Vegetable Entomology

Leguminous crops are cultivated on a small scale for subsistence by economically poor farming communities. These crops are currently underutilized or ignored, even though they provide a useful source of protein and can increase rural food security. Research and development work is being carried out to improve grain quality and increase the productivity of these crops, but both are affected by pest infestations. Hence, an incidence of stink bugs associated with leguminous crops was studied in the agricultural fields of Chh. Sambhajinagar district. Nezara viridula also called stink bug is one of the most important pentatomid insect pests in the world. It is cosmopolitan and highly polyphagous on many important food and fibre crops. It was observed that there is severe infection of stink bugs on leguminous crops which can affect the crop yield.

En el presente trabajo se obtuvieron los principales estadísticos vitales de Brevicoryne brassicae L., sobre las variedades de repollo Green Kid, Ruby Perfection y el híbrido Savoy Ace. Los áfidos se criaron en condiciones de laboratorio a 20 ± 1 °C, 14:10 horas de fotoperíodo y una humedad relativa de 60-70%. Se emplearon 2 cohortes por cada huésped. Diariamente se registraron los cambios de estadio, el número de individuos muertos y los nacimientos una vez alcanzado el estado adulto. La tasa reproductiva neta (R (|) fue 1.2 veces mayor en Green Kid que en Ruby Perfection y 2.74 veces mayor que en el híbrido Savoy Ace. La tasa intrínseca de crecimiento del áfido (r m), fue significativamente diferente entre las tres cruciferas. Se analizaron las curvas de supervivencia (l x), fecundidad (m x), el tiempo de duplicación (D) y la duración del período ninfal y reproductivo del pulgón. Se concluye que de acuerdo a los parámetros demográficos obtenidos, B. brassicae mostró una menor preferencia por el híbrido Savoy Ace.

Analysis of data on seasonal development of noctuid moths of the subfamily Plusiinae shows that the control of their seasonal cycles is poorly understood. At the same time, the available data demonstrate considerable diversity of the seasonal patterns of Plusiinae species from different regions. The homodynamic type of seasonal development has been found in Trichoplusia ni and Ctenoplusia agnata of the tribe Argyrogrammatini and in Autographa gamma of the Plusiini. The seasonal development of these southern noctuids is accompanied by regular interzonal migrations of flying adults. When spreading northwards, they can produce a different number of annual generations, depending on the local climatic conditions, and establish temporary local populations whose longevity is limited by the available thermal resources. Adults of some species may fly back southwards, but it is more likely that individuals from temporary local populations cannot survive long winters and are destined to die. The heterodynamic type of seasonal cycles allows insects to survive in the regions with pronounced seasonality of climate. This type of seasonal development includes univoltine, multivoltine, and semivoltine seasonal cycles. Univoltine seasonal cycles with obligate diapause are known in Autographa buraetica, A. excelsa, and Syngrapha ain (Plusiini). Diapause provides tolerance to both low temperatures and a prolonged period when food is unavailable. In Syngrapha ottolenguii (Plusiini), the same result is achieved by inclusion of two photoperiodically controlled diapauses (winter larval and summer adult ones) into the life cycle. The semivoltine seasonal cycle has been reported in only one species of Plusiinae, namely Syngrapha devergens. Larvae of this moth overwinter twice before pupation. Multivoltinism is common in the tribe Plusiini. Depending on the latitude, different species of this tribe can produce up to four generations per year and overwinter as middle-instar larvae in the state of facultative diapause. However, the characteristics of diapause vary substantially between the species: diapause can be deep and stable (as in Diachrysia chrysitis, Plusiini) or unstable and thus not ensuring successful overwintering and steady population growth (as in Macdunnoughia confusa, Plusiini). The seasonal adaptations known in Plusiinae include migrations, winter and summer diapauses, photoperiodic control of larval growth rates, and seasonal polyphenism of larval body coloration. In general, seasonal adaptations of Plusiinae are determined by local environmental conditions and only loosely associated with the systematic position of particular taxa. Only the tribe Abrostolini stands apart from other taxa of Plusiinae: moths of this tribe differ not only in morphology but also in peculiarities of their seasonal development, because all the species of this tribe overwinter as pupae and their seasonal cycles are therefore different from those of the rest of Plusiinae.

Chrysocoris stolli Wolf is a polyphagous phytosuccivorus bug, infests Cassia occidentalies, Croton sparisiflorum. The population feeds on leaves, seeds and inflorescence. The bug first probes suitable feeding site with the aid of sensory setae of the rostrum and then piercing is done by styletes and when feeding is over the bug withdraws its styletes and either move away from the feeding site or remained in near by vicinity. After feeding, rostrum and antenna are cleaned by antenna nd rostrum cleaner device named by Dhiman and Dhiman (1885). The C.stolli occurs actively during March to October and hibernates from November to February. The number of adults as well as nymphs reaches on peak in September. In mid October the older nymphs 4th and 5th instars prepare for quick feeding and moulting to become adults. Seasonal occurrence of C.stolli was observed in relation to host plants and abiotic factors.

