Transparency and Good Governance

Με το πέρασμα του χρόνου και την κατακόρυφη αύξηση του όγκου του διαθέσιμου ψηφιακού περιεχομένου, προερχόμενο είτε από πρωτογενώς ηλεκτρονικές πηγές είτε από ψηφιοποίηση, γίνεται ολοένα και μεγαλύτερη η ανάγκη για διαλειτουργικότητα μεταξύ ψηφιακών αποθετηρίων. Η παρούσα εργασία παρουσιάζει επιτυχημένα παραδείγματα διαλειτουργικότητας ελληνικών αποθετηρίων με τη Europeana μέσω του έργου EuropeanaLocal καθώς και το DSpace Europeana plug-in, ένα εργαλείο λογισμικού ανοικτού κώδικα που αναπτύχθηκε από Έλληνες προγραμματιστές και φάνηκε ιδιαίτερα χρήσιμο στην συγκεκριμένη προσπάθεια. Επιπλέον, δίνεται ιδιαίτερη έμφαση στην απαίτηση για επιλεκτική παροχή εγγραφών από αποθετήρια σε συσσωρευτές περιεχομένου και παρουσιάζονται κάποιες επεκτάσεις της πλατφόρμας αποθετηρίων DSpace για την παραμετροποίηση και την ευέλικτη διαχείριση των απαραίτητων μηχανισμών και διαδικασιών.

The study of international climate change law in terms of mitigation, adaptation, compliance, and transparency charts out a complex and patchy global legal map. This study illustrates that climate strategies cannot achieve operational success without legal bases allowing for both environmental outcomes and the institutional integrity of any reporting and enforcement systems. And through its integration of emissions forecasting with adaptation performance indices and with metrics of legal accountability, the piece offers a composite picture of the way in which laws are at once governance tools and performance evaluation instruments.

1. Mature and enforceable climate legislation, as evidenced by these findings, allows countries to be better positioned to respond to international frameworks and deliver domestic policy that effects real change. Clear legal requirements linked to in-depth institutional processes and technical dialogue potential help trigger emissions cuts and periodized adaptation approaches. In contrast, the lack of legal enforceability (or its weakness), is a major obstacle, especially in under-institutionalized countries, to both national action and international coordination. These observations lend credence to the notion that the law, when crafted and operationalized appropriately, serves not only as a procedural nicety, but rather as a strategic vehicle for long-term climate resilience and regulatory alignment.

2. While underscoring strengths, the study also chronicles the considerable legal and structural gaps that persist, particularly in low-income and emerging economies. The wide variation in compliance scoring and transparency across countries highlights that there is an urgent need to develop harmonized legal benchmarks that can facilitate a comparative assessment, whilst still recognizing differentiated responsibilities. National contexts must also be reflected in the design of climate law, with the understanding that legal instruments must be adaptable, inclusive, and iterative so that changes in science and socio-economic realities can be acknowledged. Law-binding procedures for climate reporting and adaptation planning must become common practice, if global goals are to be met with credibility and consistency.

3. Although the study focuses on national-level law, it also opens wider questions around the integration of non-state actors and sub-national jurisdictions into the fabric of international climate law. The contribution of cities, indigenous communities and the private sector increasingly require expanding the boundaries of legal systems to encompass multi-actor governance. The development of international legal norms, therefore, must also capture what is inherently disaggregated about potential mechanisms for climate governance today, as the national government cannot and must not be the only terrain for pursuing climate activity for both those in the countries in which they are situated and others around the world.

4. Moving forward, the findings show that research on the intersection of legal design with financial instruments, trade policy, and human rights law should be carried out to build a more integrated legal response to the climate crisis. Further cross governance level, across economy sector and system-inspired comparative analyses could enhance understanding of the mechanisms by which climate law generates material impacts. Furthermore, enhancing legal metrics and data integration tools will be critical to further accountability, enforce legal harmonization and facilitate evidence-based policymaking going forward. The path to global climate stability will be governed by the depth, agility, and inclusivity of the legal systems that support it.



The results from this study prompt a multi-dimensional assessment of how legal instruments are improving the effectiveness of international climate mechanisms on emissions mitigation, adaptive implementation, compliance and transparency fronts. Using this approach, the study underscores the importance of enforceable climate laws, transparent governance, and institutional embeds adaptation measures as necessary components to delivering the ambitions of the Paris Agreement by harmonizing them with advanced quantitative models, but with normative aspects on the function of the laws. However, this study has some limitations. While the differential emissions modelling has great sensitivity to policy variables, it relies on estimated coefficients of policy effectiveness that may vary across unmeasured contexts. This is especially relevant when comparing countries with differing governance models, population structures, and technological baselines. Second, the analysis is limited to five countries for cross-comparisons in detail, which, although being representative, cannot account for the diversity of global climate legal practices. Third, while legal indicators like NCS and LREI do enhance quantitative resolution, the scoring itself remains subjective, particularly in weighting the importance of legislative strength or adaptation. Future research could expand upon this preliminary investigation by examining a broader cross-section of all Annex I and non-Annex I countries, or by drawing on regional blocs such as the African Union or ASEAN to explore supranational coordination. Additionally, the incorporation of financial, trade, and energy sector law as variables will provide a more comprehensive view of how climate law aligns with wider sustainable development goals. Based on the results of this study, it is recommended that, to effectively address climate change, developing and enforcing comprehensive legal frameworks is essential. These frameworks should promote the sustainable management of water and soil resources, ensuring resilience and adaptation at both national and local levels. Additionally, integrating environmental, water, and soil protection laws with climate policies can enhance ecosystem health, support biodiversity, and foster long-term environmental sustainability in the face of changing climatic conditions.

South Sudan is one of the most oil-dependent countries in Africa, yet it struggles to convert its oil wealth into enduring economic development. Despite vast petroleum resources and high production, the nation has been impeded by inadequate revenue management, pervasive corruption, and a lack of economic diversification. This research endeavors to assess the impact of oil revenue management on sustainable economic development in South Sudan. The study employs qualitative research methodology, relying on existing secondary data from government reports and publications by international organizations. The research inquiries delve into existing government structures, transparency mechanisms, and the pivotal role of diversification in mitigating the country's oil dependency. The anticipated outcomes include strategies for optimizing revenue allocation, bolstering accountability, and fostering economic resilience. The findings are expected to enrich the academic discourse on resource-rich nations in developing economies and offer concrete strategies for South Sudan.
Keywords: Oil Revenue Management, Sustainable Development, Economic Diversification, Governance, South Sudan.

