War and Memory

Many different analyses have been provided for the use of the tenses and moods in the counterfactual and potential constructions in Greek. So far, however, the actual instances of the counterfactual constructions in Classical Greek have not been studied in detail as to their temporal and/or aspectual meaning. In this article, I use the instances of the modal indicatives of Herodotos, Historiai Book VIII (the preparations for the Battle of Salamis, the Battle itself and its aftermath) as a case study for such an investigation. As this article focuses exclusively on the aspect of the modal indicatives, I will only briefly discuss the aspect in Classical Greek and Herodotos and will neither treat the relation between aspect (or “grammatical aspect”, i.e. the use of a certain tense or form to express aspect) and Aktionsart (or “lexical aspect”, i.e. the meaning of a root, such as “see” versus “look”), nor the origins of the counterfactual and past potential constructions. After the overview of the aspect uses, I analyse the passages in which these forms occur and use as Arbeitshypothese that the use of the aorist or imperfect with the modal indicatives is based on aspectual criteria and not on temporal reference. By this I mean that the aorist is not confined to the so-called irrealis of the past and the imperfect to that of the present. If different variants are attested or when it is unclear whether a certain form is modal or not, they will be discussed as well.

„Dies ist die Heimat, meine Geliebten. Dies ist die Heimat. Vergeßt sie nicht, die Holde-Unholde, vergeßt nicht das schuldlose Land!" - In diesen Worten der Protagonistin Klara spiegelt sich ein Heimatverständnis, das weit über reine Verortung hinausgeht. Heimat ist hier Erinnerung, Sehnsucht, Projektion, aber auch Bruchstück, Verunsicherung und Verlust. Friederike Manners Roman Die dunklen Jahre ist nicht nur eine literarische Auseinandersetzung mit der Erfahrung des Krieges und seiner Nachwirkungen, sondern auch ein vielstimmiger Versuch, individuelle Erinnerungen in ein kollektives Gedächtnis einzuschreiben, oder dessen Lücken sichtbar zu machen. Der Heimatbegriff wird dabei nicht als fixes, sondern als offenes, wandelbares Konstrukt verhandelt, das eng mit Fragen nach Identität, Erinnerung und gesellschaftlichem Schweigen verwoben ist. Diese Arbeit widmet sich der Frage Inwiefern der Heimatbegriff im Roman Die dunklen Jahre als dynamisches Konstrukt inszeniert wird, das im Spannungsfeld von individueller Identitätsbildung und erinnerungskulturellen Prozessen dargestellt ist. Im Mittelpunkt stehen daher nicht autobiografietheoretische Überlegungen, wie eigentlich geplant, sondern das Zusammenspiel von persönlicher Erinnerung, kollektivem Vergessen und der literarischen Gestaltung von Heimat in einem historischen Kontext, in dem die Vergangenheit oft verschwiegen und verdrängt wurde. Ziel ist es, aufzuzeigen, wie Manners Roman nicht nur literarisch überzeugend mit dem Erinnern und Vergessen arbeitet, sondern zugleich eine kritische Perspektive auf das kulturelle Gedächtnis der Nachkriegszeit eröffnet, und auf die Rolle, die der Heimatbegriff darin spielt. In der folgenden Arbeit, die durch die aktuelle Gedächtnisforschung, Forschung zur Erinnerungskultur, in Hinblick zu dem Ehepaar Assmann, eingeleitet wird, wird in den folgenden Seiten eine Grundlage für die Analyse geschaffen. Anschließend wird der Begriff der Heimat geschichtlich, aber auch theoretisch beschrieben und am Ende zur Analyse des Werkes benutzt.

Впервые публикуется стенограмма воспоминаний последнего военного министра Временного правительства Александра Ивановича Верховского о событиях марта–мая 1917 г. в
Севастополе. Стенограмма была сделана 29 ноября 1925 г. на московском заседании Комиссии по истории Октябрьской революции и ВКП(б). Этот документ, сохранившийся в Государственном архиве Республики Крым, дополняет изданное мемуарное наследие Верховского в той части, где он рассказывает о первых месяцах после Февральской революции на Черноморском флоте. Поскольку первая книга его мемуаров («Россия на Голгофе») вышла в 1918 г., стенограмма датируется 1925 г., а вторая автобиографическая книга («На трудном перевале») была написана в 1935–1937 гг., это позволяет отследить в динамике эволюцию отношения автора к революционным эпизодам, как в результате переосмысления, так и в связи с давлением обстоятельств и времени. Особенно характерна кардинально изменившаяся оценка Верховским действий командующего Черноморским флотом адмирала А. В. Колчака. А. И. Верховский находился в самом эпицентре тогдашней севастопольской жизни, занимая высокую должность начальника штаба Черноморской дивизии, сформированной для десанта на Босфоре. Он был избран также заместителем председателя Севастопольского совета, возглавлял экспедицию по обыскам и аресту представителей царского дома
в Крыму. Поэтому детали, подробности и неизвестные факты произошедших событий в его изложении представляют значительную историческую ценность.

The memories of World War II in the Philippines are alive in numerous memorial sites built by the post-war Philippine and U.S. governments, particularly during the presidency of Ferdinand Marcos (1965–1986), who falsely claimed to be the country’s most decorated war hero. What do these memorial sites tell us about the visions of war and peace that the governments of the Philippines and the United States sought to forward, and what war and peace discourses are present in these memorial sites? To answer these questions, I analyzed the production contexts and the visual semiotic resources of the Philippines’ major state-sponsored war memorial sites, namely, the Shrine of Valor in Bataan and the Pacific War Memorial in Corregidor. Using a production context analysis and a multimodal critical discourse analysis, I found that the state-led memorialization of World War II in the Philippines has foregrounded the discourses of heroism and sacrifice to coincide with foreign policy objectives. Such findings shed light not only on the intention of the state to mobilize memory toward specific aims but, more insidiously, on how the flexibility of memory, presented through the sites’ visual semiotic resources, enables its reshaping according to the intentions of their memorial patrons. The potential of these sites to promote peace and reconciliation is subverted by the use of traditional war imagery that could easily promote engaging in war if deemed necessary, but this could also be balanced by collective counter-memory in various spheres and scales.

