing security measures, and regional differences in cyber readiness across key tourist states like Goa, Kerala, and Rajasthan. The findings reveal significant gaps in cyber security awareness and inconsistent adoption of best practices, highlighting the urgent need for coordinated efforts among tourists, businesses, and government agencies. Recommendations include targeted awareness campaigns, improved security infrastructure, standardized government guidelines, and stricter enforcement of data protection regulations to strengthen trust and ensure safer digital experiences for tourists in India.

systems have evolved Q3 considerably in recent years, encouraging the deployment of multiple systems or multi-cellular technology, and improving the quality of service (QoS) offered to mobile users. For example 4G systems offers better quality of service than that offered by 3G and 3.5G. Furthermore, 4G systems, such as Long Term Evolution (LTE) also offers expanded cellular coverage and provides higher throughput. Such emerging systems certainly enhance the overall accessibility Internet, and enabling such networks to handle both new and migrating fixed users becomes a challenge. This paper evaluates system performance by developing a new LTE mechanism for allocating resources in the downlink based on call admission control (CAC) taking into account mobility within and between cellular users. The proposed mechanism uses adaptive modulation and coding (AMC) that divides the geographical area into several concentric regions. With this mechanism each call accepted by the system maintains its initial throughput regardless of the position of the user in the cell.

The future of India will be formed in the lecture hall. Whereas India has made great steps in refining the education system but much still remains to be complete. If you see the current situation then you will find that there is a torrent of advanced technology all over the world but our education system is not helping due to the absence of information and information of teachers, students, and the organization. The students have their own limitations, teachers have their owned and the organization is also confessing the fact that the education system is really in a poor form today. The aim of this paper is to skeleton how information technology can help to make an education system that is based on the ideologies of helping teachers, students, and management to be effective in what they do, improving the superiority and significance of teaching-learning process.

The unprecedented increase of wireless devices is now facing a serious threat of spectrum scarcity. The situation becomes even worse due to inefficient frequency distribution protocols, deployed in trivial Wi-Fi networks. The primary source of this inefficiency is static channelization used in wireless networks. In this work, we investigate the use of dynamic and flexible channelization, for optimal spectrum utilization in Wi-Fi networks. We propose optimal spectrum sharing algorithm (OSSA) and analyze its effect on exhaustive list of essential network performance measuring parameters. The elementary concept of the proposed algorithm lies in the fact that frequency spectrum should be assigned to any access point (AP) based on its current requirement. The OSSA algorithm assigns channels with high granularity, thus maximizing spectrum utilization by more than 20% as compared to static width channel allocation. This optimum spectrum utilization, in turn, increases throughput by almost ...

Mining software repositories (MSR) research had significantly contributed to software engineering. However, MSR results integration across repositories is a recent concern that is getting more attention from researchers each day. Some noticeable research in this sense is related to the approximation between MSR and semantic web, specially linked data approaches which makes it possible to integrate repositories and mined results. Manifested that way, we believe that current research is not fully addressing the practical integration of MSR results, specially, in software engineering due to not considering that these results needs to be integrated to the tools as assistance to activity performers, as a kind of decision making support. Based on this statement this research describes an approach, named Sambasore, which is concerned with MSR results inter-repository integration and also to decision making support processes, based on tool assistance modelling. To show its feasibility we describe the main concepts, some related works and also a proof of concept experiment applied to a software process modelling tool named Spider PM.

Cellular networks are optimized by targeting multiple objectives. Usually, the different objectives are not coherent: minimizing the transmit power; the number of base station (BS) sleep-mode switchings, ie, ACTIVE/SLEEP state transitions; and the activity of the BSs and guaranteeing the quality-of-service (QoS) of users. Hence, suitable trade-offs have to be managed by network planners to provide an efficient solution to the challenge of booming mobile data. In this paper, we propose a multiobjective optimization framework aimed at minimizing the power consumption and the number of BS sleep-mode switchings in cellular networks, by jointly considering QoS requirements. These requirements are expressed in terms of a required bit rate for each mobile terminal. The framework deals with network management, such as the number of BSs that should be switched on, considering common diurnal patterns of the traffic demand. The optimization technique proposed in this paper is mixed-integer quadratic programming, which solves the joint power allocation and user association problem while also considering optimized bandwidth allocation schemes. The trade-off between the conflicting objectives, as well as the performance analysis in terms of the throughput and energy consumption of the network, is shown for different traffic load cases. The proposed optimization can obtain up to 60% energy savings during off-peak hours, guaranteeing QoS target requirements. By optimizing the network configuration, a 70% reduction in BS switch on/off operations can be reached in a day with 3% more energy expense.