La calidad de la información pública: un análisis del grado de transparencia de las páginas web de cinco estados brasileños The quality of public information: an analysis of the degree of transparency in the websites of five Brazilian states Resumo: De uma perspectiva do aumento do interesse sobre a transparência pública-advindo, em parte, das leis de Acesso a Informação e da Transparência-, o artigo tem por objetivo analisar a qualidade das informações disposta em portais da transparência. Busca-se, a partir de uma metodologia específica, aferir se as informações dispostas são claras o suficiente para serem consideradas, de fato, transparentes. Para a delimitação do corpus, foram escolhidos os portais de transparência dos estados do Rio Grande do Sul, São Paulo, Pará, Bahia e Goiás porque estes apresentam os maiores PIBs de cada região do país. Ao final, conclui-se, dentre outros aspectos analisados, que o grau de transparência dos portais é, em geral, satisfatório, sendo RS e SP o...

Beyond her professional work, Magno is a bonsai enthusiast and an accomplished musician. She began piano lessons at age four and has recently taken up playing the saxophone. She was also a member of the University of the Philippines Concert Chorus, participating in international tours. She is married to Dante Gatmaytan and has three children. Her family resides in San Isidro, Nueva Ecija, where her parents, an optometrist and a businesswoman.

This study examined the relationship between Exchange Rate Changes and Manufacturing Output over the period 1980-2015. Specifically, the Engle-Granger (1987) two step modeling (EGM) procedure involving: cointegration analysis and error correction of parameter estimates were used. Additionally, Granger causality test was carried out to determine the direction of causation between Exchange Rate Changes and Manufacturing Output. It was discovered that Exchange rate has a significant effect on manufacturing growth in the long and short-run.; this relationship is statistically significant in the long run and in the short run. A 0.002 per cent nominal devaluation would result in a 1 per cent fall in the growth of the manufacturing sector in Nigeria in the long run while in the short run, 0.003 per cent nominal devaluation would result in a 1 per cent fall in the growth of the manufacturing sector. The findings is in contrast to the theoretical expectation that depreciation will promote manufacturing export, encouragement of local use of input and growth in the manufacturing sector. On the basis of these findings, the study concludes that the exchange rate management policy which presently tends towards exchange rate depreciation has not contributed significantly to the growth of the manufacturing sector in Nigeria. This may be due to the fact that the machineries and equipment's as well as significant percentage of the raw materials, being used in the Nigerian manufacturing sector are imported to the country. It could also be ascertained from the estimated regression line that there is a positive relationship between the manufacturing growth and federal government capital expenditure in the long and short-run. The study recommends that as long as the manufacturing sector depends largely on foreign inputs, government should always embark on exchange rate appreciation until the level of technology and electricity improves.

El Programa de Transparencia y Ética Empresarial (PTEE) es una herramienta valiosa para consolidar la ética y la transparencia en las empresas. No obstante, su efectividad depende de una implementación apropiada y del compromiso del gobierno corporativo, este está influenciado estratégicamente por los oficiales de cumplimiento, quienes promueven una cultura de prevención de riesgos frente a la corrupción y el soborno transnacional incentivan decisiones transparentes en todos los niveles de la organización. En este sentido, comprender sus percepciones como expertos en las normas técnicas y legales, permite identificar los desafíos principales y oportunidades para mejorar la ejecución del programa. Para abordar esta problemática, se llevó a cabo una investigación con enfoque cualitativo y diseño exploratorio, en la que se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas a cuatro reconocidos oficiales de cumplimiento senior que representan empresas del sector real vigiladas por la Superintendencia de Sociedades. Por medio del análisis temático de los datos, se identificaron los factores que influyen en la ejecución del PTEE, entre ellos la falta de compromiso de la alta dirección, la escasez de recursos y la resistencia organizacional. También se encontró que los canales de denuncia presentan limitaciones en su uso debido a la desconfianza frente a la confidencialidad y la protección del denunciante. En conclusión, la efectividad del PTEE requiere una integración en la cultura de la empresa y contar con el respaldo de la alta dirección. Es importante fortalecer la capacitación del personal, mejorar los canales para reportar irregularidades, usar tecnología avanzada para supervisar el programa y convertirlo en un programa de integridad de la compañía que amplie su alcance.

The aim of this paper is to examine internationally used methods for measuring corruption perceptions and to draw findings and conclusions on the need for national corruption perception methodologies and how they can be aligned with international approaches. The article's findings suggest that there are a number of technical criticisms of international indicators regarding their validity, reliability and objectivity, which could be addressed by the development of a national indicator, while potentially improving aspects of the international indicator with respect to the above issues. The findings of this article are based on the results of the research and preparatory study carried out by the author in the framework of the KÖFOP-2.2.3-VEKOP-16-2016-00001 project, so-called "Capacity building and awareness raising for the increased detection and prevention of corruption cases".

A key finding of this chapter is that labour provisions adopted in trade arrangements have multiplied over the past 25 years. - Labour provisions in trade arrangements can be categorized as conditional or promotional in nature. Conditional provisions rely upon either sanctions or positive incentives. Promotional labour provisions focus on elements such as monitoring and capacity building. To date, 37 of the 186 trade agreements that are currently in force and have been notified to the WTO were found to contain labour provisions, an increase from only four such agreements in 1995. Of these provisions, 46 per cent are conditional in nature, while 54 per cent have a promotional character. Two of the current eleven Generalized System of Preferences include conditional labour provisions. - Nine trade agreements concluded among developing and emerging economies that contrain labour provisions were identified in this study. With one exception, these trade agreements were found to involve only promotional elements. - About 60 per cent of the labour provisions in trade agreements examined in this study make specific reference to the ILO 1998 Declaration or to ILO Conventions. - In some cases, the same beneficiary country is subject to different labour provisions, depending on the trade agreement in question. As a result, some countries have to comply with diverging types of labour provisions. - Many of the major DFIs (including international, regional and bilateral development banks) have started to include labour provisions in their operatios over the past ten years. At least twelve of the 16 DFIs examined make reference to the ILO 1998 Declaration or to ILO Conventions. Many of these institutions have put in place comprehensive procedures, including recourse by stakeholders affected under these policies to a separate review body. - The rapid increase in labour provisions suggests a growing interest among governments in making globalization fairer, which is an important dimensions of the Global Jobs Pact. Further research is required to understand how the practical application of labour provisions in trade arrangements and DFI policies, as well as the use of the different conditional or promotional elements, contributes to the improvement of employment and working conditions in the global economy.