กว่าจะมาเป็นเมืองท่องเที่ยวอันดับหนึ่งของประเทศ
จังหวัดน่าน ต้องผ่านภัยคุกคามมาอย่างมากมาย
และนี่คือ... บทบันทึกเล็กๆ ที่กล่าวขานถึงความเป็นจังหวัดน่านในปัจจุบัน
ขอขอบคุณวีรกรรมของทหารหาญ ที่เสียสละเลือดเนื้อ
รวมถึงอวัยวะ และชีวิตของพวกเขา เพื่อนำความสงบสุขมาสู่บ้านเมือง
และทำให้เมืองน่านสุขสงบและกลายเป็นเมืองที่น่าอยู่จวบจนปัจจุบัน

In many of his renowned novels, Kazuo Ishiguro deals with a number of memories with specific signs; such as human feelings, emotions, trauma, love, attraction, forgetting, rewriting memory, anomaly of the story or narrator and many more. It is one of the essential implements for human beings as it makes a bridge or connection between past and present. The weakness and perplexing potential of memory has been used as an unavoidable tool of the plot in his novels. He uses the stream of consciousness also where recollection and forgetting both are included in the different shades of memory. Again, he writes about the occurrences of war which keeps an unforgettable connection with the characters of his novels. In the novel When We Were Orphans, through the Second Sino Japanese War and Opium War, the protagonist gains a lot of memory about his personal life. Memory and war are intertwined in this novel, mainly in the context of the protagonist's struggle finding his missing parents. This article wants to explore how the wars in Shanghai make a deep impact on the protagonist, a professional detective by persuading his memories.

Pierwsza wojna światowa ciągle pobudza zainteresowanie badaczy, czego efektem są nowe publikacje prezentujące nowatorskie ujęcia problemów niedostrzeganych wcześniej lub skłaniających do zajęcia się nimi ponownie. Jednym z takich pól badawczych jest zagadnienie religijności w czasie "Wielkiej Wojny". W ostatnich dziesięcioleciach, a nawet latach, ukazało się wiele nowych opracowań poświęconych różnym aspektom postaw religijnych podczas wojny i wobec niej. Omawiana książka może służyć w tym kontekście jako rodzaj wprowadzenia do najnowszych trendów badawczych. Autor stara się bowiem zaprezentować przegląd ustaleń, które zawarte są monografiach opublikowanych w renomowanych wydawnictwach. Dostrzegalny jest jednak brak cytowania publikacji innych niż te wydane po angielsku 1 . Książka podzielona jest na trzy części, z których pierwsza prezentuje religijne nastawienie społeczeństw walczących państw -w tym duchowieństwa -do wojny, 1

This article aims to show the diverse avenues of the debates over Russian and Soviet heritage in Poland. While the Soviet monuments have been broadly contested – either as bottom-up or top-down initiatives – tsarist Russian heritage has been less visible in the discussions. In 2022 the country became a memory battlefield, adding layers to already palimpsestic memory sites. We provide both an overview of this process and a close reading of selected sites, concentrating primarily on the Monument to Heroes in Poznań and the Monument to the Liberation of the Land of Warmia and Masuria in Olsztyn. Moreover, this article looks at the role the Institute of National Remembrance has played since March 2022 in urging local authorities to dismantle Soviet monuments within their municipalities. The official removal of approximately 60 monuments across Poland is anticipated in the near future. 35 have already been dismantled by late 2023, sometimes following grass-roots initiatives. Our article examines this interpretive framework through the lenses of palimpsests and postcolonial theory. Characterised by the sequential actions of divulging and reinstating, palimpsests tangibly disclose latent historical imprints, while decolonisation endeavours to expose and revive suppressed narratives and meanings.

This volume showcases important new research on World War II memory, both in the Soviet Union and in Russia today. Through an examination of war remembrance in its various forms-official histories, school textbooks, museums, monuments, literature, films, and Victory Day parades-chapters illustrate how the heroic narrative of the war was established in Soviet times and how it continues to shape war memorialization under Putin. This war narrative resonates with the Russian population due to decades of Soviet commemoration, which continued virtually uninterrupted into the post-Soviet period. Major themes of the volume include the use of World War II memory for political legitimation and patriotic mobilization; the striking continuities between Soviet and post-Soviet commemorative practices; the place of Holocaust memorialization in contemporary Russia; Putin's invocation of the war to bolster national pride and international prestige; and the relationship between individual memory and collective remembrance. Authored by an international group of distinguished specialists, this collection is ideal for scholars of Russia across a range of disciplines, including history, political science, sociology, and cultural studies.

This article examines history from outside of the dominant understanding, using the narratives of Yuan diasporas and their perception of history. It demonstrates a dynamic process in relation to the construction of history, informed by various plots, contexts, backgrounds, beliefs and biases of people. The Yuan hold a varying account of history and have chosen to perceive and articulate the positioning of themselves in different ways at different points in time. History, therefore, can be seen as a fluid process within unfixed and unstatic contexts. However, this conradicts the school of hisotry that has been focused on by the Thai State in more recent years. The State has carefully selected and presented a very static version of history in order to support and further its political ambitions. Meanwhile, the narratives of Yuan diasporas under the Thai State are not acknowledged or invited to form part of this State selected history. However, the Yuan independently plot their own histories in multiple forms, in order to shape their relationships with other people and the Thai State. This article aims to present the dynamic nature of history, of an evolving

This open access book creates conceptual links between political emotions, citizenship, home and belonging. The book describes that, in the case of decided return and reintegration to a post-conflict society and a fragmented state, like Bosnia and Herzegovina, the returnees do not conceptualize the emotional dimension of their BiH citizenship as home and belonging as this citizenship does not make them feel safe and secure. Instead, “feeling at home” is found in family, place and time, while belonging is categorized as ethnic, religious, relational, landscape, linguistic, and economic. The emotional dimension of the home state citizenship is constituted through a wide spectrum of emotions, ranging from anger, frustration, fear, guilt, shame, disappointment, nostalgia, powerlessness, to patriotic love, pride, defiance, joy, happiness and hope. This book provides a valuable resource to students and scholars of migration and diaspora studies, as well as political scientists, human geographers and anthropologists.

