Traffic Signal Control

The article discusses the problem of the safety of rail Traffic Control Devices (TCD) in the process of exploitation. Particularly the article presents an analysis of failures of components of railway traffic control devices (TCD) during 12 months throughout Poland and an assessment of the impact of external factors. This article creates the basis of knowledge for modeling the system of station setting devices. the specific results include, among others, an analysis by season and time of occurrence, as well as by meteorological phenomena. The analysis used, among others, such parameters as devastation and theft as well as strictly operational factors. The existence of a relationship between the above factors and the time period of their occurrence was confirmed.

The urban population growth and increase in a number of vehicles have affected the travel demand on Jordan Streets. The study aims to apply the Transportation Demand Management (TDM) policies to reduce the traffic flow in urban areas and improve the Level of Service (LOS). A group of a combination between TDM and Transportation System Management (TSM) strategies have been conducted, when TDM strategies were not successful to improve LOS. TSM concept refers to any group of actions that increase the capacity of roads network. Synchro 8 software was used to analyse the intersection conditions as important point, connecting two main arterial street in Amman area. A significant reduction in delay and fuel consumption was measured, but there was no real enhancement in LOS. The LOS was improved, when traffic demand was reduced by 20% and capacity was increased with 6 lanes on each approach for the existing conditions. The percentage of saving in fuel consumption and delay was observed to be around 64% and 63%, respectively for the next 5 years.

The importance of temperature for the biology and ecology of reptiles is well known. In temperate regions where temperatures fluctuate on a daily and seasonal basis, reptiles must respond appropriately to maintain body temperatures that enable activity. In this study, we describe temporal changes in the thermal environment from January to December in Montenegro and the impact on two species of reptile, Hermann's tortoise, Testudo hermanni, and the large, legless lizard Pseudopus apodus. These reptiles differ in morphology and diet and have a long phylogenetic separation but experience the same thermal environment. To give insight into any impact of these factors on their thermal ecology we calculated monthly thermoregulatory efficiency indexes derived from field body temperatures, set point temperatures-defined as the preferred body temperatures, and temperatures of null models. The results indicated that both species exhibited high thermoregulatory efficiency, with T. hermanni showing the highest levels across the active year and also maintaining higher body temperatures than P. apodus potentially reflecting the dietary and lifestyle differences. During the hottest months, body temperatures of T. hermanni frequently exceeded the set point range but were not exceeded by P. apodus at any time. Microhabitat patches of closely situated sunlight and shaded areas were the most frequently selected patches in both species, with T. hermanni spending greater amounts of time in shaded patches compared to P. apodus. The efficiency indexes, together with data on microhabitat selection, indicated both species moved non-randomly through the environment, selecting appropriate habitat patches and maintaining body temperatures close to the set point range whilst avoiding the dangerously high body temperatures that occur during the hotter months. During the winter months from November to February, the second and third quartiles of the model temperatures fell below the set point range temperatures of both species. This corresponded with their dormant period. In general, the results emphasise the importance of habitat diversity and integrity in reptile ecology and for their conservation.

Traffic congestions in urban networks could contribute to adverse impact on the economy, environment and the quality of life. As a result, much research has been conducted to provide counter measures through traffic-responsive control strategies. These strategies aim to provide automated regulations of traffics through various control and intelligent systems methodologies. This paper provides an overview of control methods such as adaptive control, model-based and store-and-forward approaches for coordinated intersection control, freeway control as well as route-guidance and driver information systems. In addition, intelligent systems methods which include computational intelligence, agent-based and Petri nets are also reviewed with inclusion of some brief examples. The feasibility of these control and intelligent systems approaches is discussed with suggestions for future works.

Disorganized city planning and a huge rise in use of automobiles on the road have caused massive traffic congestion in cities across the world. Pedestrian crossing designed to facilitate movement across the road network, have unfortunately become a hindrance to movements of traffic. Though the smart zebra lines had been introduced, it has not contributed much to reduce the time that holds vehicle lines under the traffic lights. Moreover, the establishment of transfer hubs and underground crossings remain silent in local context because of their cost. Even though there are plenty of pedestrian crossing mechanisms available, they are not secure and not ideal for the disabled, elderly, children, and the sick. Considerable numbers of police officers have to spend their time on traffic controlling duties though it’s inefficient and wastage of human resources. A number of studies have focused on automated vehicles and robots as tools to ease problems of congestion. This paper, it focuses ...

