Users needs

On-line catalog, databases and networks are now common tools work for librarian Institution (SL USARB), specifically designed for document storage and dissemination of information. The high degree of interaction between the Library and users (teachers, students, researchers, etc.) is due to the policy of diversification of electronic services.

Given the growth of scholarship in early child education (ECE), as well as the rapid emergence of the sector as an area of academic inquiry, a team of special education/mental health scholars opted to explore its preemptive nature. Despite long and distinguished careers in childhood special educational needs (SEN), ECE has never been an area of attention for them, and they proceeded with unbiased perspectives to answer: Does participation in quality ECE lessen SEN and insulate children against requiring supports later in their school experience? Inclusive education is now an international standard for all children and the recent Canadian bilateral agreements between the federal and provincial/territorial governments strive to increase access to ECE for all children, including those with diverse needs. How inclusive is ECE and will access lessen the amount of support required by children with identified SEN, allowing them a smoother school start and ensuring better educational outcom...

Περιέχει την περίληψηΕίναι γεγονός ότι οι σύγχρονες Βιβλιοθήκες, συνεχώς εμπλουτίζουν τις υπηρεσίες τους χρησιμοποιώντας μοντέρνες και πολλές φορές καινοτόμες τεχνολογίες με στόχο να ικανοποιήσουν τις προσδοκίες των χρηστών τους. Παράλληλα, ενώ ως αποτέλεσμα των οικονομικών συγκυριών των τελευταίων χρόνων αποτελεί η δραματική μείωση του ετήσιου προϋπολογισμού όλων των Βιβλιοθηκών, δεν συμβαίνει το ίδιο με τις προσφερόμενες υπηρεσίες, οι οποίες αυξάνονται και πρέπει να βελτιώνονται. Αυτό σημαίνει ότι οι υπεύθυνοι μιας Βιβλιοθήκης για να λύσουν το δύσκολο αυτό πρόβλημα θα πρέπει να πάρουν στρατηγικές αποφάσεις σχετικά με την αποτελεσματική κατανομή του ετήσιου προϋπολογισμού. Η εργασία αυτή περιγράφει μια μεθοδολογία αξιολόγησης των προσφερόμενων υπηρεσιών λαμβάνοντας υπόψη το κόστος τους, τη χρήση τους και τις προσδοκίες και απαιτήσεις των χρηστών. Χρησιμοποιεί τη ABC μέθοδο υπολογισμού του κόστους των υπηρεσιών, εκτιμά τις απαιτήσεις των χρηστών μέσω αντίστοιχων ερευνών ικανοποίησης...

The paper describes the way expertise and field-knowledge can impact the transfer of graphical intentions during architectural cooperative design. The analysis of 28 controlled experiments reveals what matters in transmitting architectural intents and more specifically underlines how novices' intuitive, deductive processes based on previous and embodied experiences interestingly complement experts' knowledge of the architectural field and its semantics. The results directly inform how we, as researchers, designers and engineers, should take advantage of both novices' and experts' strategies to develop tools, methods or interfaces to support next generation cooperative design.

The goal of this paper is to reexamine assumptions about sketch-based interfaces for modeling in the context of designers' needs and practices. Research questions examine (a) the type of sketch support and (b) the timing of support. Both concepts try to determine when, what, why and how to augment design processes in a way that is useful to designers. Two experiments (one in architecture and one in product design) based on ergonomics theory are conducted and intend to question some of these assumptions. The Port Zeeland experiment examines how 20 novices perceive and copy a blurred architectural sketch, which provides clues for a sketch interpretation system. The "Tragere" experiment studies how 12 professional product designers, some of whom are "idea generators" and others "idea pursuers," perceive, recognize, and handle a design sketch. The results take a designer's point of view in assessing the timing and value of sketch assistance in product design. The quantitative data analysis provides rich clues about when, why and how product sketches should be supported. The paper explores the strategies developed by designers to perceive and recognize graphical content and discusses the generation of three-dimensional volumes, the univocity state between sketches and three-dimensional models, and the treatment of features in freehand sketches. The paper concludes with observations on the timing and value of support, as first integrated in NEMo, a tool for early stage architectural design, and then in PEPS 3 , an early stage framework for product design.

