Urban Drainage

This study attempts to identify sources and distributional pattern of solid waste generation in Burdwan Municipality. The paper investigates major source of waste generation in terms of locations (residential and non-residential premises, administrative area like ward). This study examines the classification of solid waste and identifies the largest contributor in solid waste generation in Burdwan Municipality. This study observes biodegradable waste is the maximum among all municipal solid waste (MSW) generation in Burdwan town. Commercial places generate more MSW than institutions while the top contributors from residential premises are low-income group (LIG) households. The paper examines distributional pattern of solid waste generation in household levels at wards. The paper also observes the distributional pattern of basic municipal infrastructure related to MSW management. There is mismatch between MSW generation and available infrastructure due to uneven distribution of resources and poor management practices.

This study provides an overview of solid waste management practices in Burdwan Municipality and identifies sources of waste generation. The study primarily relies on both primary and secondary data collected from Burdwan Municipality. A prepared questionnaire was utilized during field studies conducted in the wards of Burdwan Municipality. Secondary data, available in the form of reports and documents from the year 2019, were also employed. Tabular presentations, flowcharts, pie charts, statistical tools, and techniques were used for the study. A flowchart model is employed to describe the current practices of solid waste management in Burdwan. Municipal solid waste is classified and identified based on waste characteristics. Biodegradable waste is the primary source of municipal solid waste (MSW) generation in Burdwan city. Commercial places generate more MSW than institutions, while the top contributors from residential premises are low-income group (LIG) households. This study observes a mismatch between MSW generation and available infrastructure, as well as poor management practices. MSW accumulates day by day leading to environmental pollution. However, this problem could be resolved by adopting a reuse and recycle mechanism to convert waste into useful products.

his Public Health Bill is the result of joint efforts, contributions and guidance of the Ministry of Health and Sanitation, the World Health Organization, the Directorate o f Environmental Health and Sanitation, all the Technical Working Groups (TWGs) and all the Provinces, Regions, Districts, Chiefdoms in Sierra Leone.

Sukun District frequently experiences flooding during the rainy season, particularly when rainfall exceeds two hours, due to
blockages in drainage channels, population growth and a limited number ofinlets. This study aims to evaluationflood discharge,
determine the necessary dimensions for drainage channels and inlets, as well as estimate the cost of redesigning. The required
data for this study included daily rainfall data from 2013-2022 obtained from Sukun, Ciliwung, and Dau stations, existing
channel dimensions, a topographic map, and the 2022-unit price ofwork in Malang city. The data were processed using the
Log-Pearson III distribution to determine the flood design for a 10-year return period. The intensity of rain was calculated
using the Mononobe formula. The Storm Water Management Model (EPA-SWMM 5.1) was employed to simulate the quality of
surface runoff, as well as the flow rate. The results of the Log-Pearson III distribution indicated that the maximum recorded
rainfall was 93.827 mm/day, which was deemed acceptable based on the Chi-Square and Smirnov-Kolmogorov test results. The
simulation revealed that the existing drainage channels have a capacity of 1.648 m3/sec, which is insufficient to handle the
design discharge of 1.685 m3/sec. As a result, overflow occurs during peak flow conditions, indicating that four channels (RT4C,
RT4F, RT4H and RT4I) are not effective to convey the 10 years return period of discharge. However, the simulation also
demonstrated that the proposed redesign of the drainage channels, which involves increasing the channel height depending on
the amount of discharge each channel should accommodate while keeping the width constant due to space limitations,
significantly improves their capacity. The redesigned channels have a capacity of2.278 m3/sec, exceeding the design discharge
of 1.685 m3/sec. The new design ensures that the channels can accommodate the expected volume ofwater without experiencing
overflow, even during peak flow conditions. The estimated cost of this redesign is IDR 280,450,000.
Keywords: drainage evaluation, EPA- SWMM 5.1, Log Person III rainfall distribution.

Impermeable pavements and roofs in urban areas convert most rainfall to runoff, which is commonly discharged to local sewers pipes and finally to the nearby streams and rivers. In case of heavy rain, the peak flow of runoff usually exceeds the carrying capacity of the local sewer pipes, leading to urban flooding. Traditional facilities, such as green roofs, permeable pavements, soakaways, rainwater tanks, rain barrels, and others reduce the runoff volume in case of a small rain but fail in case of a heavy rain. Here we propose a novel rainwater buffer tank to detain runoff from the nearby sealed surfaces in case of heavy rain and then to discharge rainwater from an orifice at the tank's bottom. We found that considering a 100 m 2 rooftop with 0.80 runoff coefficient and a 10cm rainfall depth for an hour, a cubic tank with internal edge side of a square of 2 m attenuates the peak flow about 45%. To reduce a desirable peak flow, the outlet orifice of the buffer tank must be optimized according to site-specific conditions. The orifice can be set at an elevation from the tank's bottom to create a dead storage for harvesting rainwater.

Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso, apresentado pela aluna Lúcia Martins Teixeira ao curso de especialização lato sensu em Geoprocessamento, Levantamento e Interpretação de Solos da Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), como requisito para obtenção do título de pós-graduação. Orientador(a):Prof.(a)Pós-Dr. Eduardo Osório Senra.

Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso, apresentado pela aluna Lúcia Martins Teixeira ao curso de especialização lato sensu em Geoprocessamento, Levantamento e Interpretação de Solos da Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), como requisito para obtenção do título de pós-graduação. Orientador(a):Prof.(a)Pós-Dr. Eduardo Osório Senra.

Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso, apresentado pela aluna Lúcia Martins Teixeira ao curso de especialização lato sensu em Geoprocessamento, Levantamento e Interpretação de Solos da Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), como requisito para obtenção do título de pós-graduação. Orientador(a):Prof.(a)Pós-Dr.

Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso, apresentado pela aluna Lúcia Martins Teixeira ao curso de especialização lato sensu em Geoprocessamento, Levantamento e Interpretação de Solos da Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), como requisito para obtenção do título de pós-graduação. Orientador(a):Prof.(a)Pós-Dr.

There is a scarcity of water in major metropolitan areas in Brazil like
São Paulo, which is crossed by a large river, the Tietê, which we have
been trying to clean up for some time. In the Upper Tietê area, in
which the Metropolitan Area anchored by São Paulo is located, there is
201 cubic m of water available per inhabitant per year, versus 1,000
cubic m per inhabitant per year in Pernambuco State, in Northeast
Brazil. This is far below what is internationally considered the
appropriate amount of water per inhabitant11.
This situation resulted from a historical process in which the river was
cast into oblivion by the society living along its banksthus losing its
original features and roles, as well as its connection to the city’s
inhabitantsand now serves the same function as the Cloaca Maxima in
Ancient  Rome.

El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo determinar la curva clave de sedimentos, que relaciona el caudal líquido con la descarga sólida de los desagües pluviales, de una microcuenca de la ciudad de Resistencia (capital de la provincia del Chaco) a partir de nueve eventos medidos desde septiembre de 2009 a marzo de 2010. El término descarga sólida se refiere la cantidad de sedimento en movimiento y su valor se obtuvo del producto entre el caudal líquido y la concentración de sólidos suspendidos. Los datos fueron recolectados aguas arriba de dos bocas de tormenta, donde se realizaron aforos de caudales y análisis de turbiedad y concentración de sólidos suspendidos del efluente pluvial. Con los valores de descarga líquida y sólida, de los distintos eventos, se ajustaron dos curvas claves de sedimentos que presentaron un ajuste aceptable. Se observaron diferencias entre los polutogramas de los efluentes de sendas bocas de tormentas debidas a las diferencias existentes en el uso de suelo de sus áreas de aporte. Se pudo constatar que la descarga sólida tiende a aumentar con el aumento de la descarga líquida. La información obtenida resulta de utilidad para monitoreos y controles tempranos en cuencas urbanas localizadas en áreas de llanura.

The Ampal Watershed of Balikpapan City consists of 21 sub-watersheds. Each sub-watershed has a drainage channel that functions to drain water towards the Ampal River, but in reality the capacity of secondary drainage channels in some of the Ampal sub-watersheds is not able to drain water properly resulting in flooding. This occurs in sub-watersheds 2, sub-watersheds 4, sub-watersheds 5, sub-watersheds 7, sub-watersheds 8, sub-watersheds 9, sub-watersheds 13, and sub-watersheds 14. Based on existing problems, it is necessary to evaluate the performance of the drainage system the Ampal sub-watershed to overcome these flood problems. The purpose of this study was to determine the hydrological discharge and secondary channel capacity of the Ampal watershed affected by flooding and know the flood height at the study location. In this study hydrological analysis was carried out by calculating the Ampal watershed sub-flood flood peak using a rational method and hydraulic analysis using the HEC-RAS application which aims to determine the channel water level elevation. From the calculation, hydrological discharge in the Ampal watershed area which has flood problems varies between 3.65 m3 / s to 19.27 m3 / s. From the results of the analysis, there are 7 channels of sub-watersheds that have overcapacity, including Channels 4, Channels 5, Channels 7, Channels 8, Channels 9, Channels 13, and Channels 14 with flood rates varying from 0.08 m to 2.12 m. The channel 2 does not occur due to overflow caused by the subwatershed 2.

This study focuses on the urban drainage problems in Sylhet City, which is susceptible to flooding because of its particular location and hasty urbanization. The study examines the existing situation of the drainage system in Sylhet which achieves the main shortcoming of Sylhet's drainage in terms of blockage, pollution and lack of maintenance, causing poor water dissemination and continual occurrence of urban flood. This is further compounded by uncontrolled and illegal expansion and development that encroach on natural water bodies which subsequently interfere with the natural flow of water and minimize the capacity for drainage. Based on hydrological and hydraulic modelling calculation of the main canals, critical flood • prone zones and constrained areas for the drainage are emphasized in this study. It also evaluates the effect of other infrastructure development practices such as road-raising on drainage functionality. Its research suggests an integrated suite of mitigation options that could combine structural measures such as canal dredging and stormwater management improvements with non-structural actions such as urban planning changes, engagement with communities and installation of sustainable drainage systems. Emphasis is given to the combination of nature-based solutions with advanced monitoring and controlling devices of the urban drainage network. The results suggest the needs of coordination of local governments and planners, as well as society, to improve the drainage capacity and prevent water logging. This research offers policy advice for future urban planning and development intended to enhance flood resilience and quality of life in Sylhet City.

Technological development is currently experiencing very rapid growth. This situation highlights the need to enhance the competencies of university graduates by equipping them with both hard and soft skills. Specifically, in the courses of hydrology, drainage, and water quality, the SWMM software (Storm Water Management Model) plays a crucial role. This training activity aims to provide students with an understanding of and the ability to develop relevant soft skills. The training is conducted through lectures, demonstrations/practical sessions, and evaluations using pre-test and post-test questionnaires, administered before and after the SWMM software training. The program is targeted at civil engineering students. The tutorial focuses on modelling and preparing necessary parameters such as rainfall data, channel cross-sectional data, channel slope, and, equally important, flow direction and elevation at junctions. Simulations are then carried out to produce flood discharge outputs. Based on the training results, it was found that this community service program (PKM) was effective in improving students' skills and soft skills, which are valuable assets in preparing for future professional work. The achievement level based on the pre-test questionnaire was 26%, which increased significantly to 98% after the training.