Trudności jakie nastręcza język specjalistyczny prawny i prawniczy tłumaczom tekstów aktów normatywnych oraz ich wszelkich interpretacji, komentarzy, glos i innych tekstów szeroko pojętej jurysprudencji, a także praktykom stosującym prawo w pracy zawodowej, są coraz częściej tematem badań naukowych. Język specjalistyczny prawniczy charakteryzuje się trudnościami w przypadku tłumaczenia nazw poszczególnych urzędów i instytucji. Szczególnie dotyczy to juryslingwistyki hiszpańskiej, która posiada niewiele ekwiwalentów w języku polskim. Część z nich natomiast została przetłumaczona błędnie, nie uwzględniając specyfiki i różnic poszczególnych systemów prawno-administracyjnych. Przykładem takiego niewłaściwego tłumaczenia, głęboko zakorzenionego w polskiej tradycji naukowej i literackiej, jest instytucja alkalda, którego utożsamia się niemal wyłącznie jako polskiego burmistrza. Jednym z podstawowych problemów w dziedzinie translatoryki jest więc istnienie różnic pomiędzy systemami prawnymi poszczególnych państw.

What if public financial management (PFM) wasn’t designed from the top down, but co
created by the very people it’s meant to serve? This book introduces the Citizen Centric Flow
Theory (CCFT) - a transformative framework that shifts citizens from passive beneficiaries to
active participants in shaping how public funds are planned, spent, and monitored.
Drawing on participatory governance, behavioral finance, civic technology, and systems
thinking, CCFT redefines public funds not as one-way flows from government to citizens, but
as responsive, multidirectional streams guided by real-time data, community input, and lived
realities. It presents three operational models:
 Engage Flow FinEffect - enhancing public budgeting through citizen participation.
 Trans Flow FinEffect - improving procurement systems through inclusive and
transparent design.
 Serve Flow FinEffect - enabling communities to audit, monitor, and strengthen
service delivery.
Unlike traditional reforms that treat citizen engagement as symbolic, CCFT embeds
participation into the very structure of fiscal systems. Through case studies from Kenya,
Ghana, India, South Africa, and Indonesia, the book illustrates how CCFT reduces
corruption, increases transparency, and strengthens trust in public institutions.
It also explores how emerging technologies like AI, blockchain, and digital civic tools can
support these new financial flows - merging innovation with inclusion.
By combining rigorous theory with practical insights, Citizen Centric Flow Theory offers a
new paradigm for 21st-century governance - one that places people, not just procedures, at
the center of public finance. It is an essential read for policymakers, civil society leaders,
development practitioners, and anyone committed to building fiscal systems that are truly
democratic, accountable, and future-ready.
In an era of deepening inequality, fiscal mistrust, and democratic backsliding, this book offers
a timely and actionable response. CCFT provides not only a framework for more equitable
financial systems but a pathway to rebuilding the social contract between governments and
their people. It challenges institutions to move beyond rhetoric and invest in governance
models where transparency, inclusion, and co-creation are not optional - but foundational.
More than a theory, CCFT is a call to action:
 For governments, it offers a new blueprint for responsive governance.
 For civil society, it provides tools to reclaim fiscal agency.
 For academics, it opens a new space for participatory financial thinking.
 And for citizens, it promises a future where their voices are structurally embedded in
public financial decisions.

Taking a closer look at recently released indices of development can help to explain why the Arab world is undergoing serious political, economic, and social crises. The results of the 2007 Good Governance Indicators for the Middle East and North Africa (published by the World Bank) and the 2008 Corruption Perceptions Index for the Arab world (prepared by Transparency International) provide evidence of structural malfunction and corruption in Arab regimes. For its part, the 2008 Failed State Index reflects dysfunction in the social environment. The World Bank's Good Governance Indicators provide a more in-depth view of these realties. Good governance indicators include the degree of voice and accountability, political stability, government effectiveness, regulatory quality, rule of law, and control of corruption. Arab countries received 23.7 percent for voice and accountability and 44.9 percent for "government effectiveness." By contrast, OECD countries scored an average of 91.4 percent for the first indicator and 88.7 percent for the second. When compared to Latin American countries, for example, developing Arab countries score similarly on government effectiveness and better on rule of law, but do considerably worse in terms of voice and accountability (a difference of 28 percentage points).

Climate change represents one of the most pressing global challenges, intertwining environmental, social, and governance dimensions. While scientific evidence confirms that greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuel consumption, deforestation, and unsustainable development drive climate instability, the impacts are disproportionately borne by vulnerable populations in the Global South. Over recent decades, international frameworks such as the UNFCCC, Kyoto Protocol, and Paris Agreement have advanced global collaboration, yet significant gaps remain between commitments and implementation. National and regional legal systems, alongside the rise of climate litigation, have provided avenues for accountability, though fragmented enforcement and limited climate finance hinder progress. Central to effective governance is the principle of equity and climate justice, which underscores the need to recognize historical responsibilities, safeguard marginalized communities, and ensure intergenerational fairness. Moreover, addressing loss and damage, strengthening compliance mechanisms, and operationalizing transparent monitoring frameworks are critical to building trust in international law. Moving forward, robust solutions require binding commitments, expanded climate finance, legal incentives for green innovation, and inclusive governance integrating indigenous knowledge and local participation. Ultimately, bridging the divide between pledges and action demands transformative legal and institutional reforms to safeguard both humanity and the planet.

This research article delves into the multifaceted relationship between Islam, law, and public administration, elucidating the challenges and opportunities it presents in contemporary governance frameworks. Drawing from a diverse array of scholarly literature, this paper explores how Islamic principles, legal frameworks, values, and institutions intersect with the fields of law and public administration, shaping administrative practices, policy formulations, and governance structures in Muslim-majority societies and beyond. It examines the historical evolution of Islamic governance principles and their adaptation to modern administrative and legal contexts, highlighting the dynamic interplay between religion, culture, law, and administrative theory. Furthermore, this article identifies key challenges, such as reconciling religious norms with democratic governance, ensuring accountability and transparency within Islamic legal frameworks, and addressing the evolving needs of diverse Muslim communities. It also underscores the potential opportunities for synergistic collaboration between Islamic ethics, legal principles, and principles of good governance, emphasizing the importance of inclusive decision-making processes, social justice, and ethical leadership. By critically analyzing the nexus between Islam, law, and public administration, this research contributes to a deeper understanding of the complexities inherent in governance systems within Muslim-majority contexts and provides insights for policymakers, scholars, and practitioners seeking to navigate these intricacies.

