Trial Law

This paper examines the importance of judicial independence in a democratic state. The paper seeks to examine the operation of the judiciary during Jammeh's regime and Post-Jammeh Gambia by identifying possible gaps that needs critical assessment and reform to further strengthen the independence of the judiciary. It also highlights constitutional provisions that safeguard separation of powers and judicial independence and the independence of the judiciary. For the purpose of this paper, judicial independence and independence of the judiciary may be used interchangeably although there is a thin line difference between the two. The paper also highlights the significant role of the Judicial Service Commission visa -vis the independence of the judiciary. It further highlight actions that could threaten judicial independence especially in a transitioning state like The Gambia.

2 4 W. BLAcKSToNE, COMMENTARIES * 358. 3 President Nixon first proposed preventive detention in his first "crime control" message to Congress in 1969. 27 CONG. Q. WEEKLY 238 (1969). Subsequently, the White House made the concept of preventive detention a prominent feature of a

Abstract:
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These trial transcripts demonstrate, among other things, that money changer Chase, through its designee, originally claimed that the two copies of the signed note it produced as evidence were copies of the orignal note. But that Morton was able to indisputably demonstrate this was not true because the endorsements were different, i.e. the words were spelled differently on these purportedly same copies of the note. Additionally, Morton was able to prove that the assignment JPMorgan Chase relied on to tranfer the file had never been produced as evidence.
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Is it fair to ask: Why do Washington courts -- through their judcial officials -- appear to be ignoring the uncontrovertable and indisputable evidence in this case to decide in favor of money changer JPMorgan Chase Bank? Is it because Washington State's political branches gave those "judges" financial incentives in 2007 to do so?

O presente estudo analisou a implementação do Acordo de Não Persecução Penal (ANPP) como alternativa penal no município de São Paulo/SP, considerando seu impacto nas dinâmicas do sistema de justiça criminal, com o objetivo de compreender as formas de sua aplicação e seus efeitos em termos de seletividade penal e racionalidade punitiva. A metodologia adotada consistiu no levantamento de dados no portal do Tribunal de Justiça do Estado de São Paulo (TJSP), abrangendo as sentenças que homologaram ANPPs entre janeiro de 2020 e novembro de 2023. Foram analisadas 111 decisões, considerando variáveis como perfil dos beneficiários, natureza dos delitos e tipos de penas aplicadas e, posteriormente, os dados foram comparados ao perfil da população carcerária do estado, conforme informações do Relatório de Informações Penais (RELIPEN) e do Conselho Nacional de Justiça (CNJ). Os resultados indicaram que o ANPP não representou uma alternativa efetiva ao encarceramento, mas uma reconfiguração das formas de punição, já que foi majoritariamente aplicado a crimes patrimoniais sem violência e a indivíduos com maior escolaridade e menor índice de reincidência. A pesquisa reforçou a tese de que o ANPP expandiu o controle penal sem necessariamente reduzir a população carcerária, evidenciando sua inserção na lógica gerencialista da justiça criminal contemporânea e demonstrando, assim, a necessidade de construção de uma agenda de pesquisa voltada a uma avaliação de seus impactos para maior transparência em sua aplicação, tendo em vista sua consolidação como uma realidade no sistema de justiça criminal brasileiro.

COURT MEDIATION AND THE SEARCH FOR JUSTICE THROUGH LAW JACQUELINE M. NOLAN-HALEY ... administrators, and legal scholars examined general dissatisfaction with the justice system, marked ... All these are possible in mediation, but are not generally available in ...

Clinical Course 4 TA6D: Practical Legal Training
This "Clinical Course 4 TA6D" (சட்ட நடைமுறைப் பயிற்சி 4 TA6D) syllabus is an internal assessment-based course designed to provide hands-on practical training in key legal skills, focusing on Moot Court Exercise and Internship (மாதிரி நீதிமன்ற பயிற்சி உள்ளகப் பயிற்சி). The total assessment is 100 marks, broken down into specific components.

The first component, Moot Court (மாதிரி நீதிமன்றங்கள்), accounts for 30 marks. Students are required to participate in at least three moot problems, one each from Constitutional Law, Criminal Law, and Civil Law (அரசியலமைப்புச் சட்டம், குற்றவியல் சட்டம், மற்றும் உரிமையியல் சட்டம்). Each moot carries 10 marks, split equally between written submission (எழுத்துப்பூர்வ சமர்ப்பிப்பிற்கு 5 மதிப்பெண்கள்) and oral advocacy (வாய்மொழி வாதத்திற்கு 5 மதிப்பெண்கள்).

The second component, Observance of Trials (விசாரணைகளின் கண்காணிப்பு), also carries 30 marks. Students must attend at least two trials (one Civil and one Criminal case) during their degree course. They need to maintain a detailed record (ஒரு பதிவேட்டில் பதிவு செய்து பராமரிக்க வேண்டும்) of the various procedural steps observed during their attendance on different days in the court assignment.