La gestione delle acque pluviali, reflue e di ruscellamento costituiva un elemento cruciale nell'organizzazione urbana delle città del mondo romano, con particolare rilevanza nelle aree caratterizzate da una marcata pendenza, come l'arco alpino orientale, tra Venetia et Histria e il Noricum. In questi contesti, la regolamentazione delle risorse idriche non si limitava all'approvvigionamento, fondamentale per lo sviluppo economico e sociale, ma includeva anche la gestione del deflusso idrico, indispensabile per prevenire fenomeni di erosione e inondazioni e, in definitiva, fondamentale per assicurare un corretto funzionamento del sistema urbano. Le soluzioni tecniche adottate, tra cui canali di drenaggio, opere di contenimento e sistemi di deflusso controllato, testimoniano l’attenzione romana nell'adattare infrastrutture idrauliche a un ambiente complesso. Lo studio di tali strategie consente dunque di comprendere meglio le dinamiche insediative e la capacità di gestione ambientale in queste regioni. Il contributo affronta quindi la gestione delle acque di ruscellamento e ‘indesiderabili’ in alcuni casi di studio urbani compresi tra l’alta Regio X e il basso Noricum.

Objetivo – discutir a importância de flexibilizar a exigência para desocupação das áreas de proteção ambiental dos cursos d´água.

Metodologia – investigação propositiva baseada em análise documental e coleta de dados de visitas a campo.

Originalidade – apresenta uma alternativa ganha-ganha para recuperar o escoamento superficial das águas de chuvas em áreas altamente urbanizadas que dispense remoção de moradores ou demolição total das áreas de lazer dos edifícios.

Resultados – menor burocracia e maior agilidade para efetivar a desobstrução do curso superficial dos córregos.

Contribuições teóricas – priorizar a visão sistêmica regenerativa em confronto com a legislação ambiental na recuperação das funções ambientais dos fundos de vale intensamente urbanizados; utilizar a lei de desjudicialização como ferramenta para solução de conflitos ambientais: de titularidade e de dimensões a serem desocupadas sobre os córregos canalizados subterrâneos.

Contribuições sociais e ambientais – elimina o risco a vidas, recupera parte da capacidade original de drenagem do córrego e possibilita implantação futura de Soluções baseadas na Natureza para reconectar o córrego à cidade e fomentar serviços ecossistêmicos.

This paper addresses the problem of flooding in the Tiburtino Stream Watershed, focusing on a desirable adaptation towards urban resilience oriented towards environmentally fragile areas of the basin. It is assumed that the construction of small parallel reservoirs located upstream of the critical points of event occurrences would considerably mitigate their severity and intensity, thus indicating a feasible possibility of adaptation that must be taken into consideration by the competent authorities when planning. of future urban drainage actions in the region. The method used was the convolution of the SCS Unitary Hydrogram from upstream to downstream of the watershed, and Lapa Market was defined as the measurement point-a critical location in terms of occurrences-for a quantitative verification of the damping of the peak flow in two scenarios: a single reservoir, of larger proportion; distributed smaller reservoirs. The results validated the initial hypothesis, demonstrating that small reservoirs located below the road system are as efficient or more efficient than a single reservoir of more robust proportions with a high potential for environmental impact.

Este artigo aborda o problema das inundações e alagamentos na bacia do Córrego Tiburtino, com foco para uma adaptação desejável em direção a uma resiliência urbana orientada para áreas ambientalmente frágeis da bacia. Parte-se da hipótese de que a construção de pequenos reservatórios paralelos localizados à montante dos pontos críticos das ocorrências de eventos mitigariam consideravelmente a sua gravidade e intensidade, indicando assim uma possibilidade factível de adaptação que deve ser levada em consideração pelas autoridades competentes quando do planejamento de futuras ações de drenagem urbana na região. O método utilizado foi o da convolução do Hidrograma Unitário SCS de montante à jusante da bacia, e como ponto de medição foi definido o Mercadão da Lapa – um local crítico em termos de ocorrências – para uma verificação quantitativa do amortecimento da vazão de pico em dois cenários: um único reservatório, de maior proporção; reservatórios menores distribuídos. Os resultados validaram a hipótese inicial, demonstrando que reservatórios de pequeno porte localizados abaixo do sistema viário são tão ou mais eficientes do que um único reservatório de proporções mais robustas com alto potencial de impacto ambiental.

This paper addresses the problem of flooding in the Tiburtino Stream Watershed, focusing on a desirable adaptation towards urban resilience oriented towards environmentally fragile areas of the basin. It is assumed that the construction of small parallel reservoirs located upstream of the critical points of event occurrences would considerably mitigate their severity and intensity, thus indicating a feasible possibility of adaptation that must be taken into consideration by the competent authorities when planning. of future urban drainage actions in the region. The method used was the convolution of the SCS Unitary Hydrogram from upstream to downstream of the watershed, and Lapa Market was defined as the measurement point-a critical location in terms of occurrences-for a quantitative verification of the damping of the peak flow in two scenarios: a single reservoir, of larger proportion; distributed smaller reservoirs. The results validated the initial hypothesis, demonstrating that small reservoirs located below the road system are as efficient or more efficient than a single reservoir of more robust proportions with a high potential for environmental impact.

This paper delves into the integration of watershed management into territorial planning and community governance, focusing on the evolution of the São Crispim Square Preservation Movement and the Subgroup for Sustainable Drainage of the Tiburtino Stream with Nature-Based Solutions within CADES Lapa. It also examines the processes leading to the formulation of guidelines for a prospective drainage plan for the basin, drawing from both technical-political initiatives along with the experiential knowledge of residents and stakeholders. The methodological framework encompasses a literature review, urban characterization of the Tiburtino basin, synthesis of key steps in local social movements, examination of relevant legislation and urban plans, compilation of civil society actions, and categorization of recommendations for the development of a sustainable drainage plan. The outcome offers a historical account of the social movement advocating for São Crispim Square's preservation and introduces possible urban intervention guidelines for implementing Nature-based Solutions (NbSs) in the Tiburtino basin, including Sustainable Drainage Systems (SuDS). This attempt aims to guide cities in adapting to and mitigating the impacts of climate change, promoting urban, environmental, and water resilience in alignment with sustainable development objectives.