Traffic congestion has increased significantly in today's rapidly urbanizing world, influencing people's daily lives. Traffic signal control systems (TSCSs) play an important role in alleviating congestion by optimizing traffic light timings and improving road efficiency. Yet traditional TSCSs neglected pedestrians, cyclists, and other non-monitored road users, degrading traffic signal optimization (TSO). Therefore, this framework proposes a multiobject-based traffic flow analysis and intensity estimation model for efficient TSO using Upper Confidence Bound Multi-agent Reinforcement Learning Cubic Spline Fuzzy Logic (UCB-MRL-CSFL). Initially, the real-time traffic videos undergo frame conversion and redundant frame removal, followed by preprocessing. Then, the lanes are detected; further, the objects are detected using Temporal Context You Only Look Once (TC-YOLO). Now, the object counting in each lane is carried out using the Cumulative Vehicle Motion Kalman Filter (CVMKF), followed by queue detection using Vehicle Density Mapping (VDM). Next, the traffic flow is analyzed by Feature Variant Optical Flow (FVOF), followed by traffic intensity estimation. Now, based on the siren flashlight colors, emergency vehicles are separated. Lastly, UCB-MRL-CSFL optimizes the Traffic Signals (TSs) based on the separated emergency vehicle, pedestrian information, and traffic intensity. Therefore, the proposed framework outperforms the other conventional methodologies for TSO by considering pedestrians, cyclists, and so on, with higher computational efficiency (94.45%).

Image Morphing is one of the most powerful Digital Image processing technique, which is used to enhance many multimedia projects, presentations, education and computer based training. It is also used in medical imaging field to recover features not visible in images by establishing correspondence of features among successive pair of scanned images. This paper discuss what morphing is and implementation of Triangulation based morphing Technique and Feature based Image Morphing. IT analyze both morphing techniques in terms of different attributes such as computational complexity, Visual quality of morph obtained and complexity involved in selection of features.

This study aimed to improve the operational performance of two closely-located intersections, Keshar Mahal and Durbar Marg, in Kathmandu, Nepal. The current traffic management system was causing long queue lengths, spillback and cumulative delays at both intersections. Using advanced lane-based micro-analytical tools such as SIDRA INTERSECTION, simulations were conducted to evaluate different phase configurations and signal timing strategies under isolated and coordinated conditions for both pretimed and actuated signalization. The results revealed that pretimed signal coordination with an optimal network signal cycle was the most effective option. This strategy resulted in a 33.4% reduction in total travel time, a 48.8% decrease in total control delay, and an average control delay reduction of 49.2%. Additionally, it led to significant improvements in intersection performance, including a 62.1% decrease in the 95th percentile back of queue at the Keshar Mahal intersection and a 13.9% decrease at the Durbar Marg intersection. The study also compared the results to the existing network in terms of individual intersection performance and network-wide performance, showing the potential benefits of the proposed strategy in improving traffic flow and reducing delays at the intersections.

This project proposes a Density-Based Traffic Control and Monitoring System utilizing computer vision to optimize traffic flow and reduce congestion. Traditional traffic control systems rely on fixed timers, leading to inefficiencies during peak hours. The proposed system uses real-time video feeds from traffic cameras to analyze vehicle density at intersections. Advanced image processing algorithms detect the number of vehicles in each lane and adjust traffic signal timings dynamically, ensuring smoother traffic flow. The system also includes a monitoring feature that provides live traffic updates and records data for further analysis, helping authorities make informed decisions. By leveraging computer vision, the system enhances traffic management efficiency, reduces waiting times, and contributes to safer road conditions.

Traffic Signal Countdown Timers (TSCT) are devices installed at signalized intersections to inform drivers about
the remaining time for signal change. These timers are intended to improve the decision-making process of drivers,
reduce red light violations (RLVs), and enhance intersection efficiency. This research evaluates the influence of
TSCT on traffic safety and operational efficiency at three intersections in Hyderabad using SIDRA Intersection
software. The findings show that countdown timers contribute to reduced delays, lower degrees of saturation,
shorter queue lengths, and fewer red-light violations, ultimately improving the Level of Service (LOS) at
intersections

This paper presents an integrated conceptual framework for the description of the components and interactions of transportation systems. The abstraction presented makes use of the notions of procedures (mappings) and steady-state equilibria. Key elements of the conceptual framework include demand, performance and supply &ions procedures. Combinations of the procedures are used to present the distinct but interrelated concepts of demand-performance, demand-performance-supply and demandsupply equilibria.

