Electronic Circuits

In previous article “Wideband Active Small Magnetic Loop Antenna” [1] it was pointed out that the wideband loop sensitivity can be increased if the short circuit current of the loop is increased, since the wideband loop is loaded with amplifier with low input resistance Rin where ωL >> Rin. Further analysis show that this current depends only from the loop factor M = A / L (see Appendix I and II) where A is the loop equivalent area and L is the loop inductance. The quantity M in some sense is an equivalent to what is the effective height quantity h for dipole antennas. In order to decrease the loop inductance and to increase the loop area, parallel loop connection was considered. It can be achieved in 2 ways with parallel loops e.g. forming a rectangular prism as shown on Fig.2 & 3 and coplanar crossed 1 (CC) loops (Fig.1 & 5) connected in way to add the loop currents into the load (cross connection [1,2] ). There might be also mixed approach –coplanar and parallel as shown in...

This brief presents an output-capacitorless low-dropout
(OCL-LDO) regulator based on flipped-voltage-follower (FVF) and dual
pMOS pass transistors. An adaptive-compensation buffer (ACB) dynamically regulates the operation of the pass transistors. Specifically, when
the load current falls below 5 mA, only the smaller pass transistor
is activated; otherwise, both pass transistors are engaged, thereby
simultaneously mitigating the minimum load current requirement for
FVF architecture and extending the load current ranging from 0 to
30 mA while maintaining stability without an external load capacitor.
At 1.15-V supply voltage and 0-mA load current, the quiescent current
is 6 µA. The output voltage is 1.0 V with a dropout voltage of 0.15 V.
Measurements show that with a load current stepping from 0 to 30 mA
at an edge time of 100 ns, the output voltage undershoot is 0.2 V with a
recovery time of 200 ns while achieving a load regulation of 0.23 mV/V.
Our OCL-LDO is fabricated in a 180-nm CMOS with an active area of
0.031 mm2.

This final report summarizes research findings and presents a model for generative computer assisted instruction (CAI) with respect to its usefulness in the classroom environment. Methods used to individualize instruction, and the evolution of a procedure used to select a concept for presentation to a student with the generative CAI system are described. The model served as the basis for the design of a CAI system, teaching problem-solving in an introductory course in digital systems design. The system individualizes the instruction which each student receives in accordance with its record of his past performance. In addition, a heuristic technique is used to determine the best path fom. each student through the tree of course concepts. The refinement of this method of concept selection is described. An evaluation of the generative CAI system and results of classroom usage are also presented. (Author/DAG)

This paper presents a mathematical algorithm and an electronic device to study soil resistivity. The system was based on introducing a time-varying electrical signal into the soil by using two electrodes and then collecting the electrical response of the soil. Hence, the proposed electronic system relied on a single-phase DC-to-AC converter followed by a transformer for the soil-to-circuit coupling. By using the maximum likelihood statistical method, a mathematical algorithm was realized to discern soil resistivity. The novelty of the numerical approach consisted of modeling a set of random data from the voltmeters by using a parametric uniform probability distribution function, and then, a parametric estimation was carried out for dataset analysis. Furthermore, to validate our contribution, a two-electrode laboratory experiment with soil was also designed. Finally, and according to the experimental outcomes, our electronic circuit and mathematical data analysis approach were able t...

Some embodiments of the present invention describe an apparatus that includes an oscillator, a ramp generator, and an inverter. The apparatus includes an oscillator, an inverter, and a ramp generator. The oscillator is configured to generate a waveform comprising a low time and a hightime. The inverter is configured to receive the waveform generated by the oscillator, and invert the waveform. The ramp generator configured to increase a gate control voltage of a transistor connected to a solar cell, and rapidly decrease the gate control voltage of the transistor. During the low time of the waveform, a measurement of a current and a voltage of the solar cell is performed as the current and voltage of the solar cell are transmitted through a first channel and to a second channel. During the high time of the waveform, a measurement of a current of a shorted cell and a voltage reference is performed as the current of the shorted cell and the voltage reference are transmitted through the first channel and the second channel.

UILU-ENG-88-2254 (ACT #102) 6«. NAME OF PERFORMING ORGANIZATION Coordinated Science Lab of Illinois 6b. OFFICE SYMBOL (If oppllcoblo) 3. DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY OF REPORT Approved for public release; distribution unlimited S. MONITORING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER(S) 7a. NAME OF MONITORING ORGANIZATION Office of Naval Research 6c ADDRESS (City, Sfata, and ZIP Codo

Cloaking is typically reciprocal. We introduce here the concept of transmittable nonreciprocal cloaking whereby the cloaking system operates as a standard omnidirectional cloak for external illumination, but can transmit light from its center outwards at will. We demonstrate a specific implementation of such cloaking that consists in a set of concentric bianisotropic metasurfaces whose innermost element is nonreciprocal and designed to simultaneously block inward waves and passeither omnidirectionaly or directionally -outward waves. Such cloaking represents a fundamental diversification of conventional cloaking and may find applications in areas such as stealth, blockage avoidance, illusion and cooling.