The third component, Interviewing Techniques and Pre-Trial Preparations and Internship Diary (நேர்காணல் நுட்பங்கள், விசாரணைக்கு முந்தைய தயாரிப்புகள் மற்றும் உள்ளகப் பயிற்சி குறிப்பேடு), is worth another 30 marks. This involves observing two client interview sessions (வாடிக்கையாளர் நேர்காணல் அமர்வுகளைக் கவனித்து) at a lawyer's or legal aid office, documenting these in a diary (15 marks). Additionally, students must observe an advocate's preparation of documents and court papers, as well as the procedure for filing suits or petitions, also recording these observations in the diary (another 15 marks).

Finally, a Viva Voce Examination (வாய்மொழித் தேர்வு) accounts for the remaining 10 marks, covering all the practical aspects observed and documented throughout the course. This clinical course is entirely internal, providing a crucial practical foundation for aspiring legal professionals.

In a period in which are being organized more and more often control campaigns of the National Agency for Fiscal Administration (A.N.A.F.), with the aim of improving voluntary compliance and achieving the specific objectives of the agency, that of preventing and combating fraud and tax evasion, we believe that emphasis must be also placed on the rights of the taxpayer to ensure a balance between the general interest and the legitimate expectations of the individual, in a relationship based on good faith and compliance with the law. Contemporary reality proves us that even in this field we are still facing some “disorder” inherited or perpetuated from the complex of circumstances and difficulties through which the set of institutions and bodies with duties of carrying out the financial and fiscal policy of the state went through (thus including, here, and similar dispute resolution structures).

Pursuant to RAP 10.8, Appellants respectfully submit the United States Supreme Court’s decision in Perttu v. Richards, No. 22-901, 603 U.S. ___ (June 18, 2025), as supplemental authority relevant to their pending appeal.
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In Perttu, the Supreme Court held that where a court resolves disputed facts as part of a statutory threshold defense (under the Prison Litigation Reform Act), and those factual issues overlap with the merits, the Seventh Amendment requires a jury trial. The Court reversed a decision where the judge, rather than a jury, resolved questions of fact central to the dispute. See Perttu, slip op. at 7–10.
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This principle is directly relevant to the present case. As argued in the Opening Brief at 9–15 and 30–36, and further emphasized in the Reply Brief at 6–9 and 22–25, the Superior Court (via Officer Grochmal) resolved disputed factual questions related to whether Deutsche Bank had standing to enforce an inauthentic promissory note and forged deed of trust—issues that go to the heart of both the restraint action and the underlying merits of the ownership dispute. These factual determinations were made without an evidentiary hearing and over Appellants’ repeated objections. Also legal challenges regarding the Trustee’s neutrality were not adjudicated at all. 
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Accordingly, Perttu reinforces Appellants’ position that the Superior Court’s adjudication of the judicial inquiries in the case below was ultra vires; and that preclusion based on those determinations would contravene controlling constitutional law. A copy of  this decision is attached as Exhibit 1.

"Proving Innocence of Clergymen Accused of Crimes Reserved  for the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith"
Document of the Holly See and Conference of Polish Bishops regarding the law for clerics who committed an offense against the sixth commandment does not mention much about proofs. Considering the experience of the Catholic Church in other countries in which such problems had already intensified in the eighties the author referred to the experience of canon law specialists from these regions to present the proofs which can be used to defend the clergymen accused of pedophilia. T he introduction presents actions the accused should avoid not to hinder or ruin the defense plot. Then the actions that should be taken by the defense before the formal beginning of the trial to prove that the accusation is unjustified are pictured. As the evidence opinions of experts in sexology, moral theology, anthropology, psychology and lie detecting is presented. In the part of the article focused on witness testimony legal analogy to the guidelines of Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith for cases involving solicitation in the confessional is presented. In the end the role of the attorney who should accompany the accused from the moment the accusation enters bishop’s office is highlighted. His advice should help to avoid the situations when the accused who does not know the canon law will deliver evidence against himself instead of proving his own innocence.

In this article, we offer the first scholarly assessment of a new practice emerging in many state criminal courts: prosecutor-initiated second look sentencing, also called resentencing. Attorneys working on resentencing matters consider the continuing integrity of a sentence imposed on a defendant years (or even decades) earlier, with an eye toward revising its terms. They assess numerous factors, such as whether the defendant still presents a public safety risk, whether the defendant has taken advantage of prison programming, and whether the original sentence now appears disproportionate due to a shift in community values. Second look sentencing thus offers great promise as a means to correct for the punishment excesses of the past.