Road traffic congestion in modern cities has become essential problem which need to be solved. To solve this problem, we have proposed a dynamic traffic light controller system based on image processing. Images (the road-images) used in this research are taken by digital camera placed at fixed position in the traffic-light with specific resolution and distance. The taken images will be analyzed to identify the traffic load. To perform image analysis, at first, we will extract the foreground objects from the image, and remove noisy small objects. In the next step, find cars-queue length on the road depending on the distance between the two end points on the road lane. To measure the queue length, edge detection and segmentation are needed. Finally, we suggest an equation to find out the estimated time and actual time to determine the estimated time reference for optic Green. Road-Images are classified into two types, high density images and low density images, depending on number of ...

Streszczenie: Praca ma na celu zbadanie i porównanie regulatorów PID o parametrach uzyskanych w wyniku optymalizacji wybranych wskaźników jakości pod kątem właściwości generowanych sygnałów sterujących. Punktem wyjścia do analizy są symulacje przeprowadzone w środowisku MATLAB przeprowadzone dla pięciu obiektów (z czterech klas) na sześciu typach wskaźników. Przedstawiono w szczegółach zastosowane metody i wykorzystane algorytmy. W pracy prezentowane są otrzymane w trakcie optymalizacji nastawy regulatorów PID, przebiegi sygnałów procesowych w badanych układach regulacji oraz obliczone parametry sygnałów sterujących, a także sformułowane na podstawie badań obserwacje i wnioski.

1First Systems Architecture Team, Laboratory of Research in Engineering, University Hassan II Casablanca ENSEM Casablanca 20200, Morocco 2Laboratory of Mechanical Engineering, Industrial Management and Innovation (IMMII) Hassan I University, FST of Settat, B.P. 577, Settat, Morocco. ---------------------------------------------------------------------***--------------------------------------------------------------------Abstract Road congestion problems are becoming more complicated. This is because of static management of the traffic lights. Reinforcement Learning RL is an artificial intelligence approach that enables adaptive real-time control at intersections. RL allows vehicles to cross faster and minimize waiting times in the roadways. The objective of this article is to examine and test the different action selection techniques using the Q-learning algorithm in a case study. We will also present the different signal control systems based on RL, as well as the theoretical frame...

Traffic congestion is a severe problem in many major cities across the world and it has become a nightmare for the people in these cities. Traffic can be controlled in several main junctions by incorporating either automatic traffic light control or traffic police. Conventional traffic light system is based on fixed time concept allotted to each side of the junction which cannot to be varied as per varying traffic density. At some times, priority of traffic light needs to be changed based on number of vehicles moving on road, and emergency vehicles like fire brigades, very important person vehicles and ambulance vehicles etc. We propose to design and develop a density based traffic signal system. The signal changes automatically on sensing the traffic density at the junction. The prototype model including Infrared sensors and Arduino, which helps to overcome the limitations of traffic congestion over time based traffic control system.

Traffic signal control plays a pivotal role in intelligent transportation systems, directly affecting urban mobility, congestion mitigation, and environmental sustainability. As traffic networks become more dynamic and complex, traditional strategies such as fixed-time and actuated control increasingly fall short in addressing real-time variability. In response, adaptive signal control-powered predominantly by reinforcement learning-has emerged as a promising data-driven solution for optimizing signal operations in evolving traffic environments. The current review presents a comprehensive analysis of high-impact reinforcement-learning-based traffic signal control methods, evaluating their contributions across numerous key dimensions: methodology type, multi-agent architectures, reward design, performance evaluation, baseline comparison, network scale, practical applicability, and simulation platforms. Through a systematic examination of the most influential studies, the review identifies dominant trends, unresolved challenges, and strategic directions for future research. The findings underscore the transformative potential of RL in enabling intelligent, responsive, and sustainable traffic management systems, marking a significant shift toward next-generation urban mobility solutions.

