Voluntary Computing

This article describes the role of reactive streams concept as a core communication pattern in mobile-first applications and proposes directions for evolution of its classic API to better match mobile application requirements. By designing the selected examples of mobile applications, the authors evaluate the Reactive Streams API which is an increasingly accepted standard for asynchronous communication with back-pressure. This design is then assessed with regard to solution expressiveness and the ability to satisfy functional and non-functional requirements of the stated problems. It is observed that the used API does not allow for a context propagation from a mobile subscriber to a publisher so that the streamed data can be well adjusted to the variable reception context of a given mobile device. To address this issues, a context-aware variant of this API is proposed and it is demonstrated and discussed by presenting an alternative application design.

This project proposes to eliminate homogeneous cluster setup in a parallel data processing environment. A homogeneous cluster setup supports static nature of processing which is a huge disadvantage for optimising the response time towards clients. Parallel data processing is performed more often in today’s internet and it is very important for the server to deliver the services to its client in optimal time. In order to avail utmost client satisfaction, the server needs to eliminate homogeneous cluster setup that is encountered usually in parallel data processing. The homogeneous cluster setup is static in nature and dynamic allocation of resources is not possible in this kind of environment. The project will also make sure that the user gets its entire requirement fulfilled in optimal time. This will improve the overall resource utilization and, consequently, reduce the processing cost.

In 2019, around 57% of the population of the world has broadband access to the Internet. Moreover, there are 5.9 billion mobile broadband subscriptions, i.e., 1.3 subscriptions per user. So there is an enormous interconnected computational power held by users all around the world. Also, it is estimated that Internet users spend more than six and a half hours online every day. But in spite of being a great amount of time, those resources are idle most of the day. Therefore, taking advantage of them presents an interesting opportunity. In this study, we introduce JSDoop, a prototype implementation to profit from this opportunity. In particular, we propose a volunteer web browser-based high-performance computing library. JSdoop divides a problem into tasks and uses different queues to distribute the computation. Then, volunteers access the web page of the problem and start processing the tasks in their web browsers. We conducted a proof-of-concept using our proposal and TensorFlow.js to train a recurrent neural network that predicts text. We tested it in a computer cluster and with up to 32 volunteers. The experimental results show that training a neural network in distributed web browsers is feasible and accurate, has a high scalability, and it is an interesting area for research.

Fully controlled digital home had always been considered as a luxury of rich people because of excessive cost to install the system. It is now within the reach of mass people with lots of inexpensive cool features. In this paper we have designed and developed a very low cost, efficient and reliable Digital home system. Fully Controlled Digital Home is no more a Luxury. Our proposed system made it affordable. We built a low-cost feature-rich Digital Home System (DHS). Digital Home System is combination of automated services i.e. Electronic Device Controller, IR Security System, Web Desktop, Remote Video Surveillance System and Virtual Mobile by which we can control our home by avoiding old manual processes e.g. our physical presence at home is optional. The System provides some of the modern luxury & security features to us. Now we can control Light or fan or AC or any electronic devices in home by voice command, Blue-tooth, GPRS or Website. To control the system remotely, GPRS connectivity is added. We can also monitor our home from remote area by using Remote Video Surveillance System. For example if we are outside of home but we want to see what is happening in your home you can easily login to system and watch the live video of your home in our mobile device. Moreover, we can also access our PC and do the necessary tasks from any internet enabled computer in the world by using Web Desktop which is specially built for this purpose. Furthermore, if any unauthorized person wants to enter in our home the IR-Security System will inform us by sending SMS & store the image of that unauthorized person in our computer for further action and also generate a voice alarm "Someone in the room". So that ensures the security of our valuable things. Also we can identify and monitor the location of our valuable assets e.g. precious metals remotely. Finally, Virtual mobile application is a Universal mobile Driver by which we can exactly perform some same task e.g. Remote call, Phone book access, SMS read-write of our mobile device from our new invented computer's virtual mobile. Water tank controller, automated entrance/exit gate, remote TV connection is also added in our digital home system.