This work introduces new ternary addition circuits realized in terms of "carbon nanotube field-effect transistors"
(CNFETs). These designs take advantage of the characteristic features of CNFETs to gain significant improvements in device
numbers, power dissipation, and computation time over traditional CMOS-based ternary adders. Three different CNFET-based
ternary adder architectures are introduced: a basic design, an optimized design leveraging the multiple threshold voltages and
the ability to realize complex ternary functions using fewer transistors in CNFETs, and a high-performance design employing
a novel ternary logic family called CNFET Ternary Logic(CTL).

Digital equipment such as computers, telecommunication systems and instruments use microprocessors that operate at high frequencies allowing them to carry out millions or even billions of operations per second. A disturbance in the electrical supply lasting just a few milliseconds can affect thousands or millions of basic operations. The result may be malfunctioning and loss of data with dangerous or costly consequences (e.g. loss of production). That is why many loads, called sensitive or critical loads, require a supply that is protected. Many manufacturers of sensitive equipment specify very strict tolerances, much stricter than those in the distribution system for the supply of their equipment, one example being Computer Business Equipment Manufacturer's Association for computer equipment against distribution system disturbances. The design of this uninterrupted power supply (UPS) for personal computer (PC) is necessitated due to a need for enhanced portability in the design of personal computer desktop workstations. Apart from its original functionality as a backup source of power, this design incorporates the unit within the system unit casing, thereby reducing the number of system components available. Also, the embedding of this unit removes the untidiness of connecting wires and makes the whole computer act like a laptop. Not to be left out is the choice of a microcontroller as an important part of the circuitry. This has eliminated the weight and space-consuming components that make up an original design. The singular use of this microcontroller places the UPS under the class of an advanced technology device.

This doping may be critical in MOSFET technology which is among the most commonly used technologies in the manufacturing of electronic gadgets. Doping affects the profile of an MOSFET gate length, channel length and pocket concentration without which the functionality of an electronic device cannot be overemphasise . The specific goals of this thesis are to propose in-pocket designs for Si, Ge and GaAs. Next, we will discuss parameters such as gate length and channel length threshold voltage, pocket definitions and leakage current in semiconductors. This work requires the understanding and predicting the electronic properties of doped NMOSFET and their responses to different stimuli. This thesis will thus provide good insight into the effects of doping on the electronic attributes of semiconductors. The observations recorded in this thesis include on-gate length, channel length, pocket concentration, threshold voltage, short channel impact, pocket implementation, and leakage current...

Sprinkler systems are usually found around both corporate and industrial areas, where they are often used to water lawns. At most times, sprinkler systems operate during working hours. Hence the sprinklers tend to disturb the everyday movement of by-passers (workers and students) by spraying them with water ('water jetting'). This poses a problem to workers' daily activities as they must opt for alternative routes to avoid areas with sprinklers, which is a tedious and inconvenient process. This paper presents the design and simulation of an Automated Motion Sensing Sprinkler System (AMSSS), which automates controlling the spray distance and tilting of water sprinklers upon motion detection to prevent water jetting of workers and students. The presented work is designed to interface between sprinklers and their water supply via water pumps to control the water flow rate and the sprinkler spray distance. Furthermore, it uses a tilt mechanism actuator controlled by a motor to direct water spray area or location. The system is based on Passive Infrared (PIR) sensors, NE 555 timers, and SR latches to detect motion and provide the signals used to control and coordinate the sprinkler spray patterns. The circuit was designed, simulated, and tested in Proteus with positive results.

Some organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs) behave better and longer when driven with alternating bias. It is believed that the reverse bias helps to remove the trapped charges and prevents permanent drift of ionic dopants or ion migration from electrodes. OLEDs behave much like diodes. When driven with a voltage source, the highly asymmetrical exponential I-V curve of diodes makes the accurate control of the forward current difficult. Using a voltage-controlled current source, the voltage can constantly adjust to maintain the desired current through the device. The reverse resistance of a diode is large. Using a current source to reverse bias can produce a large reverse voltage that would destroy the junction. In this article we present an electronic device used to drive and characterize organic light-emitting devices. It consists of a high voltage (±225V) hybrid source, which alternatively generates direct voltage-controlled current pulses, up to 200 mA, and reverse voltage-contro...

I hereby certify that this material, which I now submit for assessment on the programme of study leading to the award of Doctor of Philosophy is entirely my own work, that I have exercised reasonable care to ensure that the work is original, and does not to the best of my knowledge breach any law of copyright, and has not been taken from the work of others save and to the extent that such work has been cited and acknowledged within the text of my work.