The integration of computer-based technologies interacting with industrial machines or home appliances through an interconnected network, for teleoperation, workflow control, switching to autonomous mode, or collecting data automatically using a variety of sensors, is known as Internet of Things (IoT). When applied inside an industrial context, it is possible to immediately benefit from the analytics obtained, contributing to process optimization, machine health, the safety of workers and asset management. IoT can assist real-time platforms in remotely monitoring and operating a complex production system with minimal intervention of humans. Hence it can be beneficial for hazardous industries, such as mining, by increasing the safety of personnel and equipment while reducing operation costs. An ideal smart automated mine could potentially be achievable by gradually taking advantage of IoT. Currently, different sensors are used in mine-related activities, such as geophones in exploration and blast control, piezometers in dewatering and toxic gas detectors in working frontlines. However, a fully integrated automated system is challenging in practice due to infrastructural limitations in communication, data management and storage. Moreover, the tendency of mining companies to continue with traditional methods instead of relying on untested novel techniques decelerates this progress. In this study, the adaptability of the mining industry to IoT systems and its current development is reviewed. Significant challenges of this progress are investigated and recommendations to develop a comprehensive model suited for different mining sections such as exploration, operation and safety considering flexible technologies such as Wireless Sensor Networks and the introduction of Global Data Management.

This paper presents NFO, a new and innovative technique for collision resolution based on single dimensional arrays. Hash collisions are practically unavoidable when hashing a random subset of a large set of possible keys and should be seen as an event that can disrupt the normal operations or flow of hash functions computing an index into an array of buckets or slots. Hash tables provide efficient table implementations but then its performance is greatly affected if there are high loads of collisions. This new approach intends to manage these collisions effectively and properly although there are some algorithms for handling collisions currently. NFO incorporates certain features to resolve some problems of existing techniques. The performance of our approach is quantified via analytical modeling and software simulations. Efficient implementations that are easily realizable and productive in modern technologies are discussed. The performance benefits are significant and require machines with moderate memory and speed specifications. Depending on observations of the results of implementation of the proposed approach or technique on a set of real data of several types, all results are registered and analyzed.

Social engineering exploits human nature to bypass technical security controls and is thus a threatening cyber-attack. This paper explains common techniques such as phishing and pretexting, examines real-world examples, and explains why these attacks are successful. This highlights the need for user training and awareness in combating such attacks. I.

Most individuals don't have enough time in their busy daily schedules to practice gardening, despite the fact that it's essential to making cities green by maintaining rooftop gardens. In this project, we attempted to make gardening considerably simpler. By using this system, anyone can water the plant from anywhere in the world by just clicking their smartphone because it can water rooftop and balcony gardens both manually and automatically via the internet. The required hardware is a NodeMCU ESP8266, a 5V water motor, a 9V battery, a relay module, a rain sensor, a temperature and humidity sensor (DHT11), a soil moisture sensor (V1.2), and a soil moisture sensor (YL-69). This system will simplify things for gardeners who lack the time to water their plants by enabling them to do it from anywhere on earth.

In today's world, safely transferring data is very important which means how cryptographic algorithms behave in different programming languages matters a lot to those designing systems. This work examines the results of key cryptographic activities using Python, Java and C#-specifically, AES encryption, RSA key generation and SHA-256 hashing. Using standard ways to test benchmarks, the project measures the Execution Speed, Memory usage and Performance of all languages in handling cryptography. The analysis highlights those choices for language paradigm, type of runtime, approach to memory management and level of maturity in cryptographic libraries account for most of the variation among these frameworks. Python is quick to use in development, but Java offers a more balanced way and steadier speed according to the JCE. Compared to Java, C# shows better efficiency and is better suited for use on a tight budget. With the input from this study, programmers have better guidance in deciding which languages to use for high-performance programs.

A novel approach that seamlessly integrates human action recognition and object detection in hybrid deep learning architectures for the enhancement of accuracy in shoplifting prevention and detection remains largely unexplored to date. This innovative concept has a transformative potential in the security surveillance domain. While both ConvLSTM and CNN_LSTM hybrid techniques possess strong spatio-temporal information processing capabilities, the study explored the effect of the simultaneous application of spatial and temporal data in a ConvLSTM architecture in comparison to the isolated capturing of intricate optical patterns and time dynamics in CNN_LSTM composite structure. Both models were trained and tested on a common annotated dataset of normal shopping behaviour, suspicious activity and shoplifting that explicitly differentiated precrime behavioural cues from shoplifting activity. The ConvLSTM attained an 80% accuracy outperforming 69% accuracy for CNN_LSTM. The study unveils the excellent capability of ConvLSTM in processing sequential optical data paving way for advanced smart surveillance techniques. Future research can focus on leveraging transfer learning and integration with lightweight architectures like YOLO for refined real-time detections.

