Weak Interactions

This paper explores how the dynamics of quantum foam can explain galactic rotation curves and cluster lensing without invoking the dark matter hypothesis. The developed ∆Q model integrates density fluctuations at the Planck scale, morphology-dependent angular frequencies, and relaxation mechanisms at cosmic scales. This work presents the model's theoretical formulation, utilized datasets, methodology, results, and supporting tables and figures in detail.

After the recent runs of the Large Hadron Collider failed to find any trace of sparticles predicted by the MSSM, the plurality of scientists went as far as to proclaim Supersymmetry dead. This paper will give strong arguments, all of which are supported by experimental evidence, to thecontrary. The problem that led to the failure to detect the sought after sparticles in the LHC probes of new physics beyond the Standard Model was in the low 1 TeV energy scale of the spontaneous Supersymmetry breaking and this paper will present a formula that sets the scaleabove 10 TeV and bellow 100 TeV. The formula in question unites the running values of the fine structure constant, the strong coupling constant and the electron Yukawa coupling. The results obtained for the fine structure constant when the Q scale equals the Z boson mass is in fullagreement with the experimental results as is the world average for the strong coupling constant as well. The predictions of the formula for the running ...

This paper presents a novel framework for understanding elementary particles within the Information-Causal Compression Field (ICCF) theory. By interpreting particles as "compression solitons" within a causal compression field, we demonstrate that their intrinsic properties—such as mass, charge, and spin—emerge from the topological structure of their causal flows. The electron, as the simplest and most stable compression soliton, serves as the foundation for this framework, with its spin interpreted as an intrinsic topological twist and its mass derived from the electron's compression state. The paper explores the nature of charge quantization through topological conservation and links the electron's mass and charge to its place in the "compression stability spectrum." Additionally, the framework offers a unified perspective on particle decay and weak interactions, particularly through the concept of "causal ghosts" such as neutrinos. This research bridges the gap between particle physics, topology, and causal dynamics, providing a foundation for future studies in the ICCF framework and advancing the understanding of fundamental particle properties.

Crystallization of Me 3 In from hexane solution at ambient temperature allows for the isolation of a new phase that cannot be obtained by classical sublimation routes. The crystal structure analysis revealed that this new polymorph of Me 3 In crystallizes in the rhombohedral space group R3 h. The primary structural effect of the In-CH 3 ‚‚‚In intermolecular interactions results in the formation of cyclic hexamers with 12-membered (InC) 6 rings of an extended-chair conformation. The shortest intermolecular In‚‚‚C contact is 3.028(4) Å with In‚‚‚H distances between 2.74 and 2.79 Å. The hexamers are further linked by longer In-CH 3 ‚‚‚In bridges into the 3D network. In addition, the tetragonal form of Me 3 In was redetermined at 100 K. The presented results demonstrate that the impact of both crystallization conditions and the character of intermolecular forces on clustering events is evident. Finally, the network topology of a family of the group 13 trimethyls is analyzed and correlated.

the number of disulfide bonds per residue are negatively correlated in proteins with short chains and uncorrelated in proteins with long chains. (4) The number of salt bridges per residue and per native contact increases with chain length. We interpret these observations as an indication that the constraints imposed by unfolding stability are less demanding in long proteins and they are further reduced by the competing requirement for stability against misfolding. In particular, disulfide bonds appear to be positively selected in short proteins, whereas they evolve in an effectively neutral way in long proteins.

A comprehensive review is provided of the electroweak polarization asymmetry at the Z", a highly accurate measure of the 2' coupling to fermions. Its significance as a precision test of the Standard Model is explored in detail. Empha.sized are the role of electroweak symmetry-breaking and radiative corrections; the nondecoupling of new physics beyond the 2'; and the testing of extensions of the Standard Model, such as supersymmetry, technicolor, new generations of fermions, grand unification, and new gauge forces. Also discussed are the relationship of the polarization asymmetry to other electroweak observables and its superiority to other 2' asymmetries. Experimental issues are briefly presented, stressing the importance of polarization at the SLC and LEP e+e-colliders.

The present paper is devoted to a study of the equilibrium configurations of slowly rotating anisotropic stars in the framework of general relativity. For that purpose, we provide the equations of structure where the rotation is treated to second order in the angular velocity. These equations extend those first derived by Hartle for slowly rotating isotropic stars. As an application of the new formalism, we study the rotational properties of Bowers-Liang fluid spheres. A result of particular interest is that the ellipticity and mass quadrupole moment are negative for certain highly anisotropic configurations; thus, such systems are prolate rather than oblate. Furthermore, for configurations with high anisotropy and compactness close to their critical value, quantities like the moment of inertia, change of mass, and mass quadrupole moment approach to the corresponding Kerr black hole values, similar to other ultracompact systems like sub-Buchdahl Schwarzschild stars and analytic rotating gravastars.