Considérant que l’une des formes de présence de la valeur patrimoniale repose sur les pratiques muséographiques, il s’agira, partant de deux co-commissariats d’exposition, d’avancer vers la configuration de ce que serait une muséologie dépatrimonialisante qui mettrait en tension la capture d’expériences de résistance à l’ordre du monde – deux grèves ouvrières emblématiques des années 1970 en France – aux conditions d’un cadrage patrimonial pour les affecter de capacités d’action et qu’elles viennent alimenter des crises de gouvernementalité à venir.

This article explores the literary and iconographic representations of warriors lost at sea in Classical and Hellenistic Greece. By analyzing funerary epigrams, public commemorations, and funerary stelae, it investigates how Greek society coped with the loss of soldiers whose bodies were never recovered. Special attention is given to the rhetorical and ritual elements of cenotaphs and to visual motifs such as ships and mourning warriors, revealing a shared poetic and visual language of consolation that bridges civic values and private grief.

While the formative phase of the Anglo-American reenactment scene has already been well researched, a historicisation of reenactments as a popular cultural practice of visualising the past is still largely lacking for Europe. In particular, little is known about the developments in East and West Germany. This is the starting point for our article, which provides an initial reconstruction and classification of the developments in the two German states, which gained momentum especially in the 1970s and 1980s. Our focus is on the subjective experience of contemporary actors, on the basis of which it we trace how various groups of people interested in history in the two German states formed and consolidated and in which ways they were similar or different. It also sheds light on the political and everyday conditions under which people acted. On the basis of these initial actor-centered explorations, the text draws attention to desiderata for further research and suggests research questi...

Tensions abound at the Nogŭnri Peace Park. It is a public memorial, but it originates from one man's testimonial account. It purports to commemorate and restore honor to the victims of the Nogŭnri Massacre, yet it marginalizes those victims in favor of a "truth" whose validation seemingly rests on the perpetrators. It subverts the hegemonic knowledge of American rescue and friendship, even as it follows a common Korean War-as-6/25 narrative absolving South Korean and American responsibility during the Korean War. Finally, it champions a globalized value of peace that, in turn, risks enabling the consumption of Nogŭnri as commodified culture. By looking at the Nogŭnri Peace Park and the narratives, images, and artifacts exhibited there, this article explores the tensions that complicate constructions of history, community, and nation at the site of memorialization. It examines how the Nogŭnri Massacre is recollected and represented alongside the transitional shift from domestic authoritarianism to global neoliberalism in today's South Korea. Further, it investigates the limits of the state critique that the Nogŭnri Peace Park performs.

Tensions abound at the Nogŭnri Peace Park. It is a public memorial, but it originates from one man's testimonial account. It purports to commemorate and restore honor to the victims of the Nogŭnri Massacre, yet it marginalizes those victims in favor of a "truth" whose validation seemingly rests on the perpetrators. It subverts the hegemonic knowledge of American rescue and friendship, even as it follows a common Korean War-as-6/25 narrative absolving South Korean and American responsibility during the Korean War. Finally, it champions a globalized value of peace that, in turn, risks enabling the consumption of Nogŭnri as commodified culture. By looking at the Nogŭnri Peace Park and the narratives, images, and artifacts exhibited there, this article explores the tensions that complicate constructions of history, community, and nation at the site of memorialization. It examines how the Nogŭnri Massacre is recollected and represented alongside the transitional shift from domestic authoritarianism to global neoliberalism in today's South Korea. Further, it investigates the limits of the state critique that the Nogŭnri Peace Park performs.

This study examines the story of Pluton Głuchoniemych, a fighter unit of deaf soldiers that fought during the infamous Warsaw Uprising. Despite their active participation, the memoir of their contributions remains not-well known in today's historical narratives. The research questions how these disabled soldiers are represented in the polish military history and how their involvement challenges traditional notions of communication and heroism.

Since 1975, the Lebanese have been confronted with a multiform conflict in which a multitude of local, regional and global stakes and actors are entangled. What is civil war the name of? And why is it always so difficult to express and articulate? The purpose of this article is first to show how the Lebanese war is both a civil war in the strict sense (an internal war) and a "civil war" according to the definition accepted today in academic circles, and which integrates its regional and global ramifications, in order to better debate its nature and its denomination, more in line with the representations of its actors and victims, for whom the term "civil war" remains a source of shame and frustration.

Tesi triennale in Storia Contemporanea del CdL in Filosofia discussa all'Università di Bologna il 2 luglio 2024.

La Grande guerra è sempre stata oggetto di molta attenzione storiografica.  Ciò su cui invece pare evidente una mancanza di trattazione è il problema dei prigionieri. Restano pochi, ad oggi, gli studi che affrontino cause e circostanze della condizione dei soldati italiani in mano al nemico. Le cifre ufficiali attestano la morte di un prigioniero ogni sei catturati e internati, un rapporto che non ha eguali in alcun altro esercito alleato occidentale. Ciò che questo testo si propone di fare è di saggiare la storiografia prodotta sull’argomento, con l’ausilio di documenti e memorie d'epoca, al fine di valutare, senza pretesa di esaustività, le condizioni e le cause maggiori che hanno portato ad una perdita così grave di vite umane.