JavaScript is not the bottleneck anymore-The interactive nature of websites put a demand for faster JavaScript engines which lead to a JavaScript engine arms race between the main contenders namely; Google, Mozilla, Apple, and Microsoft. Web Technologies achievements make JavaScript engines more powerful: • Web workers: threads of JavaScript communicating over message passing • web sockets: bi-directional communication channels • WebGL: JavaScript API for rendering 3D graphics.

Fully controlled digital home had always been considered as a luxury of rich people because of excessive cost to install the system. It is now within the reach of mass people with lots of inexpensive cool features. In this paper we have designed and developed a very low cost, efficient and reliable Digital home system. Fully Controlled Digital Home is no more a Luxury. Our proposed system made it affordable. We built a low-cost feature-rich Digital Home System (DHS). Digital Home System is combination of automated services i.e. Electronic Device Controller, IR Security System, Web Desktop, Remote Video Surveillance System and Virtual Mobile by which we can control our home by avoiding old manual processes e.g. our physical presence at home is optional. The System provides some of the modern luxury & security features to us. Now we can control Light or fan or AC or any electronic devices in home by voice command, Blue-tooth, GPRS or Website. To control the system remotely, GPRS connectivity is added. We can also monitor our home from remote area by using Remote Video Surveillance System. For example if we are outside of home but we want to see what is happening in your home you can easily login to system and watch the live video of your home in our mobile device. Moreover, we can also access our PC and do the necessary tasks from any internet enabled computer in the world by using Web Desktop which is specially built for this purpose. Furthermore, if any unauthorized person wants to enter in our home the IR-Security System will inform us by sending SMS & store the image of that unauthorized person in our computer for further action and also generate a voice alarm "Someone in the room". So that ensures the security of our valuable things. Also we can identify and monitor the location of our valuable assets e.g. precious metals remotely. Finally, Virtual mobile application is a Universal mobile Driver by which we can exactly perform some same task e.g. Remote call, Phone book access, SMS read-write of our mobile device from our new invented computer's virtual mobile. Water tank controller, automated entrance/exit gate, remote TV connection is also added in our digital home system.

In recent years, citizen science has grown in popularity due to a number of reasons, including the emphasis on informal learning and creativity potential associated with these initiatives. Citizen science projects address research questions from various domains, ranging from Ecology to Astronomy.  Due to the advancement of communication technologies, which makes outreach and engagement of wider communities easier, scientists are keen to turn their own research into citizen science projects. However, the development, deployment and management of these projects remains challenging. One of the most important challenges is building the project itself. There is no single tool or framework, which guides the step-by-step development of the project, since every project has specific characteristics, such as geographical constraints or volunteers' mode of participation. Therefore, in this article, we present a series of conceptual frameworks for categorisation, decision and deployment, wh...

Our research examines the use of CodeCircle, an online, collaborative HTML, CSS, and JavaScript editor, as a rapid prototyping environment for musically expressive instruments. In CodeCircle, we use two primary libraries: MaxiLib and RapidLib. MaxiLib is a synthesis and sample processing library, ported from the C++ library Maximillian, which interfaces with the Web Audio API for sound generation in the browser. RapidLib is a product of the Rapid-Mix project, and allows users to implement interactive machine learning, using "programming by demonstration" to design new expressive interactions.