Beside buildings, highways and roads construction interfere with Stormwater runoff (SWR). They have two main impacts. They generate more runoff and pollutants while they contribute to the increase in impervious surfaces in the watershed and intensify activities. Regarding the increase of impervious surfaces, United States Environmental Protection Agency [1] states that roads occupy one third to two third of the land portion of the city (mostly impervious surfaces). The resulting effects of the hydro modification are increased volume of the runoff, change in sediment loading. From undeveloped area to developed zone with 30 to 50% of road impervious surface, the storm runoff rate increases from an average of 10% to 30% of the rain fall [2]. Kansas Department of Health and Environment exhaustively listed water pollution indicators as ammonia, total suspended solids (TSS), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD), chlorophyll, dissolved solids, heavy metals, mine...

La planificación urbana en zonas costeras del Ecuador enfrenta crecientes desafíos
derivados del cambio climático, el crecimiento acelerado de la urbanización y la falta de infraestructura resiliente. La urbanización Alba de Bosque, ubicada en el kilómetro 18 de la Vía a la Costa y actualmente en su fase inicial de construcción, constituye un caso representativo de esta problemática. Su diseño preliminar contempla una alta proporción de superficies impermeables (coeficiente de escorrentía >0.80), carece de sistemas de drenaje sostenible, y se encuentra expuesta a un aumento del 25% en la frecuencia de eventos climáticos extremos durante la última década, lo cual incrementa significativamente el riesgo de inundaciones.
En este contexto, se plantea la necesidad urgente de integrar soluciones basadas en la
naturaleza desde las primeras etapas del desarrollo urbano. Esta investigación propone el diseño e implementación de techos verdes como medida preventiva dentro del marco de los Sistemas Urbanos de Drenaje Sostenible (SUDS), utilizando la tecnología Floradrain® FD 25-E, adaptada a las condiciones tropicales del litoral ecuatoriano. Mediante la aplicación del enfoque Design Thinking, se busca facilitar la cocreación de soluciones con desarrolladores y futuros residentes, asegurando la viabilidad técnica, social y ambiental del sistema propuesto.

Expansion of urbanized areas and densification of cities have increase the frequency of flooding events and degradation of receiving water bodies as a result of changes in the natural hydrological cycle. Besides, traditional urban water management has focused in evacuating the runoff as quickly as possible, increasing the negative effects of the urbanization process. An alternative approach for the management of urban waters is the use of sustainable urban drainage systems (SUDS) to prevent and mitigate these effects. The success of SUDS depends on the correct interpretation of the needs and opportunities of a particular area. In this article, a methodology is proposed that guides the planning of SUDS based on a multi-scale approach. This methodology includes three scales: (1) citywide, (2) local and (3) microscale. The methodology was applied in the city of Bogotá (Colombia) allowing the identification of priority areas, in accordance to specific local objectives (i.e. runoff manag...

Urban growth has intensified the generation of solid waste, particularly in densely populated and vulnerable neighborhoods, leading to environmental degradation and public health risks. This study presents a multidisciplinary methodology to estimate the mass of macroplastic litter mobilized from urban surfaces into nearby watercourses during storm events. Focusing on the Villa Páez neighborhood in Cordoba, Argentina-a data-scarce and flood-prone urban basin-the approach integrates socio-environmental surveys, field observations, Google Street View analysis, and hydrologic modeling using EPA SWMM 5.2. Macroplastic accumulation on streets was estimated based on observed waste density, and its transport under varying garbage collection intervals and rainfall intensities was simulated using a conceptual pollutant model. Results indicate that plastic mobilization increases substantially with storm intensity and accumulation duration, with the majority of macroplastic mass transported during high-return-period rainfall events. The study highlights the need for frequent waste collection, improved monitoring in vulnerable urban areas, and scenario-based modeling tools to support more effective waste and stormwater management.

This research project describes innovative methods to develop improved wet weather flow (WWF) management systems for urban developments of the 21 st century. This document addresses the competing objectives of providing drainage services at the same time as decreasing stormwater pollutant discharges. Water quality aspects of WWF discharges and associated receiving water problems have only been studied for a relatively short period (a few decades), compared to conventional drainage designs (a few centuries), and few large-scale drainage systems adequately address both of these suitable objectives. General principles of urban water management are presented that might permit the development of more sustainable systems by integrating the traditionally separate functions of providing water supply, collecting, treating, and disposing of wastewater, and handling urban WWF. Integration can be achieved by designing neighborhood scale, integrated infrastructure systems wherein treated wastewater and stormwater are reused for nonpotable purposes such as lawn watering and toilet flushing. The automobile is seen to have caused major changes in urban land use in the 20 th century. For the average urban family, the area devoted to streets and parking in their neighborhood exceeds the area devoted to living. Similarly, more area is devoted to parking than to office and commercial space in urban areas. The net result of the large scale changes to accommodate the automobile in cities is about a two to three fold increase in impervious area per family and business activity.

O rio Tietê historicamente desempenha um papel fundamental para a mobilidade da
cidade. Em princípio pelas Entradas, Bandeiras e Monções, seguidos pela implantação de
ferrovias, instalação das pistas marginais, e atualmente território do Arco Tietê, este rio e suas
várzeas são centrais nas discussões sobre a deficiência crônica na mobilidade urbana,
enchentes e ocupação do solo urbano. Assim, em vista das discussões sobre a mobilidade na
cidade em virtude de políticas urbanas como a implementação das ciclovias e ciclofaixas,
implementação do programa Ruas Abertas e mais recentemente, da retomada do PIU Arco
Tietê, o Projeto de Intervenção Urbana (PIU) Arco Tietê, além das discussões sazonais sobre
a questão dos rios na cidade nos períodos de enchente durante o verão, a proposta deste
trabalho é a de poder contribuir para a construção desse debate e reflexão sobre a cidade em
que vivemos.