The objective of this on-farm study was to determine if peanuts harbor populations of stink bugs (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) and their natural enemies in Georgia. Eight species of phytophagous stink bugs were found in peanuts over the 5-yr study. The predominant stink bug species were Nezara viridula (L.), Euschistus servus (Say), Euschistus quadrator (Rolston), and Oebalus pugnax pugnax (F.). The remaining 4 species, Acrosternum hilare (Say), Euschistus tristigmus (Say), Euschistus ictericus (L.), and Thyanta custator accerra McAtee, were found in relatively low numbers. All developmental stages of N. viridula, E. servus, E. quadrator, A. hilare, and O. p. pugnax were collected at various times in the study indicating that these 5 species of stink bugs were developing on this crop. Seasonal abundance of N. viridula and E. servus nymphs and adults provided further support that these 2 species of stink bugs developed on peanuts. At least 1 generation of N. viridula and E. servus occu...

The green stink bug, Chinavia hilaris (Say) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), is a pest of cotton in the southeastern United States but little is known concerning its spatiotemporal distribution in corn cropping systems. Therefore, the spatiotemporal distribution of C. hilaris in farmscapes, when corn was adjacent to cotton, peanut, or both, was examined weekly. The spatial patterns of C. hilaris counts were analyzed using Spatial Analysis by Distance Indices methodology. Interpolated maps of C. hilaris density were used to visualize abundance and distribution of C. hilaris in crops in corn-peanut-cotton farmscapes. This stink bug was detected in six of seven corn-cotton farmscapes, four of six corn-peanut farmscapes, and in both corn-peanut-cotton farmscapes. The frequency of C. hilaris in cotton (89.47%) was significantly higher than in peanut (7.02%) or corn (3.51%). This stink bug fed on noncrop hosts that grew in field borders adjacent to crops. The spatial distribution of C. hilaris ...

BACKGROUND: The asparagus miner is a putative vector of Fusarium spp., which have been implicated in globally declining asparagus production. Growers currently apply broad-spectrum insecticides for the asparagus miner, but lack management guidelines for adequately controlling the pest. Our aims were (1) to determine the lower developmental threshold of the asparagus miner, (2) develop and validate a degree-day model describing its phenology, and (3) create a developmental time budget for the asparagus miner to help guide growers' management decisions. RESULTS: We found that the lower developmental threshold for the asparagus miner was 12.1 • C, and that the phenology of the asparagus miner could be reliably predicted over the course of a two-year study. Predictions from the model match well with previously published information on the bionomics of the asparagus miner, but fit better for sampling data collected from the midwestern and eastern United States than for the United Kingdom. The life cycle of the asparagus miner likely requires between 1500 and 2000 degree-days to complete; the longest developmental time requirement was for the pupal stagen CONCLUSION: This study provides tools for the targeted management of the asparagus miner by offering a degree-day model that may be used to predict its life stages in the northeastern United States.

p.137-143A través de la confección de tablas de vida en laboratorio, se obtuvieron parámetros biológicos y poblacionales de Nasonovia ribisnigri, importante vector del Lettuce Mosaic Virus (LMV), sobre Lactuca sativa, Cichorium endivia y C. intybus. Las crías se efectuaron a 10+- 1ºC, 12:12 h de fotoperíodo y H.R cercana al 90 por ciento. Se conformaron tres cohortes de 30 individuos iniciales cada una sobre plantines de cada hospedera. Solamente el período prereproductivo y la longevidad total sobre C. intybus fueron significativamente mas largos que en los otros hospedantes, retardando la larviposición. La tasa neta de reproducción fue mas alta en lechuga mientas que la tasa intrínseca de incremento fue más baja sobre C. intybus. La tasa de supervivencia decrece con la edad en L. sativa, aumentando o manteniéndose constante sobre C. intybus y C. endivia. El áfido prefiere lechuga y tendría poca probabilidad de desarrollarse sobre achicoria; en endivia puede reproducirse y aumentar...

The potato (Solanum tuberosum) is a temperate crop grown extensively in the subtropical regions of India. It is a herbaceous perennial crop that belongs to the family Solanaceae, which is grown for its edible tuber. Potatoes are the fourth important food crop in terms of world production, the other three being wheat, maize, and rice. It exceeds pre-existing staple crops by providing more vitamins and nutrients to support life than any other crop (Reader, 2008). There are various constraints associated with potato production, among which insect pests are at the top of the list. Pertaining to potato production, insect loss accounts for about 15-25%, according to Neupane (2000). A wide range of insects viz., Myzus persicae, leafhoppers, Empoasca fabae, potato cutworms, Agrotis spp., potato tuber moth, Phthorimaea operculella and leaf miners, Liri

The effect of different food plants on various parameters of development and hibernation in the cabbage moth, Mamestra brassicae L. (Lepidoptera Noctuidae), a serious polyphagous pest, was tested. Brassica oleracea, Brassica napus, Beta vulgaris, Allium cepa and Pisum sativum, differed in their influence on larval development rate, on body mass, mass loss and mortality and on the intensity of pupal diapause. When the larvae were fed on A. cepa, B. vulgaris and particularly on P. sativum, larval development was longer, mortality was higher and pupae had a smaller body mass with diapause not deeply engaged, leading to death during hibernation. Therefore, P. sativum may be used to exhaust the resources of M. brassicae until local outbreaks perish. This study provides strategic information for establishing integrated pest management for cropping systems and for predicting the population dynamics of the cabbage moth.