This book, Théorie Moderne de l'Ether-Théorie Quantique des Variables Absolues (v5B), written in French, exposes 2 fundamental theories in Physics. The first theory, THEORIE MODERNE DE L'ETHER (Modern Theory of Ether) is the theory that is the most complete theory of Ether ever published, including fields of General Relativity and Astrophysics. The interest of this theory is firstly to prove that it exists an alternative theory to Special Relativity, General Relativity and Standard Cosmological Model (SCM, based on General Relativity) in order to interpret all observations linked to those last 3 theories, and secondly that this alternative theory does not contain the failure of those 3 theories. Thus the Modern Theory of Ether exposed in this book can interpret the observation of phenomena linked to quantum entanglement (with transmission of information at a velocity superior to c), mass of neutrinos (Despite that it implies that their helicity is not the same in all inertial frames, which is contrary to the Standard Model of Particles), and in Cosmology the Modern Theory of Ether interprets dark matter, dark energy, the Cosmic Microwave Background rest frame, the Cosmological parameters of the ΛCDM model. For instance dark matter is interpreted as being the substance that was called Ether before Relativity. Contrary to General Relativity, the Modern Theory of Ether is compatible with the equations of Quantum Physics. The physical basis of the exposed Modern Theory of Ether are widely different than the physical basis of Special, General Relativity, and the mathematical frame of the new theory is also much simpler than the mathematical frame of the 3 previous classical theories. This theory has been partially published in some articles in the reviews Physics Essays, International Journal of Physics and Applied Physics Research (v10n5,2018), author Thierry DELORT, but those articles contain some errors and are less complete than in this book. The 2 nd theory, THEORIE QUANTIQUE DES VARIABLES ABSOLUES (Quantum Theory of Absolute Variables), is a quantum theory as general as the classical quantum theory, but more coherent, for instance interpreting in a new way the Schrodinger's Cat Paradox. Also the interest of this theory is firstly to propose an alternative theory to Classical Quantum Theory, with the same mathematical frame but not using the concept of Observable, that is a fundamental concept in Classical Quantum Theory, and secondly to avoid failures of Classical Quantum Theory of the same kind as Schrodinger's Cat Paradox.. Moreover, contrary to classical Quantum Theory, the new Quantum Theory is compatible with General Relativity and with the corresponding Theory of Ether with Gravitation. Note au lecteur : Ce livre, Théorie moderne de l'Ether-Théorie Quantique des Variables Absolues (v4), est inclus dans le livre Théories d'or 10 e édition, auteur Thierry DELORT, publié aux éditions Books on Demand, PARIS.

We provide a concise review of how chiral and flavor oscillations can be described in quantum field theory using a finite-time interaction picture approach, where the mass and mixing terms in the Lagrangian can be treated as perturbations. We derive the oscillation formulas for both chiral and flavor transitions and demonstrate that, within the adopted approximations, they match the exact results obtained through non-perturbative methods. Finally, we point out the strong similarities and the differences between these two phenomena.

We consider global and gravitational lensing properties of the recently suggested Einstein clusters of WIMPs as galactic dark matter halos. Being tangential pressure dominated, Einstein clusters are strongly anisotropic systems which can describe any galactic rotation curve by specifying the anisotropy. Due to this property, Einstein clusters may be considered as dark matter candidates. We analyse the stability of the Einstein clusters against both radial and non-radial pulsations, and we show that the Einstein clusters are dynamically stable. With the use of the Buchdahl type inequalities for anisotropic bodies, we derive upper limits on the velocity of the particles defining the cluster. These limits are consistent with those obtained from stability considerations. The study of light deflection shows that the gravitational lensing effect is slightly smaller for the Einstein clusters, as compared to the singular isothermal density sphere model for dark matter. Therefore lensing observations may discriminate, at least in principle, between Einstein cluster and other dark matter models.

les théories de la relativité et de la mécanique quantique conduisent à l'acceptation d'un vide doté d'énergie, idée confirmée par le transfert de l'énergie de masse du vide à la matière par l'interaction d'un champ scalaire, propriété du vide, avec un élément de matière. Cette caractéristique du vide, l'éther d'Einstein décrit comme nécessaire et dépourvu de structure permet d'interpréter de façon différente le phénomène de la matière noire. La théorie d'l'invariance d'échelle nous autorise à expliquer l'indépendance de la vitesse de propagation dans le vide d'une onde électromagnétique du repère d'observation. La mise en relation de l'énergie du vide et du modèle d'invariance d'échelle nous permet de proposer une nouvelle approche de l'énergie noire.