The advent of 6G wireless technology, which offers previously unattainable data rates, very low latency, and compatibility with a wide range of communication devices, promises to transform the networking environment completely. The 6G wireless proposals aim to expand wireless communication's capabilities well beyond current levels. This technology is expected to revolutionize how we communicate, connect, and use the power of the digital world. However, maintaining secure and efficient data management becomes crucial as 6G networks grow in size and complexity. This study investigates blockchain clustering and artificial intelligence (AI) approaches to ensure a reliable and trustworthy communication in 6G. First, the mechanisms and protocols of blockchain clustering that provide a trusted and effective communication infrastructure for 6G networks are presented. Then, AI techniques for network security in 6G are studied. The integration of AI and blockchain to ensure energy efficiency in 6G networks is addressed. Next, this paper presents how the 6G's speed and bandwidth enables AI and the easy management of virtualized systems. Using terahertz connections is sufficient to have virtualized systems move compute environments as well as data. For instance, a computing environment can follow potential security violations while leveraging AI. Such virtual machines can store their findings in blockchains. In 6G scenarios, case studies and real-world applications of AI-powered secure blockchain clustering are given. Moreover, challenges and promising future research opportunities are highlighted. These challenges and opportunities provide insights from the most recent developments and point to areas where AI and blockchain further ensure security and efficiency in 6G networks.

This study investigates the impact of ICT-based assessment tools on student performance in Islamic Studies at Adamu Augie College of Education, Argungu, Kebbi State. As digital transformation becomes essential in modern education, integrating technology into religious pedagogy poses both opportunities and challenges. Using a quasi-experimental design, the study compared academic performance between students assessed through traditional methods and those using ICT tools such as Google Forms and Moodle quizzes. Quantitative data were collected via pre- and post-tests, while qualitative feedback was gathered through student surveys and lecturer interviews. Results revealed a significant improvement in student performance and engagement among the ICT group, highlighting enhanced interactivity, immediate feedback, and motivation. The study concludes that ICT-based assessments can improve learning outcomes in Islamic Studies when implemented within a culturally respectful framework. Recommendations include broader integration of digital tools and tailored training for educators.

Various routing protocols have been designed and developed for Wireless Sensor Networks. They face various challenges. Sensor nodes are strongly energy and storage constrained, also failure rate of sensor node is very high. As, energy conservation in such network is of paramount importance to extend the lifetime of network, while sending data to the Base station, some routing mechanisms which consider all these parameters are required. There are several techniques for routing in wireless sensor network for data gathering with aggregation and for data gathering without aggregation. Using Minimum transmission energy model and Minimum hop routing model techniques it may happen that the same path is used for more times and nodes on this route gets drain from energy. This leads to network partition and routing algorithm failure. In this paper, we have presented A-Star algorithm based Energy Efficient Routing (ASEER) based on informed search. We have used A-Star algorithm to search optima...

Energy efficiency is a major issue of concern in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) as mobile nodes rely on batteries, which are limited source of power, and in several environments, it is quite unwieldy task to replace or renew them. Consideration of energy efficiency is very important in the design of routing protocols for MANETs. A cross-layer design approach is often used in designing energy efficient routing protocols. In this paper, a fuzzy adaptive transmission range at MAC layer and fuzzy threshold based power aware routing at network layer are used to design an energy efficient routing protocol implemented for Location Aided Routing (LAR). It is called Fuzzy Adaptive Transmission Range Based Power Aware Location

The purpose of this paper is to introduce a new type of open sets called mI-open sets and quasi-mI-open sets in minimal ideal topological spaces and investigate the relation between minimal structure space and minimal ideal structure spaces. Basic properties and characterizations related to these sets are given.