With the advent in multicore computers, the scheduling of Grid jobs can be made more effective if scaled to fully utilize the underlying hardware and parallelized to benefit from the exploitation of multicores. The fact that sequential algorithms do not scale with multicore systems nor benefit from parallelism remains a major challenge to scheduling in the Grid. As multicore systems become ever more pervasive in our computing lives, over reliance on such systems for passive parallelism does not offer the best option in harnessing the benefits of their multiprocessors for Grid scheduling. An explicit means of exploiting parallelism for Grid scheduling is required. The Group-based Parallel Multi-scheduler for Grid introduced in this work is aimed at effectively exploiting the benefits of multicore systems for Grid job scheduling by splitting jobs and machines into paired groups and independently multi-scheduling jobs in parallel from the groups. The Priority method splits jobs into four priority groups based on job attributes and uses two methods (SimTog and EvenDist) methods to group machines. Then the scheduling is carried out using the MinMin To the memory of my mother Mrs. Balafakuma Abraham (nee Reuben) who despite all odds ensured that academic pursuit remains one and only option for me, dedicated her life towards achieving that cause but died at the brinks of the goal becoming a reality. Group-Based Parallel Multi-scheduling Methods for Grid Computing v

Computing hungry multimedia web applications need to efficiently utilize all the resources of a device. HTML5 web workers is a non-sharing concurrency platform that enables multimedia web application to utilize the available multicore hardware. HTML5 web workers are implemented by major browser vendors to facilitate concurrent execution in web clients and enhance the quality of ambitious web applications. The concurrent execution in web workers allows parallel processing using available cores at the expense of communication overhead and extra computation. The benefits of concurrent execution can be maximized by balancing load across workers/CPU cores. This work presents load-balancing algorithms between web workers using parameters such as scheduler throughput, computation priority and game entities locality. An award-winning web-based multimedia game (raptjs.com) is used to evaluate the performance of load balancing algorithms. The preliminary results indicated that the performance of game improved with the proposed load-balancing across web workers. The load balancing algorithms were developed on top of DOHA , an open source JavaScript execution

We identify a new class of side-channels in browsers that are not mitigated by current defenses. This class of sidechannels, which we call “pool-party” attacks, allow sites to create covert channels by manipulating limited-but-unpartitioned resource pools in browsers. We identify pool-party attacks in all popular browsers, and show they are practical cross-site tracking techniques. In this paper we make the following contributions: first, we describe pool-party side-channel attacks that exploit limits in application-layer resource pools in browsers. Second, we demonstrate that pool-party attacks are practical, and can be used to track users in all popular browsers; we also share open source implementations of the attack and evaluate them through a representative web crawl. Third, we show that in Gecko basedbrowsers (including the Tor Browser Bundle) pool-party attacks can also be used for cross-profile tracking (e.g., linking user behavior across normal and private browsing sessions...

In this paper, we address an unsolved problem in the real world: how to ensure the integrity of the web content in a browser in the presence of malicious browser extensions? The problem of exposing confidential user credentials to malicious extensions has been widely understood, which has prompted major banks to deploy two-factor authentication. However, the importance of the "integrity" of the web content has received little attention. We implement two attacks on real-world online banking websites and show that ignoring the "integrity" of the web content can fundamentally defeat two-factor solutions. To address this problem, we propose a cryptographic protocol called DOMtegrity to ensure the end-to-end integrity of the DOM structure of a web page from delivering at a web server to the rendering of the page in the user's browser. DOMtegrity is the first solution that protects DOM integrity without modifying the browser architecture or requiring extra hardware. It works by exploiting subtle yet important differences between browser extensions and in-line JavaScript code. We show how DOMtegrity prevents the earlier attacks and a whole range of man-in-the-browser attacks. We conduct extensive experiments on more than 14,000 real-world extensions to evaluate the effectiveness of DOMtegrity.

Volunteer computing (VC) or distributed computing projects are common in the citizen cyberscience (CCS) community and present extensive opportunities for scientists to make use of computing power donated by volunteers to undertake large-scale scientific computing tasks. VC is generally a noninteractive process for those contributing computing resources to a project, whereas volunteer thinking (VT) or distributed thinking allows volunteers to participate interactively in CCS projects to solve human computation tasks. In this paper, we describe the integration of three tools, the Virtual Atom Smasher (VAS) game developed by CERN, LiveQ, a job distribution middleware, and CitizenGrid, an online platform for hosting and providing computation to CCS projects. This integration demonstrates the combining of VC and VT to help address the scientific and educational goals of games like VAS. This paper introduces the three tools and provides details of the integration process along with further potential usage scenarios for the resulting platform.