Exclusive B decays can be factorized as convolutions of hard scattering amplitudes involving the weak interaction with universal hadron distribution amplitudes, thus providing a new QCD-based phenomenology. In addition, semi-leptonic decay amplitudes can be computed exactly in terms of the diagonal and off-diagonal ∆n = 2 overlap of hadronic light-cone wavefunctions. I review these formalisms and the essential QCD ingredients. A canonical form of the light-cone wavefunctions, valid at low values of the transverse momenta, is presented. The existence of intrinsic charm Fock states in the B meson wavefunction can enhance the production of final states of B-decay with three charmed quarks, such as B → J/ψDπ, as well as lead to the breakdown of the CKM hierarchy.

The convergence behavior of symmetry-adapted perturbation theory (SAPT) expansions is investigated for an interacting system involving an excited, open-shell monomer. By performing large-order numerical calculations for the interaction of the lowest, 1s2s, triplet state of helium with the ground state of the hydrogen atom we show that the conventional polarization and symmetrized Rayleigh-Schrödinger expansions diverge in this case. This divergence is attributed to the continuum of intruder states appearing when the hydrogen electron is falling on the helium 1s orbital and the 2s electron is ejected from the interacting system. One of the dimer states resulting from the interaction becomes then a resonance, which presents a hard case to treat by a perturbation theory. We show that the SAPT expansions employing the strong symmetry-forcing procedure, such as the Eisenschitz-London- Hirschfelder-van der Avoird or the Amos-Musher theories, can cope with this situation and lead to conver...

Cette thèse est née d'un échange apparemment anodin. Un doute exprimé à voix haute : et si ce que l'on considère comme une frontière gravitationnelle-le fameux rayon de Schwarzschild-n'était en réalité qu'un artefact d'interprétation ? Une illusion. L'intuition était simple : la lumière, dans la relativité classique, est modélisée comme une géodésique linéaire, figée, privée de toute structure interne. Or cette vision nie sa nature fondamentale : une onde spiralée, oscillante, vibratoirevoire vivante. Ce décalage entre la nature réelle de la lumière et sa représentation mathématique pourrait suffire à produire une métrique faussement singulière.

A measurement of vector boson scattering and constraints on anomalous quartic gauge couplings from events with two Z bosons and two jets are presented. The analysis is based on a data sample of proton-proton collisions at √ s = 13 TeV collected with the CMS detector and corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 35.9 fb -1 . The search is performed in the fully leptonic final state ZZ → , where , = e or µ. The electroweak production of two Z bosons in association with two jets is measured with an observed (expected) significance of 2.7 (1.6) standard deviations. A fiducial cross section for the electroweak production is measured to be σ EW (pp → ZZjj → jj) = 0.40 +0.21 -0.16 (stat) +0.13 -0.09 (syst) fb, which is consistent with the standard model prediction. Limits on anomalous quartic gauge couplings are determined in terms of the effective field theory operators T0, T1, T2, T8, and T9. This is the first measurement of vector boson scattering in the ZZ channel at the LHC.

4,4‐difluoro‐5,7‐dimethyl‐4‐bora‐3a,4a‐diaza‐s‐indacene (BODIPY) and derivatives are an outstanding class of fluorescent dyes. Herein, we report on the introduction of a nitrosyl moiety into the BODIPY structure and its dramatic effect on the observed electrochemical reaction mechanism. 6‐Nitrosyl‐8‐phenyl‐BODIPY and its 5‐nitrosyl positional isomer, compounds 2 and 3, respectively, were obtained from the meso precursor, 8‐phenyl‐BODIPY (1), by nitrosation. Electrochemical studies for 1–3 are reported. Cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry in degassed DMF or in MeCN (reduction+oxidation), both with n‐Bu4NPF6 (0.1 mol L−1), were obtained. Compound 1 displays the usual behaviour for 8‐phenyl substituted BODIPYs. The addition of the acceptor nitroso group in compounds 2 (in position β) and 3 (in position α), leads to a different profile. For all the compounds, the nitroso group greatly facilitates the reductions. For compound 3 (EpIc=−0.238 V), the first to be reduced i...