The article is a study based on the analysis of the questionnaire Utility, Operability, Accessibility of the USARB Scientific Library which was distributed to different categories of users: students, master students, teachers from 4 USARB Faculties. Users' opinions and proposals will contribute to the improvement of information resources, services and products.

This article aims to present the assessment of accessibility in squares and parks designed to meet the demand of tourism and the local demand of visitors in the cities of the Carboniferous Region of Rio Grande do Sul. After identifying the cities and the main squares and parks, the evaluation was carried out in four stages: the first stage was devoted to bibliographical and documentary research on tourism and accessibility; the second stage consisted of field research that used the participant observation method with the application of the questionnaire model presented by the Ministry of Tourism (MTUR) in the Mapping and Planning of Accessibility in Tourist Destinations; the third stage was the analysis of the data obtained by the application of the questionnaires; and, in the final stage, the theoretical construction was carried out in the form of an article containing the research and the results obtained. According to this evaluation, it is possible to state that despite the efforts made to reclassify the infrastructure of the Squares and Parks in the region, concerning accessibility, such efforts remain insufficient to meet the standards established to guide the implementation of accessibility resources for people. with disabilities and reduced mobility. However, even with difficulties, such equipment can receive visitors with disabilities and reduced mobility.

This article aims to present the assessment of accessibility in squares and parks designed to meet the demand of tourism and the local demand of visitors in the cities of the Carboniferous Region of Rio Grande do Sul. After identifying the cities and the main squares and parks, the evaluation was carried out in four stages: the first stage was devoted to bibliographical and documentary research on tourism and accessibility; the second stage consisted of field research that used the participant observation method with the application of the questionnaire model presented by the Ministry of Tourism (MTUR) in the Mapping and Planning of Accessibility in Tourist Destinations; the third stage was the analysis of the data obtained by the application of the questionnaires; and, in the final stage, the theoretical construction was carried out in the form of an article containing the research and the results obtained. According to this evaluation, it is possible to state that despite the effo...

Water is considered to be one of the main mechanisms through which people will experience climate change, with the number of people estimated to become exposed to water scarcity projected to increase sharply in the future. Water resource managers in the UK have access to a range of meteorological and hydrological indicators of drought. However these data are limited in their utility to directly forecast how systems should be managed to reduce impacts on water users. At present there is no generically applicable method to provide such an outlook. We are working with practitioners and regulators in the UK water industry to demonstrate the use of seasonal forecasts to support decision-making during drought. The work is funded by Copernicus through the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) with the aim of showing how Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) data can be used in sectoral contexts. C3S data are combined with both operational practices and the latest UK ...

Even today, in the 21st century, people with motor disabilities still face various obstacles, of different natures, that limit their integration. To achieve equity, it is necessary to think about strategies ranging from physical and architectural barriers in pedestrian spaces, to cultural barriers, in order to facilitate universal access. By talking and listening to people with disabilities, it is possible to understand their difficulties and how accessibility is still an obstacle to ensuring inclusion, highlighting the lack of investment in sidewalk covering materials, repairs of structural defects that generate common obstacles, in addition to absence of access ramps in urban pedestrian spaces. Therefore, the objective of this study was to diagnose accessibility conditions for people with disabilities in the commercial center of the city of Taquaritinga-SP. The methodology used was the mapping of pedestrian spaces regarding the types of coverings and common defects in sidewalks and the presence or absence of access ramps for people with physical disabilities or reduced mobility, using satellite images. The results showed that the majority of intersections do not have access ramps for people who use wheelchairs or other auxiliary equipment, to fully move around pedestrian spaces in the region under study. The quality of the sidewalk covering materials was considered “good”, with the predominance of the “Portuguese mosaic” material.