But as we recount from our original interviews, there are some cracks beneath the surface. The defense and prosecutor roles in resentencing start from a structural power asymmetry that threatens to dilute the spirit of cooperation that characterizes the early days of the practice. There are gaps (both real and perceived) between the lofty aspirations of prosecutorial rhetoric at the time of adoption and the more limited reality that emerges when prosecutors start making case-level decisions, subject to resource and political limits. Faced with this frustrating disconnect, some defenders return to their traditional adversarial role and refuse to enable or endorse what see as programmatic failure. Left unchecked, implementation roadblocks, combined with resource limits and political constraints, could delay the spread and blunt the effects of this innovative device.

El exterminio perpetrado por los nazis trajo aparejada la suposicion de que lo sucedido era incomunicable por irracional, irrepresentable y trascendental. No obstante, los testimonios se presentan e insisten en ser escuchados. En nuestro pais, la reapertura de los juicios a los ejecutores de la represion ilegal de la ultima dictadura brinda un espacio en el que la palabra de las victimas puede desplegarse constituyendo una experiencia a partir del testimonio, y diversos especialistas sostienen que la impunidad cristaliza el trauma en las victimas. En este sentido, nos detendremos en analizar la eficacia performativa de la sancion juridica con efectos en victimas y victimarios ya que la palabra del perpetrador es tambien un elemento, considerando tambien que la simple ocasion de testimoniar no implica necesariamente este camino en tanto la palabra que atestigua sobre el horror puede ser tambien deleterea. Se considerara tambien que el discurso juridico se constituye a veces como la o...

Bad news for federal prisoners: the government can contract away your constitutional rights.  But there’s good news as well: your taxes, or someone’s, may come down.
The news comes straight from the Supreme Court’s ruling in Correctional Services Corp. v. Malesko , holding that Bivens  suits cannot be brought against private prisons.  This may leave federal convicts in private prisons without effective remedy against constitutional abuses and may let government nullify constitutional protections by placing convicts there.  This article criticizes Malesko, contending that it errs in several unique ways while also compounding errors from earlier Bivens jurisprudence.  It also defends a theory of Bivens jurisprudence -- joint authority  between Congress and the courts over constitutional abuse damages -- that makes constitutional sense of Bivens itself, facilitates both comprehension and critique of Bivens progeny, and further highlights the errors of Malesko.  I hope to forestall further degeneration in both Bivens analysis and constitutional protection for federal prisoners: specifically, a future ruling that Bivens suits also cannot lie against private prison guards and officials.  Under such a ruling — no mean likelihood, given Malesko — the federal government could freely shed burdens by shipping convicts into a private sector archipelago where the Constitution sounds as mere rumor.

Important, incisive, yet disturbingly insular, Justice Is the Crime decries congestion in the courts as the cynosure of a system's collision with disaster. The criminal justice system, manacled with procedures designed for yesteryear and crippled by interminable delay, is said to be simply incapable of dispensing justice. As courts choke on felony dockets, judges aspire at best for the mere appearance of justice; they cannot restructure a system which holds them captive. 2 In a detailed factual exploration of a system which serves neither the interests of society nor those of the accused, Katz, Litwin, and Bamberger point out that the criminal law is "the dumping ground for all of society's problems." 3 The caseload caused by overcriminalization results in intolerable demands on the resources of criminal courts. To prosecute all felons is impossible, so criminal laws are unequally enforced. Whether a particular offender is arrested is determined by the police, ordinarily according to the officer's perception of the interests of the police department; the arrest is later justified by the officer in court by whatever distortion of the facts may be necessary. 4 After be-1. Katz, a professor of law at Case Western Reserve Law School, has written some of the better pieces on the administration of justice.

Analisa-se a Lei n.º 1-A/2020, de 19 de março, que procedeu à
"Aprovação de medidas excecionais e temporárias de resposta à situação epidemiológica provocada pelo coronavírus SARS-CoV-2, agente causador da doença COVID", agora já com as alterações da Lei n. 16/2020, de 29 de maio.

El objetivo del artículo consiste en analizar la cólera que experimenta Eurídice contra la protagonista por la muerte de su hijo en Hipsípila. La involuntariedad del fallecimiento, aspecto determinante en el análisis aristotélico de ὀργή en Retórica, es juzgada por la monarca en el segundo episodio tras escuchar el testimonio de Anfiarao en favor de Hipsípila. En consonancia con lo esbozado por Aristóteles, Eurídice depone su cólera al verificar la naturaleza accidental del deceso.

El juicio a los Comandantes en Jefe de las fuerzas armadas durante la dictadura militar (1976-1983) fue una de las pocas experiencias exitosas de justicia retroactiva por parte de un gobierno nacional. Fue única en Latinoamérica y en el mundo reconoce el antecedente de Grecia.
La audiencia del juicio a los comandantes en jefe militares comenzó en el 22 de abril de 1985 en la Cámara Federal en lo Criminal y Correccional de Capital Federal, donde el 9 de diciembre de ese año fue leída la parte dispositiva de la sentencia.
El Juicio a los Comandantes en Jefe fue un hecho inusual y trascendente en el campo jurídico.
Con un aparato represivo intacto, en un marco inestabilidad, fue posible hacer un relevamiento completo de la represión estatal y juzgar a sus máximos responsables, un primer paso destinado a lograr la justicia retroactiva hasta donde fuera posible
Se trató de uno de los pocos casos en el mundo en el que un gobierno nacional pudo llevar adelante una experiencia exitosa de justicia retroactiva e imponer condenas por los crímenes cometidos por un gobierno de facto.