The fashion industry is undergoing a significant transformation fueled by advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML), highlighting an increasing need for personalized fashion recommendations. This paper introduces the "Wear Me" application, designed to provide customized clothing suggestions tailored to individual attributes such as body type and skin tone. Leveraging advanced computer vision and deep learning algorithms, "Wear Me" analyzes user-uploaded images to deliver real-time outfit recommendations that enhance personal appearance and align with the user's unique identity. The application is structured around a robust three-tier architecture, including the client, logic, and data tiers, ensuring efficient image processing and seamless user interaction. Key functional features include user registration, secure image uploads, analysis of body type and skin tone, and feedback mechanisms. Non-functional requirements prioritize usability, performance, scalability, and data security to protect user information. The logic tier integrates Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) and YOLO (You Only Look Once) models for accurate image recognition, enabling precise body segmentation and highly personalized recommendations. The paper details the methodologies and technologies employed in the application's development while focusing on the process of its implementation in terms of testing and evaluation. A thorough literature review identifies gaps in existing systems, particularly their limited incorporation of diverse user characteristics into cohesive recommendation models. Findings demonstrate that "Wear Me" addresses these challenges by offering innovative, user-focused solutions that improve the personalization and satisfaction of styling recommendations. This research highlights the transformative potential of AI-driven technologies in redefining the fashion industry, delivering tailored shopping experiences that cater to individual preferences and identities.

Deep learning is a robust framework for solving complex prediction and forecasting problems from multiple fields, such as weather sciences. Due to the abundance and higher resolution of data available, cloud-based deep learning offers a compelling approach for achieving promising gains in accuracy and efficiency regarding weather forecasting. A more pressing priority in the face of worsening weather events requires faster and more reliable forecasting. Deep learning in the cloud is implemented by training deep neural networks on large datasets stored in a public or private cloud and subsequently using these pre-trained models to predict new data. This encourages using large-scale computational resources, such as those necessary to tackle the heavy data needed for precise meteorological forecasts. Such deep learning models have the flexibility and scalability required to adapt and tune them for specific weather patterns, which can then run on a cloud, enabling readiness as demanded. In this work, 3, x, y present a scalable deep learning-based approach to extendedrange temperature prediction on high-performance cloud resources. We use the model to train on historical weather data combined with real-time observed weather from various sources.

Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) is one of the Adhoc networks with mobile nodes. Dynamic topology, no permanent infrastructure, no central administration are feature which makes. AODV routing protocol is insecure from various attacks. Black hole attack is one of them, where malicious nodes provide the false routing information to network and attract all data packets toward themselves showing the shortest path. In this research paper, we compared Black Hole attack detection and prevention methods using IDS techniques and DRI table. The various IDS techniques described are Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Fuzzy Logic, Genetic Algorithm, Prime Product Number (PPN) and Machine Learning. In comparison IDS techniques may be better techniques in future as compared with DRI table, as drastic increase of computational power and memory of computer system.

In wireless networks, Mobile Adhoc Network (MANET) is one of the most promising field for research and development. As popularity of wireless networks and mobile devices has considerably improved over the past few years, wireless ad hoc networks has become one of the most active and vibrant field in communication and networks. The unique features of MANETs such as dynamic network topology, limited battery power, limited bandwidth has made it a challenging task to provide secure routing in MANETs than in other conventional networks. In this paper we present an overview of various security issues in MANETs. In particular, we have examined attacks such as wormhole, black hole, greyhole, rushing, Sybil and flooding attacks as well as existing solutions to protect MANET.

In wireless networks, Mobile Adhoc Network (MANET) is one of the most promising field for research and development. As popularity of wireless networks and mobile devices has considerably improved over the past few years, wireless ad hoc networks has become one of the most active and vibrant field in communication and networks. The unique features of MANETs such as dynamic network topology, limited battery power, limited bandwidth has made it a challenging task to provide secure routing in MANETs than in other conventional networks. In this paper we present an overview of various security issues in MANETs. In particular, we have examined attacks such as wormhole, black hole, greyhole, rushing, Sybil and flooding attacks as well as existing solutions to protect MANET. Keywords—Mobile Adhoc Network; Wormhole; Blackhole; greyhole; Security; Rushing; Sybil;

UAVs are being increasingly used in military and commercial areas alike. They often carry sensitive information making them vulnerable to cybersecurity attacks. Potential security vulnerabilities may also exist in the modules used for functioning of the drone, for example, by launching a GPS spoofing attack or WIFI attack, adversaries can get hold of important information. RF signals are used to control UAVs, but this does not work for clusters. Hence, we use wireless networking for UAV clusters. We use the WIFI module for this, but this, too, has vulnerabilities. In this paper, we have attempted to strengthen the security layer for UAV communication by exploring various security threats.