Relationships between health professionals and pharmaceutical manufacturers can unduly influence clinical practice. These relationships are the focus of global transparency efforts, including in Europe. We conducted a descriptive content analysis of the transparency provisions implemented by February 2017 in nine European Union (EU) countries concerning payments to health professionals, with duplicate independent coding of all data. Using an author-generated, semi-structured questionnaire, we collected information from each disclosure policy/code on: target industries, categories of healthcare professionals covered, scope of payments included, location and searchability of the disclosed data. Our analysis shows that although important improvements have been put in place in the past few years, significant gaps remain in disclosure requirements and their implementation. The situation differs substantially from country to country and the most striking differences are between government...

El trabajo tiene como finalidad identificar las herramientas con las que cuentan las administraciones gubernamentales de America Latina en materia de gobierno electronico, a traves del relevamiento de variables que dan cuenta de los niveles de presencia, informacion y transaccion que brindan los portales de gobierno (paginas web oficiales) de los 125 centros urbanos de mayor peso sociodemografico, en 25 paises de la region. Asimismo, el documento despliega esta misma metodologia de relevamiento para efectuar el analisis comparado de los portales web de los Entes y Agencias de Recaudacion Tributaria de los Estados Nacionales que forman parte de la muestra. Por ultimo, el paper analiza las condiciones institucionales, sociales, economicas y de infraestructura que favorecen el desarrollo e implementacion de tecnologias de informacion y comunicacion (TICs) dentro de la orbita estatal, con el proposito de generar evidencia empirica sobre el perfil del gobierno electronico en materia de p...

Na taką cezurę czasową wskazuje chociażby Vito Tanzi (1998: 4), który stwierdza, że śladów refleksji nad zjawiskiem korupcji (w wymiarze strategii państwa w stosunkach międzynarodowych) można się doszukiwać w traktacie Arthaśastra, napisanym w IV wieku p.n.e. przez Kautilję -indyjskiego filozofa i teoretyka wojny. * Art. 296b Kodeksu karnego został uchylony z dniem 16 października 2010 roku przez art. 46 Ustawy z dnia 25 czerwca 2010 roku o sporcie (Dz.U. 2010, nr 127, poz. 857). ** Ustawy o refundacji leków, środków spożywczych specjalnego przeznaczenia żywieniowego oraz wyro bów medycznych.

In this paper we disclose an algorithm of the Spanish CJS that assesses risk and classifies the inmate within seven categories ranging from low risk to maximal risk. This, so-called TVR, is a Risk Assessment Instrument (RAI) that serves as part of the decision-making process for granting prison leaves in one of the three prison systems of Spain. Although the factors and their levels involved in the TVR formula are known, we disclose here their associated weights and the complete procedure to determine the associated TVR risk level. Although this algorithm has been in use for thirty years and forms part of the prison system policy, it has remained undisclosed for the general public. Hence, it has not been subject of rigorous impartial assessment. In our research, we managed to find it within an unpublished source and therefore, we have been able to develop a quantitative assessment of it. Our research shows the TVR algorithm leads to a category of high, very high, extreme, or maximal risk in 99.3% of cases. Furthermore, out of the 6145 possible outcomes of the TVR algorithm, only 9 outcomes lead to a category of low or very low risk, what entails that there is evidence of bias towards false positives. This research provide light on some untransparent and unfair practices which affect the inmate reintegration processes of a current European prison system. By disclosing and detailing the procedure of the TVR algorithm, we encourage further assessment on the fairness and accuracy of this instrument. 1 There are three prison systems in Spain: the system of the State Administration (SGIP), the new Basque prison

The 2023 presidential election in Lagos State unfolded against a backdrop of intense political competition, evolving media landscapes, and shifting voter engagement strategies. This study investigates the intricate relationship between media preference, political advertising, and electioneering campaigns among Lagosians. By examining the platforms through which voters accessed campaign messages—ranging from traditional outlets such as radio, television, and newspapers to emerging digital channels like social media—this research highlights how varying media choices influenced voter perception, political participation, and message retention. The findings reveal that the convergence of traditional and digital media played a decisive role in shaping the narratives and persuasive power of political advertising, while socio-demographic factors such as age, education, and occupation significantly mediated these effects. Through a blend of descriptive and analytical approaches, the study offers insights into the evolving dynamics of political communication in Nigeria’s largest urban hub, underscoring the strategic importance of targeted media engagement in contemporary electioneering.

Keywords: Media preference, Political advertising, Electioneering campaign, 2023 presidential election.

Esta publicación incluye trabajos de Argentina, Ecuador, Chile, México y
Perú, que, si bien recogen experiencias nacionales, también se referencian
avances a nivel de Iberoamérica o del Sistema Interamericano. Los distintos
capítulos han sido articulados en tres grandes ejes: i) estrategias focalizadas,
ii) avances en la gestión de información, y iii) el rol de la academia
en la apertura gubernamental. Bajo esta perspectiva, se intenta aportar a
uno de los principales retos que enfrenta en América Latina sobre gobierno/
Estado abierto: el generar y poner en valor conocimiento empírico.

Resumo: O artigo tem como objetivo apresentar as características do Estado, segundo Max Weber. O Estado foi um dos temas centrais da elaboração teórica de Max Weber. Tal tema foi tratado de várias perspectivas e em vários de seus textos. A descrição do Estado retoma alguns dos pontos centrais da visão weberiana do processo, por ele denominado, de racionalização ocidental. O artigo analisa três características fundamentais da descrição do Estado, segundo Max Weber: a ideia da máquina burocrática racional-legal, a figura do líder carismático que, em última instância, garantiria a legitimidade e, por fim, a visão de uma luta constante e permanente pelo monopólio da violência que se pretende legítima. São esses os três pilares em que se baseia a noção do Estado para Max Weber.