Water is considered to be one of the main mechanisms through which people will experience climate change, with the number of people estimated to become exposed to water scarcity projected to increase sharply in the future. Water resource managers in the UK have access to a range of meteorological and hydrological indicators of drought. However these data are limited in their utility to directly forecast how systems should be managed to reduce impacts on water users. At present there is no generically applicable method to provide such an outlook. We are working with practitioners and regulators in the UK water industry to demonstrate the use of seasonal forecasts to support decision-making during drought. The work is funded by Copernicus through the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) with the aim of showing how Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) data can be used in sectoral contexts. C3S data are combined with both operational practices and the latest UK ...

The operation feasibility of small hydropower plants in mountainous sites is subjected to the run-of-river flow which is also depending on a high variability in precipitation and snow cover. Moreover, the management of this kind of systems has to be performed with some particular operation conditions of the plant (e.g. turbine minimum and maximum discharge) but also some environmental flow requirements. In this context, a technological climate service is conceived in tight connection with end users, perfectly answering the needs of the management of small hydropower systems in a pilot area, and providing forecast of river streamflow together with other operation data. This paper presents an overview of the service but also a set of lessons learnt related to features, requirements and considerations to bear in mind from the point of view of climate services developers. In addition, the outcomes give insight into how this kind of services could change the traditional management (norma...

Utilizarea noilor tehnologii de informare si comunicare implică o serie de schimbări in cadrul bibliotecilor. In prezent se vorbeste tot mai des de un nou tip de serviciu oferit de către acestea, Library 2.0, care aduce in prim plan utilizatorul ce devine un modelator al serviciilor si resurselor de bibliotecă. Clientul structurilor de informare nu mai este mulţumit de accesul unidirecţional la resurse, ci doreste să se implice in evaluarea acestora, făcând comentarii si impărtăsindu-si ideile cu aţi utilizator. In acest sens managerii caută mijloace mult mai eficiente pentru a-si livra serviciile astfel incât să obţină un feedback adecvat care să le permită luare celor mai eficiente măsuri in vederea eficientizării acestora. Library 2. 0 ar putea fi o soluţie pentru toate aceste probleme.

The reference is a complicated process with many steps and strategies to search for information, being required for all types of libraries. However, the unit of measurement in the reference services is also the references. Bibliographic references can be presented in written and oral form. This method is an effective evaluation tool, which results in the improvement of the activity of reference librarians and with advantageous influences on the image in the society or community of the library.

Given the growth of scholarship in early child education (ECE), as well as the rapid emergence of the sector as an area of academic inquiry, a team of special education/mental health scholars opted to explore its preemptive nature. Despite long and distinguished careers in childhood special educational needs (SEN), ECE has never been an area of attention for them, and they proceeded with unbiased perspectives to answer: Does participation in quality ECE lessen SEN and insulate children against requiring supports later in their school experience? Inclusive education is now an international standard for all children and the recent Canadian bilateral agreements between the federal and provincial/territorial governments strive to increase access to ECE for all children, including those with diverse needs. How inclusive is ECE and will access lessen the amount of support required by children with identified SEN, allowing them a smoother school start and ensuring better educational outcom...

Water is considered to be one of the main mechanisms through which people will experience climate change, with the number of people estimated to become exposed to water scarcity projected to increase sharply in the future. Water resource managers in the UK have access to a range of meteorological and hydrological indicators of drought. However these data are limited in their utility to directly forecast how systems should be managed to reduce impacts on water users. At present there is no generically applicable method to provide such an outlook. We are working with practitioners and regulators in the UK water industry to demonstrate the use of seasonal forecasts to support decision-making during drought. The work is funded by Copernicus through the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) with the aim of showing how Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) data can be used in sectoral contexts. C3S data are combined with both operational practices and the latest UK ...