Esta pesquisa produzida em 2016 discute a conformação urbana atual da
cidade de São Paulo a partir do estudo dos projetos
propostos para o Rio Tietê: retificação do curso do rio,
sanitarização das várzeas, e por fim, instalação de vias
marginais a partir dos anos 1940.
O recorte histórico estudado compreende o período
entre o final do século XIX até os anos 30 do século XX,
ano em que o Plano de Avenidas é publicado. É
realizada a análise e discussão dos mapas dos
diferentes projetos propostos, entre eles o de Saturnino
de Brito, sanitarista responsável por projetos em
cidades como Recife e Santos. A partir dessa análise
busca-se refletir sobre a adoção do rodoviarismo como
modelo de mobilidade na cidade de São Paulo, o que
implicou na desvinculação do Tietê, e posteriormente de
diversos rios da cidade, da paisagem urbana além do
desaparecimento das atividades sociais, recreativas e
também econômicas que historicamente os rios
possuíam. A pesquisa enfoca também os discursos de
urbanistas e da população além dos discursos que
podem ser apreendidos do material cartográfico
produzido no âmbito dos projetos.

O presente trabalho discute o modelo de cidade em que vivemos atualmente a partir da
análise do discurso cartográfico apresentado pelos projetos pensados para São Paulo no final
do século XIX/início do século XX, dentro dos quais se destacou o Plano de Avenidas, que
estabeleceu as bases do rodoviarismo na capital. Os primeiros projetos urbanos para São
Paulo propunham sanitarizar a cidade, que sofria com inúmeras pestes e epidemias em
virtude da quase inexistência de saneamento básico. Logo, sanitarizar São Paulo era
entendido como pressuposto principal para que ela se desenvolvesse como uma cidade
moderna, tal como as cidades europeias, que também haviam sido insalubres em algum
momento de suas histórias. A partir do final do século XIX, engenheiros começaram a
apresentar projetos para a retificação dos rios, como o Tietê, estudado nessa pesquisa. O
eixo principal apresentado nessas proposições foi, em um primeiro momento, a retificação do
rio e drenagem das várzeas para aumentar o escoamento das águas. Contudo, a partir dos
anos 20, se estabeleceu um embate entre modos distintos de ver a cidade que opôs dois
projetos para a capital: o do sanitarista Saturnino de Brito, que pensou em um plano de cidade
racionalizado a partir dos corpos d’água nos quais se aproveitaria as várzeas do Tietê para
instalação de parques, e o dos engenheiros Prestes Maia e Ulhôa Cintra, que pensou São
Paulo a partir da lógica dos automóveis, recém-chegados ao país. Neste projeto, lançado nos
anos 30, se propôs o loteamento das várzeas do rio Tietê e instalação de vias expressas, as
chamadas avenidas Marginais Tietê que chegaram aos nossos tempos como o epicentro de
polêmicas urbanas importantes, por exemplo, mais recentemente, a diminuição e posterior
aumento da velocidade nestas pistas, em 2017.

Alternative stormwater management techniques are seen nowadays as one of the most important options for flooding control, mainly to already urbanized areas, where the existing drainage system became inadequate. These structures are based on temporary retention of rainwater and, eventually, infiltration. Although essential in cities and with great possibilities of use and adaptation, these systems cannot be seen as an unquestionable solution to drainage problems. Despite these techniques are currently widely the consequences of the use of such measures has not yet been properly considered. The article presents a posteriori analysis of three examples of this type of technique utilization. The conclusions of this study are that a good planification for the design of systems is essential, as well as consideration of operational difficulties. The adoption of alternative stormwater management techniques for flood control should assume, with fundamental importance, the existence of an appr...

The history of São Paulo can be divided into three main periods based on the relationships between the city and its water resources. The first period goes from the 16th century to the first half of the 19th century. During that time, the natural waterscape was the main geographical feature in the São Paulo urban core. It was incorporated in the ways of life in which rivers are an integral part of the inhabitants’ routines and play the role of promoting the urban drift as essential means of transportation and communication for the system. The second period, spanning between 1850 and 1930, saw the advent of technological possibilities and choices that reshaped the relationships between the city’s population and its rivers. With the possibility of supplying water through piping systems and bringing it from increasingly distant areas, water sources were located farther away from the city. As a result, the old public fountains disappeared and in-home running water was introduced in São Paulo. Consequently, the nearby rivers lost their importance as the City’s water sources and started being considered obstacles in the urban expansion. On the other hand, an interest emerged in acquiring land as a form of investment and integrated São Paulo City into the context of the new global capitalism. That was also when the large companies responsible for supplying infrastructure and new technologies arrived.

Recebido em 27 de março de 2010; aceito em 30 de março de 2011. Neste trabalho foram avaliados os impactos ambientais decorrentes da ocupação urbana nas margens do Igarapé Tucunduba, em Belém do Pará, a partir da década de 1970. O objetivo específico foi identificar, por meio de análise espacial e observação de campo, os impactos ambientais gerados pela ocupação da área ao longo desse igarapé situado no bairro da Terra Firme a sudeste da cidade de Belém, a partir de sua nascente (1º 27' 41"S e 48º 27' 17"W). Essa é uma área de expansão da cidade de Belém, PA, que vem sofrendo um processo de urbanização desordenado, por uma população de baixa renda e sem serviços de infraestrutura planejados. A pesquisa envolveu trabalho de campo em toda a extensão do igarapé. Para a confecção da base cartográfica foram utilizadas ortofotos adquiridas nos anos de 1972, 1977 e 1998 e uma imagem do satélite SPOT de 2006. Esses dados foram processados na plataforma ArcGis para a geração de mapas e avaliação dos processos de mudanças na área naqueles anos. Durante as observações de campo, foram tomadas fotografias digitais de estruturas e práticas antrópicas que, posteriormente, foram georreferenciadas para auxiliar na identificação e caracterização dos impactos ambientais. Constatou-se o rápido adensamento populacional em ambas as margens do igarapé Tucunduba que resultaram no assoreamento do canal, provocado, principalmente, por aterramentos das margens e deposição de resíduos sólidos, pela remoção da vegetação natural com consequente poluição e contaminação da água. Palavras-chave: Impactos ambientais; uso da terra; urbanização, SIG.