The trial of the Commanders-in-Chief of the armed forces during the military dictatorship (1976-1983) was one of the few successful experiences of retroactive justice by a national government. It was unique in Latin America and in the world recognizes the precedent of Greece.
The hearing of the trial of the military commanders-in-chief began on April 22, 1985 in the Federal Criminal and Correctional Chamber of the Federal Capital, where on December 9 of that year the operative part of the sentence was read.
The trial of the Commanders in Chief was an unusual and transcendent event in the legal field.
With an intact repressive apparatus, in a framework of instability, it was possible to make a complete survey of state repression and judge those most responsible for it, a first step towards achieving retroactive justice as far as possible.
It was one of the few cases in the world in which a national government was able to carry out a successful experience of retroactive justice and impose sentences for crimes committed by a de facto government.

Stairs is a paper that gave shape an idea in my mind and the scenes on Joker and the sequel and what saved the sequel....and what is permanent sending us messages as an epistemological symbol in both movies and I could not left aside the mesmerizing and magnificent tune Stairway to Heaven and make connections with the two movies. It is amazing how I found all the connections from an epistemological analysis, psychological analysis and even and, as always, a bit of physics....

Abstrait
L'article aborde la question de la présomption d'innocence d'un point de vue historique et juridique, en commençant par le droit romain, puis en passant par le Moyen Âge, l'époque moderne, le siècle des Lumières, jusqu'à aujourd'hui. Le droit romain et le droit canonique ont commencé à imprégner l'ordre juridique séculier, grâce aux activités des juristes, des canonistes et des papes du XIIIe au XVIIIe siècle, tandis que l'humanisation du droit pénal au XIXe siècle a contribué à la définition juridique de la présomption d'innocence qui est toujours en vigueur aujourd'hui.

Abstract
The article discusses the issue of the presumption of innocence in historical and legal terms, starting with Roman law, then through the Middle Ages, the Modern Era, the Enlightenment and up to the present day. Both Roman and Canon law began to permeate the secular legal order, thanks to the work of jurists, canonists and popes from the 13th to 18th centuries, while the 19th century humanisation of criminal law contributed to the legal definition of the presumption of innocence, which is still in force today.

Firstly, I would like to thank my ancestors for keeping me healthy and giving me the ability to complete this dissertation. I would also like to thank my supervisor, Mr. Liewellyn Curlewis, for his diligent efforts in supervising my work. Special thanks go to my sister, Dr NL Ngobese, for her constant support and her words of encouragement and a motherly role she played throughout my program. Lastly but not least, I would like to thank all those who took time in giving me the support needed in completing this thesis. May you all stay blessed.

Individual freedom has constitutional discretion, for which it receives special protection in the face of arbitrary authority. It should not be restricted except out of necessity, in terms of origin, except by a criminal ruling. However, for considerations related to detecting evidence of crime and combating it, this freedom may be temporarily restricted before a conviction is issued; However, due to the seriousness of this matter, balancing considerations of combating crime with the necessities of preserving individual freedom requires restricting the legislator's authority, to prevent abuse of power. There is no doubt that imposing restrictions on the legislator's authority can only be achieved through restrictions that exceed in their strength the texts of ordinary legislation. These are constitutional texts.

for incisive comments and observations about various aspects of my arguments. I also want to express my appreciation to the editors of the Boston University Law Review for helping me turn a rambling presentation into a tighter article. Needless to say, any of the errors that remain are my own.

The title of the case derives from the fact that the plaintiff did not know the agents' names until they were supplied by the United States Attorney after the filing of the complaint. Five agents were ultimately served. Id. at 390 n.2. 5. The Supreme Court did not discuss the types or extent of damages recoverable. It would appear, however, that a fairly liberal damage scheme will be necessary to prevent their decision from being an empty gesture. See note 169 infra and text accompanying notes 165-72, 256-60 infra. 6. 403 U.S. at 389, 398. 7. Id. at 389. ily, had threatened to arrest the entire family, and had searched the apartment from stem to stem. The arrest and search were said to have been accomplished without a warrant and without probable cause, and the arrest was alleged to have been effected with unreasonable force. 9 Bivens was taken to the federal courthouse in Brooklyn, where he was interrogated, booked and subjected to a visual strip search. 10 Bivens claimed to have suffered great humiliation, embarrassment and mental suffering as a result of the agents' unlawful conduct, and sought damages in the amount of $15,000 from each defendant." Bivens, by filing his complaint, had entered upon a difficult task. Since no federal statute existed which could provide him with a remedy,' 2 his only hope of recovery in the federal courts was in an action founded directly upon the prohibitions of the Fourth Amendment. The Constitution, however, has assumed a rather unpretentious position in the traditional scheme of American law. While admittedly the "supreme Law of the Land,' 3 only rarely has it been utilized as a source of offensively-oriented private rights of action. 4 The Consti-8. Id. 9. Id. 10. Id. The charges against Bivens were dismissed by a United States Commissioner. Brief for Petitioner at 3, Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents of the Fed. Bureau of Narcotics, 403 U. S. 388 (1971). 11. 403 U.S. at 389-90. Since Bivens did not allege any specific intent on the part of the agents to deprive him of a constitutional right, the Court's ultimate recognition that he stated a valid cause of action impliedly indicates that intent is not an essential element of a civil cause of action under the Fourth Amendment. This would be consonant with the approach taken by the courts regarding 42 U.S.C. § 1983, whereunder a similar cause of action against state officers can be maintained without any allegation of intent or motive.