Large scale and complex systems that require significant hardware resources are typically designed to utilize distributed computing. This paper presents an architecture of a lightweight multi-agent middleware, aimed to simplify distributed computing operations. This middleware is implemented in JavaScript programming language, specifically in the Node.js framework. It is designed to support simple load balancing, avoid a single point of failure and enable execution of computationally intensive tasks. Furthermore, by supporting standardized agent communication, our agents can transparently interact with agents in existing, third-party multi-agent solutions. Keywords—Multi-agent platform, Software agents, Mobile agents, Distributed architecture, JavaScript

The goal of this research is to design portable hardware-accelerated interfaces for the Web. Our motivation is that Web browsers have emerged as fully-featured computing platforms that can rival traditional desktop software in functionality, yet Web applications can significantly lag desktop software in achievable performance. The as-yet unsolved problem in Web application development is how to provide near-native hardware performance portably across Web browser platforms. In this talk, we review the existing technologies that aim to deliver near-native performance on the Web. These technologies all can interface with JavaScript code, because it is the de facto programming language of the Web, being the only language with universal support across Web browsers. However, none of these technologies has universal support across Web browsers. Therefore, we are developing a software framework, Furious.js, to overcome this problem. Furious.js provides a portable interface for high-performance multidimensional array processing. It can transparently offload computations from JavaScript to an accelerated backend, by loose analogy to NumPy for Python programs. Furious.js is designed to overcome several of the unique limitations of JavaScript-powered Web development relative to desktop development. For example, normally a JavaScript program executes in the main UI thread. All Web app events are processed on this thread; thus, if some script runs for long time, it stalls UI processing, which distracts the user. To let programmers do intensive computations in the background, most browsers support Web Workers, a JavaScript analog of threads or processes. However, unlike threads in desktop environments, Web Workers cannot share any data: they can communicate with each other and the main UI thread only by sending and receiving asynchronous messages. Another challenge is emerging as scientific computing applications migrate to the Web. These applications often want more performance than can be delivered by JavaScript interpreters and JIT compilers. Browser developers are aware of this performance need and have suggested several technologies that can improve performance. All of these technologies work essentially by exposing low-level hardware features. Unfortunately, these extensions are mostly non-portable, with each being supported on some Web browsers but not others. These are among the challenges Furious.js aims to overcome. To elaborate on how, consider several of the existing technologies that aim to improve the performance possible from JavaScript. First, there is Mozilla's Asm.js. It is a subset of JavaScript with special syntax that makes it, in fact, statically typed, while remaining conformant with the language specification. Asm.js code is commonly generated by compiling C or C++ code with the Emscripten cross-compiler. Mozilla Firefox and other Gecko-based browsers recognize the special structure of Asm.js code and compile it ahead-of-time as statically typed language. Another technology is Portable Native Client (PNaCl). PNaCL supported by Google Chrome and other Chromium-based Web Browsers. In PNaCl a C or C++ program is compiled into portable bitcode and in this form deployed on a Web

It is quite usual when an evolutionary algorithm tool or library uses a language other than C, C++, Java or Matlab that a reviewer or the audience questions its usefulness based on the speed of those other languages, purportedly slower than the aforementioned ones. Despite speed being not everything needed to design a useful evolutionary algorithm application, in this paper we will measure the speed for several very basic evolutionary algorithm operations in several languages which use different virtual machines and approaches, and prove that, in fact, there is no big difference in speed between interpreted and compiled languages, and that in some cases, interpreted languages such as JavaScript or Python can be faster than compiled languages such as Scala, making them worthy of use for evolutionary algorithm experimentation.