A necessidade do uso diferenciado dos recursos hídricos principalmente do escoamento superficial nas bacias hidrográficas, vem gerando sérios conflitos de uso. A água do ribeirão Serragem até recentemente era utilizada somente para a produção de arroz, contudo, gradativamente foi ocorrendo a diversificação e ampliação das atividades econômicas de indústrias, de pesqueiros, de ranicultura e de exploração de areia, em cavas. Objetivou-se neste trabalho o levantamento do uso do solo e da água na bacia hidrográfica do ribeirão Serragem no município de Tremembé, no Vale do Paraíba do Sul, o qual envolveu a medida da vazão pelo método do "flutuador" nos períodos de julho a dezembro de 2004 e a caracterização física da bacia hidrográfica pelo método de I-Pai-Wu. Constatou-se a partir dos dados obtidos em seis propriedades na área de várzea que a vazão captada é maior que aquela outorgada pelo Departamento de Águas e Energia Elétrica, portanto, caracterizando uma situação de conflito pelo uso da água. Embora nessa bacia predominem sistemas de uso intensivo, ela apresenta uma cobertura significativa de vegetação em regeneração (22,6%), o que contribui para manter a infiltração e a oferta de água. Uma vez que se promova o uso racional e o gerenciamento da distribuição e uso da água na bacia, pela adoção de práticas de conservação do solo, pela manutenção das áreas em regeneração, e com plantios adicionais de essências vegetais, acredita-se que, no futuro, possa ocorrer uma melhora na disponibilidade de água. Bacia hidrográfica. Balanço hídrico. Conflito pelo uso da água. Escoamento superficial. Ribeirão Serragem. Uso do solo.

À Irene Joffily, minha professora e orientadora, que além de ajudar ativamente na minha formação acadêmica, também contribuiu com minha formação profissional. Admiro-a verdadeiramente. Aos laboratoristas Vanilson, Dida e Régis (Salvador), pelo apoio, paciência e bom humor. Com certeza, sem vocês esse trabalho não seria possível. À minha família, pela torcida e motivação. Aos amigos, por escutar meus desabafos e angústias e comemorar vitórias e conquistas ao longo desses anos. Aos colegas de sala, por compartilharem os momentos de desespero e de descontração. À Andressa, pelo companheirismo nas aulas, trabalhos e vida pessoal. Aos professores do UniCEUB, pelo apoio e conhecimento adquirido. Ao UniCEUB, por fornecer a estrutura laboratorial necessária ao desenvolvimento dos ensaios desse trabalho À empresa Viapol, por ceder o cristalizante utilizado nesse trabalho. À Concrecon, por conceder o material utilizado. À todos, que de alguma forma contribuíram com essa minha jornada, muito obrigada!

The design of industrial sewer design system is a large scale optimization problem, involving many complex calculations. Recently, this problem has been compounded by the evident need to embrace more than a single measure of performance into the design process, since by nature multi-objective optimization methods require more iteration .these problem properties have motivated several prier studies to use computational software's because these software's have been shown to obtain higher quality solutions for large sewer system design problems. They do not require much time in order to achieving a satisfactory solution. Hence the use of design software's for design of an industrial sewer system could be a remedy to this problem. These specific software's are capable of achieving a satisfactory level of performance with limited number of function evaluations represent a valuable alternative. A sewer system is an underground conduit or drain though which sewerage is conveyed to the point of discharge or disposal. many design & construction factors need to be considered before sewer design can be completed .factors such as design period , peak ,average , minimum flows ,sewer slopes ,minimum and maximum velocities ,design equation, sewer material ,joints and connection, appurtenance and sewer installation etc. are all important in developing sewer design. In this study sewer cad software is being used for designing problem of a real medium size sewer system in Chopanki ,an industrial area in district Alwar (Rajasthan ).Results obtained suggest that the use of sewer CAD software could be successfully extended to the efficient design of large scale sewer systems.

The design of sewer system design is a large scale optimization problem, involving many complex calculations. Recently, this problem has been compounded by the evident need to embrace more than a single measure of performance into the design process, since by nature multi-objective optimization methods require more iteration .these problem properties have motivated several prier studies to use computational software's because these software's have been shown to obtain higher quality solutions for large sewer system design problems. They do not require much time in order to achieving a satisfactory solution. Hence the use of design software's for design of an Sewer system could be a remedy to this problem. These specific software's are capable of achieving a satisfactory level of performance with limited number of function evaluations represent a valuable alternative. A sewer system is an underground conduit or drain though which sewerage is conveyed to the point of discharge or disposal. many design & construction factors need to be considered before sewer design can be completed .factors such as design period , peak ,average , minimum flows ,sewer slopes ,minimum and maximum velocities ,design equation, sewer material ,joints and connection, appurtenance and sewer installation etc. are all important in developing sewer design. In this study sewer cad software is being used for designing problem of a real medium size sewer system for kota city Rajasthan .Results obtained suggest that the use of sewer CAD software could be successfully extended to the efficient design of large scale sewer systems.

In modern households, food disposal has become a routine part of daily life. While some waste is composted or discarded in the trash, a significant portion finds its way into kitchen sinks and garbage disposals. Though convenient, this disposal method carries hidden consequences, particularly for plumbing systems.