The article "Imposition of Ban U/S. 144 CrPC: Offence & Prosecution" by Waseem Ahmed Phulpoto examines the legal framework and procedural challenges surrounding the imposition of bans under Section 144 of the Criminal Procedure Code (CrPC) in Pakistan, particularly in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. The author explores the constitutional provisions ensuring individual liberty and the powers granted to the government under Section 144 CrPC and the Sindh Epidemic Diseases Act, 2014, to prevent public harm and manage outbreaks.

Violations of bans imposed under Section 144 CrPC are prosecuted as offences under Section 188 of the Pakistan Penal Code (PPC), which was made cognizable and non-bailable through a 1969 notification. However, procedural conflicts arise due to the unamended Section 195 CrPC, which mandates a written complaint from the authority imposing the ban for cognizance. The failure to harmonize these provisions has led to legal inconsistencies, police overreach, and procedural violations, as courts have repeatedly quashed proceedings for non-compliance with Section 195 CrPC.

The article critiques the practice of police arresting alleged violators and detaining them without due adherence to legal procedures, creating an impression of extrajudicial "justice on the spot." This practice undermines the principles of legality, separation of powers, and the constitutional guarantee of fair trial. The author calls for legislative reform to resolve procedural conflicts and ensure an effective and lawful prosecution process for violations under Section 144 CrPC, emphasizing the need to uphold constitutional protections and the rule of law.

Animal cruelty and violence is legally prohibited throughout the United States. Animal cruelty is generally taken to mean neglect, abandonment, or physical abuse. In many states, if such abuse leads to serious bodily injury or death, penalties may escalate from a misdemeanor to a felony level crime. Animal torture is a significant escalation beyond animal cruelty. It implies intentional, prolonged, or excessive physical cruelty, most often leading to death. Zoosadism is takes animal torture one step further-adding sexual insult to injury. Evidence of sexual assault or activity is always present in zoosadism cases. Zoosadists enjoy inflicting pain or watching animals suffer. Sex acts may occur before, during, or after the animal's death.