The play of children with disabilities is an area recently brought to the forefront of the scientific research and continuously developing, also thanks to the work of the European COST Action on this theme entitled "LUDI-Play for Children with Disabilities". 1 Play is in fact recognized as the most important engine for the development of all children, but in some cases it might result difficult to be exploited by children with disabilities. This is mainly due to the fact that the environment is generally not prepared to face their needs and their particular ways of functioning, thus disadvantaging and restricting their opportunities to grow and to take part to their peers' life at large. The COST Action TD1309 LUDI "Play for Children with Disabilities" is a network of European practitioners and researchers who study and approach this field from several disciplines

Improving the accuracy of products and services Coping with rapid changes in agricultural prices-need to anticipate Taking into account the climatic risks Reducing inputs such as fertilisers, insecticides and pesticides Using modern communication tools Improving the accuracy of products and services Coping with rapid changes in agricultural prices-need to anticipate Taking into account the climatic risks Reducing inputs such as fertilisers, insecticides and pesticides Using modern communication tools High resolution products and services Assessment of crop production Better understanding of water availability Tactical Decision Aid products Use tools as Internet Keys to success Integrated agrometeological systems, using crop simulating models with different data sources (forecasts and climate data, soil data, management practices) Active collaboration between NMHSs, Universities, technical institutes, agricultural research and private sector in developing value added services Use advances in forecasting techniques and observations systems to offer high resolution and increasing long term products and services Combining resources and providing products at international or European level Agrometeorological Information is not only weather forecast or climatological data, but also services which are useful for decision making, by integrating the constraints of the user Feedback from the users for designing the product or service Use of efficient communications means : Internet to provide relevant information in a timely and efficient manner

The substantial body of knowledge about good practice in climate services suggests that making climate services work for farmers at a national scale requires managing tradeoffs between meeting farmers' context-specific needs and providing cost-effective services at scale. CONTEXT To help manage the far-reaching risks of a changing and variable climate in Africa, investments in climate services must simultaneously meet context-specific needs and have a broad scale impact. However, making this investment work for smallholder farmers, at scale, has been challenging. For example, efforts to improve the generation of quality climate information typically work at a national scale through National Meteorological and Hydrological Services (NMHS). However, these supplyside efforts often have difficulty effectively meeting the local needs of diverse rural populations. Other efforts have started at the farm level, using participatory processes to understand farmers' needs, and to provide information and support in ways that farmers can access, understand, and use. These demand-side initiatives, informed by an understanding of the climate service needs and capacity to act, can be quite effective at tailoring services to farmers' needs, but largely remain at a pilot scale. Fortunately, there is growing evidence that climate services can meet farmers' local needs at a national scale, by recognizing and managing the tradeoffs between scaling and tailoring, by adopting good practice in the generation and communication of climate information for farmers, and by bringing farmers' voices into the co-production of services.

Seasonal climate forecasts (SCFs) have significant potential to support shorter-term agricultural decisions and longer-term climate adaptation plans, but uptake in Europe has to date been low. Under the European Union funded project, European Provision Of Regional Impacts Assessments on Seasonal and Decadal Timescales (EUPORIAS) we have developed the Land Management Tool (LMTool), a prototype seasonal climate service for land managers, working closely in collaboration with two stakeholder organizations, Clinton Devon Estates (CDE) and the National Farmers Union (NFU). LMTool was one of several prototype climate services selected for development within EUPORIAS, including those for the UK transport network, food security in Ethiopia, renewable energy production, hydroelectric energy production in Sweden, and river management in two French basins. The LMTool provides SCFs (1-3 months ahead) to farmers in the Southwest UK, alongside 14-day site specific weather forecasts during the winter months when the skill of seasonal forecasts is greatest. We describe the processes through which the LMTool was co-designed and developed with the farmers, its technical development and key features; critically examine the lessons learned and their implications for providing future climate services for land managers; and finally assess the feasibility of delivering an operational winter seasonal climate service for UK land managers. A number of key learning points from developing the prototype may benefit future work in climate services for the land management and agriculture sector; many of these points are also valid for climate services in other sectors. Prototype development strongly benefitted from; working with intermediaries to identify representative, engaged land managers; an iterative and flexible process of co-design with the farmer group; and from an interdisciplinary project team. Further work is needed to develop a better understanding of the role of forecast skill in land management decision making, the potential benefits of downscaling and how seasonal forecasts can help support land managers decision-making processes. The prototype would require considerable work to implement a robust operational forecast system, and a longer period to demonstrate the value of the services provided. Finally, the potential for such services to be applied more widely in Europe is not well understood and would require further stakeholder engagement and forecast development.