Die Verantwortlichen für Verkehrsmanagement und -sicherheit in Städten und auf Autobahnen setzen zukünftig zunehmend auf die Vernetzung von Fahrzeugen und der Infrastruktur. So lassen sich – bedingt durch die schnelle Informationsverbreitung mittels Fahrzeug-zu-Fahrzeug-Kommunikation – Hindernisse oder andere potenzielle Gefahren früher erkennen oder mittels Infrastruktur-zu-Fahrzeug-Kommunikation Fahrer individuell in ihrer Routenwahl beeinflussen. Das „sprechende Auto“ wird immer wieder intensiv diskutiert und ist aktuell Gegenstand vieler Forschungsprojekte. Die reibungslose Einbindung solcher kommunizierender Fahrzeuge in die Verkehrssteuerung erfordert vermehrt ein entsprechendes kooperatives Umfeld – auch auf Infrastrukturseite. Bevor jedoch entsprechende Investitionen getätigt werden, ist zuerst der Nachweis einer verkehrlichen Wirksamkeit der einzelnen Systeme zu erbringen. Vor diesem Himntergrund ist es wichtig, verschiedene verkehrlich wirk same Applikationen, die auf koop...

Kebutuhan untuk otomatisasi perpustakaan dan peningkatan layanan mandiri dan sirkulasi otomatis, data sirkulasi transaksi pengembalian koleksi perpustakaan pada database RFID Book Drop harus terintegrasi dengan data sirkulasi pada database Senayan Library Management Sistem (SLiMS). Untuk mewujudnya, diperlukan sinkronisasi database agar dapat mengatur jalanya proses integrasi data, membutuhkan middleware yang dapat mengatur hubungan keterkaitan dari setiap objek database yang dimiliki. Metode event-driven sebuah arsitektur kerja pada prototype middleware untuk melacak data disaat ada peristiwa perubahan dalam database. Penelitian ini membangun prototipe middleware berbasis metode event-driven untuk sinkronisasi database RFID Book Drop dan SLiMS. Graphical User Interface middleware untuk melakukan konfigurasi pemetaan objek database yang disinkronkan. Database pada middleware untuk menyimpan hasil setting konfigurasi. Integrasi data dijalankan dengn ketentuan setiap ada peristiwa per...

In General, the traffic light system only used certain amount of time to regulate vehicle traffic with the same time format for each intersection. The number of vehicles at each intersection is not always the same, there is a very crowded intersection and there is a lonely intersection of vehicles, but the timing of the traffic light remains the same at each intersection. So there is often a buildup of vehicles on one side of the road that culminates in congestion. This study focuses on the development of smart traffic light systems using Arduino Mega 2560 AT Mega 2560 microcontroller which will automatically work based on the number of vehicles and the sensor which used to count the number of vehicles that passing through each inersection is ultrasonic sensors. On the application, ultrasonic sensors will calculate the number of vehicles at the time the intersection enables the red lamp. The number of vehicles that detected by the sensors will be converted into long green lights, th...

Arterials are important transportation facilities, undertaking the two functions of mobility and accessibility. In the urban area, signalized intersections along arterials are usually closely spaced and bear heavy traffic pressure. Capacities of intersections can be reduced by downstream intersections even without having spillback. This effect will be accumulated and amplified back along the traffic direction and may lead to severe congestion in the upstream intersection which can be frequently observed, especially during peak hours. However, existing traffic simulators cannot capture this phenomenon accurately because they ignore the capacity drop before spillback happens. In this study, downstream influence is quantified by a virtual optimal speed ( vop). vop is the speed by which the upstream platoon reaches the endpoint of the queue ahead when the last vehicle in the downstream queue just starts. Based on that, two piecewise regression models, for start-up lost time and saturati...