co . lath the kesponse Time Study .and this:report suggest new ways of looking at,police operations. The t5Olice departments That cOopefated in these research effortsthe Kansan City, Missouri, PoliCe Department and Washington, D.C., MetrOolitamPolice Departmentdeserve a special word of thanks for their. willfrigness tci: participate. The results will' hell) to expand .the opportunity °.top improve police operations thrdughout the cotintry. . -2 ' Like much research, this study raises mariy additional ,questions and points the wayfor future investigation. We need to find out, for example, whether other police departments exhibitthe pattern foundin the District of Colurribia, where a very few officers make the majority of arrests resulting, in conviction. We need -to know much more abOut those officers: We also need to know much more about recovery of physical evidence and witnesses= iwo factors this study found to be related:to obtaining convictions'. TheInstitute plans to sponsor research to follow up On these leads in'the coming year. Blair G. Ewing Acting Director National Institute of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice I 2,111111(1(1 o/ Virli111 (11(11'atiel'iSlirS (111 (he divosilion ql Violent , dures. Analyzi,ng.how Ore victim's age, sex, reititio 'hip to offender, and jitter characteristics affected the erase prifcessi-3f violent crimes IN S I.AW:,s research views the victirn both as a decision maker,foil terms of hls-or'her behavior as a witness) -and as an influence on the deicisions*M. madeby k rosecutor: jdge, and jury. . r viii 4 . What Happens After Arrest? e defendants and case proeessin:c. The types of cr.iniel fo4 which females are arrested are compared with those forwhiCh males are apprehended. Differential handling of Cases by sex is analyzed. The nitplication of the research findings for poli4 formulation is presented. p 14. Analysis of plea bargaining'. After describing nature and ex-. ..I tent of plea bargaining in the DiStrict of ColumbiA,,,,,the report explOid the 'apace of Work load4 codefendants, And recidivism on plea rates. LoOking at charge reduction, pretrial detention, and sentencing, INS-LAW researchers analyze plea negotiations from the standpoint of both defendant and prosecutor. 'Suggestions aimed at enhathg iM the equity and efficiency of the plea-bargaining process.,are-offered. 15: Analyzing court delay.:Prctbitig the dataxecorded in PROMIS re- garding the. .elapsed time,,,between various case-processing events, and compating actual case-processing timestto standards advocateg by national commissions, the report attempts to isolate the determinates of delay and the impact of delay on case spositions. The publication also explores the reasons for continuances ',and the effect of nonproceduwl continuances on delay, and addresses the policy implications of the findings: . . 16.-Tretrifil-release decisions. The range of possible pretrial release decisions in.the District of Coluneb;iii is arralyzed, including cash bong, surety, third-party custody, personal recognizance, and preventive detention,,Factors influencing the likelihood of various pretrial release decisions ace probed. Methods of using data cornmonli/ available at the bail hearing for the purpose of predicting crime-on-bail and flight are explored.' ft 17. Sentencing practices. Focusing on the Superior Court of the Dis- trict of Columbia.ithe research seeks to identify how the incarceration rates and lengths of sentences are affected by the characteristics of the defendant and his or her c riminalhistory..as well as by the seriousness of the Marge for which the conviction was secured) and other factors. These analyses attempt to measure the consistency and evenhandedness of the sentencing process. Obviously, reseArch is not a panacea. Much knowledge about crime must await -bet understanding of social behavior. And research will never provide the final answers to:many of the vexing questions about crime. But, as the President's Commission pre Law EnforceMent and AdministrafleolJustice observed in 1967: . when,xeSearch cannot, in itself, provide final answers', it can provide data crucial to making .`formed policy judgments.'' (the Challenge-of Crime in A Free Sodet,y , p. 273.) Such' is the purpose of the PR2MIS Rese-a-rehiroject. Will a Sim A. Hamilton Press ent Institute for Law and Social Re.search washington. D.C.

A expressão estrutura acusatória foi inserida no direito brasileiro por meio da Lei nº 13.964, de 2019, que alterou profundamente o Código de Processo Penal. A intenção do legislador foi dar fim à discussão sobre qual seria o sistema processual penal adotado em nosso país – ou, como mínimo, em nossa principal legislação processual penal –, deixando registrado, de modo expresso, sua adesão à modalidade acusatória, apontada como a mais coerente com o texto constitucional. Entretanto, raros são os estudos de cariz verdadeiramente científico, voltados à identificação do que seja uma estrutura acusatória. Identificada essa lacuna doutrinária, o presente texto se propõe a apontar a origem portuguesa dessa expressão, e analisar sua configuração no país de origem, a partir da doutrina lusitana, de modo a ver se é possível termos um ponto de partida para a discussão que tomará conta de nosso país nos próximos anos.

I hope academia.edu will allow readers to access this brief without having to download it as I believe it demonstrates how Washington courts are preventing persons like Morton from having the judicial inquiries they appropriately present adjudicated by neutral tribunals.

If you have to download it, I apologise. However, I think it may be helpful to do so to know what homeowners are up against; at least in Washington State.

En 1469, Segismundo de Austria arrendó los territorios austriacos en el triángulo de Suiza, Alemania y Francia a Carlos el Temerario de Borgoña. Carlos el Temerario nombró a Peter von Hagenbach (PvH) gobernador de la zona. El 9 de abril de 1474 estalló un levantamiento contra él en Breisach. Fue acusado en un juicio el 9 de mayo de 1474 por crímenes ahora considerados crímenes de guerra, condenado a muerte y decapitado. El juicio se considera un "hito" del derecho penal internacional.

In 1469 werden Oostenrijkse gebieden in de driehoek Zwitserland, Duitsland en Frankrijk door Sigismund van Oostenrijk verpacht aan Karel de Stoute van Bourgondië. Karel de Stoute benoemde Peter von Hagenbach (PvH) tot landvoogd van het gebied. Op 9 april 1474 brak in Breisach een opstand tegen hem uit. Hij werd op 9 mei 1474 in een proces aangeklaagd voor misdaden die nu als oorlogsmisdaad worden beschouwd, ter dood veroordeeld en onthoofd. Het proces wordt als een ‘mijlpaal’ van het internationale strafrecht beschouwd.

Proposal and documentary story developed from reporting by Keith Long (author) with streaming news videos captured from the trial and TV new reports. "First Look" Rights for Sale. Incest? 3 Liars? A family who was afraid of a child named Caylee Who is Mastermind of the Greatest Criminal Hoax of the Century?