Konuşmama, davetinizden ötürü aranızda bulunmaktan son derece memnun olduğumu şahsım ve meslektaşım Nejdet Bey adına dile getirerek başlamak isterim. Bizim ilk gençlik yıllarımız, bizden öncesi de vardır da, gençlik yıllarımızda hep Nisan ayı, Ermeni Meselesi'ne ilişkin tasarılar Amerikan Kongresi'nde kabul edilecek mi, edilmeyecek mi? Amerika başkanı "soykırım" diyecek mi, demeyecek mi? tartışmalarıyla geçmiştir. Maalesef bu süreç ve sorun devam etmektedir. Geçen yıl yüzüncü yılını geride bıraktık. Bugün sizlerle bu Ermeni Meselesi dediğimiz süreç nasıl başladı, nasıl gelişti, özellikle tehcir kararı hangi amaçla ve nasıl alındı ve nasıl uygulandı? Bunları sizlerle konuşacağız. Ermeni Meselesi, bizim tarih camiamızın da önemli gördüğü konulardandır. Diğer bir deyişle bizim moda tarihçiliğimizin vazgeçilmezlerindendir. Moda tarihçilikten kastım da şudur: Bilim uzmanlığı gerektiriyordur; ama maalesef bizim camiada gündeme Kıbrıs Meselesi gelir ve herkes Kıbrıs tarihçisidir, Musul Meselesi gelir herkes Musul Meselesi tarihçisidir. Ermeni Meselesi de öyle ele alınır. Alınmasına bir itirazım yok ama bu tip çalışmaların kendilerini tekrar ediyor olmasının getirdiği sıkıntılar vardır. Daha da önemlisi Ermeni Meselesi ulusal bir meseledir. Devletimizi ilgilendiren bir meseledir. Dolayısıyla farkında olmadan isteyerek ya da istemeyerek, yapılan hata, sadece şahsi bir araştırmanın eksikliği olarak değil, bir halkın suçlanmasına, bir devletin zorda bırakılmasına yol açmakta ve karşı tarafa koz vermektedir. Bu nedenle, konuşmayı yürüteceğimiz Nejdet Bey deyim yerindeyse çekirdekten gelme bir tarihçidir. Çekirdekten Ermeni tarihçisi nasıl olunur? Lisansınızı bitirir buna yoğunlaşırsınız. Dolayısıyla reklamdaki gibi herkes konuşuyor ama ben burada Nejdet hocadan, konunun çarpıcı yönlerinin dinleneceğini söylüyorum. Tarih camiasında şöyle bir yargı vardır. 20.yy 19.yüzyılın çocuğudur. Diğer bir ifadeyle 20. yüzyılı 19.yüzyılın gelişmeleri şekillendirmiştir. Yani bunu icatlardan anayasa hareketlerine, birtakım ideolojilerin şekillenmesinden temel hak ve özgürlüklere kadar genişletebilirsiniz. Bu yüzyılda ihtilallerin çarpıcı bir yönü, halkların, milletlerin kendi haklarını tayin etme hakkını kullanmalarıdır. Bu yönüyle de ihtilal hareketleri imparatorluklara karşı bir harekettir. Biz, Fransız İhtilal'ni başta, Avrupa'nın bir iç meselesi olarak gördük oysa kısa süre sonra gördük ki bu mesele Avrupa'nın iç işi değil, bizi de ilgilendiriyor. Fazla değil ihtilalden 25 yıl sonra Osmanlı Devleti'nde ilk bağımsızlık isyanını Sırpların başlattığını biliyoruz. İhtilal Avrupa'da da aynı etkiyi yapmış, bağımsızlık hareketleri sadece Osmanlı Devleti'nde yaşanmamış, bugün Avrupa'nın milli devletlerini şekillendiren gelişmeler aynı döneme tekabül etmiştir. Yalnız her devlet ortaya çıkan bağımsızlık hareketini etkisiz kılmak için güç kullanmıştır. Osmanlı Devleti de bunu * 15 Nisan 2016 tarihinde PAÜ. Atatürk İlkeleri ve İnkılâp Tarihi Araştırma ve Uygulama Merkezi tarafından düzenlenen panelde yapılan konuşmaların metnidir.

Cultural institutions are increasingly recognised as key actors in global memory politics, particularly in efforts to address historical injustice through education, commemoration, and care. This paper examines how a war history museum in China-the Chinese 'Comfort Women' History Museum at Shanghai Normal University-curates histories of military sexual violence under cultural and political constraint while contributing to transnational memory activism. Emerging from academic research, survivor testimony, and cross-border collaboration, the museum functions as a translocal memory infrastructure: situated within a state-regulated environment yet actively shaping global networks of remembrance and solidarity. Through exhibitions, student training, volunteer mobilisation, digital media, and engagement with UNESCO's Memory of the World initiative, the museum advances care-based, evidence-driven approaches to remembrance. It supports survivors, educates the public, and mobilises war memory not only as a resource for justice and education but also as a form of ethical and political intervention that challenges hegemonic historiographies. The paper contributes to public history, memory studies, and critical heritage scholarship by theorising university-based museums as hybrid cultural actors that navigate institutional constraints to reframe silenced histories within transnational movements for recognition and redress.

This thesis explores the role of Western Front battlefield landscapes between 1914 and 1929 in shaping memories of the First World War. It asks who visited the battlefields during the conflict, what impressions they formed, how they communicated these to others, and what influence these initial views had on post-war conceptions of the battlefield landscape. It explores how post-war visitors were guided to and through the battlefields, both by guidebooks and by tour operators, and how these sought to influence individual experiences. It examines how individual visitors sometimes went outside the framework of tours and published itineraries, and made their own attempts to connect with personal memories enshrined in the landscape. Section A of the thesis examines the itineraries offered by published guidebooksfirstly in the well-known Michelin guidebooks translated from the French, and secondly in the less widely-recognised British-authored guidebooks of the 1920s. Section B explores writing about the battlefields during the conflict itself, both through short articles in an Anglo-American periodical, and through full-length wartime books

This thesis explores the role of Western Front battlefield landscapes between 1914 and 1929 in shaping memories of the First World War. It asks who visited the battlefields during the conflict, what impressions they formed, how they communicated these to others, and what influence these initial views had on post-war conceptions of the battlefield landscape. It explores how post-war visitors were guided to and through the battlefields, both by guidebooks and by tour operators, and how these sought to influence individual experiences. It examines how individual visitors sometimes went outside the framework of tours and published itineraries, and made their own attempts to connect with personal memories enshrined in the landscape. Section A of the thesis examines the itineraries offered by published guidebooksfirstly in the well-known Michelin guidebooks translated from the French, and secondly in the less widely-recognised British-authored guidebooks of the 1920s. Section B explores writing about the battlefields during the conflict itself, both through short articles in an Anglo-American periodical, and through full-length wartime books

This essay explores how war trauma reshapes national identity in Ukraine, contrasting two philosophical models: normativism and positivism. The normativist identity demands moral conformity and suppresses complexity, often fueled by totalizing narratives of national purity and opposition to the enemy. In contrast, the positivist model is rooted in historical reflection, diversity, and internal coherence.
Through historical examples — including Polish-Ukrainian reconciliation and present-day anti-Russian sentiment — the author asks whether a postwar Ukraine can embrace a pluralistic, future-oriented identity rather than one born of fear and negation.