The enormous utilization of Internet of Things (IoT) is allowing Smart City projects and initiatives all over the world. The IoT is a modular approach to merge various sensors with all the solutions. Due to the advancements in technologies, smart cities have been considered as a versatile parameter in order to control, monitor and operate in different fields (like electrical fault detection, corporation duties etc.) in an efficient manner without costing much of time and manpower thereby making the city smarter than before. Cities canbe interfaced with Internet of Things(IoT) which finds many applications in the conversion of a city to a Smart City. In this paper, a sincere attempt has been taken to list out the essentials of Smart Cities and to overcome the issues faced by normal cities. Also, the main purpose of this paper is that of providing a detailed review on the concepts of smart cities and their applications in different fields. In particular, this concept describes the IoT technologies for smart cities and the main features of a smart city.

In this paper, we are interested in mine planning under uncertainty on the capacity of extraction in a mine complex. Indeed, in real life there is always a gap between planned activities and activities carried out during the period. In this paper, we focus on the activity of extraction. In order to achieve this challenge, we proposed a model to represent the mining complex. This model takes into account the uncertainty on the capacity by the use of scenarios. In order to face the uncertainty on the capacity of extraction we propose a robust approach with the MaxMin decision criterion. To the best of our knowledge, while the bulk of the literature treats the optimization in mining complex with stochastic approaches, this paper uses a robust approach under uncertainty. A case study using data from a nickel laterite company is used in order to implement the proposed model under uncertainty on capacity.

This study describes the design and implementation of a compact triple-band Dielectric Resonator Antenna (DRA) for Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) applications. The suggested antenna features a new hybrid dielectric structure consisting of two overlapping hemispherical resonators with radii and separated by a distance. This study introduces a new triple band DRA architecture that is fed by a microstrip line.

TEZ11765Tez (Yüksek Lisans) -- Çukurova Üniversitesi, Adana, 2019.Kaynakça (s. 65-68) var.xiv, 70 s. : res., tablo ; 29 cm.Görsel okuryazarlık, çağdaş insanın ihtiyacı olan, öğrenilmesi gereken bir beceridir. Çünkü, farkında olmadan her gün belli bir oranda görsel okuryazarlık gerektiren işaretlerle karşılaşırız. Karşılaştığımız trafik işaretlerinde, otobüs tabelalarında, mobil telefonlarımızda, bilgisayar ekranlarında hatta dışarıda içtiğimiz kahve, yediğimiz fast food gibi ambalajlı tüm ürünlerde görsel okuryazarlık gerektiren durumlarla karşılaşırız. Bunların bir kısmını, temel düzeyde olan görsel okuryazarlık becerilerimizle çözebiliriz. Yol bulma, kuralları anımsama, güvenlik, doğru ürünü seçme gibi birçok temel ihtiyaç için görsel okuryazarlık becerisi bir zorunluluk biçimine dönüşmüştür. Görsel okuryazarlığın hayatla bu kadar iç içe olduğunu anladığımızda bu becerinin ne kadar gerekli olduğunu ve özellikle teknolojiyle çevrelenmiş olduğumuz bir dönemde hayatımızı ne kadar kol...

Electricity is the basic need of our world now a day. We are using wires for the transmission of the electrical power. And we are also facing a lot of problem due to the wires. Today we are bound to compromise with those problems because we are not having any other technology to transmission of power. Scientists and engineers are working to eliminate this problem by isolating the wires from the transmission lines. This technology is named as wireless power transfer system. According to near and far field there are some classifications of the wireless power transfer. Induction is the one of the near field or non radiative technique of the wireless power transfer system. In this paper we have explained the brief idea about this technique. In this technique there will be the conversion of energy from electrical to magnetic energy in the transmitter and then transmitted. Again in the receiver the magnetic energy is converted in the electrical energy and supplied to the load. In this pap...

Bugunun gencliginin cevresel ve tarimsal farkindaliginin gelecek nesillerin yasaminda oldukca etkilisonuclarinin olacagi yadsinamaz bir gercektir. Alan yazinda yer alan pek cok calismada, bireylerin tarimla ilgili yanlis kavramalara sahip olduklari ortaya konmustur. Bu calismada ise fen bilgisi ogretmen adaylarinin tarim hakkindaki anlayislarini iceren ozel durumlarinin incelendigi bir arastirma calismasi ile bu calismanin on calismasi olan ilkogretim farkli alan ogretmen adaylarinin tarimsal farkindalik konusundaki genel durumunun irdelendigi bir arastirma yer almaktadir. Hem on calismasi hem de temel arastirma nitel-nicel karma yaklasimla duzenlenmistir. On calismada, tarimsal farkindalik kavraminin ogretmen adaylarindaki yansimalarinin anlasilabilmesi icin bir anket olusturulmus ve sonrasinda gorusmeler yoluyla uc yuz on ogretmen adayindan veriler toplanmistir. Toplanan verilerin istatistiksel analizi, ilkogretim ogretmen adaylarindan matematik alanindakilerin sosyal bilgiler ala...