This paper showcases a potential solution to improve soil bearing capacity using tire-derived geo-cylinder (TDGC). TDGC uses used tires to provide confining pressure and tensile strength, hence improving the soil's bearing capacity. The solution is applied for a haul road project on Jalan Sikar Penajam Paser. The site is frequently passed by large vehicles such as large trucks for the transportation of wooden logs and other heavy equipment. The tires used for TDGC are used tires of type LT245/75R16, which has a standard rim of 16 mm, a tire width of 248 mm, and an overall diameter of 780 mm. This category of tires has a load index of 1250-1600 kg. The load index is the value representing the tire's capacity to withstand load. The improvement in bearing capacity is evaluated using dynamic cone penetrometer (DCP) tests. In addition, the DCP tests were also used to interpret the Californian Bearing Ratio (CBR) values. The results show that without TDGC, the average CBR value is only 4.7%. In contrast, with TDGC, the average CBR increased to 17.2%, an increase of 265%. The CBR value obtained with TDGC places the soil into fair category for Subbase course. The average bearing capacity value obtained before TDGC was about 75 kN/m 2 and with TDGC, the soil experienced a significant increase in bearing capacity value to 245 kN/m 2. The increase of bearing capacity and CBR value from application of TDGC are due to the combination of the tires and stone fill. The tires provide tensile strength to resist lateral soil pressure as well as increased confining pressure, hence increasing the compressive strength.

O desenvolvimento urbano nas grandes cidades pode criar uma gama de problemas ambientais, entre eles enchentes e inundações, o que, na maioria das vezes, causa danos na infraestrutura como degradação além de desvalorizam o ambiente construído. O sistema da aplicação de pavimentos permeáveis em áreas urbanas apresenta-se como um sistema inovador no planejamento de centros urbanos, para redução de inundações e enchentes, pois permite uma maior rapidez no escoamento das águas superficiais. Diante desse contexto, este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o uso de Resíduos de Construção e Demolição (RCD) na confecção do pavimento permeável, analisando seu coeficiente de permeabilidade e sua resistência à compressão. Para isso, foram confeccionados 3 traços de concreto poroso, um traço convencional (1:3), outro com 50% de brita e 50% de RCD (1:1,5:1,5) e outro com 100% de RCD, foram analisados os coeficientes de permeabilidade e resistência à compreensão de cada traço a fim de verificar se é possível utilizá-los nas áreas urbanas com tráfego leve. Isso vem ao encontro da necessidade de gerenciar os resíduos de construção e demolição, além de estar em consonância com os 17 objetivos de um desenvolvimento sustentável (ODS) da ONU. Os resultados atenderam as exigências da Norma NBR16416 (ABNT, 2015), obtendo resistência à compressão maior que 2MPa e coeficiente de permeabilidade maior que 10-4  m/s. Concluiu-se o uso do RCD, como material alternativo, pode auxiliar em um dos maiores problemas ambientais existentes hoje, os resíduos sólidos, dando uma destinação adequada a esses materiais, além de auxiliar na redução de enchentes e inundações e atender ao objetivo 11 do ODS (ONU) em busca de ações para uma cidade sustentável.

Palavras-chave: urbanização; pavimento permeável; resíduos de construção e demolição (RCD); desenvolvimento sustentável.

THE USE OF CONSTRUCTION AND DEMOLITION WASTE IN PERMEABLE PAVING

ABSTRACT
Urban development in large cities leads to a number of environmental problems, including flooding, which in most cases causes damage to infrastructure, degradation and devaluation of the built environment. The application of permeable pavement in urban areas is an innovative system in the planning of urban centers to reduce flooding, as it allows surface water to flow more quickly. In this context, this study aimed to evaluate the use of Construction and Demolition Waste (CDW) in the production of permeable pavement, analyzing its permeability coefficient and compressive strength. For this purpose, three types of porous concrete were produced: a conventional type (1:3), another with 50% gravel and 50% CDW (1:1.5:1.5), and another with 100% CDW. The permeability and resistance to compression coefficients of each type were analyzed to see if they could be used in urban areas with light traffic. This is in line with the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the United Nations, as well as the need to manage construction and demolition waste. The results met the requirements of standard NBR16416 (ABNT, 2015), with a compressive strength greater than 2 MPa and a permeability coefficient greater than 10-4 m/s. It was concluded that the use of CDW as an alternative material can help with one of the biggest environmental problems today, solid waste, by providing a proper destination for these materials, as well as contributing to the reduction of flooding and achieving Goal 11 of the SDG (UN) in the search for actions for a sustainable city.

Keywords: urbanization; permeable paving; construction and demolition waste (CDW); sustainable development.

Studi ini menganalisis kepatuhan fasilitas lingkungan Bangunan Pabrik Sigaret terhadap regulasi Kesesuaian Kegiatan Pemanfaatan Ruang (KKPR) dengan mengevaluasi kelayakan sanitasi dan sistem pengendalian lingkungan. Berdasarkan SNI 03-1979:1990, kebutuhan fasilitas dihitung untuk kapasitas 100 orang, mencakup air bersih, septic tank, toilet, talang hujan, dan sumur resapan. Hasil analisis menunjukkan ketidaksesuaian pada tiga aspek: (1) kapasitas tandon air existing (kurang dari 10.000 liter) tidak memenuhi kebutuhan minimum pekerja, (2) septic tank (kapasitas di bawah 7.500 liter) tidak sesuai dengan volume limbah yang dihasilkan, dan (3) sumur resapan (kapasitas kurang dari 96 m³) tidak mampu menampung limpasan air hujan.

Di sisi lain, fasilitas toilet (10 unit) dan talang hujan (20 unit) telah memenuhi standar SNI, melebihi kebutuhan minimal masing-masing 4 dan 16 unit. Rekomendasi utama penelitian mencakup penambahan kapasitas tandon air menjadi 10.000 liter, peningkatan volume septic tank menjadi 7.500 liter, serta pembangunan sumur resapan berkapasitas 96 m³ untuk memastikan kesesuaian dengan kriteria lingkungan. Studi ini juga menekankan pentingnya integrasi perhitungan beban operasional dan kapasitas okupansi dalam perencanaan infrastruktur, serta pemantauan berkala terhadap kinerja sistem drainase dan sanitasi.