During my conversation with Natylie Baldwin, we discussed:
📌My journey from Ukrainian nationalistic myths that surrounded my life in Galicia to the critical study of it
📌How Russia and Ukraine abuse the history and memory of WWII for political and military goals
📌Western 'blindness' to "Banderazation," whitewashing of Nazi collaborators and Nazi apology in the post-Maidan Ukraine
📌Weaponization of sexual violence in the Russo-Ukrainian war

Forgetting. Bad memories and the banality of evil.

A forgotten episode of the Memory Wars reveals a clinical judgment based on an equivocal lexicon: ‘reliving the event’ is one of the symptomatic criteria for recognizing psychological trauma and a lever for therapies (‘making the event be relived’) to finally ‘live again.’ The Propanolol molecule makes the therapeutic objective unambiguous since ‘forgetting’ ends with bad memories. Still, it also provokes an ethical quarrel: pharmacology is a medical instrument of good to relieve victims and a paradoxical political instrument to trivialize evil. This article aims to determine the values of psychic healing the lexicon brings to clinical judgment. The analysis focuses on three equivocations: (i) the change in status of the verb ‘relive,’ (ii) the metaphors used to express psychic healing, and (iii) the neglect of the status of the passions. The conclusion is that to relive is not to forget; on the contrary, it is to remember because remembering is a moral reappraisal that substitutes a passion for an affect.

Keywords : Historical epistemology, psychiatry, trauma, healing

Co-autori: Donatella Biagi Maino e Giuseppe Maino (UNIBO). Relazione presentata al seminario "Il ruolo del patrimonio culturale in contesti di conflitto" (Napoli, 12 settembre 2023), coordinato da G.Pace - CNR Iriss - con un allegato di approfondimento.
Gli atti sono in corso di stampa

The case study that we have been tasked with presenting concerns a cultural institution, the Documentation Centre of the Benedicta. It is situated on a medieval historical site that has been documented since the 11th century [1]. During the Easter 1944 massacre [2], the Nazi-Fascists deliberately destroyed the site. However, the site subsequently became the venue for years of heartfelt and participatory commemorations and celebrations. These were organised by local, regional and national institutions, but above all by the community [3]. The decision not to reconstruct the destroyed building, but rather to enhance it as a 'Place of Memory' and make the few remaining ruins visitable after decades of abandonment, has been taken by the local administrations and community. Among the four themes that will be the subject of our study, research and documentation activities, the one to which this workshop volume is dedicated has been identified. This theme focuses not so much on the destruction as on the (rare) cases of preventive safeguarding and respect for cultural heritage during an armed conflict.

2’nci Dünya Savaşı’nın sona ermesiyle Soğuk Savaş Dönemi başlamış ve dünya iki kutuplu bir hâl almıştır. ABD, SSCB tehditlerine karşılık 1947 yılında adı “Truman Doktrini” olarak anılacak bir planla Türkiye ve Yunanistan’a askerî ve ekonomik yardım yapmayı tüm dünyaya açıklamıştır. Truman Doktrini ile Türkiye’ye askerî yardım olarak sağlanan 100 milyon dolardan 48,5 milyon doları, Kara Kuvvetleri Komutanlığı modernizasyonu için ayrılmıştır. Amerika, Türk Silahlı Kuvvetlerinin modernizasyonunu yapmak ve Türkiye’nin savunma kabiliyetini arttırmak amacıyla “Türkiye’ye Yardım İçin Amerikan Misyonu”nu kurmuştur. Bu kapsamda modern silah, araç ve teçhizat ikmali yapılmış, birliklerin teşkilatları yeniden düzenlenmiştir. Amerikan talimnameleri de Türkçeye çevrilerek birliklerde uygulanmaya başlamıştır. Modern silah, araç ve teçhizatları kullanma ve teknik eğitimleri Amerikalı subaylar tarafından sınıf okullarında verilmesi üzerine piyade sınıfının eğitimlerine de Çankırı Piyade Okulunda başlanmıştır. Bu kapsamda sınıf subayları, piyade sınıfının teşkilat, teçhizat ve doktrin modernizasyonunu Piyade Dergilerinde yazdıkları makalelerle tüm sınıf personeline tanıtmayı amaçlamıştır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, 1948-1953 yılları arasında yayınlanan Piyade Dergilerinde, piyade sınıfının teşkilat, teçhizat, doktrin yeniliklerini konu alan makalelerin analiz edilmesi, subayların o dönemdeki Amerikan doktrinine ve modernizasyona bakış açılarını, iki ülkenin piyade sınıf doktrinini nasıl kıyasladıklarının ortaya çıkarılmasıdır. Çalışma da tespit edilen bulgular dikkat çekicidir. Bazı makale yazarı subaylar, Amerikan talimnamelerinin 2’nci Dünya Savaşı tecrübelerini yansıtmadığını, sadece 2’nci Dünya Savaşı’nın Pasifik bölümündeki harekâtları incelediğini, bu doktrinin Türkiye’nin arazi şartlarında olduğu gibi uygulanamayacağı sonucuna vararak Amerikan piyade doktrinine eleştirel bir bakış açısı sunmuştur. Talimnamelerdeki terim karışıklıkları, üslup ve anlatım tarzı da eleştirilen diğer hususlardan olmuştur. Birçok konudaki eğitimlerin örnekleriyle anlatılması, silahların pratik ve kolay atış teknikleri olumlu olarak görülmüştür. Ayrıca envantere yeni giren araçlar ile energa tanksavar tüfek bombası, bazoka, havanlar, telsizler gibi modern silah ve teçhizatların piyadenin muharebe gücünü artırdığı belirtilerek övgüyle bahsedilmiştir.