Intersections are considered one of the most important components of road networks, and contribute directly to reducing travel distances between regions, but high traffic flow rates at intersections cause increased delay times and the possibility of traffic accidents, so traffic is controlled using one of the known means; priority signs - stop signs - traffic lights. This research paper focuses on intersections controlled by traffic lights. Intersections organized by traffic lights are the most widely used to control traffic in cities, and the analysis and design of the traffic light system depends on several factors. The operational performance of intersections is affected by road characteristics, traffic type, and surrounding conditions. The paper aims to analyze the traffic performance of intersections organized by traffic lights according to the analytical method followed by Highway Capacity Manual (HCM) then verify the results by applying them to a number of existing intersections; to provide a file that facilitates the process of analyzing any type of intersections equipped with traffic lights and with traffic lanes that are not completely separated. The method is to study the steps of analyzing intersections equipped with traffic lights approved by the American code HCM, and apply them to Microsoft Excel 2010 using the same equations and on the same worksheets specified in the code. This work results in providing an integrated system ready for direct use to analyze any type of intersections equipped with traffic lights on roads with non-fully separated lanes. It can be said that the program saves time and makes it easier for the engineer in charge of projects to analyze the intersections he works on, which are similar to the intersections studied in this research and thus obtain quick and accurate results.

Progression schemes are commonly used by traftlc engineers for the coordination of traffic signals on arterial streets. Commonly available programs use the traditional approach which consists of a uniform bandwidth design for each arterial. The multi-band criterion, on the other hand, enables us to adapt the progressions to the specific characteristics of each link in the network and thus to obtain improved performance. In this paper we describe the development and application of the multi-band signal optimization scheme in multiarterial grid networks. The proposed model optimizes all the signal control variables, including phase lengths, offsets, cycle time and phase sequences and generates variable bandwidth progressions on each arterial in the network.

Kepadatan lalu lintas menjadi masalah yang sering dijumpai di berbagai daerah di Indonesia. Pada umumnya kepadatan lalu lintas terjadi di persimpangan lalu lintas dikarenakan antrian dari setiap arah persimpangan. Keadaan tersebut bisa sangat berbahaya bagi beberapa jenis kendaraan seperti mobil Ambukance dan pemadam kebakaran. Mobil ambulance dan pemadam kebakaran sering sekali terjebak kepadatan lalu lintas karena pengguna jalan kerap tidak peduli terhadap tata tertib lalu lintas. Pengguna jalan sering menutupi zona-zona yang tidak boleh ditempati pada persimpangan lalu lintas dan juga tidak memberi jalan kepada mobil yang sudah menyalakan sirine. Dalam permasalahan ini, penulis menggagas sebuah sistem otomasi untuk lampu-lampu lalu lintas. Penelitian dilakukan dengan cara melakukan survei lapangan dan wawancara. Setelah semua data pendukung terpenuhi dilanjutkan dengan perakitan sistem otomasi menggunakan Arduino dan modul nRF24L01+ sebagai alat komunikasi antar persimpangan Untu...

Signalized intersections are critical elements of the highway system, thus improving the attitude of these intersections significantly influences the overall operating performance of the highways in respect of delay and level of service (LOS). Reduction in capacity and increase in delay at signalized intersections could be a reflection of poor signal timing as well as inadequate road geometry variables. A better comprehension of the reasons that affect signalized intersections performance can be useful in reducing delay and improving the LOS. This study aims toreview some of thepublished works on the evaluation of traffic operation at signalized intersections using both Highway Capacity Manual 2010 (HCM 2010) and several optimization software. Different approaches were used to identify the main input data (traffic volume data, geometric characteristics, and signal timing) required for the HCM and different optimization proposals including video recording technique and field survey. The outcomes of thepublished investigations indicated to improve the operational performance of these intersections including cycle length, adding lanes, creating overpass, prohibiting approach traffic from the intersection, and a combination of some proposals.The research also seeks to add tothis review the limitations of using different software suchas SYNCHRO, CORSIM, HCS, SIDRAand the considerable variability of delays and LOS using these software's so that it may be updated for future experimental and simulation investigations on signalized intersections.

Coping with dynamic changes in traffic volume has been the object of recent publications. Recently, a method was proposed, which is capable of learning in non-stationary scenarios via an approach to detect context changes. For particular scenarios such as the traffic control one, the performance of that method is better than a greedy strategy, as well as other reinforcement learning approaches, such as Q-learning and Prioritized Sweeping. The goal of the present paper is to assess the feasibility of applying the above mentioned approach in a more realistic scenario, implemented by means of a microscopic traffic simulator. We intend to show that to use of context detection is suitable to deal with noisy scenarios where non-stationarity occurs not only due to the changing volume of vehicles, but also because of the random behavior of drivers in what regards the operational task of driving (e.g. deceleration probability). The results confirm the tendencies already detected in the previous paper, although here the increase in noise makes the learning task much more difficult, and the correct separation of contexts harder.