Актуальность исследования процессуального порядка выявление обстоятельств, способствовавших совершению домашнего насилия, связана с акцентуализацией этой проблематики в социальной сфере, наличием проблем в регулировании порядка выявления этих обстоятельств и реализации информации о выявленных обстоятельствах. Основная цель исследования связывалась с проверкой гипотезы о неэффективности сложившейся практики профилактики преступлений и коллизионности нормативного регулирования порядка выявления обстоятельств, способствовавших совершению преступлений. Объектная область исследования образована нормативными положениями ч. 1 и ч. 2 ст. 73 УПК РФ, ч. 2 ст. 158 УПК РФ, ч. 4 ст. 29 УПК РФ; доктринальными толкованиями соответствующих юридических норм. Методами, использованными при проведении исследования, были лингвистический анализ и юридико-догматический метод. Выводы, к которым пришли соавторы в результате проведения исследования, сводятся к следующему. Выявление обстоятельств, способствовавших совершению преступных насильственных действий в отношении членов семьи (партнерства), осложнено общими проблемами нормативного регулирования. Предусмотренная в законе форма реагирования на выявленные обстоятельства, способствовавшие этому деянию, не является для следователя обязательной, способы реализации выявленной информации следователем не являются эффективными. Схожая эффективность профилактической деятельности обнаруживается и в судебных стадиях. Суд не обязан реализовывать выявленные обстоятельства, содействовавшие домашнему насилию. Форма реализации судом этих обстоятельств имеет имитационный характер. Решение проблем профилактики домашнего насилия в границах уголовно-процессуальной отрасли является невозможным. Для решения такой проблемы необходимы межотраслевые или даже междисциплинарные исследования.

INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1868 R I. BAIL BACKGROUND. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1869 R A. Monetary Bail and Its Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1869 R B. Bail Reform in America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1871 R 1. Federal Reforms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1871 R 2. State Reforms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1873 R C. California’s Senate Bill No. 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1875 R II. LEGAL AND POLICY CHALLENGES TO SB 10 . . . . . . . . . . 1876 R A. Legal Challenges to SB 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1877 R 1. Due Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1877 R 2. Eighth Amendment “Excessive Bail” Clause . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1879 R 3. State Constitutional Right to Bail . . . . . . . . . . 1881 R B. Policy Challenge...

Former Bangladeshi prime minister, Sheikh Hasina, fled to India in early August after a mass uprising forced her to step down. Her resignation followed weeks of unrest in which nearly 650 people were killed and many more injured.
Since then, at least 94 criminal cases have been lodged against Hasina and her cabinet members, followers and aides. The charges against them range from murder, torture, enforced disappearance and abduction, to crimes against humanity and genocide.

En 1469, Segismundo de Austria arrendó los territorios austriacos en el triángulo de Suiza, Alemania y Francia a Carlos el Temerario de Borgoña. Carlos el Temerario nombró a Peter von Hagenbach (PvH) gobernador de la zona. El 9 de abril de 1474 estalló un levantamiento contra él en Breisach. Fue acusado en un juicio el 9 de mayo de 1474 por crímenes ahora considerados crímenes de guerra, condenado a muerte y decapitado. El juicio se considera un "hito" del derecho penal internacional.

                 
CAPÍTULO 1.1
Este capítulo describe (brevemente) el área donde Peter von Hagenbach desempeñó su cargo de gobernador. El sistema de gestión y gobierno libre y liberal de "Austria" fue asumido por la Borgoña, de orientación estrictamente centralista. Los derechos y compromisos (especialmente) con la "Alta Nobleza", que a veces existían desde hacía 100 años, dieron lugar a constantes disputas y resistencias contra PvH como ¬representante de Borgoña. El capítulo aclara la realidad geográfica con la estructura fragmentada y los modelos organizativos internos.

Teil 1. Kapitel 1.1-Der Vertrag von St. Omer und die Pawn Territories Im Jahr 1469 wurden österreichische Gebiete im Dreiländereck Schweiz, Deutschland und Frankreich von Sigismund von Österreich an Karl den Kühnen von Burgund verpachtet. Karl der Kühne ernannte Peter von Hagenbach (PvH) zum Statthalter des Gebietes. Am 9. April 1474 kam es in Breisach zu einem Aufstand gegen ihn. Er wurde am 9. Mai 1474 in einem Prozess wegen Verbrechen angeklagt, die heute als Kriegsverbrechen gelten, zum Tode verurteilt und enthauptet. Der Prozess gilt als "Meilenstein" des internationalen Strafrechts.

This chapter (briefly) describes the area where Peter von Hagenbach fulfilled his office as governor. The free and laissez-fair management and governance system of 'Austria' was taken over by the strictly centrally oriented Burgundy. The rights and pledges to (especially) the 'Higher Nobility', which had sometimes existed for 100 years, gave rise to constant disputes and resistance to PvH as representative of Burgundy. The chapter clarifies the geographical reality with the fragmented structure and internal organizational models.