Arti cial evolution can automatically derive the con guration of a recon gurable hardware system such t h a t i t performs a given task. Individuals of the evolving population are evaluated when instantiated as real circuits, so if constraints inherent t o h uman design (but not to evolution) are dropped, then the natural physical dynamics of the hardware can be exploited in new ways. The notion of an arti cially evolving `species' (SAGA) allows the open-ended incremental evolution of complex circuits. Theoretical arguments are given, as well as the real-world example of an evolved hardware robot controller.

Productivity and quality requirements in the aerospace industry require optimized machine tools in terms of precision, kinematics and dynamics. In this context many researches evaluating the performance of machine tools in the preliminary phase design are made. This paper presents a methodology for selecting 5-axis machine tool architectures according to the requirements of the machining operations to be performed. In fact, 2160 structural architectures are possible in the case of 5-axis serial machine tools. A first sorting must be carried out before refining the studies on the architectures considered relevant. This first sorting is based on the expression of technical constraints to which the machine tool must respond in accordance with the type of machining operations to be performed. The evaluation is carried out by assigning a point whenever an architecture respects a technical constraint. The obtained score allows to classify the architectures with respect to the technical co...

We present a very simple electronic implementation of the tent map, one of the best-known discrete dynamical systems. This is achieved by using integrated circuits and passive elements only. The experimental behavior of the tent map electronic circuit is compared with its numerical simulation counterpart. We find that the electronic circuit presents fixed points, periodicity, period doubling, chaos and intermittency that match with high accuracy the corresponding theoretical values.

The social media became operational in the 21st century and brought people from all walks of interest to the internet. Social media has become one of the most ideal usage areas because it can be continuously updated, open to multiple usage and virtual shares. It is seen that people spend more time in this virtual environment and live by building a new world. Serious actions such as finding friends, sharing social and political thoughts, meeting and getting married take place in virtual environments. In this study, it is aimed to examine the attitudes of the prospective Social Studies teachers towards the use of social

The goal of the 6.002x experiment was to explore ways to use computerassisted instruction to surpass the quality of traditional residential teaching. By providing superior on-line content delivery and assessment, we hope to both be able to educate people without access to education, and to improve residential education by allowing professors to focus on higher value tasks. We improved on the classroom experience in several ways. Students can actively monitor their current levels of mastery and to self-pace in response. They can identify and break through misconceptions before moving on to more advanced material. The massive scale of the classroom has participants on-line 24/7, allowing students to ask questions and receive peer answers in almost real-time. The platform allows for substantial data collection on testing, allowing us to incrementally and scientifically improve courses. Finally, the amount of effort that can be invested into a course is much greater when it can be amortized across tens of thousands. In order to achieve this, we had to overcome a number of challenges: finding mechanisms to allow automated grading, overcoming the lack of in-person interactions, and overcoming the lack of student access to laboratory equipment. The course was shown successful in both residential and mass-scale settings.

21. yuzyilda sosyal medyanin islerlik kazanmasi her kesimden insani internetle ilgilendirecek noktalara ulastirmistir. Sosyal medya; surekli guncellenebilmesi, coklu kullanima ve sanal paylasimlara acik olmasi nedeniyle en ideal kullanim alanlarindan birisi haline gelmistir. Insanlarin bu sanal ortamda gun gectikce daha fazla vakit harcadiklari ve yeni bir dunya kurarak yasadiklari gorulur. Arkadas bulma, sosyal ve siyasal dusuncelerini paylasma, tanisip evlenme gibi ciddi eylemler sanal ortamlarda gerceklesmektedir. Bu arastirmada Sosyal Bilgiler ogretmen adaylarinin sosyal medya kullanimina yonelik tutumlarinin incelenmesi amaclanmaktadir. Arastirma nicel arastirma turlerinden tarama modelinde tasarlanmistir. Arastirmanin calisma grubunu, 2019-2020 egitim ve ogretim yili guz doneminde bir devlet universitesinin Sosyal Bilgiler Ogretmenligi Lisans Programi’nda ogrenim gormekte olan ve arastirmaya gonullu olarak katilmayi kabul eden 1., 2., 3. ve 4. siniflardan 213 ogretmen adayi ol...

Daily experience with product designers, test and diagnosis engineers it is realized that the depth of interaction among them, ought be high for sucessfull diagnosis of analogue circuits. With this knowledge in mind, a responsibility was undertaken to choose a popular diagnostic method and define a systematic procedure that binds together the knowledge of a product from a design, test and diagnostic engineer. A set of software utilities was developed that assists in automating these procedures and in collecting appropriate data for effective diagnosis of analogue circuits. This paper will discuss the chosen methodology for diagnosis and the associated procedures for block-level diagnosis of analogue electronic circuits in detail. The paper is concluded with an illustration of the methodology and the related procedures of an industrial automotive voltage regulator circuit as a representative example.