This article provides the computational prediction of the atomistic architectures resulting from selfassembly of the polar heptapeptide sequences NYNYNYN, SYSYSYS and GYGYGYG. Using a combination of molecular dynamics and a newly developed tool for non-covalent interaction analysis, we uncover the properties of a new class of bionanomaterials, including hydrogen-bonded polar zippers, and the relationship between peptide composition, fibril geometry and weak interaction networks. Our results, corroborated by experimental observations, provide the basis for the rational design of prion-inspired nanomaterials.

We consider hamiltonian models representing an arbitrary number of spin 1{2 fermion quantum fields interacting through arbitrary processes of creation or annihilation of particles. The fields may be massive or massless. The interaction form factors are supposed to satisfy some regularity conditions in both position and momentum space. Without any restriction on the strength of the interaction, we prove that the Hamiltonian identifies to a self-adjoint operator on a tensor product of anti-symmetric Fock spaces and we establish the existence of a ground state. Our results rely on new interpolated Nτ estimates. They apply to models arising from the Fermi theory of weak interactions, with ultraviolet and spatial cut-offs.

La Relativité Générale Relationnelle Intégrale (RG2-R) propose une refonte de la gravité d'Einstein en s'affranchissant entièrement de la notion traditionnelle de "bloc" espace-temps. Plutôt que d'inscrire la matière et le champ gravitationnel sur une variété 4D préexistante, la RG2-R introduit :-Un ensemble d'événements E, muni d'une structure de voisinage ou d'un ordre causal,-Une algèbre d'observables A, potentiellement non commutative, incorporant la gravité, la matière et les champs,-Un état global ω, garantissant la description à la fois statistique et géométrique de l'Univers. À partir de cette construction, la métrique et la connexion n'émergent qu'en régime macroscopique, sous la forme d'un "motif" géométrique stable. Les équations d'Einstein-Hilbert, réputées pour décrire la gravitation classique avec succès, se retrouvent alors comme des conditions d'équilibre relationnel-sans qu'on ait imposé d'emblée une toile 4D. Dans ce cadre, on préserve intégralement la validité des grands tests observationnels de la RG (précession du périhélie, déflexion de la lumière, ondes gravitationnelles, etc.), tout en ouvrant la voie à :-Une gestion plus souple des singularités, la densité infinie perdant son sens dans un continuum aboli,-Un schéma HPC combinatoire, évitant toute grille (t, x, y, z) et traitant la dynamique via des flux entre sous-ensembles d'événements,-La thermodynamique relationnelle et la prise en compte possible de la noncommutativité à l'échelle planckienne. Cette approche se veut le prolongement naturel de la diffeo-invariance d'Einstein, poussée à son extrême, dans la philosophie no-background. Elle fournit ainsi un cadre unifié pour penser la relativité classique, la cosmologie et-potentiellement-la gravité quantique, tout en restant fidèlement arrimée aux résultats expérimentaux déjà acquis.

1. SCIENTIFIC SUMMARY The third year of research supported by ACS-PRF resulted in exploration of two different groups of alkenes for homoand heterodimerization: (a) extended and cross conjugated diene systems (dibenzylidene acetones), and unsymmetrical chalcones (phenyl styryl ketones). These new class of photosubstrates were explored to understand the excited-state photocycloaddition (PCA) characteristics of the alkenes. In both cases native efficiency of PCA is significantly lower in solution phase and solid state, and several PCA products are possible. Complexing the photoreactants to γ-cyclodextrin (γ-CD) increases PCA efficiency resulting formation of a single product. Investigation of the photochemical and photophysical features of the host-guest complex, evaluation of its association constants experimentally, and computational analysis of the complex structures provided insight into the nature of weak interactions involving aromatic groups and excited state reactivity of such...

Since the Schwarzschild-de Sitter spacetime is static inside the cosmological event horizon, if the dark energy state parameter is sufficiently close to -1, apparently one could still expect an effectively static geometry, in the attraction dominated region inside the maximum turn around radius, RTA,max, of a cosmic structure. We take the first order metric derived recently assuming a static and ideal dark energy fluid with equation of state P (r) = αρ(r) as a source in Ref. , which reproduced the expression for RTA,max found earlier in the cosmological McVittie spacetime. Here we show that the equality originates from the equivalence of geodesic motion in these two backgrounds, in the nonrelativistic regime. We extend this metric up to the third order and compute the bending of light using the Rindler-Ishak method. For α = -1, a dark energy dependent term appears in the bending equation, unlike the case of the cosmological constant, α = -1. Due to this new term in particular, existing data for the light bending at galactic scales yields, (1 + α) O(10 -14 ), thereby practically ruling out any such static and inhomogeneous dark energy fluid we started with. Implication of this result pertaining the uniqueness of the Schwarzschild-de Sitter spacetime in such inhomogeneous dark energy background is discussed.