Society can benefit from usable climate information to better prepare and adapt to the risks and opportunities posed by climate variability and change. An adequate and effective provision of climate information-from historical observations through to seasonal forecasts, and multi-decadal climate change projections-is critical to inform planning and decision-making in climate-sensitive sectors. Central to this are the end-users of climate information and a growing emphasis on tailored climate information and services shaped by user needs. However, knowledge about the use of climate information across European economic sectors is limited. This paper identifies the spectrum of sectoral information requirements across a number of sectors including agriculture, forestry, energy, water, tourism, insurance, health, emergency services and transport sectors, drawing from an online survey (n = 462) and interviews with (potential) users of climate information (n = 80). This analysis reveals shared opportunities across sectors including the potential application of decadal climate predictions. In addition, common barriers and enablers to the uptake of climate information were also noted including the format of the information provided, the need for compatibility with existing in-house systems, and the perceived credibility and trust of information providers. This analysis also points towards a perceived increasing fragmentation of available information and the desire amongst end-users for a European body able to centralise and coordinate climate data. We highlight some of the current factors that still need to be adequately addressed in order to enhance the uptake and application of climate information in decision-making across European economic sectors.

This article proposes a users' typology grounded in the users' needs and motivation. We apply cluster analysis, a multivariate technique seldom applied in IS research, to the data obtained from a purposely diversified population of 247 respondents. The three-stage research design is carefully laid out and justified: different procedures are detailed and applied in order to limit possible bias and maximize the stability and reproducibility of the resulting IT-users' typology. Through this validation-oriented design, the proposed typology is inferred from our quantitative results which confirm and refine a users' taxonomy previously brought to light through qualitative methods. Our results open the way to the investigation of a new second order formative construct which may be an antecedent of two well established constructs in IS research: perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use. They also lead to corporate applications involving the customization of IT-training depending on users' profiles in order to facilitate new IT implementation.

El medio rural de Castilla y León cuenta con problemas estructurales que se han intensificado desde mediados del siglo XX. La mayoría de los municipios se han visto beneficiados, a lo largo de las últimas décadas, de una serie de iniciativas de desarrollo que pretenden mejorar su situación socioeconómica. El objetivo principal de este trabajo consiste en determinar los efectos que han tenido los diversos programas de desarrollo rural en la evolución de la población y en la estructura por edad de los municipios ribereños del canal de Castilla entre los años 2000-2020. Para ello, se han consultado las iniciativas de desarrollo relacionadas con el canal de Castilla, y para la parte demográfica los datos del INE. Mediante un SIG, se ha realizado la cartografía correspondiente. A pesar de los programas puestos en marcha, y del dinero invertido en este territorio, no se ha conseguido revertir el descenso demográfico ni el progresivo envejecimiento en el que se encuentran la mayoría de est...

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguraikan derivasi dan infleksi pada penggunaan afiksasi bahasa Indonesia yang melekat pada kata pinjaman bahasa Inggris di twitter. Jenis penelitian ini adalah kualitatif deskriptif. Metode pengumpulan data menggunakan metode simak dan teknik yang digunakan adalah teknik dokumentasi dan teknik catat. Dari hasil penelitian menampilkan bahwa terdapat tujuh jenis kelas kata yang berderivasi, yaitu kelas kata nomina berubah menjadi verba, kelas kata verba berubah menjadi nomina, kelas kata adjektiva berubah menjadi verba, kelas kata adjektiva berubah menjadi nomina, kelas kata adjektiva berubah menjadi adverbia, kelas kata verba berubah menjadi numeralia, dan kelas kata nomina berubah menjadi numeralia. Adapun hasil penelitian data yang berinfleksi, yakni kelas kata verba tetap sebagai verba.