Nanowire arrays and networks with precisely controlled patterns are very interesting for innovative device concepts in mesoscopic physics. In particular, DNA templates have proven to be versatile for the fabrication of complex structures that obtained functionality via combinations with other materials, for example by functionalisation with molecules or nanoparticles, or by coating with metals. Here, the controlled motion of the a three-phase contact line (TCL) of DNA-loaded drops on superhydrophobic substrates is used to fabricate suspended nanowire arrays. In particular, the deposition of DNA wires is imaged in situ, and different patterns are obtained on hexagonal pillar arrays by controlling the TCL velocity and direction. Robust conductive wires and networks are achieved by coating the wires with a thin layer of gold, and as proof of concept conductivity measurements are performed on single suspended wires. The plastic material of the superhydrophobic pillars ensures electrical...

At Penn State Erie, The Behrend College, an outreach project has been designed and implemented to provide 9th through 12th grade students with electrical engineering technology (EET) experiences. The high school students are brought onto the college campus and given a ten-minute presentation on the EET program and career opportunities. The students then participate individually in two thirty-minute hands-on laboratory

In this paper, we investigate the presence of minority carriers and their role in charge carrier transport in silicon (Si) Schottky diodes with a high potential barrier. Using TCAD simulations along with an analytical model, we show that an inversion charge is induced at the metal-semiconductor (MS) interface in a high-barrier Schottky diode which imparts bipolar-type current characteristics to otherwise a unipolar Schottky diode, even at low-injection operation. In such a high-barrier diode, minority diffusion also becomes important along with the majority carrier thermionic emission and therefore cannot be neglected, unlike in a conventional Schottky diode. The presence of minority carriers at low injection in a high-barrier Si Schottky diode has been experimentally verified via a prior-reported two-diode electrical test method, reverse recovery measurements, and by measuring infrared electroluminescence. It is also shown, via TCAD simulations, that the diffusion component becomes more pronounced in case of a reduced Gummel number and at elevated temperatures.

O MOSFET é um transistor que mudou o mundo da eletrônica de potência, antes do MOSFET o componente para controle de potência era o tiristor, muito complicado, com o MOSFET tudo ficou muito simples, circuitos inversores, conversores, geradores de senoide, começaram a se tornar popular tudo graças a este componente fantástico.
Nesse tutorial vou mostrar como o MOSFET  funciona, mas, daquele jeitinho que só o professor Bairros consegue, com muita animação.

Yeşil işletmecilik anlayışı, çevresel sorumluluğunda ötesinde stratejik bir zorunluluk haline gelmiştir. Küresel çevre sorunları, tüketici ve yatırımcıların beklenti değişiklikleri, yasal düzenlemeler, rekabet ve maliyet avantajları ve verimlilik, işletmeleri yeşil işletmecilik uygulamalarına yönlendirmiştir. Çalışmanın amacı, yeşil işletmecilik anlayışının örgüt kültürüne etkisini ortaya koymaktır. Yeşil işletmecilik anlayışı, işletmelerin sürdürülebilirlik stratejilerini destekleyerek çevresel performanslarını, itibar ve marka değerini, rekabet avantajını, maliyet tasarrufunu, lojistik ve üretim süreçlerinde verimliliği ve tüketici yatırımlarını arttırmaktadır. Yeşil işletmecilik anlayışı, örgüt kültüründe köklü bir dönüşümü beraberinde getirerek işletmelerin temel değerlerini, normlarını ve uygulamalarını yeniden şekillendirmiştir. Bu dönüşüm, çalışan davranışlarından liderlik tarzına, iş süreçlerinden kurumsal politikalara kadar her alanda etkisini göstermektedir. Yeşil işletmecilik anlayışıyla birlikte yeşil örgüt kültürü kavramı ortaya çıkmıştır. Yeşil örgüt kültürü, bir işletmenin sürdürülebilirlik ilke ve değerlerini çalışanlarının davranışlarına ve karar verme süreçlerine entegre etmesidir. Yeşil işletmecilik anlayışının örgüt kültürüne olan etkileri, işletmenin sektörüne, büyüklüğüne, organizasyon yapısına ve yeşil stratejileri nasıl uyguladığına bağlı olarak farklılık göstermektedir. Bu nedenle, yeşil işletmecilik uygulamaları örgüt kültürünü olumlu etkilemekle birlikte, işletmeler bu süreçte çeşitli zorluklar yaşamaktadır. Yeşil işletmecilik uygulamaları arasında enerji verimliliği ve yenilenebilir enerji kullanımı, atık yönetimi ve döngüsel ekonomi modeli, sürdürülebilir tedarik zinciri yönetimi, sürdürülebilirlik eğitimleri ve farkındalık kampanyaları, yeşil ürün ve hizmetlerin geliştirilmesi, karbon emisyonlarının azaltılması ve toplum ve çevreye katkı projeleri yer almaktadır. Bu uygulamalar, çalışan bağlılığını, iş tatminini, çevresel bilinci ve sorumluluğunu, müşteri odaklı ve memnuniyete dayalı becerileri, çeşitliliği ve kapsayıcılığı, inovasyon kültürünü ve işveren markasının prestijini arttırırken içsel direnç, yüksek maliyetler, yeşil yıkama algısı, yönetimsel hatalar ve stratejik uyumsuzluklarla karşılaşabilmektedir. Yeşil işletmecilik anlayışı, yalnızca bir iş stratejisi değil örgüt kültüründe bir paradigma değişimidir. Değişim süreci doğru stratejiler ve eğitimlerle ile desteklendiği takdirde işletmeler sürdürülebilirlik ilkelerini esas alan yeşil işletmecilik anlayışıyla uzun vadeli başarı elde edebilecektir.