A web site presents an intrinsic graph–like spatial structure composed of pages connected by hyperlinks. This structure may represent an environment in which agents related to visitors of the web site are positioned and moved in order to track their navigation. To consider this structure and to keep track of these movements allows the monitoring of the site and of its visitors, in order to support the enhancement of the site itself through forms of adaptivity, carried out by specific interface agents. This paper presents a heterogeneous multiagent system supporting the collection of information related to user’s behaviour in a web site by specific situated reactive agents. The acquired information is then exploited by an application supporting the proposal of hyperlinks based on the history of user’s movement in the web site environment.

With the emerging in HTML5 and JavaScript, gap between web application and legacy desktop applications have been reduced; making this platform a suitable choice for distributed computing. In this paper, we present a survey of latest web technologies with the focus on performance improvement for distributed computing platform and use web browser as frontend client agent. We present an analysis of tools and compare to existing platform. Finally, performance evaluation has been performed. Several JavaScript features are gathered to benchmark the performance against that of the native compiled applications. The results show that performance achieved in web application is comparable to that of native applications. This platform eliminates the need to install additional software. It lowers the barrier of entrance. Clients can join by just simply opening a specific web page. In addition, it also gets the web application advantages including secure sandbox environment, instant deployment with platform independence and large user base.

Fully controlled digital home had always been considered as a luxury of rich people because of excessive cost to install the system. It is now within the reach of mass people with lots of inexpensive cool features. In this paper we have designed and developed a very low cost, efficient and reliable Digital home system. Fully Controlled Digital Home is no more a Luxury. Our proposed system made it affordable. We built a low-cost feature-rich Digital Home System (DHS). Digital Home System is combination of automated services i.e. Electronic Device Controller, IR Security System, Web Desktop, Remote Video Surveillance System and Virtual Mobile by which we can control our home by avoiding old manual processes e.g. our physical presence at home is optional. The System provides some of the modern luxury & security features to us. Now we can control Light or fan or AC or any electronic devices in home by voice command, Blue-tooth, GPRS or Website. To control the system remotely, GPRS connectivity is added. We can also monitor our home from remote area by using Remote Video Surveillance System. For example if we are outside of home but we want to see what is happening in your home you can easily login to system and watch the live video of your home in our mobile device. Moreover, we can also access our PC and do the necessary tasks from any internet enabled computer in the world by using Web Desktop which is specially built for this purpose. Furthermore, if any unauthorized person wants to enter in our home the IR-Security System will inform us by sending SMS & store the image of that unauthorized person in our computer for further action and also generate a voice alarm "Someone in the room". So that ensures the security of our valuable things. Also we can identify and monitor the location of our valuable assets e.g. precious metals remotely. Finally, Virtual mobile application is a Universal mobile Driver by which we can exactly perform some same task e.g. Remote call, Phone book access, SMS read-write of our mobile device from our new invented computer's virtual mobile. Water tank controller, automated entrance/exit gate, remote TV connection is also added in our digital home system.

Computers connected to internet represent an immense computing power, mostly unused by their owners. One way to utilize this public resource is via world wide web, where users can share their resources using nothing more except their browsers. We survey the techniques employing the idea of browser-based voluntary computing (BBVC), discuss their commonalities, recognize recurring problems and their solutions and finally we describe a prototype implementation aiming at efficient mining of voluntary-contributed computing power.

In this paper we report on our work-in-progress on a new job description language intended for use in a browser-based voluntary computing platform. The language has workflow-control features, will enable the automatic data distribution and allows job creators to react to special events and failures.

Computers connected to internet represent an immense computing power, mostly unused by their owners. One way to utilize this public resource is via world wide web, where users can share their resources using nothing more except their browsers. We survey the techniques employing the idea of browser-based voluntary computing (BBVC), discuss their commonalities, recognize recurring problems and their solutions and finally we describe a prototype implementation aiming at efficient mining of voluntary-contributed computing power.