Los siete trabajos a seguir son resultado de una Mesa de Trabajo, "Derechos Territoriales, Proyectos de Desarollo de Gran Escala y Alternativas Indígenas de Desarrollo" coordinado por mi dentro del eje "Derechos Territoriales, Medio-Ambiente y Alternativas de Desarrollo", en la IX Encuentro de la Red Latinoamericana de Antropología Jurídica (RELAJU) Brasil - Sociedades Plurales y Estados Nacionales: límites y desafíos para la efectividad de los derechos, realizada en Pirenópolis, Goiás, Brasil en septiembre de 2015. Mis agradecimentos a los coordenadores de este Encuentro, profesor Fernando Antonio de Carvalho Dantas, profesor Carlos Frederico Marés de Souza Filho, y professora Rebecca Lemos Igreja. A partir de los años 1970, los gobiernos em toda la América Latina y muchos otros países, junto con grandes consórcios de empresas empezaron a realizar proyectos de desarrollo regional de gran escala avanzando sobre los territórios de pueblos indígenas sin consultar a...

Dalam rangka mewujudkan desa unggul dan mandiri pemerintahan desa perlu mempersiapkan sumber daya manusia yang unggul dari mulai pimpinan pemerintah desa, aparat desa dan seluruh masyarakat desa. Untuk mewujudkan hal tersebut diantaranya dapat dilakukan melalui proses komunikasi pembangunan. Komunikasi pembangunan merupakan proses penyampaian materi dalam rangka meningkatkan sesuatu agar menjadi lebih baik. Secara luas pengertian komunikasi pembangunan adalah sebagai aktivitas pertukaran pesan secara timbal balik diantara semua pihak yang terlibat dalam usaha pembangunan, terutama masyarakat dan pemerintah, sejak dari proses perencanaan, pelaksanaan dan penilaian terhadap pembangunan. Kegiatan yang dilakukan oleh Fakultas Ilmu Komunikasi dan Administrasi Bisnis (FIKA) dalam rangka pemberdayaan masyarakat menuju desa unggul dan mandiri diantaranya dengan pemberian materi yang di berikan oleh para dosen FIKA selaku narasumber dalam kegiatan tersebut. Kegiatan yang dilakukan merupakan ...

A presença dos fãs de programas de ficção seriada na televisão é cada vez mais intensa, estimulando um campo de estudos sobre os fãs de televisão, em particular, sobre as práticas comunicativas de consumo e realização de ficção seriada de televisão. Apresentamos neste artigo os resultados preliminares de um exercício de análise sobre uma das dimensões deste fenômeno, a participação de fãs no processo de construção social da crença no escritor roteirista como autor de telenovelas no Brasil. A pesquisa orienta-se pelos princípios do método de ciência das obras (Bourdieu) e estabelece continuidade com investigações sobre autoria de telenovelas no Brasil. Resultados da análise de duas listas de discussão indicam que a interlocução dos escritores-autores de telenovelas com os fãs e o debate sobre os critérios de qualidade destes programas de ficção seriada tendem cada vez mais a colaborar na formulação e reprodução das crenças na autoria do escritor-roteirista-autor de telenovelas brasil...