บทความวิจัยนี้มุ่งศึกษาการแปลนวนิยายเรื่อง She ของเฮนรี ไรเดอร์ แฮกการ์ด มาเป็นนวนิยายภาษาไทยเรื่องสาวสองพันปีโดยนกโนรีหรือครูเหลี่ยม โดยอาศัยกรอบแนวคิดแบบหลังอาณานิคม ผลการศึกษาพบว่าในการแปลนวนิยายเรื่อง She ครูเหลี่ยมรักษาและขับเน้นภาพแทนด้านลบของคนอัฟริกันตามขนบวรรณกรรมโรมานซ์แนวจักรวรรดินิยมของต้นฉบับไว้อย่างชัดเจน ภาพแทนเช่นนี้แสดงอคติด้านเชื้อชาติที่เน้นความเหนือกว่าของคนยุโรปตามวาทกรรมแบบจักรวรรดินิยม อคติด้านเชื้อชาติที่ปรากฏนี้สอดรับกับวาทกรรมเรื่องเชื้อชาติที่นักเขียนชาวไทยช่วงปลายรัชกาลที่ 5 ถึงต้นรัชกาลที่ 6 ส่วนหนึ่งแสดงออก แสดงให้เห็นถึงแนวคิดอคติด้านเชื้อชาติต่อคนอัฟริกันที่แพร่หลายในสังคมไทยบางส่วนในเวลานั้น เมื่อมองในกรอบหลังอาณานิคมทาให้ตีความได้ว่าครูเหลี่ยมได้ฉวยรับ วาทกรรมของจักรวรรดิมาเพื่อสร้างความรู้สึกเหนือกว่าด้านเชื้อชาติโดยสร้างคนอัฟริกันให้เป็นคนป่าเถื่อนที่ด้อยกว่าตน นอกจากนี้กระบวนการแปลของครูเหลี่ยมยังทาให้เห็นว่าตัวบทเปิดโอกาสให้เกิดการบ่อนเซาะอานาจครอบงาของชาติตะวันตกเจ้าอาณานิคม โดยชี้ให้เห็นความเป็นไปได้แห่งความเสื่อมถอยของจักรวรรดิ รวมถึงแทรกเอาคุณค่าแบบพุทธเข้าไปในตัวบทเพื่อก่อให้เกิดการต่อรองระหว่างความเป็นไทยกับความเป็นอื่น

This research article examines the translation of the novel She of Henry Rider Haggard into Thai as Sao Song Phan Pee by Nok Nori or Khru Liam using a postcolonial framework. The research finds that in translating the novel She, Khru Liam evidently preserved and enhanced the negative representation of the Africans according to the imperial romance’s conventions of the original. This representation manifests racist thought which emphasizes the superiority of the European as asserted by imperial discourses. This racist idea resonates with the racial discourse which some Thai writers during the late period of Rama V’s era to the early period of Rama VI’s era expressed, and shows that anti-African racism was prevalent among some Thais during that period. Through a postcolonial lens, it can be interpreted that Khru Liam appropriated the imperial discourse to create the sense of racial superiority by fabricating the Africans as inferior to Thai. Furthermore, the translation of Khru Liam shows that the text opens an opportunity to subvert the dominating power of the colonial West by suggesting the degeneration of the empire and injecting the Buddhist values into the text for the sake of negotiation between Thainess and Otherness.

As consequências dos episódios traumáticos vividos em teatro de guerra afectam não só a vítima directa mas também a esposa/companheira do próprio veterano. A intervenção psicológica junto das mulheres dos veteranos é importante a dois níveis: por um lado porque estas mulheres apresentam psicopatologia e dificuldades na relação conjugal. Por outro lado, a recuperação do próprio veterano é facilitada através da melhoria da sua relação marital que contribui de forma significativa para a redução da sintomatologia depressiva, ansiosa e de hostilidade. Neste estudo participaram 10 mulheres casadas com veteranos de guerra com PTSD que frequentaram um grupo de suporte. Através duma metodologia qualitativa procuramos conhecer os motivos da inscrição no grupo, os aspectos mais importantes da participação, a aprendizagem efectuada, os aspectos mais difíceis da participação, as mudanças na relação conjugal e familiar e os problemas apresentados. Os resultados indicam que estas mulheres sentem u...

This thesis aims to study convention and creativity of Seree Wangnaitham's Ramakien Khon scripts by investigating the scripts, published by the Fine Arts Department from 2507 B.E. to 2550 B.E., as a performance literature. The result projects that Seree Wangnaitham's Ramakien Khon scripts, which are Khon Rong Nai (screen-front masked dance drama), can be divided into three groups. Each group integrates the writing conventions with various forms of creativity. The first group consists of the scripts from 2489 B.E. to 2503 B.E., that Seree Wangnaitham worked with the coordinating authors. Seree Wangnaitham wrote some acts or some chapters which were adopted to perform at the Fine Arts Theater. The Khon scripts in this group maintain the writing conventions, i.e., the form of Khon Rong Nai, the original story of Ramakien, and the composing of the original scripts and considerable dramatizations of Khon. The creative parts are the concise storylines, and the scripts correlating with the other chapters written by the other authors. The second group consists of the scripts in 2522 B.E. The Khon scripts in this group were written by Seree Wangnaitham and Paew Snidvongseni who worked as a consultant. The Khon scripts maintain the writing conventions, i.e., the form of Khon Rong Nai, the original story of Ramakien, and the composing of original scripts. The considerable dramatization of Khon has been preserved along with the convention of Lakhon Nai. The creative parts are the concise storylines, and the scripts written in purpose of facilitating the theatrical process of Lakhon Nai. The third group consists of the scripts written between 2517 B.E. to 2550 B.E. All of the scripts in this group were written by Seree Wangnaitham in the traditional form of Khon Rong Nai. The scripts can be divided into two sets: 1) the set of Ramakien traditional stories, and 2) the set of stories according to the unknown tales of Rama. For the set of traditional stories, there are two traditional styles of storylines, which are the storylines of a single chapter, and the storylines of chronological sequence of multiple chapters, and a new style of storylines that mainly focus on a character by presenting the background and story of the character. For the set of stories according to the unknown tales of Rama, the foreignversion story of Ramayana and the other Thai tales of Rama were adopted. In the term of composing, the traditional scripts were integrated with new storylines. To make the performance interesting, the scripts still maintain the traditional theatrical process, and also present the new theatrical process, e.g., using the sense of humor to link the stories, using the dance as a symbol. The inherited convention and creativity help the Khon scripts to maintain the traditional characteristics and to integrate them with the new characteristics. The scripts can be treated as a valuable performance literature. For the literary value, the scripts consist of the usage of beautiful and pleasing language, the usage of figurative expression, and the usage of imagery. For the content value, the scripts present the perspicuous contents, and various contents which contribute the Ramakien story to the community. The scripts also provide knowledges and morals to audiences. For the performing value, the scripts integrate traditional theatrical process with the new theatrical process consistently, and also entertain the audiences. Hence, Seree Wangnaitham's Khon scripts are valuable as the inheritance of Ramakien's story in Thai society and the continuance of Khon existing in the contemporary Thai community.