Reliable communication on the Internet is guaranteed by a standard set of protocols, used by all computers. Here we show that these protocols can be exploited to compute with the communication infrastructure, transforming the Internet into a distributed computer in which servers unwittingly perform computation on behalf of a remote node. In this model, which we call 'parasitic computing', one machine forces target computers to solve a piece of a complex computational problem merely by engaging them in standard communication. Consequently, the target computers are unaware that they have performed computation for the benefit of a commanding node. As experimental evidence of the principle of parasitic computing, we harness the power of several web servers across the globe, which-unknown to them-work together to solve an NP complete problem.

In this paper we address the issue of user cooperation in grid projects. We assume that the users are rational, i.e. their actions are strictly determined by self interest and not by the global worthy goal. With this paper we propose a way of attracting and preserving the nodes in the grid environment taking into account the expected benefit of the node and the grid, while incorporating the network influence.

Together with the current shift to cloud-based solutions, various Web applications have been enriched with collaborative features. These collaborative features enable users to work together on digital products like documents, diagrams and videos at the same time on a global scale. Implementing them require developers to have knowledge about both complex algorithms for maintaining consistency on one hand and usability issues on the other hand. Besides developing apps from scratch, Web application developers often meet these challenges by employing ready-made libraries for shared editing on the Web. A new generation of these shared editing frameworks has emerged recently; several of these libraries are available as open source solutions. In this paper, we first present general and browser-specific requirements for shared editing like consistency algorithms and means of workspace awareness. Then, state-ofthe-art frameworks for shared editing are analyzed in respect of their support of these requirements. As a contribution, we have identified missing features like the availability of general awareness widgets and new architectural designs due to emerging Web standards. To that end, we demonstrate prototypes addressing some of these issues.

Conducting network measurement in a web browser (e.g., speedtest and Netalyzr) enables end users to understand their network and application performance. However, very little is known about the (in)accuracy of the various methods used in these tools. In this paper, we evaluate the accuracy of ten HTTP-based and TCP socketbased methods for measuring the round-trip time (RTT) with the five most popular browsers on Linux and Windows. Our measurement results show that the delay overheads incurred in most of the HTTP-based methods are too large to ignore. Moreover, the overheads incurred by some methods (such as Flash GET and POST) vary significantly across different browsers and systems, making it very difficult to calibrate. The socket-based methods, on the other hand, incur much smaller overhead. Another interesting and important finding is that Date.getTime(), a typical timing API in Java, does not provide the millisecond resolution assumed by many measurement tools on some OSes (e.g., Windows 7). This results in a serious under-estimation of RTT. On the other hand, some tools over-estimate the RTT by including the TCP handshaking phase.

This paper reports on two approaches to provide a general-purpose audio programming support for web applications based on Csound. It reviews the current state of web audio development, and discusses some previous attempts at this. We then introduce a Javascript version of Csound that has been created using the Emscripten compiler, and discuss its features and limitations. In complement to this, we look at a Native Client implementation of Csound, which is a fully-functional version of Csound running in Chrome and Chromium browsers.

Browsers have become mature execution platforms enabling web applications to rival their desktop counterparts. An important class of such applications is interactive multimedia: games, animations, and interactive visualizations. Unlike many early web applications, these applications are latency sensitive and processing (CPU and graphics) intensive. When demands exceed available resources, application quality (e.g., frame rate) diminishes because it is hard to balance timeliness and utilization. The quality of ambitious web applications is also limited by single-threaded execution prevalent in the Web. Applications need to scale their quality, and thereby scale processing load, based on the resources that are available. We refer to this as scalable quality.

Abstract There is an urgent need for novel programming abstractions to leverage the parallelism in modern multicore machines. We introduce S, a new domain-specific language targeting the server-side scripting of high-performance RESTful Web services. S promotes an innovative programming model based on explicit (control-flow) and implicit (process-level) parallelism control, allowing the service developer to specify which portions of the control-flow should be executed in parallel.