This course deals with basic hardware servicing and maintenance of personal computer and compatibility of different computer services, ranging from old system up to the latest high-end systems like Core i series and AMD, Ryzen, Athlon. It helps the students learn the basic trouble shooting of hardware

Engineering at the University of Cape Town, who provided continuing encouragement and academic insight, and who was always available to provide constructive assistance. Amanda, my wife, for her infinite patience, kind suggestions and ceaseless encouragement, as well as being an excel.lent advisor concerning the intricacies of the English language. For his skilful ability and input regarding software development, Mr Chrism Kleyn. Mr Henry Brown for the use of his personal Laserjet printer and assistance during printing. My parents, for their tremendous understanding and moral support. Photograph Bl3 : This photograph shows the two resistors that were used during the investigation into the temperature coefficients of metalfilm resisters and carbon film resistors. They are both 1 oon resistors, and the 5% tolerance carbon film resistor is shown on the left, whilst the 1 % tolerance metal-film resistor is shown on the right Notice the difference in the size of the two resistors. Also included in the photograph is the LM35 temperature sensor, which was employed in virtually all the experiments. This 3-legged device provides a voltage output with +10mV/°C slope .... .it has an internal offset such that the output is 0 volts at 0°C. Photograph Bx : The three devices shown are the AD633, the LF351 high speed, JFET-input operational amplifier, and the AD620 high accuracy, instrumentation amplifier. The LF351 is normally used in applications such as high speed integrators, fast DI A converters, sampleand-hold circuits, and many other circuits requiring low input offset voltage, low input bias current, high input impedance, high slew rate and wide bandwidth. The high accuracy AD620, with its low offset voltage, high common-mode rejection and extremely low offset drift of 0.6µ V /°C, is ideally suited for use in precision data acquisition systems such as transducer interfaces.

This study examines the integration of Internet of Things (IoT) telemetry data and advanced data analytics to enhance
environmental monitoring and optimize urban energy usage. Using a dataset of 405,184 real-time data points from
environmental sensors, this research employs advanced techniques, including Isolation Forest, DBSCAN, Long Short-Term
Memory (LSTM) models, SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP), and Fourier Transform. Results highlight the efficacy of IoTbased solutions in identifying significant environmental patterns, detecting anomalies, and forecasting temperature trends,
enabling real-time energy management and proactive urban planning.

This paper presents modeling of devices, system, subsystem for any kind of field and providing the finding of developed optimization technique for simulation of bench mark circuits. The modeling can be adapted for any of device and system in general way but for this research work electronic devices and circuits under consideration. As day by day circuit complexity increases, proportionally simulation time will also increase. The proposed method is based on computational intelligence with backbone by artificial intelligence. The simulation is based upon mathematical model, and processing element consume the time for each fetch, decode and execute so if object under simulation process is complex it will took more time to process. In this regard the AI and CI modeling helps to process without going into direct mathematical modeling of the object. Obvious pre processing of data, data analysis and training required in the process. For the design and analysis software tools like C, python and MATLAB are used. The comparison of simulation time result table is shown for various circuits. It is found that CI and AI will help in simulation in future years.

Elektronik Programlama ve Nesnelerin İnterneti eğitimi kapsamında lise
öğrencilerine yapacakları teknolojilerde öncelikle mekanik tasarımın oluşturulması; sonrasında elektronik devre elemanları ve bağlantıların yapılması; ve en son olarak da gerekli kodlamaların yapıldığı programların yazılması ile istenen işlevi yerine getirebilecek teknolojik alet, cihaz ve
robotların oluşturulması hedeflenmiştir. Öğrencilerin üniversite eğitimlerinden önce bu eğitimi almaları ve kendilerinde gördükleri potansiyel bağlamında mühendislik alanlarına yönelmeleri ve daha verimli bir üniversite eğitim süreci geçirerek teknoloji üreten bir toplum olma yolunda en yüksek azim ve gayretle çalışmaları bu dersin en büyük kazanımı olacaktır.