The paper analyzes the philosophical consequences of the recent discovery of direct violations of the time-reversal symmetry of weak interactions. It shows that although we have here an important case of the time asymmetry of one of the fundamental physical forces which could have had a great impact on the form of our world with an excess of matter over antimatter, this asymmetry cannot be treated as the asymmetry of time itself but rather as an asymmetry of some specific physical process in time. The paper also analyzes the consequences of the new discovery for the general problem of the possible connections between direction (arrow) of time and time-asymmetric laws of nature. These problems are analyzed in the context of Horwich's Asymmetries in time: problems in the philosophy of science (1987) argumentation, trying to show that existence of a time-asymmetric law of nature is a sufficient condition for time to be anisotropic. Instead of Horwich's sufficient condition for anisotropy of time, it is stressed that for a theory of asymmetry of time to be acceptable it should explain all fundamental time asymmetries: the asymmetry of traces, the asymmetry of causation (which holds although the electrodynamic, strong and gravitational interactions are invariant under time reversal), and the asymmetry between the fixed past and open future. It is so because the problem of the direction of time has originated from our attempts to understand these asymmetries and every plausible theory of the direction of time should explain them.

Homo-hetero binuclear cationic complexes with the formulation [(g 6 -arene)RuCl(l-dpp)(L)] + (g 6 -arene = benzene; L = PdCl 2 (1a); PtCl 2 (1b), and g 6 -arene = p-cymene; L = PdCl 2 (2a); PtCl 2 (2b)), [(g 6 -arene)RuCl(l-dpp)(L)] 2+ (g 6 -arene = p-cymene; L = [(g 6 -C 6 H 6 )RuCl] (2c), and [(g 6 -C 10 H 14 )RuCl] (2d)) were prepared. Molecular structure of the representative homo binuclear complex [{(g 6 -C 10 H 14 )RuCl}(l-dpp){(g 6 -C 10 H 14 )RuCl}](PF 6 ) 2 (2d) was determined crystallographically. Weak interaction studies on the complex 2d revealed stabilisation of the crystal packing by weak inter and intra molecular C-HÁ Á ÁX (X = F, Cl, p) and p-p interactions. The C-HÁ Á ÁF interactions lead to parallel helical chains and encapsulation of counter anion in self-assembled cavity arising from C-HÁ Á Áp and p-p weak interactions.

A measurement of vector boson scattering and constraints on anomalous quartic gauge couplings from events with two Z bosons and two jets are presented. The analysis is based on a data sample of proton-proton collisions at √ s = 13 TeV collected with the CMS detector and corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 35.9 fb −1. The search is performed in the fully leptonic final state ZZ → , where , = e or µ. The electroweak production of two Z bosons in association with two jets is measured with an observed (expected) significance of 2.7 (1.6) standard deviations. A fiducial cross section for the electroweak production is measured to be σ EW (pp → ZZjj → jj) = 0.40 +0.21 −0.16 (stat) +0.13 −0.09 (syst) fb, which is consistent with the standard model prediction. Limits on anomalous quartic gauge couplings are determined in terms of the effective field theory operators T0, T1, T2, T8, and T9. This is the first measurement of vector boson scattering in the ZZ channel at the LHC.

Using computer simulations, we study the diffusion, interactions, and strain fields of point defects in a face-centered-cubic crystal of hard spheres. We show that the vacancy diffusion decreases rapidly as the density is increased, while the interstitial diffusion exhibits a much weaker density-dependence. Additionally, we predict the free-energy barriers associated with vacancy hopping and find that the increasing height of the free-energy barrier is solely responsible for the slowing down of vacancy diffusion. Moreover, we find that the shape of the barriers is independent of the density. The interactions between vacancies are shown to be weakly attractive and short-ranged, while the interactions between interstitials are found to be strongly attractive and are felt over long distances. As such, we find that vacancies do not form vacancy clusters, while interstitials do form long-lived interstitial clusters. Considering the strain field of vacancies and interstitials, we argue that vacancies will hardly feel each other, as they do not substantially perturb the crystal, and as such exhibit weak interactions. Two interstitials, on the other hand, interact with each other over long distances and start to interact (attractively) when their strain fields start to overlap.