En noviembre de 2016 la instalación de una placa para conmemorar a soldados muertos durante la Guerra de Croacia (1991-1995) generó un prolongado debate que involucró a diferentes actores políticos y sociales y que se desarrolló en espacios tanto públicos como institucionales. La inclusión en la placa (como parte del escudo de la organización de veteranos que la colocó) de un lema identificado con el movimiento ustaša (que con apoyo de la Alemania nazi gobernó el llamado Estado Independiente de Croacia -1941 a 1945), y, más aún, el sitio escogido para la misma, la localidad de Jasenovac (donde se encontraba el campo de detención y exterminio más significativo de aquel régimen) visibilizó las tensiones no resueltas entre dos hechos considerados fundacionales para la estatalidad croata actual. Por un lado, la resistencia antifascista durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial (que dio lugar a la “segunda” Yugoslavia) y, por otro, la Guerra en los ’90 (en pos de independizarse de aquella). 
Este trabajo comienza por abordar las tres polémicas de la placa, determinadas por lo que dice, por quiénes la colocaron, y por la ubicación. Luego se analizan los debates suscitados sobre la cuestión. Se pretende señalar cómo comenzaron, en qué espacios se realizaron y quiénes los llevaron a cabo.
La intención es, entonces, explorar cómo se presentan las discusiones sobre estos hechos pasados determinantes en la conformación de una identidad para la Croacia independiente, entendiendo que son también disputas por los proyectos de país a futuro.

El libro de Jelena Đureinović es una valiosa contribución al estudio de las políticas de memoria relativas a los conflictos armados que signaron el siglo XX en el territorio de lo que fue la República Federal Socialista de Yugoslavia. Por un lado, porque provee un repaso de largo plazo sobre las maneras que fue revistiendo el recuerdo y la conmemoración de la Segunda Guerra Mundial en Serbia, haciendo hincapié en los últimos 20 años. Por otro, porque entre las diferentes dimensiones que aborda incluye una aún poco visitada, esto es, la que corresponde a la de las leyes vinculadas con tal conflicto, y el impacto que tienen en la narrativa que se construye sobre el mismo.

History is the basis of our identity, but it sometimes represents a trap. As well explained by Keith Lowe, monuments are representative of our values, and every society deludes itself that its values will be everlasting. However, in a world changing at an unprecedented pace while we move on, urban furnishment such as monuments or streets' names remain frozen in time. Statues and toponyms that were erected and chosen a long time ago may no longer be representative of the values we now treasure. While Russia's aggression is still raging, a lot has been written on the potential implications of the war in Ukraine in several fields such as global economy, energy and food security. Still, at a time in which the relationship between memory and politics is coming to the fore in the field of IR, an in-depth study of the consequences of the war on Ukraine's politics of memory appears to be virtually essential. To close this gap, this paper aims at providing an overview of how the war has influenced Ukraine's politics of memory, especially by focusing on urban spaces such as monuments and topography. Drawing from the theoretical background on collective memory, first, the concepts of "memory" and "place" will be investigated by specifically looking at memory sites and building on Langenbacher and Yossi's idea of "infrastructure of memory". Second, we analyze the changing environment triggered by Russia's aggression and actions such as the removal of Catherine the Great's monument in Odesa or the renaming of the former Victory Square in Kyiv. Russia's war on Ukraine has in fact accelerated a process of decolonization of memory which had begun with the post-Communist transition. Ukraine is now determined to revive its national identity which has long been subjugated. Third, we draw conclusions by reflecting on which turn Ukraine's memory politics may take by analyzing hints provided by high-profile officials such as Zelensky or Klitschko. For instance, a reinterpretation of periods such as the Cossack Hetmanate, Kievan Rus' and Ukraine People's Republic or episodes linked to the Ukrainian Insurgent Army may be implemented with the emergence of new monuments or street names.

Published in: Eikón / Imago 15 (2025) (Special issue: Heraldry. A system of Visual Communication in Renewal from the Middle Ages to the Present Day, ed. Miguel Metelo de Seixas)

This paper explores the relatively frequent changes of symbols that had been used to represent the land, province, territory and state of Bosnia and Herzegovina during the twentieth century. Throughout this time the small multi-ethnic Balkan country had mostly been a part or unit of larger state structures, such as the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy (1878-1918), Royal (1918-1941) and Socialist Yugoslavia (1943- 1992). In 1992 it managed to gain its independence which was then followed by a three-year-long brutal military aggression and armed conflict that ended in 1995. Seeing as each regime change also required an adjustment of symbols which would have reflected the newly established political realities in Bosnia and Herzegovina, this case study can serve as an appropriate illustration of the significant role symbols can play in modern state-building processes and construction of collective identities. In analysing these changes, the author examined a number of legal texts and contemporary discussions, revealing that the political elites responsible for designing Bosnia and Herzegovina’s symbols often oscillated between traditional heraldic inspirations from the Middle Ages and the unconventional modern desire for neutral solutions.

December / 2024 Ankara / Turkey 8 İskoçya'nın eski ismi. 9 Fransa ve İspanya arasında yer alan Atlas Okyanusu koyudur. 10 İngiltere'nin güney tarafında yer alan Wight adasının Manş Denizi tarafında olan kısmı. 11 Wight Adası'nın doğu tarafında yer alan Portsmouth yakınlarındaki coğrafi bölge. 12 İngiltere'nin 14 km güney batısında yer alan üzerinde deniz feneri olan kayalıklar. 13 Cebeli Tarık Boğazı'nın uluslararası kodu. 14 İngiltere'de bir liman kenti.