Prithivi Chowk, a heavily trafficked signalized intersection in Pokhara, Nepal, currently relies on manual traffic control, leading to significant issues during peak hours. This study employs the Highway Capacity Manual (HCM) methodology to evaluate the intersection's performance, aiming to address congestion and recommend improvements. Data collected from July 10-12, 2023, during peak hours, indicated traffic volumes of 6369.5 PCU/h in the morning and 6275.5 PCU/h in the evening, demonstrating over-saturation. The analysis included 12 vehicular and 4 pedestrian directions, with peak hour factors of 0.942 and 0.954, respectively. Initial assessments of three lane configurations and signal phasing plans revealed all phase plans exceeded capacity, resulting in a Level of Service (LOS) 'F'. Subsequent evaluations involved geometric enhancements, such as adding lanes. Increasing lanes in the Eastbound Through, Northbound Right Turn, and Westbound Right Turn directions significantly improved performance, achieving LOS 'D' in the third iteration of Phase Plan I. Optimal signal timings were designed using the Webster method, resulting in cycle lengths of 123 seconds for the morning peak and 116 seconds for the evening peak.The study highlights critical challenges and proposes targeted measures to enhance traffic flow at Prithivi Chowk, offering valuable contributions to transportation engineering and urban planning in Nepal. These findings emphasize the need for systematic traffic management improvements to mitigate congestion and enhance intersection performance.

Urban traffic congestion has become a major problem worldwide, leading to long delays, wasted fuel, and harmful
emissions. Traditional traffic light systems, which often run on fixed cycles or rely on basic sensors, struggle to manage
the flow effectively, especially during rush hours or in busy city centers. This paper presents a smarter, AI-powered traffic
control system designed to ease these issues by adapting to real-time traffic conditions at intersections.
Using live video feeds from CCTV cameras at intersections, the system leverages computer vision and machine learning
techniques to monitor traffic density. The YOLO (You Only Look Once) algorithm identifies and categorizes vehicles—
such as cars, buses, and motorcycles—in each lane. Based on the number and type of vehicles present, the system adjusts
green light timings dynamically to prioritize lanes with heavier traffic and reduce waiting times in others. In testing, this
adaptive approach improved intersection efficiency by around 23% compared to standard fixed-timer systems.
Built to work with existing infrastructure, this cost-effective solution minimizes extra hardware needs by using CCTV
cameras already in place, making it a scalable option for cities of various sizes. In the future, this system could also
support features like accident detection, emergency vehicle prioritization, and synchronized signals across multiple
intersections, creating smoother traffic flows citywide. This AI-driven solution not only enhances traffic management but
also helps reduce pollution and energy use, offering a more sustainable approach to urban mobility.

Traffic congestion has become a great challenge and a large burden on both the governments and the citizens in vastly populated cities. The main problem, originally initiated by several factors, continues to threaten the stability of modern cities and the livelihood of its habitants. Hence, improving the control strategies that govern the traffic operations is a powerful solution that can solve the congestion problem. These improvements can be achieved by enhancing the traffic control performance through adjusting the traffic signal timings. This paper focuses on finding various solutions for the addressed problem through the optimization using simulation of traffic signal timings under oversaturated conditions. The system under study is an actual road network in Alexandria, Egypt; where, numerous data have been collected in different time intervals. A series of computer simulation models to represent the actual system as well as proposed solutions have been developed using the Exte...

The number of vehicles in the cities are greatly increasing every day by day. This results to accidents at crossroads and due to emission of dangerous gases from exhausts as a result of over congestion of vehicles. This issue of over congestion of vehicles in one or two directions having red light while the other ends are free and having green lights forms a greater part of interest in this paper. This paper describes a design approach to solve this problem in a four-way traffic system. The intended system checks the direction having larger concentration of vehicles and shows green light to the direction. Vehicle detection system is interfaced with Arduino mega microcontroller board and positioned in all the directions of a junction. The entire system is designed and simulated using Proteus workbench. The paper concludes with some highlights of future works and other useful remarks..