Temuan ini membuktikan bahwa kepatuhan terhadap KKPR tidak hanya menjamin legalitas pembangunan, tetapi juga mendukung keberlanjutan lingkungan melalui pencegahan risiko pencemaran air dan tanah. Implikasi penelitian memberikan panduan teknis bagi industri sejenis dalam merancang fasilitas yang selaras dengan regulasi tata ruang dan standar nasional, sekaligus memperkuat prinsip pembangunan berwawasan lingkungan.

Key Words: Environment, Gutter, KKPR, Septic Tank, Toilet.
Kata Kunci: Lingkungan, KKPR, Septic Tank, Talang, Toilet.

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas. Programa de Pós-Graduação em GeografiaA presente dissertação teve como objetivo principal analisar e mapear os aspectos físicos (geomorfologia, geologia e uso do solo) da Microbacia do Ribeirão do Baú, Ilhota, SC; e caracterizar e analisar os processos de movimentos de massas ocorridos em Novembro de 2008. A metodologia da pesquisa consistiu nos levantamentos bibliográficos referentes ao tema e a área de estudo; preparação das bases cartográficas e levantamentos de dados com trabalhos de campo; análise de imagens e aplicações de técnicas de geoprocessamento com mapeamento dos aspectos físicos e caracterização das feições dos movimentos de massa, residências atingidas e correlações com os escorregamentos. Como resultados apresentam-se mapas temáticos dos aspectos físicos da área e a caracterização das feições dos movimentos de massa. Estes ocorreram de maneira generalizada na micr...

Our paper evaluates the effectiveness of pollutant removal from stormwater in a semi-natural treatment plant and develops stochastic models of their transformations in a soil bed. The examined wastewater treatment facilities consisted of reduction chambers and a retention-infiltration reservoir. The following indicators of pollution were subjected to analysis: BOD 5 , COD, total suspended solids, and chlorides. It was shown that COD, total suspended solids, and chlorides are the indicators that have the greatest impact on stormwater quality. However, the possibility of removal of the analyzed pollutants from stormwater is affected by the sedimentation process occurring in the reduction chambers and in the retention-infiltration reservoir, as well as by the process of infiltration through the soil bed. The developed models of pollutant transformation during wastewater infiltration through the bed were presented as the regression equations, where the selected pollution indicators in the filtrate were the dependent variable, while the analyzed pollution indicators in water from the retention-infiltration reservoir, coefficients of constant reaction kinetics determined for each variable, and the time of infiltration of wastewater through the soil bed were adopted as independent variables.

One of the most powerful tools to improve the planning process of urbanization and to predict its consequent effects on surface waters and floods is hydrologic modeling. Several models have been developed and applied for modeling urban waters following different approaches. This paper shows the initial efforts of developing a modeling system composed by coupling a 1D flow routing model to a 2D-raster based model to simulate urban inundation, with an additional module to simulate the rainfall-runoff process in contributing areas. As a preliminary test of the modeling system under development, the urban catchment of Moinho da Areia (Porto Alegre, Brazil) was simulated by running the 1D and 2D hydraulic models, off-line coupled on a single direction. Results are evaluated in terms of inundation extent simulated for design hydrographs of several return periods. The general inundation patterns were considered coherent to what is known about the region, thus illustrating the potential of the system under development for modeling urban flooding.

“Presentation and Preface”,  García Amen, F. y Goñi, A. L. (2023), p.VIII. En: SIGraDi 2023 Accelerated Landscapes XXVII International Conference of the Ibero-American Society of Digital Graphics www.sigradi.org/sigradi2023. García Amen, F. y Armagno Gentile A., Eds., Facultad de Arquitectura Diseño y Urbanismo, Uruguay .
ISBN: 978-9915-9635-0-1

This publication is intended for students and engineers seeking an introduction to the problem of water transients in pumped sewer and water mains. This is a subject of increasing interest because of the development of larger and more integrated systems. Consideration of transients is essential for the structural design of pipelines and for the planning of the proper function of the systems. The text is written by Torben Larsen, who is a professor of environmental hydraulics at the Department of Civil Engineering, Aalborg University. Torben Larsen has many years of experience with computer simulations of transients in pumped pipeline systems. This present publication can be understood as the second and revised edition of the pamphlet "Transients in pumped sewer mains " (2006) which was published as a technical report by The EVA committee under The Danish Water Pollution Committee (The Danish Society of Engineers). All comments are welcome.

For homes that aren't connected to municipal sewer systems, a septic system is a critical part of managing wastewater. Proper installation ensures that your system works efficiently, helping prevent costly repairs and environmental damage. Whether you're building a new home, replacing an old system, or upgrading your current one, understanding the installation process is key. This guide will take you through everything you need to know about septic system installation-from the basic components to the steps involved in the process and considerations for long-term maintenance.

Indian ancient urban drainage systems are today convertible modern sustainable drainage systems which place engineering scientific practices of surface, sub-surface drainage systems and storm water management in a new Smart Capital operation of "Amaravati" in the State of Andhra Pradesh (AP) in India. Urban drainage systems, on the other side, are an essential part of water conservation and preservation. Managing and dispersing water runoff volumes and flowrates will water our vegetation without drowning it and enhance water quality. The collected water is used to replenish town's fresh water supply. Therefore, selecting proper drain systems is of vital importance in sustainable urban development. To achieve this, we have developed the drain cycle to explain better how drain systems work and recommend the revised scientific research methods and to establish them. In this paper, we emphasize the significant findings of Smart & Sustainable drainage design systems for various urban applications and we also propose the two scientific identifiers, "UK2AP" & "AP2UK" for AP State Capital "Amaravati" development as prime course of initiative.