Darwinisme sosial merupakan sebuah teori yang diagungkan oleh kuasa Barat bagi mewujudkan jurang perbezaan manusia dalam pelbagai aspek dengan mengangkat status mereka sebagai bangsa 'superior', manakala bangsa kulit hitam dan berwarna pula dikategorikan sebagai 'inferior' atau "lesser breed'' pada abad ke-19. Justeru kajian ini akan memberi tumpuan kepada analisis bagaimana kuasa barat cuba untuk mengimplementasikan teori ini kepada penduduk di Borneo Utara dengan menggunakan dan menerapkan sistem sosial serta budaya mereka sebagai acuan bagi membentuk masyarakat yang mempunyai ketamadunan moden seperti yang mereka percayai bahawa itu merupakan tanggungjawab mereka menerusi slogan "white man burden". Bagi mencapai objektif ini, kaedah kajian secara kualitatif telah digunakan dengan merujuk kepada sumber primer dan sekunder sebagai sumber utama. Sumber-sumber tersebut merupakan bahan yang dapat diakses di Arkib Negeri dan perpustakaan, serta terdiri daripada buku dan artikel yang terdapat dalam jurnal. Selain itu, sumber daripada laman sesawang yang releven juga digunakan bagi mengukuhkan hujah dan perbincangannya. Dapatan utama kajian ini mendapati bahawa penjajahan kuasa barat khususnya British dalam menguasai Borneo Utara bukan hanya bermatlamatkan pengeksploitasian ekonomi sahaja, namun mereka juga bertujuan untuk mengubah kehidupan tradisional penduduk tempatan memandangkan mereka beranggapan bahawa itu adalah suatu tanggungjawab yang mereka pikul dalam mendidik bangsa yang lebih rendah dari mereka, banyak berkait rapat dengan status dan maruah mereka sebagai kuasa imperialis yang mempromosikan ketamadunan. Maka, demi mencapai matlamat tersebut, pelbagai transformasi dan perubahan yang telah dilakukan oleh British dalam pelbagai aspek bagi mengubah taraf hidup penduduk tempatan khususnya dalam aspek ekonomi, politik dan sosial. Oleh itu, penulis akan membincangkan secara lebih mendalam mengenai justifikasi teori tersebut, serta dengan lebih lanjut bagi membincangkan apakah aspek dan pendekatan yang digunakan oleh Barat dalam mentamadunkan penduduk di Borneo Utara seperti apa yang mereka percayai menurut Darwinisme Sosial.

The designations employed in WMO publications and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of WMO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.

Meteorological factors have an influence on global energy systems. This study reviewed some of the latest research contributions from other global studies on climate change impacts, energy transportation and international collaboration in the energymeteorology sector. It is a summary of relevant South African research on energy demand, forecasting and vulnerability to extreme meteorological conditions. International weather-energy partnerships are growing fast, while the Global Framework for Climate Services has provided a global framework for scientific collaboration across sectors to assist with climate-related risk management and decision-making. The uptake of weather-energy partnerships in developing regions has remained slow, however, particularly in Africa, where basic requirements such as meteorological observations are still sought. This review found that studies on the impact that future projections of climate change and variability might have on the South African electricity transmission network were inadequate. A deeper understanding of such impacts on the electricity infrastructure would assist considerably with risk management and decision-making; consequently contributing to the sustainable provision of electricity in South Africa.

The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues. An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly, even if the presentations are less than fully polished. The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/World Bank and its affiliated organizations, or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent.

The importance of play for the sake of play 7 1.2 Barriers to play for children with disabilities 8 1.3 Case study methodology: an opportunity for disability studies 9 References 13 Pedro Encarnação 2 Methodology: the survey aimed at assessing the children with disabilities play needs from the perspective of parents and children 15 2.1 Surveys development and data collection procedures 15 2.1.1 Questionnaire for parents' associations 16 2.1.2 Questionnaire for parents of children with disabilities 17 2.1.3 Data collection 18 References 20 Appendix 21

The article presents a research developed collaterally within the framework of the European research project "LUDI. Play for Children with Disabilities" (http://ludinetwork.eu/, 2014-2018). One goal of the project is to provide guidelines on play for children with disabilities. To reach this goal, first of all the needs of users have been investigated through an empirical research conducted by two semi-structured questionnaire addressed to representatives of disability associations and parents of children with disabilities. The article reports briefly the theoretical framework of the research, the results of the survey at european level, and more in-depth the results of a research conducted by the Special Education group of research at University of Florence with the same methodology at disability associations of Livorno, in Tuscany (Italy). The results are similar to those of European research: it emerges that the needs on play of children with disabilities are the same regardless of the type of disability and the context in which the children live.