La masse d'un volume de matière et l'énergie transportée par une onde électromagnétique procèdent-elles d'une même nature ? Quel lien pouvons-nous établir entre l'espace-temps introduit par Einstein et le concept d'énergie ? Nous sommes amenés à conclure logiquement que l'espace vide est substantiel et représente une pure énergie, grandeur sans structure, ce qui semble une exception unique dans notre univers. Quelle est la nature de cette énergie, la question est ouverte et pourrait permettre la naissance d'une nouvelle physique.

We present a first status report on a broad and systematic study of possible manifestations of QCD-instantons at HERA. Considerable motivation comes from the close analogy between instanton-induced B + L violation in electroweak processes and effects of QCD-instantons in deep inelastic scattering. We concentrate on the high multiplicity final state structure, reminiscent of an isotropically decaying "fireball". A set of experimental isolation criteria is proposed. They serve to further enhance the striking event signature without significantly suppressing the expected rates.

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vibrational spectra of matrices in the gaseous phase and in matrices of inert gases Vibrational Spectra in Gaseous Phase Non-structural techniques include FTIR (Fourier-Transfer Infrared) spectroscopy whereby vibrational spectra emanating from gases in the gaseous phase especially the inert gases offer a preview of the molecular structure and presence of chemical bonds in the sample. There are two primary methods for studying vibrational spectra in the gaseous phase: In this work infrared (IR) spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy are identified as the two prominent types of measurements(Jacox).

The reactions of chloro-bridged dimeric complexes [{(h 3 ;h 3-C 10 H 16)Ru(m-Cl)Cl} 2 ] and [{(h 4-C 8 H 12)RhCl} 2 ] with 1-(4-cyanophenyl)imidazole (CPI), 1-(4-nitrophenyl)imidazole (NOPI), 1-(4-formylphenyl)imidazole (FPI) and 1-(4-hydroxy-phenyl)imidazole (HPI) have been investigated. These reactions afforded complexes with the general formulations [(h 3 ;h 3-C 10 H 16)RuCl 2 (L)] (L ¼ CPI, 1; NOPI, 2; FPI, 3; HPI, 4) and [(h 4-C 8 H 12)RhCl(L)] (L ¼ CPI, 5; NOPI, 6; FPI, 7; HPI, 8). Resulting complexes have been characterized by analytical and spectral (IR, 1 H and 13 C NMR, UVeVis) studies. Crystal structures of 2, 5 and 6 have been determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction analyses. Structural studies on the complexes 2, 5 and 6 revealed the presence of extensive inter-and intra-molecular CeH/X (X ¼ O and Cl) and CeH/p interactions. Theoretical studies have been performed to authenticate the structures and NBO calculations to determine electronic properties of the complexes.

The photochemical behaviour of 2,2 0-(o-phenylenedivinylene)dithiophenes (7aec), 3,3 0-(o-phenylenedivinylene)dithiophene (8a) and 3,3 0-(o-phenylenedivinylene)dibenzothiophene (8b) was studied under the low concentrations. An intramolecular reaction via the 2,3-dihydronaphthalene intermediate has been observed in all studied examples accompanied by dimerization and polymerization. The 1,2dihydro-2,3-dithienylnaphthalenes (9aec) were isolated (7e9%) from the 2-thiophene derivatives while the 3-thiophene derivatives gave polycyclic structures (13e44% yield).

The photochemistry of 2,2Ј-(1,2-phenylenedivinylene)dipyrroles (4a,b) has been investigated under various conditions. After excitation of the starting material, an electron transfer followed by hydrogen transfer and radical combination occurs giving 2-{[1-(2H-pyrrol-2-ylidene)methinyl]-2-indanyl}pyrrole (14) as the intermediate. The intermediate could not be isolated, but trapped by nucleophiles, like methanol and diethylamine, giving as addition products, new functionalised indanylpyrroles (9). Irradiation of 4a in the presence of triethylamine afforded the indanylidene-pyrroles 8. 2 Experimental 2.1 General The 1 H and 13 C NMR spectra were recorded on a Varian Gemini 300 and Bruker AC 300 spectrometer at 300 and 75 MHz, respectively. All NMR spectra were measured in C 6 D 6 and in some cases in CDCl 3 and (CD 3) 2 CO solutions using tetramethylsilanes reference. The assignment of the signals is based on 2D-CH correlation and 2D-HH-COSY, LRCOSY and NOESY experiments. IR spectra were recorded on a Nicolet Magna FT-IR Spectrometer. UV spectra were measured using a Perkin-Elmer Lambda 20 UV/VIS or Shimadzu UV-2401 PC spectrophotometer. High-resolution mass spectra (HRMS) were measured on an Extrel FTMS 2001