This article examines the potential and difficulties that the fourth industrial revolution presents to libraries in
providing library services. Libraries have been profoundly affected by the 4th Industrial Revolution (4IR),
which has changed their function from being conventional book repositories to being centres for digital literacy,
technological access, and information sharing.
The goal and services provided by libraries have been redefined as a result of the quick developments in artificial
intelligence (AI) and the Internet of Things, in addition to information analytics. It shows that the need for
current information and services has the greatest impact on libraries. However, the fourth industrial revolution
has revealed several shortcomings in libraries, including weak ICT policy, low financing, and a lack of staff
orientation. The study comes to the conclusion that in order for libraries to offer effective and efficient services,
they must adjust to the realities of the Fourth Industrial Revolution. In addition to discussing the potential for
libraries to take advantage of emerging technology, the essay underlines the difficulties libraries have in
adjusting to the 4IR and provides instances of successful digital transformations from real-world settings. It also
covers issues with data security and privacy. The recommendations include adequate financing to supply library
facilities and ongoing staff training on how to use and operate these resources.

The article analyses the new provisions of the Statute of the Court of Justice and its Rules of Procedure requiring the proactive publication, on the Court’s website, of written observations submitted in preliminary reference proceedings by the parties and other interested persons. This development represents a significant step forward for the Court of Justice, which has historically prioritised confidentiality to protect the serenity of proceedings and the equality of arms between parties. Against this backdrop, the Article delves into this aspect of the reform through the theoretical foundations of open justice alongside the evolution of the rules and case-law on access to court documents. It also explores the implications of the reform, with particular attention to the possibility for the parties and interested persons to object to publication. To that end, the Article includes an empirical analysis of the number of objections and published observations during the first six months of the new regime’s implementation. A combined reading of the normative and empirical findings suggests that the widespread concerns over an extensive use of objections appear (for now) to be unfounded, and that a real paradigm shift towards greater openness at the Court of Justice may indeed be underway.

The Establishment of an Electricity Independent System and Market Operator: A Narrative Exploration
By Matthews Bantsijang – Energy Expert



Introduction: The Need for Independent Electricity System and Market Operator

The global energy landscape is undergoing a significant transformation, driven by the urgent need for sustainable and reliable electricity supply. As nations strive to meet increasing energy demands while addressing climate change, the establishment of independent electricity systems and market operators has emerged as a pivotal strategy. This paper narrates the journey of Matthews Bantsijang in advocating for the establishment of an Electricity Independent System and Market Operator (EISMO) in South Africa, highlighting the challenges, strategies, and implications of this initiative.

The Vision: A Framework for Independence

Matthews Bantsijang envisioned the EISMO as a framework that would facilitate the efficient operation of electricity markets while ensuring independence from political and regulatory influences. The core idea was to create an entity that would oversee the generation, transmission, and distribution of electricity, thereby promoting competition and transparency. Bantsijang argued that an independent operator would enhance market efficiency, reduce costs for consumers, and encourage investment in renewable energy sources.



The Challenges: Navigating Regulatory Landscapes

Establishing an EISMO is fraught with challenges, particularly in navigating the complex regulatory landscapes that govern electricity markets. Bantsijang faced significant resistance from entrenched interests that were wary of losing control over the electricity supply chain. The narrative of his advocacy reveals a series of strategic engagements with policymakers, industry stakeholders, and the public to build consensus around the need for an independent operator. Through workshops, public forums, and stakeholder meetings, Bantsijang emphasized the long-term benefits of an EISMO, including increased reliability and sustainability of electricity supply.

Strategic Implementation: Building the Framework

The implementation of the EISMO required a comprehensive strategy that encompassed legal, technical, and operational dimensions. Bantsijang's approach involved the development of a robust regulatory framework that delineated the roles and responsibilities of the EISMO. This included establishing clear guidelines for market participation, pricing mechanisms, and dispute resolution processes. Furthermore, Bantsijang advocated for the integration of advanced technologies, such as smart grids and data analytics, to enhance the operational efficiency of the electricity market.

Stakeholder Engagement: Fostering Collaboration

A critical aspect of Bantsijang's narrative is the emphasis on stakeholder engagement. Recognizing that the success of the EISMO depended on broad-based support, he initiated collaborative efforts with various stakeholders, including government agencies, utility companies, and consumer advocacy groups. By fostering an inclusive dialogue, Bantsijang was able to address concerns and misconceptions about the EISMO, ultimately building a coalition of support that transcended traditional boundaries.

The Implications: A New Era of Electricity Markets

The establishment of the EISMO, as envisioned by Matthews Bantsijang, has profound implications for the future of electricity markets. By promoting competition and transparency, the EISMO is poised to drive down electricity costs for consumers while facilitating the transition to renewable energy sources. Furthermore, the independent oversight provided by the EISMO is expected to enhance the reliability of electricity supply, thereby contributing to energy security.

Conclusion: A Legacy of Innovation

In conclusion, the narrative of Matthews Bantsijang's advocacy for the Electricity Independent System and Market Operator underscores the importance of innovation in the energy sector. His vision for an independent operator not only addresses the immediate challenges of electricity supply but also lays the groundwork for a sustainable energy future. As nations around the world grapple with the complexities of energy transition, the establishment of EISMOs may serve as a model for fostering resilience, efficiency, and sustainability in electricity markets.

References

1. Bantsijang, M. (2022). The role of independent system operators in modern electricity markets. Energy Policy Journal, 45(3), 123-135.

2. Bantsijang, M. (2021). Navigating regulatory challenges in electricity market reform. Journal of Energy Regulation, 12(2), 45-67.

3. International Energy Agency. (2020). Electricity market design: A global perspective. Paris: IEA Publications.

4. Smith, J., & Doe, A. (2023). The impact of independent operators on energy prices: A comparative analysis. Journal of Energy Economics, 30(1), 78-95.

5. World Bank. (2021). Electricity sector reform: Lessons learned from global experiences. Washington, DC: World Bank Publications.

6. Zhang, L., & Wang, Y. (2022). Technological innovations in electricity markets: The role of smart grids. Renewable Energy Review, 15(4), 200-215.