Some organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs) behave better and longer when driven with alternating bias. It is believed that the reverse bias helps to remove the trapped charges and prevents permanent drift of ionic dopants or ion migration from electrodes. OLEDs behave much like diodes. When driven with a voltage source, the highly asymmetrical exponential I-V curve of diodes makes the accurate control of the forward current difficult. Using a voltage-controlled current source, the voltage can constantly adjust to maintain the desired current through the device. The reverse resistance of a diode is large. Using a current source to reverse bias can produce a large reverse voltage that would destroy the junction. In this article we present an electronic device used to drive and characterize organic light-emitting devices. It consists of a high voltage (±225V) hybrid source, which alternatively generates direct voltage-controlled current pulses, up to 200 mA, and reverse voltage-contro...

This paper provides a very simple two-approximation algorithm for two NP-hard problems that arise in electronic circuit design. To our knowledge, this is the best approximation bound known for these problems. In addition, the simplicity of the proposed algorithm makes it attractive for real-time applications for similar problems in areas such as telecommunications and parallel processing.

The paper presents the design, description and traction research results concerning the prototype transducer of vehicle velocity installed in FIAT CINQUECENTO 1.1i passenger car. Within the confines of paper the original speedometer installed in the vehicle was calibrated in order to obtain the true values of vehicle velocity. The performed measurements of the transducer were compared with the original speedometer readings and the characteristic of the transducer was prepared. The mechanical part of vehicle velocity transducer, the electronic part of vehicle velocity transducer and traction researches are an object of the paper. Fuel consumption signal processing, the transducer design, the view of the vehicle velocity transducer, electric diagram of the vehicle velocity transducer, the results of the transducer calibration among other things are presented in the paper. The performed research of the prototype electronic transducer prove that it can be successfully used to design and built more advanced transducer dedicated to liquid fuel consumption measurement given in dm 3 /100km unit.

O uso de novas tecnologias, que desempenham um papel importante em promover o condicionamento fisico, tem se intensificado recentemente pelo impacto positivo que causam na qualidade de vida e na saude das pessoas. Com base nisso, o presente trabalho descreve o desenvolvimento de uma plataforma vibratoria associada a um volante de inercia (PV²I), os quais permitem treinamento de vibracao de corpo inteiro (TVCI) e resistido ou isoinercial. Para a confeccao do prototipo, foi necessario o correto dimensionamento dos equipamentos, a partir dos valores de forca oferecidos pelo volante de inercia e da faixa de amplitude, da frequencia e da aceleracao fornecidas pela plataforma vibratoria. Foi tambem identificada a necessidade de adaptacao de diversos equipamentos e materiais, tais como motovibrador, molas, amortecedores de vibracao, mancais de rolamento, eixo, volante de inercia e inversor de frequencia. Para a validacao do equipamento, foram realizados testes em laboratorio, com o objetiv...

Her alandaki yoğun toplumsal, ekonomik ve teknolojik gelişmeler, insanların eğitim gereksinmelerinin de hızla artmasına neden olmaktadır. Bu eğitim gereksinmelerinin karşılanabilmesinde, öğretmenlerin sayısal yeterliklerinin yanı sıra nitelikli olmalarının da önemi büyüktür. Nitelikli öğretmenlere sahip olabilmek ise, öğretmenlerin yalnız hizmetöncesinde eğitilmeleri ile değil, hizmetiçinde de sürekli olarak eğitilmeleri ile olanaklıdır. Çağımızda, içerik ve süre bakımından yeterli sayılabilecek hizmetöncesi eğitim programlarından geçirilmiş olsalar bile, hizmetiçinde sürekli eğitilerek beslenmeyen öğretmenlerin eğitim sürecinde yeterince etkili olmaları beklenemez. Çünkü, çağdaş gelişmeler doğrultusunda, öğretmenlerin öğrencilerine kazandırmakla yükümlü oldukları öğretim alanlarına ilişkin bilgi, beceri ve tutumlar hızlı bir değişim göstermektedir, Ayna, gelişen bilim ve teknolojiye koşut olarak, öğretimde uygulanan yaklaşım, yöntem ve tekniklerde de önemli değişme ve yenileşmeler olmaktadır. Bu nedenlerle, hizmetöncesi eğitimlerini tamamlayarak okullarda öğretim hizmetini yerine getiren öğretmenlerin hizmetöncesi eğitimle edindikleri bilgi, beceri ve tutumlar daha birkaç yıl geçmeden eskimektedir. Öğretmenler, hizmetiçi eğitimle olanaklarının çeşitli alanlarından sürekli olarak yararlanmama durumunda; görevlerini eskimiş, geçersiz ve belki de yanlış bilgi, beceri ve tutumlarla sürdürerek etkililiklerini yitirmektedirler. Böyle bir sonuç, öğretmenlerin hizmetiçinde sürekli olarak eğitilmelerinin ne ölçüde önemli ve gerekli olduğunu göstermektedir.