A new measurement of the branching ratio for the decay,.,-+ JJ+ JJ-, made at tile SATURNE II proton synchrotron, resulted in f(,.,-+ JJ+ JJ-)lf(,.,-+ all) = 15.7 ± 0.7 (stat.)±0.5 (syst.)) x 10-8. The reaction pd-+ l He ,., close to threshold yielded 800 S-I tagged ,.,'s in a narrow momentum band around 257 MeV Ic. Muon pairs were detected in two range telescopes. The data obtained consist of 114 events ,.,-+ JJ+ JJ-on a background of 14 events. The new value for the branching ratio is 1.3 ± 0.2 times the unitarity lower limit, consistent with most quark and Vector Meson Dominance models which describe th~ decay as an electromagnetic transition with a two-photon intermediate state. The result resolves the discrepancy between the two previous measurements of this

4,4‐difluoro‐5,7‐dimethyl‐4‐bora‐3a,4a‐diaza‐s‐indacene (BODIPY) and derivatives are an outstanding class of fluorescent dyes. Herein, we report on the introduction of a nitrosyl moiety into the BODIPY structure and its dramatic effect on the observed electrochemical reaction mechanism. 6‐Nitrosyl‐8‐phenyl‐BODIPY and its 5‐nitrosyl positional isomer, compounds 2 and 3, respectively, were obtained from the meso precursor, 8‐phenyl‐BODIPY (1), by nitrosation. Electrochemical studies for 1–3 are reported. Cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry in degassed DMF or in MeCN (reduction+oxidation), both with n‐Bu4NPF6 (0.1 mol L−1), were obtained. Compound 1 displays the usual behaviour for 8‐phenyl substituted BODIPYs. The addition of the acceptor nitroso group in compounds 2 (in position β) and 3 (in position α), leads to a different profile. For all the compounds, the nitroso group greatly facilitates the reductions. For compound 3 (EpIc=−0.238 V), the first to be reduced i...

We outline the pinch technique for constructing gauge invariant Green's functions in gauge theories and derive the Ward identities that must be satisfied by the gauge invariant three boson vertices of the standard model. They are generalizations of their tree level Ward identities and are shown to be crucial for the delicate gauge cancellations of the S-matrix. 1

Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain the interactions between proteins and mineral surfaces formed during biomineralization. To investigate the effect of the surface charge of proteins on calcium carbonate precipitation, a group of globular proteins with similar sizes and molecular weights but with different isoelectric points (iep) has been selected to be added to a CaCl 2 solution in free-drift calcium carbonate precipitation experiments. These proteins are lysozyme (Lyz; theoretical iep 9.32), ribonuclease-A (Rib-A; theoretical iep 8.64), myoglobin (Myo; theoretical iep 7.36), and R-lactalbumin (R-La; theoretical iep 4.83). Depending on their isoelectric point and their concentration in the solution, these proteins affected the nucleation, growth, polymorphism and growth morphology of calcium carbonate in different manners, evidencing different types of protein-surface interactions. For the protein with an acidic isoelectric point (R-La), electrostatic interactions were predominant. For proteins with isoelectric points around neutrality or slightly higher (Myo and Rib-A), the foremost interactions were hydrophobic with a certain electrostatic contribution. For the protein with a basic isoelectric point (Lyz), there was not any notable effect on most of the analyzed precipitation properties, evidencing a weaker protein-surface interaction.

Controlling polymorphism, the ability of a compound to adopt more than one solid-state structure, often relies on empirical manipulations of conditions such as solvent, temperature, and mode of crystallization. Despite a growing interest in nanocrystalline formulations, however, the influence of crystal size on polymorph formation and stability is largely unexplored. Nanocrystals of pimelic acid, HO 2 C(CH 2) n-2 CO 2 H (n = 7), glutaric acid (n = 5), suberic acid (n = 8), and coumarin (1,2-benzopyrone) in nanometer-scale pores of controlled pore glass (CPG) beads and hexagonally ordered cylindrical pores of poly(cyclohexylethylene) (p-PCHE) monoliths exhibit size-dependent polymorphism and thermotropic behavior because of the physical constraints imposed by the dimensions of the pores. Pimelic acid, suberic acid, and coumarin also exhibit heretofore unknown polymorphs, denoted δ-pimelic acid, β-suberic acid, and β-coumarin, in CPG with pore sizes <23 nm and p-PCHE with pore diameters <40 nm. The melting points of the confined crystals decrease monotonically with decreasing pore size, and the enantiotropic phase behavior of bulk glutaric acid and suberic acid switches to monotropic when confined within the nanoscale pores of CPG and p-PCHE. Collectively, these results reveal that nanometer-scale size confinement can alter crystallization outcomes and affect polymorph stability compared with bulk crystallization. Moreover, crystallization in very small pores can lead to the discovery of new polymorphs that otherwise would not be detected using conventional screening methods.