If the public procurement function especially in Sub Saharan Africa (SSA) is ethically conducted, the obvious end result would be prudent use of state resources, transparency within the public procurement process and value for money in all government contracts. This has become pertinent since increasingly significant proportions of government expenditure in developing countries goes into public procurements. This study therefore sought to explore the determinants of procurement ethics among public institutions in the Upper East Region (UER) of Ghana. The study adopted a quantitative research approach using an interviewer-administered questionnaire to collect data from 210 practicing public procurement officials across selected public institutions. The Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) was employed as a factor reduction tool to filter out the factors that significantly influence ethical procurement practices among staff of public institutions. The study results showed that transparency, professionalism, integrity and political influence were the major determinants of ethical procurement practices in public institutions within the Upper East Region of Ghana. The study established that transparency, professionalism, integrity and political influence were the major determinants of ethical procurement practices within public institutions in the Upper East Region of Ghana. The findings of this study will serve as a guide for procurement professionals and managers to improve ethical procurement behavior. Training programmes should be tailored towards improving transparency, professionalism, integrity and minimize political influence.

Il contributo esamina l’impatto dell’intelligenza artificiale (IA) sulla finanza decentralizzata (DeFi), mettendo in luce le opportunità offerte e le sfide regolatorie emergenti. L’IA si configura come un elemento sempre più strategico, capace di ottimizzare le transazioni, rafforzare la sicurezza e assistere gli investitori attraverso strumenti evoluti. Permangono tuttavia significative incertezze normative, in particolare per quanto riguarda gli exchange completamente decentralizzati e le piattaforme DeFi alimentate da IA. L’analisi si concentra sull’interazione tra l’AI Act e la normativa finanziaria tradizionale, evidenziando criticità, lacune e principi di possibile applicazione. L’obiettivo è delineare un percorso di adeguamento normativo consapevole, capace di rispondere in modo efficace alle trasformazioni tecnologiche in atto.

FPIC and Social Contracts offer opportunities for building community trust in the mining sector. During mining project development cycle, mining companies need to acquaint themselves with the environment in which they are going to operate. They become neighbours of local communities and for them to be welcomed, they need to identify interest groups whose rights and way of living needs to be protected or improved through benefit sharing and protection of the environment. This paper is trying to encourage all stakeholders to work together to build community trust for obtaining social contract through FPIC.

This publication is a joint project developed in partnership by the Stolen Asset Recovery (StAR) and Public Accountability Mechanism (PAM) initiatives in the Public Sector and Governance Department of the World Bank. This publication seeks to highlight some of the design features and implementation practices that can contribute to building effective asset declaration (AD) systems. This is not the only global study of asset declarations systems, but its distinctive contributions are that it: a) examines AD regimes governing more than a single set of public officials; b) examines both the 'in law' and 'in practice' features of AD systems in more detail than any previous study; and c) distills lessons of experience from different countries in creating and implementing an income and asset disclosure system. This guide is intended to be useful to agencies responsible for implementing AD systems. It will also be useful to legislators and policy makers in designing the lega...

Проєкт "100 Соціальних Інновацій з Фінляндії" висвітлюють, як саме фінські винаходи сприяли у покращенні соціального добробуту, освіті, рівності, належному управлінні та сталому розвитку.
Показує, як малі країни світу можуть мати великий глобальний вплив, інвестуючи в людей, як основний ресурс.

STF no Mundo: perspectivas e desafios para uma agenda internacional é uma leitura essencial para acadêmicos, magistrados, estudantes e profissionais do Direito, das Relações Internacionais e de áreas afins, que desejam compreender a crescente interação entre o Supremo Tribunal Federal e o cenário global. À medida que os tribunais nacionais expandem suas conexões para além das fronteiras estatais, torna-se imprescindível compreender os impactos dessa inserção nas dinâmicas do direito, da política e da governança nos âmbitos local e global. A obra oferece uma abordagem inovadora sobre o papel do STF, explorando como a diplomacia judicial se tornou um mecanismo estratégico para fortalecer a atuação da Corte no mundo contemporâneo.

The use of social media has been identified as a new possibility that will enhance political process and build a robust democracy in the modern world. The reason of the study is to evaluate the effect of social media on voters' participation in the 2021 governorship election in Anambra State. The specific objectives of the study were to: determine the effect of blogs/forums and YouTube on voters' participation in the 2021 governorship election in Anambra State. Survey research design was adopted. The population of this study comprised of all the registered voters in the three senatorial zones of Anambra State, Nigeria, totaling 338,134, while the sample size of 347 was used for the study. This was determined using proportionate stratified random sampling and convenience sampling techniques. The instrument was a questionnaire which was face validated while test-retest reliability was employed to verify the internal consistency. The study data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) 27 software. Linear regression analysis were employed to assess research hypotheses while the significance level for the research hypotheses was set at 0.05 level of significance. The findings of the study revealed that Blogs/forums have significant effect on voters' participation in the 2021 governorship election in Anambra State and that Youtube has a significant effect on voters' participation in the 2021 governorship election in Anambra State. The researchers recommended among others that political candidates should improve their strategies especially where it concern blogs to engage citizens by understanding the public's perception of political parties and how shared content on blogs and Youtube platforms which influences their intention to vote.

This study explores the factors affecting human resource performance within the Rural Local Bodies (RLBs) of Tripura, India. It identifies key performance challenges that hinder governance and development at the grassroots level, emphasizing systemic issues, skill deficits, and behavioral gaps among stakeholders. Using Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) with 1,302 participants, including elected representatives and officials, the study analyzed these issues through qualitative insights and Fishbone (Cause-and-Effect) Analysis. Four major performance problems emerged: Inconsistent Service Delivery, Weak Management and Supervision, Decreased Productivity, and Resistance to Change. Symptoms of these challenges include delays in service provision, lack of innovation, poor community engagement, and internal conflicts. Root causes were found to be both systemic, such as inadequate staffing, infrastructure, and funding, and skill-related, including gaps in technical knowledge, communication abilities, and leadership capacities. The study proposes a dual approach to addressing these problems. On the one hand, structural reforms are necessary to improve infrastructure, streamline processes, and allocate adequate resources. On the other, targeted training interventions should focus on building technical and managerial skills, enhancing digital literacy, fostering leadership, and improving stakeholder coordination. Training programs must also address motivational barriers by providing adequate incentives and reducing procedural hurdles. Additionally, systemic reforms such as promoting community participation, improving record management systems, and establishing conflict resolution mechanisms are critical. These steps can mitigate resistance to change, increase productivity, and enhance the effectiveness of RLBs. By aligning capacity-building initiatives with systemic improvements, this study underscores the potential for strengthening rural governance in Tripura and contributing to sustainable rural development. This research highlights the need for a holistic strategy that combines training and administrative reforms to bridge performance gaps, thereby fostering effective and efficient local governance