European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hü bner), is a major pest of processing snap bean because larvae are contaminants in pods. The incidence of O. nubilalis-contaminated beans has become uncommon in New York, possibly because widespread adoption of Bt field corn has suppressed populations. Snap bean fields located where Bt corn has been intensively grown in space and time may be at lower risk for O. nubilalis than fields located where Bt corn is not common. To manage O. nubilalis infestation risk, growers determine insecticide application frequency in snap bean based on pheromone-trapping information in nearby sweet corn fields; adult activity is presumed equivalent in both crops. Our goal was to determine if corn planting intensity and adult activity in sweet corn could be used to estimate O. nubilalis populations in snap bean in New York in 2014-2015. Numbers of O nubilalis adults captured in pheromone-baited traps located in snap bean fields where corn was and was not intensively grown were similar, suggesting that O. nubilalis does not respond to local levels of Bt corn in the landscape. Numbers of Ostrinia nubilalis captured in pheromone-baited traps placed by snap bean fields and proximal sweet corn fields were not related, indicating that snap bean growers should no longer make control decisions based on adult activity in sweet corn. Our results also suggest that the risk of O. nubilalis infestations in snap bean is low (80% of the traps caught zero moths) and insecticide applications targeting this pest should be reduced or eliminated.

Many vegetable insect pests are managed using neonicotinoid and pyrethroid insecticides. Unfortunately, these insecticides are toxic to many bees and natural enemies and no longer control some pests that have developed resistance. Anthranilic diamide insecticides provide systemic control of many herbivorous arthropod pests, but exhibit low toxicity to beneficial arthropods and mammals, and may be a promising alternative to neonicotinoids and pyrethroids. Anthranilic diamides may be delivered to vegetable crops via seed, in-furrow, or foliar treatments; therefore, it would be desirable to identify which application method provides high levels of pest control while minimizing the amount of active ingredient. As a case study, chlorantraniliprole and cyantraniliprole applied via the methods listed above were evaluated for managing seedcorn maggot, Delia platura (Meigen) (Diptera: Anthomyiidae), and European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hü bner) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), in snap bean. Chlorantraniliprole and cyantraniliprole delivered as seed and in-furrow treatments reduced D. platura damage to the same level as the standard neonicotinoid seed treatment. Both diamides applied via all three methods significantly reduced O. nubilalis damage, but only the foliar application provided similar control as the standard pyrethroid spray. Results from laboratory bioassays revealed that both diamides applied as seed and in-furrow treatments caused high O. nubilalis neonate mortality up to 44 d after application. While the diamides provided equivalent control of these pests as the neonicotinoid and pyrethroid standards when applied in the same manner, chlorantraniliprole delivered as a seed treatment showed the most promise for managing both pests.

Greenidea ficicola Takahashi is reported for the first time in Argentina. This aphid was found on Ficus benjamina cv variegata at La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina, on October 2009. The viviparous apterous female is described and illustrated.

Brown stink bug, Euschistus servus (Say), is a damaging pest of corn, Zea mays L. (Cyperales: Poaceae), in the southeastern United States. In North Carolina, during the spring, winter-planted wheat, Triticum aestivum L. (Cyperales: Poaceae), serves as the earliest available crop host, and E. servus seems to prefer this crop over seedling corn. In the absence of wheat in the agroecosystem, weeds serve as a bridge host for a portion of overwintered E. servus populations until they move to corn and other subsequent crops. Our objective was to reduce densities of E. servus in corn by manipulating the weedy field borders with mowing and applications of dicamba herbicide. During the study, multiple species of stink bugs (n =16) were found associated with weed plots. However, E. servus was the predominant (>94%) stink bug species in the corn. In this farmscape, density of E. servus adults in the unmanaged weed plots began declining around the second week of May, followed by an increase in density in adjacent corn plots. This movement coincided with the seedling growth of corn. In 2016, applications of dicamba in the weedy field border resulted in a lower density of E. servus in herbicide-treated weed plots compared with untreated plots. Despite this difference, manipulations of weeds did not lead to any significant changes in density of E. servus adults in corn. Further evidence suggested that a prominent external source of E. servus, other than field-bordering weeds, in the farmscape was likely driving densities in corn.

Sipha maydis Passerini es una nueva plaga de cereales de invierno; su primera aparición en la Argentina ocurrió en el año 2002 expandiéndose rápidamente por todo el territorio infestando cereales y pastos. El presente trabajo tiene por objetivo analizar la antixenosis y la antibiosis de 47 cultivares comerciales de trigo frente a S. maydis. Se evaluó la antixenosis mediante la prueba de libre selección de hospedero contabilizando el número de áfidos por planta luego de 24 hs de infestación. La antibiosis se determinó evaluando en el insecto la duración del ciclo inmaduro (d), la fertilidad en un período igual a d (md), la fertilidad específica (FT), la longevidad (L), la extensión del período reproductivo (PR) y la tasa intrínseca de incremento poblacional (rm). Se registraron diferencias altamente significativas entre cultivares con distintos niveles de resistencia antixenótica. El 24 % de los cultivares resultaron con valores promedios entre 1 y 3 áfidos por planta, correspondientes a un nivel alto de antixenosis. Se observaron diferencias altamente significativas para los parámetros d, md, FT, L, y Pr; en cambio no hubo diferencias en el rm. Cuatro cultivares presentaron un fuerte efecto antibiótico al impedir que el áfido sobreviviera más allá de 5 días en el estado ninfal. Sólo cuatro cultivares mostraron antixenosis constitutiva y antibiosis contra Sipha maydis. El presente trabajo es el primero en analizar estos mecanismos de defensa en cultivares comerciales de trigo argentinos provenientes de diferentes parentales y de distintos criaderos.

El áfido del algodón, Aphis gossypii Glover (Homoptera: Aphididae), es una especie polífaga y cosmopolita. Se reproducen sólo por partenogénesis en climas calientes. Es la principal plaga de cultivos tales como Cucurbitaceae y Malvaceae. El daño incluye reducción en la producción y calidad del fruto, así como virosis. El desarrollo de controles biológicos requiere una mejor comprensión de la biología de A. gossypii el cual es afectado por condiciones ambientales especialmente la temperatura. El propósito de este estudio fue determinar el ciclo de vida de A. gossypii en condiciones de laboratorio con el fin de utilizar esta información como control en bioensayos. Para esto se seleccionó un individuo del primer instar y se transfirió a una planta de melón aislada en un pote pequeño dentro de una caja con condiciones ambientales controladas. Los individuos de cada sistema fueron observados cada 24 horas. En las condiciones del laboratorio el período reproductivo se inició aproximadamente a los 6 días y duró 14.6 días; la cantidad de ninfas puestas durante el ciclo fue de 66,con un promedio diario de 3.5. La duración total del ciclo fue de 27 días.

MPK is one means of developing interests and talents of students in the school as well as internal MPK but different in terms of responsibilities, MPK is Legisatifnya if the STUDENT Executive. The existence of the MPK can benefit to the school and the community. MPK also is not academic schools and a major component of the school became a pioneer for the development that is in school. The problem is many of the MPK does not indicate the existence of himself as representative of the class and driving force of the development of the school in terms of the trial. Less authority MPK lately caused on the low understanding of the duties and functions and the concept of leadership and management in the Councils held more often not serious and do not know how, so in the trial session of the Commission, both plenary and plenary impressed just messing around. These outreach activities are carried out in order to increase the potential of leadership students especially on the Mpk (MPK) in term...

The effect of different food plants on various parameters of development and hibernation in the cabbage moth, Mamestra brassicae L. (Lepidoptera Noctuidae), a serious polyphagous pest, was tested. Brassica oleracea, Brassica napus, Beta vulgaris, Allium cepa and Pisum sativum, differed in their influence on larval development rate, on body mass, mass loss and mortality and on the intensity of pupal diapause. When the larvae were fed on A. cepa, B. vulgaris and particularly on P. sativum, larval development was longer, mortality was higher and pupae had a smaller body mass with diapause not deeply engaged, leading to death during hibernation. Therefore, P. sativum may be used to exhaust the resources of M. brassicae until local outbreaks perish. This study provides strategic information for establishing integrated pest management for cropping systems and for predicting the population dynamics of the cabbage moth.

The effect of different food plants on various parameters of development and hibernation in the cabbage moth, Mamestra brassicae L. (Lepidoptera Noctuidae), a serious polyphagous pest, was tested. Brassica oleracea, Brassica napus, Beta vulgaris, Allium cepa and Pisum sativum, differed in their influence on larval development rate, on body mass, mass loss and mortality and on the intensity of pupal diapause. When the larvae were fed on A. cepa, B. vulgaris and particularly on P. sativum, larval development was longer, mortality was higher and pupae had a smaller body mass with diapause not deeply engaged, leading to death during hibernation. Therefore, P. sativum may be used to exhaust the resources of M. brassicae until local outbreaks perish. This study provides strategic information for establishing integrated pest management for cropping systems and for predicting the population dynamics of the cabbage moth.

Shield bugs (species of the superfamily Pentatomoidea) are important insect pests in soybean production worldwide. They are also known as stink bugs because they have glands that excrete a strong odour. Two bugs have become more common in recent years in Europe: the southern green shield bug (Nezara viridula) and the brown marmorated shield bug (Halyomorpha halys). The southern green shield bug is a cosmopolitan species. It is polyphagous and damages a great number of field and vegetable crops among which soybean is a preferred crop.

The aim of the research was to assess a possible reaction of forest phytophages with different types of seasonal development on climate change. The patterns of seasonal development for foliage browsing insects and possible changes with temperature increase were analyzed considering hibernating stage and the presence of summer diapause. Analysis shows that forest phytophagous insects can adapt to climate change by the acceleration of development, expanding the range of host plants, changing the location of individual stages, or spreading the range. Species that are monophages throughout their current range will remain monophages. The survival rate and harmfulness of phytophagous insects will depend on their synchronicity with the appearance of foliage and entomophages. The harmfulness of phytophages will increase with an increase in their voltinism and with an increase in the vulnerability of trees under conditions of aridity and anthropogenic pressure and will decrease as a result of a decrease in the size of insects and their fertility during rapid development. Hibernation of individuals at stages that are not adapted to new combinations of temperature and photoperiod can also be negative results of climate change.

This study investigated the effect of using companion plants on the occurrence of a major pest in cabbage cultivation, Pieris rapae and its parasitism rate. Companion plants did not have a significant effect on the occurrence of P. rapae over the study period of two years, although they were significantly lower in one year when grown in association with Anethum graveolens. Parasitism rate of P. rapae was highest on cabbages grown together with this plant when the two year average was considered.

A principios de octubre de 2009 se recibiO en la Catedra de Zoologia Agricola de la Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales (Universidad Nacional de La Plata) una muestra conteniendo hojas de ficus disciplinado (Ficus benjamina L. cv variegata), fuertemente acartuchadas y procedentes de un jardin privado de la ciudad de La Plata (provincia de Buenos Aires). Las hojas presentaban el sintoma caracteristico provocado por el ataque del tisan6ptero Gynaikothrips ficorum (Marchal) del que se hallaron numerosos ejemplares de diferentes estadios.

ABSTRACT  The biology of Megacopta cribraria (F.) (Heteroptera: Plataspidae) is not well understood in its new North American distribution, especially its development on alternative host plant species. We investigated whether overwintered M. cribraria could directly feed and oviposit on other legume species (Fabales: Fabaceae) without feeding on kudzu, Pueraria montana (Loureiro) Merrill var. lobata (Willdenow) Maesen & S. Almeida, and subsequently complete a first-generation on these species in no-choice greenhouse assays. Overwintered M. cribraria successfully oviposited on mung bean, Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek; black-eyed pea, Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp; lima bean ( = butter bean), Phaseolus lunatus L.; soybean, Glycine max L. Merrill; and kudzu. There were no differences in oviposition or the hatch rates on different legume species, although hatch rate was highest for soybean followed by kudzu, lima bean, mung bean, and black-eyed pea, respectively. First-generation M. cribraria developed on all legume species except black-eyed pea in 55.6 ± 1.6 d with little variation in developmental time of the instars. However, there were significantly more first instars molting to second instars on kudzu (19.6 ± 3.3), soybean (14.7 ± 3.0), and mung bean (19.0 ± 1.0) than on lima bean (5.3 ± 2.4). Mean developmental days of the first, second, and fourth instars were consistent at about seven days, while the third and fifth instars took longer to develop. Mortality from egg to adult was greatest on black-eyed pea, followed by lima bean, kudzu, mung bean, and soybean. These results indicate that overwintered M. cribraria adults are able to bypass kudzu to directly develop on soybean, lima bean, and mung bean crops.

Soybean (Glycine max [L.] Fabales: Fabaceae), a plant native to China (Twizeyimana et al., 2008), is a crop of great socioeconomic interest for Brazil, and it is grown virtually throughout the Brazilian territory. Currently, the soybean complex, that encompasses by-products as oil and bran in addition to grains, is a major product of Brazilian agribusiness (Schoninger et al., 2010). Brazil is the second (after the US) largest producer of this legume globally, showing, from 2017 to 2018, a production of 119.3 million tons in an area of 35.14 million ha, with a productivity of 3,400 kg/ha (Conab, 2018). However, Brazil is expected to become the largest soybean producer in the coming decade (Catellan & Dall'Agnol, 2018). The soybean crop is subjected to insect attacks from germination to harvest (Hoffmann-Campo et al., 2000). Among the soybean insect pests, phytophagous stink bugs have been the major cause of losses in crop production since the 1980s; species from the family Pentatomidae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) are of higher importance

EFFECT OF FOUR BROCCOLI CULTIVARS (Brasssica oleracea VAR. italica) ON THE BIOLOGY AND DEMOGRAPHY OF Brevicoryne brassicae (L.) AT TWO REARING TEMPERATURES UNDER LABORATORY CONDITIONS The aphid Brevicoryne brassicae is a key pest in crucifer crops such as broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica). The objective was to evaluate the influence of broccoli’s commercial cultivars Centenario, Cicco, Prime and Shogun on the biology and demography of the aphid at two different temperatures. Cohorts of 50 individuals each were reared on seedlings of each cultivar at 10 and 20 ±1 °C, 70% R H. and 14:10 h L:D cycle. At 10 oC, the host did not modify the duration of periods in which the life of the aphid can be divided, except in the pre and post-reproductive stages. After reaching maturity, the aphid delayed it reproduction time on Centenario (2.63 days); the post-reproductive one was longer on this cultivar (5.62 days) and in Shogun (5.14 days). However this delay did not affect the longevity...

Cohortes de Neotoxoptera formosana (Takahashi) fueron criadas sobre los cultivares de ajo (Allium sativum) Lican, Morado, Nieve, Norteno, Perla, Sureno y Union a 20 ?} 1??C, 70% de humedad relativa y 14:10 horas (fotofase: escotofase). En esas condiciones, el periodo ninfal fue mas largo en el cv. Norteno con 9,11 dias y el mas corto correspondio a Nieve con 6,47 dias. Sin embargo el periodo reproductivo duro apenas 10,7 dias en Norteno mientras que en Nieve y Perla se extendio por espacio de 15 y casi 18 dias y cerca de 28 dias en Sureno y Union. Esto influyo igualmente sobre la longevidad que resulto mayor en estos ultimos con cerca de 40 dias. A pesar que no hubo diferencias significativas en la tasa reproductiva neta (R0) entre las cohortes criadas sobre Morado, Lican, Sureno y Union (77 a 85 ??/??/generacion), la tasa intrinseca de incremento natural fue mayor sobre Morado (rm= 0,275 ??/??/dia). Si bien N. formosana no fue hallado aun en la zona de produccion de ajo en Argentin...

Biology and demography of the aphids Diuraphis noxia (Mordv.), Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) and Metopolophium dirhodum (Wlk.) on wheat under laboratory conditions (Hemiptera: Aphididae) Abstract: The biology and demography of the parthenogenic phase of the aphids Diuraphis noxia, Rhopalosiphum padi and Metopolophium dirhodum were studied under laboratory conditions, on Triticum aestivum cv. Dragon, at 20 ± 1oC, 60-70 % RH and 16:8 LD cycle. Life tables were made from cohorts of 60 individuals each and biological and demographic parameters were obtained. For D. noxia the mean duration of the preimaginal period was 9.13 days and the reproductive period lasted 28.77 days, while the pre- and post-reproductive periods were 1.0 and 8.98 days, respectively, and longevity was 47.7 days. R. padi reached adulthood in 7 days, its reproductive period lasted 17.85 days, its pre- and post-reproductive periods were 1.17 and 1.72 days long and its longevity was 27.75 days. On the other hand, M. dirhodum...

El objetivo del trabajo fue investigar la respuesta biologica y demografica de los afidos en cuatro cultivares de lechuga. En camara climatizada a 10 ± 1 oC, HR cercana al 90% y fotoperiodo de 14 h se criaron cohortes sobre plantulas. Los atributos biologicos y parametros demograficos se analizaron mediante Kruskal-Wallis y el test de Wilcoxon con α = 0,05. El periodo ninfal de Aulacorthum solani fue mas largo en Veneza Roxa y Amarillo mientras que el reproductivo y la longevidad fueron menores en HMX 8574. Similar tendencia se observo en Nasonovia ribisnigri, excepto en Amarillo. La tasa intrinseca de crecimiento natural (rm) de A. solani resulto significativamente baja sobre Amarillo, HMX y V. Roxa contrastando con Raider. En N. ribisnigri la menor rm ocurrio sobre V. Roxa y las mayores en Amarillo. A. solani podria alcanzar niveles poblacionales mas altos sobre Raider y N. ribisnigri sobre Amarillo.

The findings of this paper could help to develop and maintain a sustainable cabbage production by the enhancement of natural pest control with the help of companion planting. Our results indicate that Lobularia maritima (Brassicaceae) could be used to attract pests of cruciferous plants away from the crop. Centaurea cyanus (Asteraceae) and Fagopyrum esculentum (Polygonaceae) could be used to suppress pests of cruciferous crops and to increase parasitism rate by fostering parasitoids.

Stink bugs (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) are economic pests of a variety of fruit crops across the southeastern USA, and damage by stink bugs to peaches is common. The landscape surrounding orchards may influence stink bug distribution and dispersal into this commodity, but such patterns may vary over the growing season. Accordingly, stink bug control should be targeted seasonally towards habitats that effectively reduce or prevent damage to peach. In this study, we used pheromone-baited traps to characterize distribution patterns of 2 stink bug species, Euschistus servus (Say) and Euschistus tristigmus (Say) (both Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), in peach orchards and surrounding habitat over 2 seasons at 3 sites in central Georgia, USA. In addition, we used Spatial Analysis by Distance Indices to identify significant aggregations of each species over the duration of the growing seasons. Adults captured in traps differed by species, and distribution patterns varied by habitat and wk sampled. Euschistus servus was commonly found in peaches, whereas E. tristigmus was not. Regardless of orchard or yr, adult E. servus tended to avoid woodland habitat, whereas E. tristigmus tended to prefer this habitat type. Both species increased later in the season in peach orchards with significant spatial aggregations of each detected at all orchards. However, the wk in which aggregations were detected varied by orchard and yr. Across all orchards, E. servus adults clustered mainly in peach trees adjacent to pecan, as well as pine, fallow, and kudzu habitat. Adult E. tristigmus aggregated primarily in woodland, pine, and pecan habitat. Seasonal distribution patterns of E. servus and E. tristigmus suggest that control measures may need to be implemented on a fine spatial scale across peach and non-crop habitats.

Landscape factors can significantly influence arthropod populations. The economically important brown stink bug, Euschistus servus (Say) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), is a native mobile, polyphagous and multivoltine pest of many crops in southeastern United States and understanding the relative influence of local and landscape factors on their reproduction may facilitate population management. Finite rate of population increase (λ) was estimated in four major crop hosts-maize, peanut, cotton, and soybean-over 3 yr in 16 landscapes of southern Georgia. A geographic information system (GIS) was used to characterize the surrounding landscape structure. LASSO regression was used to identify the subset of local and landscape characteristics and predator densities that account for variation in λ. The percentage area of maize, peanut and woodland and pasture in the landscape and the connectivity of cropland had no influence on E. servus λ. The best model for explaining variation in λ included...

Greenidea ficicola Takahashi is reported for the first time in Argentina. This aphid was found on Ficus benjamina cv variegata at La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina, on October 2009. The viviparous apterous female is described and illustrated.

En el presente trabajo se obtuvieron los parámetros biológicos y poblacionales de Aulacorthum solani (Kaltenbach), sobre arveja (Pisum sativum, L.), berenjena (Solanum melongena, L.), hinojo (Foeniculum vulgare, Mill.) y lechuga (Lactuca sativa, L.). Los áfidos se criaron en condiciones de laboratorio a 10±l° C, 14 horas de fotoperíodo y una humedad relativa cercana al 90%. Se conformaron cohortes de 20 individuos iniciales cada una sobre plantines de cada hospedante. Diariamente se registraron los cambios de estadio, el número de individuos muertos y los nacimientos una vez alcanzado el estado adulto. Sobre arveja se registraron los más bajos valores en las duraciones de períodos ninfal y reproductivo 18 y 9-11 días, respectivamente y la longevidad fue de 36 días, en tanto que en los restantes hospedantes se registraron lapsos de 21-23, 33-39 y 66-69 días para los mismos períodos. Las tasas netas de reproducción (R0) e intrínseca de incremento natural (rm) fueron significativamente...

Cohortes de Neotoxoptera formosana (Takahashi) fueron criadas sobre cebolla de verdeo (Alliumfistolosum L.), echalote (A. ascalonicum L.) y puerro (A.porrum L.) a 20 ± 1°C, 70% de humedad relativa y 14:10 horas (fotofase: escotofase). Bajo esas condi-ciones, el período ninfal fue significativamente menor sobre echalote (7,4 días) seguido por puerro y cebolla de verdeo con 11,3 y 11,9 días, respectivamente. El período repro-ductivo fue más largo sobre puerro y echalote con 25,7 y 24,5 días, influyendo igual-mente sobre la longevidad (40,3 y 36,0 días). A pesar de que la tasa reproductiva neta (RQ) fue casi el 50 % mayor sobre puerro (65,9 9 / 9 /generación) respecto de las restan-tes aliáceas, la tasa intrínseca de incremento natural fue significativamente más alta en echalote (r m =0,250 $/9/día) debido a su menor tiempo generacional (15,3 días). Estos resultados indican que N. formosana podría causar más daño en echalote debido a su mayor potencial reproductivo.

biología y los parámetros poblacionales de Nasonovia ribisnigri y Aulacorthum solani (Homoptera: Aphidoidea) a 10±1ºC y HR de 90%. Los períodos ninfal, pre-reproductivo y post-reproductivo de N. ribisnigri fueron más largos sobre Cuatro Estaciones, no así el reproductivo. En A. solani el período ninfal fue más largo sobre Criolla Blanca y Cuatro Estaciones resultando el reproductivo mayor sobre Cuatro Estaciones. Las tasas intrínsecas de crecimiento natural (r m) de N. ribisnigri y A. solani fueron mayores sobre Criolla Blanca y Gallega, respectivamente. De acuerdo a la especie predominante convendría utilizar Cuatro Estaciones para N. ribisnigri y Criolla Blanca para A. solani, en épocas frías. Términos para indexación: tablas de vida, biología, estadísticos vitales.

RESUMEN Se informa acerca de la presencia por vez primera de Greenidea ficicola Takahashi en la Argentina. El áfido fue encontrado sobre Ficus benjamina cv variegata en La Plata, Buenos Aires, en octubre de 2009. Se describe e ilustra la hembra vivípara ...

ASPECTOS BIOLOGICOS Y POBLACIONALES DE Nasonovia ribisnigri (Mosley) (HOMOPTERA: APHIDOIDEA) EN TRES VARIEDADES COMERCIALES DE LECHUGA (Lactuca sativa L.) EN CONDICIONES DE LABORATORIO 1 Biological and populational aspects of Nasonovia ribisnigri (Mosley) (Homoptera: Aphidoidea) on three commercial varieties of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) under laboratory conditions.

Landscape factors can significantly influence arthropod populations. The economically important brown stink bug, Euschistus servus (Say) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), is a native mobile, polyphagous and multivoltine pest of many crops in southeastern United States and understanding the relative influence of local and landscape factors on their reproduction may facilitate population management. Finite rate of population increase (λ) was estimated in four major crop hosts-maize, peanut, cotton, and soybean-over 3 yr in 16 landscapes of southern Georgia. A geographic information system (GIS) was used to characterize the surrounding landscape structure. LASSO regression was used to identify the subset of local and landscape characteristics and predator densities that account for variation in λ. The percentage area of maize, peanut and woodland and pasture in the landscape and the connectivity of cropland had no influence on E. servus λ. The best model for explaining variation in λ included...

Landscape factors can significantly influence arthropod populations. The economically important brown stink bug, Euschistus servus (Say) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), is a native mobile, polyphagous and multivoltine pest of many crops in southeastern United States and understanding the relative influence of local and landscape factors on their reproduction may facilitate population management. Finite rate of population increase (λ) was estimated in four major crop hosts-maize, peanut, cotton, and soybean-over 3 yr in 16 landscapes of southern Georgia. A geographic information system (GIS) was used to characterize the surrounding landscape structure. LASSO regression was used to identify the subset of local and landscape characteristics and predator densities that account for variation in λ. The percentage area of maize, peanut and woodland and pasture in the landscape and the connectivity of cropland had no influence on E. servus λ. The best model for explaining variation in λ included...

Outbreaks of non-target pests associated with transgenic Bt cotton threaten the economic and ecological benefits of the technology in cotton-producing countries. In the southeastern USA, stink bug pests, namely Nezara viridula L. and Euschistus servus Say (both Heteroptera: Pentatomidae), have recently become severe problems associated with Bt cotton, requiring continued insecticide use. However, the causes of non-target pest outbreaks remain unclear. Release from competition with Bt-susceptible pest species, in addition to other mechanisms, may contribute to increased stink bug populations in Bt cotton. We investigated the competitive interactions between the two stink bug species and the Bt-susceptible pests Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) and Heliothis virescens Fabricius (both Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on non-Bt cotton. We tested for competition effects on stink bug growth rates in no-choice experiments at two spatial scales: a single cotton boll and a branch with multiple developing bolls. Although caterpillars of the two species had equivalent effects on resource availability, they had distinct effects on stink bug growth rates. Fourth instar H. zea reduced growth rates of both stink bug species by 60% when caged on a single cotton boll and reduced growth rates of only E. servus by 36% when caged on a cotton branch. In contrast, H. virescens had no effect on stink bug growth rates. Resource competition was apparent in the interactions between H. zea and E. servus, but interference competition may have contributed to the interactions as well. Competitive release of stink bug populations in Bt cotton is possible, and should be more likely for E. servus than for N. viridula. Understanding the causes of non-target pest outbreaks in Bt cotton will contribute to improved environmental risk assessments of future releases of Bt cotton and related transgenic crops.

Lately in horticultural agroecosystems from Romania joined several insect species autochthonous. Among these is a species of bugs known as southern green stink bugs or Nezara viridula L. (Insecta: Hemiptera: Pentatomidae). Unlike other new entrants this bug species has a diversified polifagism being present in many plants but obvious damage produce only tomato fruit. The causes are unknown. Can be found in gardens, green spaces and parks. Often is observed in vegetable gardens where populations comprise all stages (egg, larva/nymph, adult). Although it has African origins of a warm area is interesting installation and survival in temperate zones like those in Europe. Presence in Europe appears to be more random which excludes primarily spread through the neighborhood. By observations made in west of Romania, during 2010-2015 we wanted to watch the evolution of the insect from the first point of occurrence (Timișoara, 2010). Also, were monitored tomato crops and ornamentals in garden...

Nezara viridula L. (Hemiptera:Pentatomidae) is a relative a invasive species, highly poliphagous, species of solanaceous, legumes, cruciferous, malvaceous, grasses and other plants are affected. Considering that the insect which make the subject of this scientifically paper is a species detected in our country but unregistered and unlocalized as a dangerous species we want to bring to attention potential spread and adaptation to new plant species, especially legumes and ornamental plants. Observations were made in Timis county in the western part of Romania (Timis), during the years 2013 and 2014. It was taken under observation by three types of plants (tomato crop, green space and fruit tree plantation). The observations on plants have shown that N. viridula affected all four varieties of tomatoes, especially on fruits, both green and mature stage. In green space only adults and nymphs was observed on follow ornamental plants: Syringa vulgaris, Lonicera japonica, Hibiscus sp. and Magnolia liliiflora. Comparative study between Prunus persica and Prunus persica var. nucipersica made in fruit tree plantation has revealed that insect affected only the last one. N. viridula is a dangerous species for Romania with high expansion potential on new host plant and new surfaces.

The last two years (2010 and 2011) tomato crops from west of Romania have been invaded a new pest species known as Nezara viridula (southern green stink bugs). This pest is dangerous both stage adult and larva, too. The fruits of tomato are quantitatively and qualitatively affected. First, on fruits appear smaller yellow spots, in time these get bigger and may include entire surface. Injuries occur on young fruits (green tomato stage) and mature fruits (red tomato stage). From observations made in last two years larva of southern green stink bugs prefer especially green tomato stage while the adults of this pest attack more mature tomato. In all cases studied al individuals were observed on the basal part near the stem. During feeding, the bugs injected the toxic saliva; following the affected zone of green tomatoes is stopped in developing and red fruits are unfit for consumption because their bad flavor. Regarding the period of day with great activity of feeding it can be mentione...

The use of trap crops to reduce green vegetable bug (GVB) Nezara viridula (L.) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) damage to process sweet corn Zea mays (L.) was investigated in three field experiments. 2 In the first season, small plots (2.7 m by 10 m) of white mustard Sinapis alba (L.) with pea Pisum sativum (L.) were sown along a crop border and compared with sweet corn alone. 3 In the second season, black mustard Brassica nigra (L.) was sown at two sowing dates (14 days apart) and compared with a sweet corn control, to examine how the maturity of the trap crop affected numbers of GVB trapped. 4 A field scale experiment was also conducted to determine the effectiveness of black mustard as a trap crop to protect larger areas of sweet corn from GVB. 5 In all three experiments, GVB populations were much higher on the trap crops compared with the sweet corn. 6 In both small plot experiments, GVB were contained largely within the trap crop for 2 weeks until the sweet corn was harvested. 7 The field scale experiment demonstrated the efficacy of the trap cropping technique to protect larger areas of crop from GVB. 8 Percentages of damaged sweet corn cobs in the outside row of fields protected by a trap crop were 0% and 1%, respectively, compared with 11% and 22% in control fields. 9 Trap cropping is recommended as an effective strategy to manage this insect. Options for cultivating or spraying the trap crops to reduce bug survival are discussed.