מקדש יסוקוני (Yasukuni) בטוקיו שביפן מנציח שמות ונשמות של חיילים יפנים שנהרגו במלחמות יפן, מאז הקמתו ב-1869. אולם מאז שנוספו למקדש שמותיהם של חיילים שהורשעו בפשעים נגד האנושות במלחמת העולם השנייה (1937–1945), הוא החל לעורר מחלוקת הן בתוך יפן והן בינה לבין שכנותיה. עם השנים, תומכי הימין הלאומני ביפן העלו את המקדש על נס, ודרך זאת קידמו נרטיב לפיו יפן הייתה קורבן של הנסיבות במלחמת העולם השנייה. מחלוקת זו מגיעה לשיא מדי שנה ב-15 באוגוסט, יום השנה לנאום כניעת יפן במלחמת העולם השנייה שנשא הקיסר דאז הירוהיטו (Hirohito). ביום זה, מקדש יסוקוני וסביבתו הופכים למוקד של מפגש פיזי בין אידאולוגיות שונות. אירועי ה-15 באוגוסט במקדש מציבים בקדמת הבמה סוגיות שנותרו ללא פתרון לאחר המלחמה, ומהווים נקודת שיא שמעוררת רגשות רבים, לעיתים מנוגדים, בקרב המשתתפים בהם. מאמר זה בוחן את הנרטיב שמייצג יסוקוני ואת הביטויים הממשיים שלו דרך רשמים ומקורות שנאספו באירועי יום השנה במקדש ב-15 באוגוסט 2023, ודרכם הוא מנתח את האופן שבו זיכרון היסטורי של נרטיב מלחמה מעוצבים ביפן באופן אקטיבי ומשפיעים על השיח הציבורי בן-זמננו.

This chapter focuses on the meanings of ‘search work’ in Russia, that is, the search for and identification of the unburied remains of Soviet soldiers who died during the Second World War. These meanings are constructed not only by ‘the searchers’ but also by the Russian authorities. The rhetoric of the authorities regarding the search movement is filled with elevated sentiments like ‘patriotism’, ‘heroism’, ‘education’, ‘pride for the Fatherland’ and ‘strengthening the country’. The authorities tend to discursively embed the search movement in the patriotic education of citizens, formulating the meanings of the search within the context of militarized patriotism. Searchers’ statements about their work are characterized by motifs of a different tone, such as the unfairness shown towards the soldiers who have remained unburied for decades. The key meaning of the search according to the participants of expeditions is a desire to restore fairness by informing the relatives about the fate of missing soldiers and burying the soldiers’ remains. A problematization of the war in the searchers’ experiences is discursively contrasted with the authorities’ militaristic rhetoric.

A review of:

Shevelenko, Irina. Russian Archaism: Nationalism and the Quest for a Modernist Aesthetic. 1st ed. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, Northern Illinois University Press, 2024. xii, 279 p. ISBN 978-1-5017-7634-2; ISBN 978-1-5017-7636-6.

Lebanese cinema serves as a useful tool with which to assess postwar dynamics given the dominance of the civil war in artistic production since 1990. As the first postwar generation reached adulthood, we have been witnessing the inevitable rise of a 'second wave' of postwar Lebanese cinema, defined as the generation of filmmakers born towards the end of or after the civil war. This essay will analyse two post-war Lebanese films, Ely Dagher's 2015 Waves '98 and Mounia Akl's 2016 Submarine, as unique responses to a feeling of despair brought about by the city/nation, explored through the theme of decay as touched upon by both films by using Jessica Auchter's study of the politics of decay. This in turn would allow us to identify aspects of the second wave of postwar Lebanese cinema.

Авторы статьи формулируют три универсальных постулата, касающихся связи героического и сакрального, которая характерна для любой европейской культуры от Античности до наших дней: «Герой -это всегда страдалец»; «Герой -это всегда трагическая фигура»; «Герой -это фигура, отделенная или отделяемая от общества, полиса, семьи, истории, здравого смысла». В христианстве (как в Элладе, Древнем Риме или исламе) эти постулаты приобретают смысловую значимость. Героизм осмысляется лишь как решительность и готовность к личным страданиям ради всеблагой, согласной с волей Божьей цели; как добровольное решение, вернее, понуждение самого себя к повседневному соработничеству с Божьей волей с осознанием трагического результата своего личного земного бытия. Героизм -это скорее готовность и состояние понуждения самого себя к деланию. Однако святость осмысляет страдание, придает ему глубокую содержательность и дарует утешение, которые не связаны с мирской грустью по поводу отделенности от общества или от привычного уклада жизни. Постулаты, гипотезы и промежуточные выводы проверяются на эмпирическом материале всероссийского опроса, проведенного в 2023 г. (восемь федеральных округов РФ, 1350 респондентов). Особое внимание уделяется ответам двух категорий респондентов: практикующих (551 чел.) и не практикующих (638 чел.) верующих. Ключевые слова: герой, героизм, святой, святость, античный герой, святой подвижник христианства, свобода воли, отношение Бога и человека, отношение человека и человека. В научной литературе существуют две противоположные точки зрения: сторонники первой из них не отделяют героизм от святости, а сторонники другой отделяют. Первые ставят конъюнкцию между героиче-№4 2024

This paper explores the attempts at the international regulation of the production and international trade of wheat. This was a process that began in the 1920s and achieved greater intensity during the Great Depression. These attempts were carried out in three venues: first, within the frame of international conferences organized by producer countries; second by the League of Nations; and thirdly by the International Institute of Agriculture (IIA) of Rome. These three venues overlapped: the League of Nations sponsored conferences on this matter or discussed the results of the conferences organized by the producer countries; and a similar story may be told about the International Institute of Agriculture. Furthermore, experts from the IIA participated in the conferences and committees of the League of Nations. This constituted an intricate web of organizations and national representatives, very often displaying open divergences and rivalries, due to national interests or ideological commitments. National interests were crossed by transnational coalitions. For example, Italian fascist government used the IIA as a weapon in its struggle for imposing its own view on international cereal policies. The goal of this paper is to delve into these complex lines and provide a first narrative of a crucial aspect in the history of European (and global) governance, namely, the regulation of agricultural production.