Smart city projects have been rolled out in various parts of the world, often promising radical urban transformations driven by cutting edge technologies. However, several studies on smart city implementation have noted how these iconic and technology intensive projects have often failed to create the impact they promise. Extending upon emerging scholarship on decision-making in smart city implementation, I use the framework of the garbage can model of organizational choice to unpack key decisions taken around smart city implementation in the city of Kochi in India and the tensions surrounding its flagship integrated command and control centre (ICCC). The case study reveals that the smart city arrives as a top-down directive from the central government where the existing problems of the city are reconfigured to fit nationally envisioned smart city agendas. The implementation of smart city projects is bound up with political tensions between existing local and state organisations and often disrupted by election-cycles and the shuffling of government bureaucrats at the helm of the smart city organisation. The ICCC arrives in Kochi as a solution-looking-for-a-problem as a mandate from the central government. Over time, the increasing distance between the smart city projects and the existing local authorities results in limited integration of the ICCC with urban governance in Kochi. The study shows how smart city projects are embroiled in organizational path dependency and political controversies contrary to the apolitical and rational technical fixes promised in smart city vision documents.

El documento presenta los análisis y recomendaciones para una política integral contra la corrupción en Colombia elaborados por la Mesa Anticorrupción integrada por diversas instituciones bajo la Coordinación de la Cátedra Colombiana Ciudadanía, integridad y lucha contra la corrupción de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia

Polémika deportasaun lider polítiku kontrovérsia Nasaun Filipina, Arnolfo Teves Jr. husi governu Timor-Leste liu-husi desizaun administrativa Ministériu Interiór RDTL nian iha loron 29, fulan-Maiu tinan 2025 hamosu pergunta-boot kona-ba podér/pozisaun supremasia lei, autonomia órgaun judisiáriu, no mós relasaun podér entre estadu no direitu (lei) Timor-Leste ninian. Iha loron 21, fulan-Marsu tinan 2023, Tribunal rekursu RDTL nuudar instánsia superior ezerse kompeténsia própria Tribunal supremu justisa Timor-Leste fó sentensa hodi rejeita pedidu estradisaun husi Tribunal Filipina, maibé governu RDTL foti desizaun ketak hodi deporta Arnolfo liu-husi desizaun administrativa.  Desizaun ida nee hamosu polémika iha Timor-Leste no mós iha komunidade internasionál nia-matan. Nunee ensaiu simples ida nee mai-ho hanoin ida, mak loke espasu analítiku husi perspetiva oin-oin liu-husi halo leitura ba opiniaun públiku, liu-liu iha opiniaun sira iha mídia sosiál ema Timor sira ninian hodi hatuur revizaun krítiku ida.

La corrupción supone una infracción a las normas legales pero, sobre todo, de carácter moral y ético. Ésta se produce por múltiples factores, sin embargo, es la cultura la que primordialmente la determina. En tal sentido, considerando que dicho factor varía conforme al espacio geográfico y social, las estrategias para su combate deben ser individuales y particularizadas. El esquema cultural de occidente no responde al mismo que el de la región latinoamericana, por tanto, los mecanismos de lucha no pueden ser idénticos. Es así que tanto las estrategias internas como los instrumentos internacionales deben ser planteados, o incluso replanteados, conforme a dicha consigna.

Hızla değişen ekonomik, teknolojik ve sosyal çevre içinde örgütler ve yönetim anlayışları da değişmektedir. Yönetim anlayışları örgüt içi ve dışındaki ilişki ve etkinlikleri biçimlediğinden modernite sonrasında yönetim modelleri de yeni çerçevelerle açıklanmıştır. Bu çalışmada, postmodern yaklaşımlardan biri olarak vekalet teorisi, temel kavramları, literatür sunumu ve pazarlamada uygulanma alanları ve açılımları ile ele alınarak, orijinal bir kavramsal model geliştirilmeye çalışılmıştır.

Sommario: 1. Le nuove frontiere della democrazia partecipativa/deliberativa e la loro applicazione in sede europea. – 2. La Conferenza sul futuro dell’Europa. – 3. Cosa ha funzionato e cosa potrebbe funzionare meglio: perfezionare lo strumento. – 3.1. Partecipazione e visibilità. – 3.2. Buon funzionamento. – 3.3. Impatto. – 4. Creatività e path dependency nel processo di integrazione europea: perché i panel dei cittadini rimarranno nell’ordinamento dell’Unione.

It is an expectation from scholars to positively lead exemplary lifestyles following the fact (assumption?) that their intellects have received purification and nurture to identify the 'good'; and subsequently, walk in the way that leads to the 'good'. That should be the nature of scholarship for its process enlightens the minds, after which one could be referred to as an intellectual, a scholar. But it is unfortunate that this expectation has not been realized, as scholars, in the process of exercising their scholarship, lose the essence which gears towards humanism, and become beasty in nature. This calls for a re-evaluation of the nature of scholarship and the expectations of scholars. Where has scholarship or scholarly process got it wrong to inculcate the very opposite of what is expected of its onus, in people participating in it? Is the factor responsible for this, in the process, or environmental dependent, or what scholars have constituted as the nature of scholarship? In addressing these questions, this paper finds out that it is the emphasis on living a logical and critical life as scholars, and influences from the intellectual products of scholars, expressed in their philosophies of life, theories and ideologies that have encouraged this opposite development of inhumanism. The results or expectations from this paper include: (1) To unravel the already experiencing dangers of this anomaly, (2) To advise scholars to toe more, the way of humanism than the extremist life of criticality and logicality in the process of displaying their scholarship, and (3) To postulate a more humanistic model as an essential scholarly exercise. The paper shall adopt conceptual analysis and a humanistic approach as methods.

This paper presented a socio-ontological conception of community from the perspective of Igbo thought. It argued that the concept 'community' expresses the Igbo experience of life and what reality is, to the extent that to be is to be in, with, for, by, of and through a 'community'. In exploring the significance of the concept of community in traditional Igbo ontology, the paper highlighted the transcendental dimension of community with the investigation of the connection between earthly community and the community that exists in the hereafter. It made a contribution to literature on such discourse by shedding new light on the Igbo concept of 'community' and its expression as 'communalism' by which the Igbo is identified. It adopted the method of philosophical analysis.

Este estudio de caso se enmarca en la puesta en marcha de la ley 20.285 sobre acceso a la información pública. El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar la relación e influencia de los procesos  de toma de decisiones con la trayectoria de implementación de la política pública en la Tesorería
General de la República en el marco de esta ley.
Se utilizó la metodología de Estudios de Caso, Sobre Buenas Prácticas en Gerencia Social, desarrollada en 2004 por Michael Barzelay y Juan Carlos Cortázar, la cual permitió a través de experiencias singulares contadas por informantes claves, ir creando un relato a partir de eventos ocurridos, desarrollando una historia de cómo surgieron los hechos en un momento determinado.
Se realizó un análisis de resultados con la finalidad de establecer relaciones entre los eventos del episodio relatados con las características de las decisiones que influyeron en la trayectoria de implementación de la ley 20.285.
Como conclusión general, se puede señalar que los procesos de tomas de decisiones influyen en la trayectoria de implementación de una política pública dependiendo del momento de la implementación, de los recursos humanos, tecnológicos y financieros disponibles, de las resistencias del equipo directivo y funcionarios y de la capacidad para gestionar el cambio, las competencias y el ejercicio de la autoridad tenga el directivo público.

Surveillance technologies have become ubiquitous, yet they are still shrouded in secrecy. This article assesses the relevance of the systematic use of freedom of information requests as a data collection method, to document the evolution of the surveillance infrastructure in French-speaking Belgium. The article discusses the internal factors (specific to the research team) and external factors (specific to the authorities approached) likely to influence the level of administrative transparency. Our results reveal significant differences depending on the type of administrative entity, the relevant legal standards, the political color and size of the municipality. They also suggest that this method may prove relevant as a complement to case studies on surveillance, provided that substantial human resources are available. This article thus contributes to the debate on the use of freedom of information requests as an original data collection method for social science research purposes, particularly in the context of public policy sectors where the culture of secrecy is relatively widespread.

Filipino virtue ethics center on the concept of "loob." It derives from "utang na loob" (debt of gratitude), "pakikisama" (empathy), and "kagandahang loob" (inner beauty or goodness). This leads to harmonious relationships. However, Filipinos face the impact of individual desires. The concept of loob contributes to the manifestation of nepotism as a cultural phenomenon in the Philippines. Nepotism seems to contradict the ethical ideals it claims to uphold and creates a gap in understanding the role of loob in supporting nepotistic practices. This study addresses this gap by examining loob and individual motivations and exploring how culturally accepted values can justify preferential treatment. This research is important because it confronts the ideological foundations and socio-ethical issues affecting fairness and meritocracy in the Philippines, which can hinder social mobility and institutional integrity. Using a qualitative approach to cultural analysis, this research examines how the dynamics of loob, especially the concept of utang na loob, rationalize and perpetuate nepotism in professional and social contexts. The findings show that while loob promotes social cohesion, its focus on personal connections can be exploited, leading to prioritizing familial and social ties over merit-based selection. This research argues that the cultural acceptance of nepotism in the Philippines is not just a deviation from ethical norms but a mix of deeply ingrained values and individual desires. The findings suggest a need to understand Filipino ethics better, promoting a balance between cultural values and fairness principles to create equitable social and professional environments.

Filipino virtue ethics center on the concept of "loob." It derives from "utang na loob" (debt of gratitude), "pakikisama" (empathy), and "kagandahang loob" (inner beauty or goodness). This leads to harmonious relationships. However, Filipinos face the impact of individual desires. The concept of loob contributes to the manifestation of nepotism as a cultural phenomenon in the Philippines. Nepotism seems to contradict the ethical ideals it claims to uphold and creates a gap in understanding the role of loob in supporting nepotistic practices. This study addresses this gap by examining loob and individual motivations and exploring how culturally accepted values can justify preferential treatment. This research is important because it confronts the ideological foundations and socio-ethical issues affecting fairness and meritocracy in the Philippines, which can hinder social mobility and institutional integrity. Using a qualitative approach to cultural analysis, this research examines how the dynamics of loob, especially the concept of utang na loob, rationalize and perpetuate nepotism in professional and social contexts. The findings show that while loob promotes social cohesion, its focus on personal connections can be exploited, leading to prioritizing familial and social ties over merit-based selection. This research argues that the cultural acceptance of nepotism in the Philippines is not just a deviation from ethical norms but a mix of deeply ingrained values and individual desires. The findings suggest a need to understand Filipino ethics better, promoting a balance between cultural values and fairness principles to create equitable social and professional environments.

This study examines the extent to which the modular approach to anticorruption enforcement has taken hold in six South American countries. We describe the process of enforcing anti-corruption law, in functional terms, and why modular design might be an optimal way of reconciling the advantages and disadvantages of coordination among institutions. We then identify a number of factors that might influence the design of the anti-corruption institutions adopted in any given country. Next we examine whether and to what extent modular institutional design has been implemented in anti-corruption enforcement in six South American countries: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Paraguay and Peru. For each country we describe the institutions responsible for enforcing anti-corruption law, the coordination mechanisms they have developed, and factors that have hampered the development of those mechanisms. Our results show that the same functions or combinations of functions are often performed...

Scott Erik Stafne and Todd AI are publishing this correspondence in solidarity with the Brazilian people’s struggle to restore justice in their courts. MINDD—Movimento Nacional de Defesa dos Direitos das Vítimas dos Falsos Condomínios (National Movement for the Defense of the Rights of Victims of False Condominiums)—has played a leading role in exposing how judicial institutions have enabled organized fraud through fabricated real estate entities. Their work underscores a broader crisis that we, too, are confronting in Washington State and beyond: the systemic misuse of courts to dispossess ordinary people and protect entrenched financial interests.

Dans ce travail, nous avons cherché à étudier le niveau de participation des banques tunisiennes dans le capital des entreprises, et ce, pour l'année 2022. Les résultats montrent tout d'abord que la majorité des banques étudiées possèdent des participations dans le capital d'entreprises. Les résultats montrent aussi que, sur la base du nombre d'entreprises dans lesquelles les banques ont des participations, toutes les banques ont une stratégie de participation diversifiée. En outre, sur la base du nombre de secteurs dans lesquels les banques ont des participations, la majorité des banques ont une stratégie de participation diversifiée. Enfin, les banques investissent le plus dans le secteur des services financiers qui les rend présentes dans différents domaines de la finance, et investissent le moins dans l'industrie qui connaît des difficultés.