One of the main issues with wireless sensor networks (WSNs) is communication efficiency to reduce power consumption. This is often achieved through data routing with aggregation. However, aggregation does not consider possible measurements correlation. This a priori information can be used for data fusion, in order to remove correlation of transmitted data, thus reducing amount of information to be transmitted. In this paper we explore different information processing strategy for state estimation of dynamic linear systems in the context of rooted wireless sensor networks. We propose three data fusion methods: standard measurement aggregation, measurement fusion, and fusion of partial state estimates. These strategies are specifically designed to include possible delayed or dropped packets. Finally, they are compared in term of power consumption efficiency, estimation accuracy, computational and memory complexity, showing tradeoffs between these metrics. Recent advances in low-power analog and digital electronics have enabled mass production of small sensor nodes with sensing, computation, and communication capabilities. This has spurred a substantial amount of research on wireless sensor networks (WSNs) over the past few years. For ease of deployment, sensor devices should be inexpensive, small, and have a long lifetime, which requires the development of very efficient software and hardware solutions. For this reason, protocols for sensor networks should be carefully designed so as to make the most efficient use of the limited resources in terms of energy, computation, and storage. In this paper we focus on an important aspect of sensor networks, namely in-network data aggregation and fusion. These techniques allow to trade off communication and computational complexity for estimation performance. The basic principle is that local computation often consumes significantly less energy than communication. In typical sensor network scenarios, data is collected by sensor nodes throughout some area, and needs to be made available at some central sink node(s), where it is processed, analyzed, and then used for some decision making process. In many cases, data generated by different sensors can be jointly processed while being forwarded towards the sink, e.g., by fusing together sensor readings related to the same event or physical quantity, or by locally processing raw data before

One of the main issues with wireless sensor networks (WSNs) is communication efficiency to reduce power consumption. This is often achieved through data routing with aggregation. However, aggregation does not consider possible measurements correlation. This a priori information can be used for data fusion, in order to remove correlation of transmitted data, thus reducing amount of information to be transmitted. In this paper we explore different information processing strategy for state estimation of dynamic linear systems in the context of rooted wireless sensor networks. We propose three data fusion methods: standard measurement aggregation, measurement fusion, and fusion of partial state estimates. These strategies are specifically designed to include possible delayed or dropped packets. Finally, they are compared in term of power consumption efficiency, estimation accuracy, computational and memory complexity, showing tradeoffs between these metrics. Recent advances in low-power analog and digital electronics have enabled mass production of small sensor nodes with sensing, computation, and communication capabilities. This has spurred a substantial amount of research on wireless sensor networks (WSNs) over the past few years. For ease of deployment, sensor devices should be inexpensive, small, and have a long lifetime, which requires the development of very efficient software and hardware solutions. For this reason, protocols for sensor networks should be carefully designed so as to make the most efficient use of the limited resources in terms of energy, computation, and storage. In this paper we focus on an important aspect of sensor networks, namely in-network data aggregation and fusion. These techniques allow to trade off communication and computational complexity for estimation performance. The basic principle is that local computation often consumes significantly less energy than communication. In typical sensor network scenarios, data is collected by sensor nodes throughout some area, and needs to be made available at some central sink node(s), where it is processed, analyzed, and then used for some decision making process. In many cases, data generated by different sensors can be jointly processed while being forwarded towards the sink, e.g., by fusing together sensor readings related to the same event or physical quantity, or by locally processing raw data before

Recent years has shown that many fast Block Matching Algorithm or BMAs have been proposed and developed that can further reduce the computational cost while maintaining the video signal quality. In this project, a new algorithm called Diamond-Orthogonal Search (DOS) is proposed which employs small diamond search pattern and orthogonal shape in its search steps. Additional step to predetermine static block at initial stage is added to further speed up the search which beneficial to small motion video sequence contents. The proposed algorithm and several established algorithms, namely Full Search (FS), Three-Step Search (TSS) and Hexagon-Diamond Search (HDS) are implemented using MATLAB and their performance are being compared and analyzed in terms of peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR), and number of search points. Simulation result shows that motion vectors can be find with fewer number of search points while maintaining close video quality performance with other selected algorithm

Agradeço aos meus amigos todo apoio e ajuda ao longo desta tese. Um agradecimento individual ao André Vilaça, por numa conversa informal ter-me dado a conhecer o tema da Gestão Dinâmica de Velocidades, nomeadamente a sua aplicação em Espanha, Barcelona, despertando em mim a curiosidade sobre este tema. Uma palavra especial à Catarina Sampaio, pelo companheirismo, ajuda e paciência. Acompanhou-me sempre durante a realização deste trabalho. Aos meus pais também agradeço, que fizeram de mim aquilo que sou e sempre ensinaram-me a trabalhar e a lutar pelos meus objetivos.