The ongoing challenge in light-emitting diode (LED) lighting is to integrate power and control circuits into a single chip to reduce the number and cost of components, minimize size, and enhance reliability. This integration requires a reduction in power dissipation on the chip, improved efficiency, and smaller magnetic components. Recently, hybrid LED drivers have been proposed to address this integration challenge. Unlike traditional transformerless single-stage LED drivers, which implement boost or buck topologies, hybrid drivers reduce pulsed voltage on power semiconductors. The proposed hybrid LED driver aims to prevent power switches from hard switching, which in turn reduces metal–oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor or MOSFETs' overheating in the integrated circuit body, increases the reliability of the chip, and alleviates electromagnetic interference or EMI issues. The proposed improvement to the hybrid driver is analyzed. The control method was suggested. Computer modelling was provided to confirm the feasibility, controllability and resulting advantages of the proposal. The proposed hybrid LED driver is attractive for circuit integration to reduce size and cost compared to the achievements of previous art.

This book originates from notes used in teaching Electrical Circuit Theory courses at the third-year level of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department, Federal Polytechnic, Oko, Anambra State, Nigeria. Along with other materials gathered by the author during his degree and post-degree years of academic pursuit, and over fifteen years of teaching experience in accordance with course curriculum guidelines from the National Board for Technical Education (NBTE), this text, “CIRCUIT THEORY with Application for Undergraduate Students”, was written.

The content of each chapter was designed to accommodate Higher National Diploma (HND) and Bachelor of Science/Engineering (B.Sc./B.Eng.) undergraduate students as the materials presented were made comprehensive enough to cover both classes of programs at their mid-course levels.

At the end of the chapters are enough review problems designed to help the students exercise their level of comprehension of the treated matters, and by so doing internalize the underlying principles of the lessons taught.

These systems mimic the actions of neurons and synapses by using digital or analogue circuits that are optimised for parallel processing. Neuromorphic computing has the ability to outperform conventional computing architectures in some areas, especially pattern recognition, image processing, and artificial intelligence. This is because it makes use of the distributed processing and parallelism principles found in biological brains. The goal of this third generation of AI computing is to mimic the intricate neuronal network seen in the human brain. AI is needed to compute and analyse unstructured data at a rate that can compete with the biological brain's exceptional energy efficiency. Spiking neural networks (SNN) are the artificial intelligence counterpart of our neural network of synapses. Artificial neurons are layered structures containing individual spiking neurons that may fire and interact with one another to initiate a cascade of changes in response to external inputs.

As a probe to explore the ability of invisibility cloaks to conceal objects in the quantum mechanics domain, we study the spontaneous emission rate of an excited two-level atom in the vicinity of an ideal invisibility cloaking. On this base, first, a canonical quantization scheme is presented for the electromagnetic field interacting with atomic systems in an anisotropic, inhomogeneous and absorbing magnetodielectric medium which can suitably be used for studying the influence of arbitrary invisibility cloak on the atomic radiative properties. The time dependence of the atomic subsystem is obtained in the Schrodinger picture. By introducing a modified set of the spherical wave vector functions, the Green tensor of the system is calculated via the continuous and discrete methods. In this formalism, the decay rate and as well the emission pattern of the aforementioned atom are computed analytically for both weak and strong coupling interaction, and then numerically calculations are done to demonstrate the performances of cloaking in the quantum mechanics domain. Special attention is paid to different possible orientations and locations of atomic system near the spherical invisibility cloaking. Results in the presence and the absence of the invisibility cloak are compared. We find that the cloak works very well far from its resonance frequency to conceal a macroscopic object, whereas at near the resonance frequency the object is more visible than the situation that the object is not covered by the cloak.

The 91.84Sn-3.33Ag-4.83Bi and 96.5Sn-3.5Ag Pb-free solders were evaluated for surface mount circuit board interconnects. The 63Sn-37Pb solder provided the baseline data. All three solders exhibited suitable manufacturability per a defect analyses of circuit board test vehicles. Thermal cycling had no significant effect on the 91.84Sn-3.33Ag-4.83Bi solder joints. Some degradation in the form of grain boundary sliding was observed in 96.5Sn-3.5Ag and 63Sn-37Pb solder joints. The quality of the solder joint microstructures showed a slight degree of degradation under thermal shock exposure for all of the solders tested. Trends in the solder joint shear strengths could be traced to the presence of Pd in the solder, the source of which was the Pd/Ni finish on the circuit board conductor features. The higher, intrinsic strengths of the Pb-free solders encouraged the failure path to be located in proximity to the solderhbstrate interface where Pd combined with Sn to form brittle PdSn, particles, resulting in reduced shear strengths. ' Sandia is a multiprogram laboratory operated by Sandia Corporation, a Lockheed Martin Company, for the United States Department of Energy under Contract DE-AC04-94AL8.5000. DISCLAIMER This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, proccss, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise docs not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement. mommendation. or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof.