Value Sensitive Design

This study investigated the interactions of 72 children (ages 7 to 15) with Sony's robotic dog AIBO in comparison to a live Australian Shepherd dog. Results showed that more children conceptualized the live dog, as compared to AIBO, as having physical essences, mental states, sociality, and moral standing. Based on behavioral analyses, children also spent more time touching and within arms distance of the live dog, as compared to AIBO. That said, a surprising majority of children conceptualized and interacted with AIBO in ways that were like a live dog. Discussion focuses on two questions. First, is it possible that a new technological genre is emerging in HCI that challenges traditional ontological categories (e.g., between animate and inanimate)? Second, are pervasive interactions with a wide array of "robotic others" -increasingly sophisticated personified computational artifacts that mimic biological forms and pull psychologically in mental, social, and moral ways -a good thing for human beings?

The introduction of new energy technologies may lead to public resistance and contestation. It is often argued that this phenomenon is caused by an inadequate inclusion of relevant public values in the design of technology. In this paper we examine the applicability of the value sensitive design (VSD) approach. While VSD was primarily introduced for incorporating values in technological design, our focus in this paper is expanded towards the design of the institutions surrounding these technologies, as well as the design of stakeholder participation. One important methodological challenge of VSD is to identify the relevant values related to new technological developments. In this paper, we argue that the public debate can form a rich source from which to retrieve the values at stake. To demonstrate this, we have examined the arguments used in the public debate regarding the exploration and exploitation of shale gas in the Netherlands. We identified two important sets of the underlyi...

Making sense of data, its value and impact is imperative for individuals, organisations and societies to function in the cyber age. The online interactions through which data flows present many benefits. However, the consumption of data and its value is problematic due to an overreliance on market norms as a substitute for values-based online social norms and practices, creating value tensions. Understanding the implications of data is further complicated due to the complex contextual nature of online interactions. These challenges are addressed through efforts from technology organisations and policy initiatives. Largely absent from these efforts is an understanding of the values needed to ground healthy online social interactions, and processes that nurture and afford the practice of these values in contextual community settings. Value tensions as an ethics tool can surface and clarify these interpersonal needs in understanding data and its impact. Communities may be appropriately...

This paper engages with the problem of toxic speech online and suggests remedies inspired by the value-sensitive design literature (VSD), suggesting that the designers of online platforms should explore methods of adding friction to online conversations. Second, this paper examines a historical case of designing a communications platform to offer methods to users to inculcate norms of acceptable behavior by introducing friction into synchronous conversations. This is the case of America Online (AOL) Instant Messenger, also known as AIM, which included a feature whereby users could "warn" other users, attaching a cost to, and thus disincentivizing, certain kinds of speech. The nuances of the design of this feature make it especially well-suited as a subject of study in value-sensitive design as it seems to be the product of significant reflection and foresight by its designers. In the course of examining this case, this paper proposes two novel and generalizable processes of integrating values into the design of technology, inspired by the approach of valuesensitive design: a "method of decomposition," reconstructing a user journey in order to identify possible moments of intervention; and an iterative "Innovation-Abuse-Innovation" branching diagram, which systematizes the process of anticipating abuse cases and designing responses to them. These methods build upon recent work in the literature on operationalizing ethical values in the design process. I close by illustrating the flexibility and generalizability of these methods and speculating on how they might be applied to contemporary platforms.

This dissertation proposes a new metaontological model as a way to overcome the most relevant and challenging ethical problems of today. It argues that there is a teleological dissonance between what is expected of an AI and what it can offer, constructively. It proposes that such dissonance arises from a philosophical tradition in which there is a predilection for extracting a fragment of reality, to the detriment of valuing the analysis of complexity itself, as given. Thus, what results from this whole movement is the liminality of the current technological era, in which we are going through a period of complex transformation and potentiality, when much of what was stable and predictable is becoming the opposite: unstable and unpredictable.
The first part of the dissertation addresses the path from the past to the present. The second part considers what the future of AI will be like, if taken from the perspective of overcoming current problems, without configuring them as fictional projections. We will make such projections based on existing technological resources or others that are considered viable and feasible to be used in algorithmic constructs. And finally, the third part deals precisely with liminality, this present that refers not only to temporality, but also to spatiality - in terms of limits and scope
The conclusion argues that an ethical and responsible AI, free from current problems, requires a deep understanding of human complexity - and the respective representation of the existential modal - so that it is possible to apply the most appropriate values in all stages of technological development. The final consideration, which summarises the entire argument, is about the elaboration of a dynamic metaontological protocol, capable of capturing and emulating the relational complexity of reality. This feat is presented as necessary, but perhaps not sufficient, for the creation of this AI of the future that will surpass current demands.

Esta dissertação propõe um novo modelo metaontológico como forma de superar os problemas éticos atuais mais relevantes e desafiadores. Argumenta que há uma dissonância teleológica entre o que se espera de uma IA e o que esta pode oferecer, construtivamente. Propõe que tal dissonância se dá a partir de uma tradição filosófica na qual há uma predileção pela extração de um fragmento da realidade, em detrimento de prezar pela análise da própria complexidade, como dada. Assim, o que resulta de todo esse movimento é a liminaridade da atualidade tecnológica, na qual se atravessa um período de complexa transformação e potencialidade, quando muito do que era estável e previsível está a tornar-se o oposto: instável e imprevisivel.
A primeira parte da dissertação aborda o percurso do passado ao presente. A segunda parte considera como será o futuro da IA, se tomado a partir da superação dos problemas atuais, sem configurar-se como projeções ficcionais. Faremos tal projeção com base nos recursos tecnológicos existentes ou outros que sejam dados como viáveis e exequíveis  de serem utilizados nos constructos algoritmicos. E, por fim, a terceira parte trata justamente da liminaridade, deste presente que não se refere somente à temporalidade, mas também à espacialidade – em termos de limites e alcances.
A conclusão defende que uma IA ética e responsável, isenta dos atuais problemas, exige uma profunda compreensão da complexidade humana – e a respetiva representação do modal existencial – para que seja possível a aplicação dos valores mais convenientes em todas as etapas do desenvolvimento tecnológico. A consideração final, que sintetiza toda a argumentação, é sobre a elaboração de um protocolo metaontológico dinâmico, capaz de capturar e emular a complexidade relacional da realidade. Tal feito é apresentado como necessário, mas talvez não suficiente, para a criação desta IA do futuro que ultrapassará as atuais demandas.

The development of computer use in the field of conceptual design has brought doubts and at the same time concerns regarding the maintaining of the significantrole of hand drawings in the design process. In other words, advances in computer-aided design over time have influenced the attitudes and working methods of contemprory designers in addressing problems. According to some designers of the current generation, computers can now assume the traditional role of hand drawings in the design process. This view contrasts with that of expert designers who assert that hand drawings still retain a special place in the design process. The aim of this research is to address the question of which of the two tools, manual or digital, is more suitable for problem solving in the early stages of design. By reviewing past studies and analyzing texts using content analysis tables, we sought to provide a comparative assessment of the ability of each tool to enhance the cognitive levels of the design process. The results of our work indicate that computer tools, including modeling programs and parametric design, despite their recent advancements in supporting the initial stages of design, do not perform as effectively hand drawings in terms of conceptualization and ease of discovery. This phenomenoncan be attributed to the superior capacity of hand drawings (sketch) in ambiguity as well as the designer's focus on the level of knowledge rather than the level of object production rules or algorithms when utilizing them. However, Computer drawing tools are capable of providing more accurate visualization than hand drawings, which can be advantageous in more structured problems. This significant finding suggests that the ability of a tool to improve cognitive levels in the conceptual process is not solely dependent on the tool itself, but it is also influenced by a network of constraints (variables) such as the type of problem, the degree of determination and simplicity of the problem, the interactivity of the tool, time constraints, Interpretation (team or individual design), designer's skill, designer's expertise and numerous other factors. These variables were derived from previous studies. In fact, there are variables related to design context that play a crucial role in the development of the design process. A change in any of these constraints can affect the outcomes of the design process. Such a framework criticizes previous studies that have primarily focused onthe influence of the "instrumental ability" variable. Based on this, a model of the impact of intervening variables on the design situation and its relationship with the levels of knowledge was proposed. This hypothesis can inform the direction of future research design studies, emphasizing that the impact of limitations should be considered in subsequent empirical investigations.

Σκιαγραφώντας ένα νέο ηθικό πλαίσιο για το τεχνολογικό μέλλον μας Το παρόν κείμενο παρουσιάζει ένα νέο ηθικό πλαίσιο για τις σημερινές και μελλοντικές τεχνολογικές κοινωνίες. Παρά τον πολλαπλασιασμό των μελετών στο πλαίσιο των Σπουδών Επιστήμης και Τεχνολογίας, καθώς και των κριτικών φιλοσοφικών προσεγγίσεων της τεχνολογίας, η επιρροή του τεχνολογικού ντετερμινισμού παραμένει ισχυρή σήμερα εκτοπίζοντας από το πεδίο της τεχνολογίας τις ηθικές κρίσεις. Στο παρόν κείμενο, υποστηρίζω την ενσωμάτωση μιας φιλοσοφίας της τεχνολογίας που αμφισβητεί τον τεχνολογικό ντετερμινισμό ως προϋπόθεση για τη διατύπωση μιας συνεκτικής ηθικής σήμερα. Υποστηρίζω ότι οι πολλά υποσχόμενες ηθικές θεω ρήσεις διανοητών όπως ο Hans Jonas και η Corine Pelluchon, αν και εξαιρετικής σημασίας, δεν δίνουν την απαιτούμενη έμφαση στην ηθικοποίηση των τεχνολογικών σχεδιασμών ή στην πολιτικοποίηση της τεχνολογίας. Το επιχείρημά μου αποκτά και πρακτικό έρεισμα, λόγω της ανάδυσης σήμερα των «ανοικτών τεχνολογιών» που λειτουργούν στο πλαίσιο των παραδειγμάτων των «κοινών» και της προσέγγισης «ηθικής εκ σχεδιασμού». Αυτές οι εξελίξεις, υποστηρίζω, υπόσχονται την προώθηση των οραμάτων που περιγράφουν φιλόσοφοι όπως ο Peter-Paul Verbeek και ο Andrew Feenberg. Κεντρικός στόχος του κειμένου είναι η πρόταση διεύρυνσης και ενίσχυσης των σύγχρονων ηθικών θεωριών, όπως εκείνες του Jonas και της Pelluchon μέσα από το πρίσμα μιας φιλοσοφίας της τεχνολογίας, η οποία ενσωματώνει την ηθική παρέμβαση σε ανοικτούς τεχνολογικούς σχεδιασμούς που παραδοσιακά θεωρούνταν ντετερμινιστικοί και κλειστοί.

is moving around more she always says that she is, even though she ignores the prompts to come to the window and doesn't go to the kitchen with the robot. Frank is 89 years old and generally frail. He lives alone and needs assistance from a Care-O-bot® to live independently. He prefers the Care-O-bot® to having the neighbours or carers helping him because he thinks they are inclined to be intrusive and interfering. He uses his Care-O-bot® interface to talk about fishing with a friend he has known since childhood. Neither of them can go fishing anymore, but they enjoy talking about when they did and discussing items in a fishing magazine that they both subscribe to. They talk about once a month. Frank really looks forward to these conversations and they put him in a good mood for days afterwards. He becomes quite miserable if his friend is in hospital and unable to talk to him. Frank's daughter has suggested that the Care-O-bot® should be used to encourage Frank join a virtual fishing forum on the internet. She is worried that he only has one friend who is older and poorly and may die leaving Frank with no one else to talk to about fishing. Frank says that he is too old to be making new friends. Nina who is 70 years old had a stroke two years ago but has now recovered the use of her arm though one side of her face droops slightly. She is self-conscious about this, but it does not affect her physical functioning. She is supported at home by a Care-O-bot®. Since having the stroke she has become quite irritable and impatient. She often shouts at her daughter when she visits and complains angrily about her condition. Her daughter finds this very upsetting and has come to dread her visits. Nina has been so rude and demanding that two cleaners have already refused to work for her anymore. She is usually polite with her friends. Her Care-O-bot® has been programmed so that it will not do things for her if she asks sharply or in a demanding tone. It encourages her to say please and thank you and will withdraw help until she does so. Nina finds this infuriating and insists that the Care-O-bot® is reprogrammed to do what she asks no matter how she asks for help. Louis, who is 75 years old, is determined to continue to live in his own home, which is in a small town in which two of his sons live. He is regularly visited by his daughters-in-law, who bring him food, help with his cleaning and do his laundry. Louis was left with some weakness in one of his legs as a result of an accident in his 40's. He is becoming frail and is finding it increasingly difficult to get up from his chair and walk with his sticks. Louis is supported at home by a Care-O-bot®. The Care-O-bot® is programmed to help support him when he gets up from his chair and can be summoned to help if he falls. Louis has discovered that he can use the interface on the Care-O-bot® to visit online gambling sites and enjoys playing poker in the evening. He also uses the interface to give his doctor his blood pressure measurements, and sometimes his medication is adjusted as a result of the measurements he gives. Louis falls over about once a week on average. On the whole he is able to get up again with the help of the Care-O-bot®, but he recently was on the floor for several hours unable to get up and developed a bladder infection from lying in the cold unable to reach the toilet. He was in bed for several days as a result. This placed an additional burden on his daughters-in-law, who took turns to stay with him during the day until he was well enough to live alone. It was during this time that his daughters-in-law realised that he used the Care-O-bot® to play poker on line. They are very unhappy about this as he often loses money. They want access to the poker site to be blocked. They have taken away his sticks so that he has to use his walking frame, which means that he is less likely to fall. They want the Care-O-bot® to be programmed so that it alerts them as soon as he falls. Louis insists that it is up to him what he does with his own money and says that he doesn't want them to come rushing around every time he falls because he can usually get himself up.

Lo statuto della riflessione filosofico politica sulla tecnologia assume oggi una rilevanza cruciale nell’indagare l’impatto delle nuove tecnologie sulla dimensione strutturale e sovrastrutturale delle società e delle democrazie, dei fenomeni economico-sociali e politici e della produzione di soggettività. La teoria critica e gli STS (Science and Technologies Studies) confluiscono ormai in un comune terreno di riflessione sulla relazione che intercorre fra l’artefatto tecnologico, il progresso tecno-impattante e techno-driven e le società con le loro forme e fenomeni politici . Se da una parte, dunque, la nutrita riflessione etica e bioetica ha largamente influenzato la filosofia della tecnologia, la quale affronta prevalentemente le questioni epistemologiche, etiche e morali, nonché la dimensione pratico-normativa relativa alla tecnologia, una filosofia politica della tecnologia si sviluppa negli interstizi della co-relazione che intercorre fra lo sviluppo degli artefatti e la loro influenza sui processi sociali. Questo capitolo del volume collettaneo Tecnologia, Politica, Società (Mimesis 2024) curato da Barbara Henry e Salvo Vaccaro, si concentra su una proposta di sviluppo dell'approccio post-fenomenologico al design degli artefatti (VSD, Value Sensitive Design) implementando alcuni punti chiave del postumanesimo critico.

This paper presents our investigations in how value sensitive design of interactive systems could motivate people to contribute to semantic web applications. In two case studies we adopted the Value Sensitive Design (VSD) framework (Friedman et al., 2006), relying on three levels of investigation. Conceptual investigation focused on the literature analysis and identified a set of motivational values. Empirical investigation involved understanding the motivations of users within two cases. Finally, technical investigation was conducted to determine design features which may support and facilitate these values. This study illustrates the use of the VSD framework for investigating motivational values and provides a review of design features to support end users' motivation to contribute to public goods.

The development of computer use in the field of conceptual design has brought doubts and at the same time concerns regarding the maintaining of the significantrole of hand drawings in the design process. In other words, advances in computer-aided design over time have influenced the attitudes and working methods of contemprory designers in addressing problems. According to some designers of the current generation,  computers can now assume the traditional role of hand drawings in the design process. This view contrasts with that  of expert designers who assert that hand drawings still retain a special place in the design process. The aim of this research is to address the question of which of the two tools, manual or digital, is more suitable for problem solving in the early stages of design. By reviewing past studies and analyzing texts using content analysis tables, we sought to provide a comparative assessment of the ability of each tool to enhance the cognitive levels of the design process. The results of our work indicate that computer tools, including modeling programs and parametric design, despite their recent advancements in supporting the initial stages of design, do not perform as effectively  hand drawings in terms of conceptualization and ease of discovery. This phenomenoncan be attributed to the superior capacity  of hand drawings (sketch) in ambiguity as well as the designer's focus on the level of knowledge rather than the level of object production rules or algorithms when utilizing  them. However, Computer drawing tools are capable of providing more accurate visualization than hand drawings, which can be advantageous in more structured problems.
This significant finding suggests that the  ability of a tool to improve cognitive levels in the conceptual process is not solely dependent on the tool itself, but it is also influenced by a network of constraints (variables) such as the type of problem, the degree of determination and simplicity of the problem, the interactivity of the tool, time constraints, Interpretation (team or individual design), designer's skill, designer's expertise and numerous other factors. These variables were derived from previous studies. In fact, there are variables related to  design context that play a crucial role in the development of the design process. A change in any of these constraints can affect the outcomes of the design process. Such a framework criticizes previous studies that have primarily  focused onthe influence of the "instrumental ability" variable. Based on this, a model of the impact of intervening variables on the design situation and its relationship with the levels of knowledge was proposed. This hypothesis posits that the selection of drawing tools in the design process is an intelligent and situational decision and it is not feasible  to prescribe a universal and absolute guideline for the selection of tools applicable to all situations and processes. This hypothesis can informthe direction of future research design studies, emphasizing that] the impact of limitations should be considered in subsequent empirical investigations

Increasing automation in the healthcare sector calls for a Hybrid Intelligence (HI) approach to closely study and design the collaboration of humans and autonomous machines. Ensuring that medical HI systems’ decision-making is ethical is key. The use of Team Design Patterns (TDPs) can advance this goal by describing successful and reusable configurations of design problems in which decisions have a moral component and facilitating communication in multidisciplinary teams designing HI systems. For this research, TDPs were developed describing a set of solutions for a design problem in a medical HI system: mitigating harmful biases in machine learning algorithms. The Socio-Cognitive Engineering (SCE) methodology was employed, integrating operational demands, human factors knowledge, and a technological analysis into a set of TDPs. A survey was created to assess the usability of the patterns with regards to their understandability, effectiveness, and generalizability. Results showed th...

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Care ethics has been advanced as a suitable framework for evaluating the ethical significance of assistive robotics. One of the most prominent care ethical contributions to the ethical assessment of assistive robots comes through the work of Aimee Van Wynsberghe, who has developed the Care-Centred Value-Sensitive Design framework (CCVSD) in order to incorporate care values into the design of assistive robots. Building upon the care ethics work of Joan Tronto, CCVSD has been able to highlight a number of ways in which care practices can undergo significant ethical transformations upon the introduction of assistive robots. In this paper, we too build upon the work of Tronto in an effort to enrich the CCVSD framework. Combining insights from Tronto's work with the sociological concept of emotional labor, we argue that CCVSD remains underdeveloped with respect to the impact robots may have on the emotional labor required by paid care workers. Emotional labor consists of the managing of emotions and of emotional bonding, both of which signify a demanding yet potentially fulfilling dimension of paid care work. Because of the conditions in which care labor is performed nowadays, emotional labor is also susceptible to exploitation. While CCVSD can acknowledge some manifestations of unrecognized emotional labor in care delivery, it remains limited in capturing the structural conditions that fuel this vulnerability to exploitation. We propose that the idea of privileged irresponsibility, coined by Tronto, helps to understand how the exploitation of emotional labor can be prone to happen in roboticized care practices.

The concept of data is not new, and its use is not necessarily a human characteristic. However, the concept is currently found in a specific context, where it appears inextricably linked to three phenomena, digitalisation, macrodata, and Internet.
The interaction of these three elements has changed our perception of reality. In some manner, we have amplified both our capacity to perceive information about the reality that surrounds us, and our capacity to process and convey information, and interact with other amplified human beings. At the same time, we are living in a unprecedented rate expanding virtual world. In fact, exceeds human intervention, creating create an autonomous process because the dialogue between machines
In the bigdata and Internet context, the protection of personal data associated to the comprehensive development of human dignity (human rights), is needed. As individuals, we are under the make-up power of new technology used by other powers (multinationals, banks, politics-ideologies) because machines have an enormous computing and processing power of information that can be used to direct and control wills. Through the study of big data, and artificial intelligence legal concepts, and their regulation, we can propose juridical considerations as the use of the Dynamogenesis of values and law linked with the Design for Values, and The HRESIA model to create spaces of human security and freedom in a future where the power of technology could become one of the state powers

This edited collection presents a selection of papers from the 2012 conference of the Society for the Study of Nanoscience and Emerging Technologies (S.NET), an international network of scholars and practitioners who seek to understand and influence the relationships between technologies and socioeconomic contexts. Like S.NET itself, the collection is heterogeneous: organized under the headings of Engagements, Regulatory Governance, Innovation, and Discourse, its sixteen chapters reflect a broad range of political, epistemological, and methodological standpoints. Thus, unlike many other conference publications, this one speaks to no single disciplinary audience. Researchers interested in emerging technologies will likely find at least one chapter that resonates with their own approach, plus a host of other perspectives, some of which may challenge their views about how and why such research should be undertaken in the first place. This plurality will be familiar to readers of NanoEthics, as will many of the collection's editors and contributors, roughly half of whom have also published in this journal. Much as these authors seek to infuse greater reflexivity into the process of technological development, juxtaposing their divergent standpoints may prompt readers to consider scholarly assumptions that they would otherwise take for granted. The collection's first section, Engagements, focuses on modes of promoting deliberation and reflexivity, Nanoethics

This article reviews the academic literature (1996-2016) that emerged under value sensitive design (VSD). It investigates those VSD projects that employed the tripartite methodology, examining the use of VSD methodological elements, and illustrating common practices and identifying shortcomings. The article provides advice for VSD researchers on how to complete and enhance their methodological approach as the research community moves forward.

Digital ethics is being discussed worldwide as a necessity to create more reliable IT systems. This discussion, fueled by the fear of uncontrollable artificial intelligence (AI) has moved many institutions and scientists to demand a value-based system engineering. This article presents how organizations can build responsible and ethically founded systems with the "Value-based Engineering" (VBE) approach that was standardized in the IEEE 7000 TM standard. 1 VBE is a transparent, clearly-structured, step-by-step methodology combining innovation management, risk management, system and software engineering in one process framework. It embeds a robust value ontology and terminology. It has been tested in various case studies. This article introduces readers to the most important steps and contributions of the approach.

Digital ethics is being discussed worldwide as a necessity to create more reliable IT systems. This discussion, fueled by the fear of uncontrollable artificial intelligence (AI) has moved many institutions and scientists to demand a value-based system engineering. This article presents how organizations can build responsible and ethically founded systems with the "Value-based Engineering" (VBE) approach that was standardized in the IEEE 7000 TM standard. 1 VBE is a transparent, clearly-structured, step-by-step methodology combining innovation management, risk management, system and software engineering in one process framework. It embeds a robust value ontology and terminology. It has been tested in various case studies. This article introduces readers to the most important steps and contributions of the approach.

This article reviews the academic literature (1996–2016) that emerged under value sensitive design (VSD). It investigates those VSD projects that employed the tripartite methodology, examining the use of VSD methodological elements, and illustrating common practices and identifying shortcomings. The article provides advice for VSD researchers on how to complete and enhance their methodological approach as the research community moves forward.

Introduction: AI technologies have led to transformative changes in various industries across medicine and healthcare, environmental assessments, smart cities, smart surveillance and security etc. In this article, the dual nature of AI has been investigated. Material and Methods: It is a review article that described the ethical concerns of societies in AI. Conclusion: Despite of the many amazing prospective applications, there are ethical and dual use issues of AI which necessitates enhanced governance and vigilance. Addressing these issues requires adherence to the basic ethical principles. Herein, we present the various concerning dimensions of the AI and discuss them under the lens of ethical concepts.

This paper criticizes the thesis of the neutrality of moral values of artifacts, and makes the case for a proposal known as Value Sensitive Design, which states that moral values must be considered in the construction and analysis of artifacts. First, (1) we will present the best defense of the thesis of the neutrality of moral values of artifacts, made by Joseph Pitt. In the following, (2) we will criticize each of the arguments presented by Pitt in favor of the neutrality thesis. Finally, (3) we will consider the Value Sensitive Design proposal presented by Ibo van de Poel and Peter Kroes and explain how it would be suitable for a critique of the values and moral issues that artifacts can represent.

Nonprofit organizations (NPOs) lack resources, hindering the quality and quantity of service they can deliver. Meanwhile, NPOs at times have underutilized or even spare resources due to the inability to scale expertise in staffing and tangible resources to meet temporally shifting service demands. These observations motivate us to propose a novel resource sharing system, SWAP, which to the best of our knowledge, is the first resource sharing system that facilitates resource exchanges where NPOs can obtain resources by offering their own. SWAP consists of four elements: a collaborative auction-based sharing process, complete with an offering mechanism, a bidding mechanism, and the virtual currency, SWAPcredit, to facilitate liquidity in exchange; a central technology that represents the award determination problem with a multilateral exchange optimization model, generating resource exchange outcomes; an online platform, the SWAP Hub, where NPOs can offer and bid on available resources, and receive exchange results; and human-centric co-design, shaping the understanding and design decisions of a research collective, that includes the authors and NPO professionals. We conduct a series of experiments using both empirical and simulated data to illustrate the benefits and potential of SWAP. Our results demonstrate that SWAP can address temporal resource needs in practice; show that optimal exchange outcomes can be generated even for large-scale SWAP markets; and provide strong evidence in support of guidance to inform the progression for future versions of SWAP. The SWAP system is presently implemented in Howard County, MD, USA, with ongoing enhancements and potential for future expansion.

We have used value sensitive design as a method to develop an agent-based model of values in humanitarian logistics for refugees. Schwartz's theory of universal values is implemented in the model in such a way that agents can make value trade-o s, which are operationalized into a measure of refugee wellbeing and a measure of public opinion about how the refugee logistics is being handled. By trying out di erent 'valuescenarios', stakeholders who are responsible for, or involved in refugee logistics can have insights into the effects of various value choices. The model is visualized and made usable as a platform (interactive website) for decision-makers to understand the trade-o s in policies for government and non-government organizations.

w guns kill people without a human directly intervening to make the decision of whom and when to kill? Can we then hold on to the claim that this technology, namely an autonomous weapon, including its actions (the act of killing a person), is value neutral? With such scenarios becoming more plausible, academics, layman, politicians and lawmakers alike are debating these issues from different angles. Some argue for a total ban on autonomous weapons, with many of said opponents often referring to autonomous weapons as 'killer robots' (e.g. the campaign to stopkillerrobots.org), while others argue that we may have a moral obligation to develop and use autonomous weapons (e.g. Strawser 2010; Arkin, 2010). In this article I defend a view that neither sees technology as value neutral, nor shifts the value-ladennes to the sole usage of technology. I propose deploying a design methodology for autonomous systems that does not merely focus on functional, economical or strategic performance, but in which concerns of an ethical and legal nature are at the heart of their development. I approach the issue of the development of autonomous weapons systems from a value sensitive design (VSD) perspective, initially developed by Batya Friedman and Peter Kahn in the early 1990s. They argued for bringing in moral deliberations into computer systems design through a conceptual analysis of human Christine Boshuijzen-van Burken

Value Sensitive Design (VSD) is a design methodology developed by Batya Friedman and Peter Kahn (2003) that brings in moral deliberations in an early stage of a design process. It assumes that neither technology itself is value neutral, nor shifts the value-ladennes to the sole usage of technology. This paper adds to emerging literature onVSD for autonomous weapons systems development and discusses extant literature on values in autonomous systems development in general and in autonomous weapons development in particular. I identify opportunities, such as public debates, and threats, such as the classified nature of the design process, for VSD in autonomous weapons development. This paper contributes to academic debates about the non-neutrality of technology by pointing out that values have been and can be explicitly designed into autonomous systems. It is informative for policy makers and designers who are tasked with developing actual autonomous weapons or policies around such sys...

We have used value sensitive design as a method to develop an agent-based model of values in humanitarian logistics for refugees. Schwartz's theory of universal values is implemented in the model in such a way that agents can make value trade-o s, which are operationalized into a measure of refugee wellbeing and a measure of public opinion about how the refugee logistics is being handled. By trying out di erent 'valuescenarios', stakeholders who are responsible for, or involved in refugee logistics can have insights into the effects of various value choices. The model is visualized and made usable as a platform (interactive website) for decision-makers to understand the trade-o s in policies for government and non-government organizations.

Ethics by Design concerns the methods, algorithms and tools needed to endow autonomous agents with the capability to reason about the ethical aspects of their decisions, and the methods, tools and formalisms to guarantee that an agent's behavior remains within given moral bounds. In this context some questions arise: How and to what extent can agents understand the social reality in which they operate, and the other intelligences (AI, animals and humans) with which they co-exist? What are the ethical concerns in the emerging new forms of society, and how do we ensure the human dimension is upheld in interactions and decisions by autonomous * Corresponding author.

The results of this pilot are of great importance for the entire Dutch government, because we have developed a best practice with which administrators can really get started, and actually incorporate ethical values into the algorithms used."-Rijks ICT Gilde-Ministry of the Interior and Kingdom Relations (BZK)

In this panel, we explore: (1) the impacts of electronic media on informed consent; (2) how electronic media can be designed and used to preserve informed consent; (3) the relationship between protecting privacy and informed consent; (4) the relationship between cultivating trust online and informed consent; and (5) proposed relevant standards and brokering systems. This panel fits within the emerging field of Value-Sensitive Design.

As an outcome of a seminar on the 'Ethics in Data Sharing', we sketch a model of best practice for sharing data in research. We illustrate this model with two current and timely real-life cases from the context of computer and network security.

In this paper, we analyse the ethical relevance of emerging informational aspects in robotics for the area of care robotics. We identify specific informational characteristics of contemporary and emerging robots, especially the fact of their increasing informational connectedness. We then outline specific ethical considerations arising in the design process in the H2020 project MARIO which aims to develop a care robot for persons with mild to moderate dementia in home and residential care settings. Ethical considerations regarding specific functionalities of the proposed care robot are outlined.

Crowdsourcing (CS) of micro tasks is a relatively new, open source work form enabled by information and communication technologies. While anecdotal evidence of its benefits abounds, our understanding of the phenomenon's societal consequences remains limited. Drawing on value sensitive design (VSD), we explore microtask CS as perceived by crowd workers, revealing their values as a means of informing the design of CS platforms. Analyzing detailed narratives of 210 crowd workers participating in Amazon's Mechanical Turk (MTurk), we uncover a set of nine values they share: access, autonomy, fairness, transparency, communication, security, accountability, making an impact, and dignity. We find that these values are implicated in four crowdsourcing structures: compensation, governance, technology, and microtask. Two contrasting perceptions-empowerment and marginalization-coexist, forming a duality of microtask CS. The study contributes to the CS and VSD literatures, heightens awareness of worker marginalization in microtask CS, and offers guidelines for improving CS practice. Specifically, we offer recommendations regarding the ethical use of crowd workers (including for academic research), and call for improving MTurk platform design for greater worker empowerment.

Debates on lethal autonomous weapon systems have proliferated in the past 5 years. Ethical concerns have been voiced about a possible raise in the number of wrongs and crimes in military operations and about the creation of a "responsibility gap" for harms caused by these systems. To address these concerns, the principle of "meaningful human control" has been introduced in the legal-political debate; according to this principle, humans not computers and their algorithms should ultimately remain in control of, and thus morally responsible for, relevant decisions about (lethal) military operations. However, policy-makers and technical designers lack a detailed theory of what "meaningful human control" exactly means. In this paper, we lay the foundation of a philosophical account of meaningful human control, based on the concept of "guidance control" as elaborated in the philosophical debate on free will and moral responsibility. Following the ideals of "Responsible Innovation" and "Value-sensitive Design," our account of meaningful human control is cast in the form of design requirements. We identify two general necessary conditions to be satisfied for an autonomous system to remain under meaningful human control: first, a "tracking" condition, according to which the system should be able to respond to both the relevant moral reasons of the humans designing and deploying the system and the relevant facts in the environment in which the system operates; second, a "tracing" condition, according to which the system should be designed in such a way as to grant the possibility to always trace back the outcome of its operations to at least one human along the chain of design and operation. As we think that meaningful human control can be one of the central notions in ethics of robotics and AI, in the last part of the paper, we start exploring the implications of our account for the design and use of non-military autonomous systems, for instance, self-driving cars. Keywords: meaningful human control, autonomous weapon systems, responsibility gap, ethics of robotics, responsible innovation in robotics, value-sensitive design in robotics, ai ethics, ethics of autonomous systems Santoni de Sio and van den Hoven Meaningful Human Control over Autonomous Systems

This contribution discusses the development of the Data Ethics Decision Aid (DEDA), a framework for reviewing government data projects that considers their social impact, the embedded values and the government's responsibilities in times of data-driven public management. Drawing from distinct qualitative research approaches, the DEDA framework was developed in an iterative process (2016-2018) and has since then been applied by various Dutch municipalities, the Association of Dutch Municipalities, and the Ministry of General Affairs (NL). We present the DEDA framework as an effective process to moderate case-deliberation and advance the development of responsible data practices. In addition, by thoroughly documenting the deliberation process, the DEDA framework establishes accountability. First, this paper sheds light on the necessity for data ethical case deliberation. Second, it describes the prototypes, the final design of the framework, and its evaluation. After a comparison with other frameworks, and a discussion of the findings, the paper concludes by arguing that the DEDA framework is a useful process for ethical evaluation of data projects for public management and an effective tool for creating awareness of ethical issues in data practices.

Increasingly, Dutch municipalities use novel data practices for public management. These range from data analysis for more efficient waste management, to generating novel data sources for analysing criminal activities, to combining various data sources for predicting social welfare fraud (Redactie Gemeente.nu, 2016; van Ark, 2018). A process of decentralisation has delegated many tasks from central government to municipalities without giving them more resources and capacities. Local governments often see data practices as the most efficient way to deal with additional tasks and to

This contribution discusses the development of the Data Ethics Decision Aid (DEDA), a framework for reviewing government data projects that considers their social impact, the embedded values and the government’s responsibilities in times of data-driven public management. Drawing from distinct qualitative research approaches, the DEDA framework was developed in an iterative process (2016–2018) and has since then been applied by various Dutch municipalities, the Association of Dutch Municipalities, and the Ministry of General Affairs (NL). We present the DEDA framework as an effective process to moderate case-deliberation and advance the development of responsible data practices. In addition, by thoroughly documenting the deliberation process, the DEDA framework establishes accountability. First, this paper sheds light on the necessity for data ethical case deliberation. Second, it describes the prototypes, the final design of the framework, and its evaluation. After a comparison with...

Online search engines, social media, news sites and retailers are all investing heavily in the development of ever more refined information filtering to optimally tune their services to the specific demands of their individual users and customers. In this position paper we examine the privacy consequences of user profile models that are used to achieve this information personalization, the lack of transparency concerning the filtering choices and the ways in which personalized services impact the user experience. Based on these considerations we argue that the Internet research community has a responsibility to increase its efforts to investigate the means and consequences of personalized information filtering.

Low-vision and blind bus riders often rely on known physical landmarks to help locate and verify bus stop locations (e.g., by searching for a shelter, bench, newspaper bin). However, there are currently few, if any, methods to determine this information a priori via computational tools or services. In this paper, we introduce and evaluate a new scalable method for collecting bus stop location and landmark descriptions by combining online crowdsourcing and Google Street View (GSV). We conduct and report on three studies in particular: (i) a formative interview study of 18 people with visual impairments to inform the design of our crowdsourcing tool; (ii) a comparative study examining differences between physical bus stop audit data and audits conducted virtually with GSV; and (iii) an online study of 153 crowd workers on Amazon Mechanical Turk to examine the feasibility of crowdsourcing bus stop audits using our custom tool with GSV. Our findings reemphasize the importance of landmarks in non-visual navigation, demonstrate that GSV is a viable bus stop audit dataset, and show that minimally trained crowd workers can find and identify bus stop landmarks with 82.5% accuracy across 150 bus stop locations (87.3% with simple quality control).