Plenal law governs the strongest force that we permit official agencies to bring to bear on individuals. Its promise as an instrument of safety is matched only by its power to destroy.** The United States has lagged far behind many nations' in its failure to compensate the innocent victims of erroneous criminal accusations. Despite the relatively advanced development of tort law in the United States, no American jurisdiction presently provides for public compensation to an innocent person who has been duly acquitted, or against whom all criminal charges have been dismissed or dropped. 2 Indeed, only the federal government and four states have statutes that in certain circumstances provide for compensation to a person imprisoned after conviction for a crime that he did not commit. 3 Damages resulting from a formal criminal accusation can be

En 1469, les territoires autrichiens situés dans le triangle Suisse, Allemagne et France furent loués par Sigismond d'Autriche à Charles le Téméraire de Bourgogne. Charles le Téméraire nomma Peter von Hagenbach (PvH) gouverneur de la région. Le 9 avril 1474, un soulèvement contre lui éclate à Breisach. Il fut inculpé le 9 mai 1474 lors d'un procès par un tribunal composé de juges de diverses entités pour des crimes désormais considérés comme des crimes de guerre, condamné à mort et décapité. Le procès est considéré comme une « étape importante » du droit pénal international. Chapitre 6.2 : Le processus Le chapitre 6.2 décrit le flux de processus à l'aide de sources adaptées dans le temps. Les textes textuels du ou des procureurs et de la défense fournissent un aperçu unique, dans lequel l'aspect encore actuel des « ordres supérieurs » joue un rôle important. La torture infligée à PvH et la défense présentée, l'acte d'accusation concernant le traitement des femmes et la composition du tribunal sont des éléments « marquants » du droit pénal international.

Im Jahr 1469 wurden österreichische Gebiete im Dreiländereck Schweiz, Deutschland und Frankreich von Sigismund von Österreich an Karl den Kühnen von Burgund verpachtet. Karl der Kühne ernannte Peter von Hagenbach (PvH) zum Statthalter des Gebietes. Am 9. April 1474 kam es in Breisach zu einem Aufstand gegen ihn. Er wurde am 9. Mai 1474 in einem Prozess von einem Tribunal aus Richtern mehrerer Staaten wegen Verbrechen angeklagt, die heute als Kriegsverbrechen gelten, zum Tode verurteilt und enthauptet. Der Prozess gilt als „Meilenstein“ des internationalen Strafrechts.

Kapitel 6.2: Der Prozess
Kapitel 6.2 beschreibt den Prozessablauf anhand zeitlicher Quellen. Wörtliche Texte der Staatsanwaltschaft(en) und der Verteidigung bieten einen einzigartigen Einblick, in dem der immer noch aktuelle Aspekt „vorgesetzter Befehle“ eine wichtige Rolle spielt. Die Folter von PvH und die vorgelegte Verteidigung, die Anklage wegen seiner Behandlung von Frauen und die Zusammensetzung des Tribunals sind „markante“ Elemente im internationalen Strafrecht.

In 1469, Austrian territories in the triangle of Switzerland, Germany and France were leased by Sigismund of Austria to Charles the Bold of Burgundy. Charles the Bold appointed Peter von Hagenbach (PvH) as governor of the area. On April 9, 1474, an uprising against him broke out in Breisach. He was indicted on May 9, 1474 in a trial by a tribunal with judges from various entities for crimes now considered war crimes, sentenced to death and beheaded. The trial is considered a 'milestone' of international criminal law. Chapter 6.2: The process Chapter 6.2 describes the process flow using time-matched sources. Verbatim texts from the prosecutor(s) and the defense provide a unique insight, in which the still current aspect regarding 'superior orders' plays an important role. The torture of PvH and the defense presented, the indictment regarding his treatment of women and the composition of the tribunal are 'landmark' elements in international criminal law.

iii Acknowledgments The authors wish to thank each of the tribes and tribal police departments that participated in this study for their generous help. Without the information they provided, the work would not have been possible. In particular, we wish to thank the Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes of the Flathead Reservation, the Gila River Indian Community, the Three Affiliated Tribes of the Fort Berthold Reservation, and the Tohono O&#39;odham Nation for providing access to their police departments , criminal justice systems, and other governmental units. Knowledge we gained from our time on site formed the core of our research. In addition to thanking the four tribal governments, we would like to express our appreciation to the people on each reservation who assisted us in so many ways: sharing information, offering guidance, telling stories, and helping us to get it right. These people included tribal leaders; elders and other community residents; department officials; de...

this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of the U.S. Department of Justice or Harvard University. iii Acknowledgments The authors wish to thank each of the tribes and tribal police departments that participated in this study for their generous help. Without the information they provided, the work would not have been possible. In particular, we wish to thank the Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes of the Flathead Reservation, the Gila River Indian Community, the Three Affiliated Tribes of the Fort Berthold Reservation, and the Tohono O&#39;odham Nation for providing access to their police departments, criminal justice systems, and other governmental units. Knowledge we gained from our time on site formed the core of our research. In addition to thanking the four tribal governments, we would like to express our appreciation to the people on each reservation who assisted us in so many ways: sharing information, offering guidance, telling stories, a...