Regional Programme delivery through: Consortium Coordinating Lead Funds for the regional programme channelled through a consortium lead or coordinating organisation which would manage disbursement to consortium partners and other related initiatives. Governance includes high-level regional partners with DFID, ACPC, AMCOMET and WMO (common with Pan-African Programme). Pan-African Programme delivery through: African Climate Policy Centre (ACPC) Direct funding to ACPC as an extension to DFID's existing ClimDev-Africa programme. ACPC would manage funds for the delivery of activities and channel funds to WMO and AMCOMET to support joint activities and initiatives being undertaken by these organisations. Governance includes DFID, ACPC, AMCOMET, WMO Summary of preferred delivery mechanisms and governance for the CIASA Regional and Pan-African Programmes disasters; and the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) objective to reach agreement on climate emissions targets at its 21 st Conference of Parties (COP21). Specific projects important for the CIASA Regional and Pan-African programmes to engage with will need to be identified at individual sub-project inception stage, and will include both climate science and translational science initiatives. For weather and climate aspects (in addition to the LVB-HyNEWS consortium) these include, for climate monitoring: the Enhancing National Climate Services (ENACTS) and Rainwatch-AfClix (RWX) programmes; for short-range forecasting, the WMO Severe Weather Forecast Demonstration Project (SWFDP) and World Weather Research Programme (WWRP) High Impact Weather project; for sub-seasonal timescales the WCRP/WWRP sub-seasonal to seasonal research programmewhich has an African subproject; for seasonal timescales the WMO infrastructure for global provision and synthesis of climate model-based seasonal forecasts and the DFID Science for Humanitarian Emergencies and Resilience (SHEAR) programme; and for multi-decadal timescales the WCRP Climate Model Inter-comparison Project (CMIP5) and Coordinated Regional Downscaling Experiment (CORDEX) archives as well as the DFID Future Climate for Africa (FCFA) research programmes. For translational science there are many initiatives across Africa that CIASA can engage with and learn from. Some examples include: weather and climate warning communications projects focused at community level conducted by the Humanitarian Futures Programme, Red Cross, the Climate Change Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS) programme, CARE International and Christian Aid as well as aspects of DFID's Strengthening Adaptation and Resilience to Climate Change in Kenya (StARCK+) and Building Resilience to Climate Extremes and Disasters (BRACED) programmes. In addition the Red Cross Climate Centre has developed game-based approaches designed to rehearse and confront issues around communication.

This article proposes a users' typology grounded in the users' needs and motivation. We apply cluster analysis, a multivariate technique seldom applied in IS research, to the data obtained from a purposely diversified population of 247 respondents. The three-stage research design is carefully laid out and justified: different procedures are detailed and applied in order to limit possible bias and maximize the stability and reproducibility of the resulting IT-users' typology. Through this validation-oriented design, the proposed typology is inferred from our quantitative results which confirm and refine a users' taxonomy previously brought to light through qualitative methods. Our results open the way to the investigation of a new second order formative construct which may be an antecedent of two well established constructs in IS research: perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use. They also lead to corporate applications involving the customization of IT-training depending on users' profiles in order to facilitate new IT implementation.

Academic libraries are currently faced with challenges and opportunities as a result of introduction of Information Technology which has made it possible for library users to access information anywhere and anytime unlike in the past when they had to visit the library to get information for their research and assignments. Librarians can no longer ignore the convenience of the internet especially in this era where users want information fast without much effort. Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has led to change in user needs and demands in academic libraries. Since it is an issue that librarians can no longer disregard, this study was therefore set to assess library staff capacity in meeting changing user demands in academic libraries in universities in Kenya. The study found out that library staff have the capacity to meet changing user needs however they have to improve on marketing the services they offer and library staff should keep abreast of the changes in technology and changing user needs.