The Mössbauer studies of the magnetic structure of nickel ferrite (NiFe_2O_4) nanoparticles (NPs) are presented. It is shown that the redistribution of ions over nonequivalent crystallographic positions occurs upon a decrease in the size of NiFe_2O_4 crystallites to nanovalues, thus leading to the structural transformation of NiFe_2O_4 nanoparticles from inverse spinel to mixed spinel. It has been established that the magnetic moments of Fe ions in the volume of NiFe_2O_4 nanoparticles are ferromagnetically (collinearly) ordered, being noncollinear (or oblique) in the near-surface layer probably due to the frustration of moments in the near-surface layer of nanoparticles.

Cosmic rays cause significant damage to the electronic equipments of the aircrafts. In this paper, we have investigated the accumulation of the deposited energy of cosmic rays on the Earth's atmosphere, especially in the aircraft area. In fact, if a high-energy neutron or proton interacts with a nanodevice having only a few atoms, this neutron or proton particle can change the nature of this device and destroy it. Our simulation based on Monte Carlo using Geant4 code shows that the deposited energy of neutron particles ranging between 200 MeV and 5 GeV are strongly concentrated in the region between 10 and 15 km from the sea level which is exactly the avionic area. However, the Bragg peak energy of proton particle is slightly localized above the avionic area.

La lumière issue du mode Gaussien fondamental d'un laser est collectée derrière un objet simulant une hélice. La décomposition est faite dans une base de mode de Laguerre Gauss. Ces modes transportent du moment angulaire orbital. Cette décompostion permet d'identifier les symétries de l'objet etudié et, lorsque l'objet est en rotation, de mesurer la vitesse de rotation grâceà l'observation d'un décalage en fréquence dûà l'effet Doppler rotationnel.

La lumière issue du mode Gaussien fondamental d'un laser est collectée derrière un objet simulant une hélice. La décomposition est faite dans une base de mode de Laguerre Gauss. Ces modes transportent du moment angulaire orbital. Cette décompostion permet d'identifier les symétries de l'objet etudié et, lorsque l'objet est en rotation, de mesurer la vitesse de rotation grâceà l'observation d'un décalage en fréquence dûà l'effet Doppler rotationnel.

The basic problem of weak interaction between odd electrons in graphene and silicene is consid ered in the framework of the broken spin symmetry approach. This approach exhibits the peculiarities of the odd electron behavior via both enhanced chemical reactivity and magnetism.

Analysis of the weak interactions within the crystal structures of 33 complexes of various 4′-aromatic derivatives of 2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine (tpy) shows that interactions that exceed dispersion are dominated, as expected, by cation⋯anion contacts but are associated with both ligand–ligand and ligand–solvent contacts, sometimes multicentred, in generally complicated arrays, probably largely determined by dispersion interactions between stacked aromatic units. With V(V) as the coordinating cation, there is evidence that the polarisation of the ligand results in an interaction exceeding dispersion at a carbon bound to nitrogen with oxygen or fluorine, an interaction unseen in the structures of M(II) (M = Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ru and Cd) complexes, except when 1,2,3-trimethoxyphenyl substituents are present in the 4′-tpy.

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4,4‐difluoro‐5,7‐dimethyl‐4‐bora‐3a,4a‐diaza‐s‐indacene (BODIPY) and derivatives are an outstanding class of fluorescent dyes. Herein, we report on the introduction of a nitrosyl moiety into the BODIPY structure and its dramatic effect on the observed electrochemical reaction mechanism. 6‐Nitrosyl‐8‐phenyl‐BODIPY and its 5‐nitrosyl positional isomer, compounds 2 and 3, respectively, were obtained from the meso precursor, 8‐phenyl‐BODIPY (1), by nitrosation. Electrochemical studies for 1–3 are reported. Cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry in degassed DMF or in MeCN (reduction+oxidation), both with n‐Bu4NPF6 (0.1 mol L−1), were obtained. Compound 1 displays the usual behaviour for 8‐phenyl substituted BODIPYs. The addition of the acceptor nitroso group in compounds 2 (in position β) and 3 (in position α), leads to a different profile. For all the compounds, the nitroso group greatly facilitates the reductions. For compound 3 (EpIc=−0.238 V), the first to be reduced i...