Di era modern pertumbuhan penduduk semakin meningkat, dengan meningkatnya jumlah penduduk maka meningkat pula pengguna alat transportasi sehingga menyebabkan kemacetan di jalan raya. Persimpangan jalan merupakan konsentrasi permasalaan lalu lintas yang menjadi salah satu penyebab utama kemacetan lalu lintas di perkotaan hal ini karena persimpangan merupakan tempat berpindahnya mobil dari ruas jalan satu ke ruas jalan yang lainnya. Lampu pengatur lalu lintas merupakan lampu yang digunakan untuk menertibkan pengguna jalan yang melintasi persimpangan jalan, tetapi kebanyakan lampu pengatur lalu lintas tidak berjalan secara optimal karena pembagian jatah lampu untuk masing-masing ruas tidak optimal sehingga menyebabkan kemacetan lalu lintas. Pada penelitian ini diusulkan sebuah metode Algoritma Genetika untuk optimasi nyala lampu pengatur lalu lintas dengan tujuan mendapatkan kombinasi nyala lampu pengatur lalu lintas yang optimal pada masing-masing ruas jalan berdasarkan rata – rata to...

Traffic adaptive control for oversaturated intersections ͑TACOS͒ is a hybrid optimization and rule-based strategy that addresses weaknesses of existing adaptive control strategies by having attributes such as: ͑1͒ the information used for decision-making is not dependent on forecasts; ͑2͒ intersection utilization is used explicitly in the objective function; ͑3͒ phase sequencing is optimized; and ͑4͒ operational anomalies are detected and responded to. A new intersection simulator that emulates NETSIM, INTEGRATION, and TACOS was developed to compare TACOS with pretimed and actuated control strategies. Demand scenarios consisted of light to heavy flow, cyclical arrivals, and arrivals with an upstream incident. Throughput-to-demand ratio, speed, delay, queue time, and percent stops were examined. Traffic adaptive control for oversaturated intersections showed significant improvements over pretimed and actuated control in terms of all examined measures of effectiveness under all flow scenarios. Demanding parameter specifications required in other adaptive control strategies are unnecessary in TACOS.

Объектом анализа является релейная защита и автоматика района параллельных линий 110кВ «Анжерская – Разъезд 3704» Кузбасской энергосистемы Цель работы: анализ имеющегося оборудования защиты параллельных линий 110кВ, уставок защиты и согласованность степеней. В процессе исследования составлена схема замещения; рассмотрен состав защит линий и силовых трансформаторов; рассчитаны уставки и чувствительность защищаемой линии; обсуждены результаты выполненной работы. В результате исследования была рассмотрена релейная защита и автоматика параллельной линии 110кВ «АнжерсThe object of analysis is the relay protection and automation area of ​​parallel lines 110 "Anzherskaya - Departure of 3704" Kuzbass power system. Objective: To analyze the existing equipment protection of parallel lines of 110 kV, protection settings and consistency degrees The study is made equivalent circuit; considered part of protection lines and power transformers; designed set point and the sensitivity of th...

In this paper, the link transmission model (LTM) is extended to include the effects of variable speed limits (VSL) and consequently to provide variable speed limit control for traffic networks modeled by LTM. The LTM has recently been developed for route assignment, but in this paper the LTM is modified to be used for control purposes. By this we achieve a model that provides a balanced trade-off between accuracy and computational complexity, and hence it is useful for on-line model-based traffic control. Nevertheless, the extension of the model for ramp metering and speed limit control needs careful attention. Since the LTM lacks explicit velocity equations focus is on other potential sources that could imitate the influences of VSL. The delays inside the model are manipulated in order to achieve the mentioned goal. Moreover, we take into account different situations that may occur in reality based on changes in VSL and different traffic conditions. Finally, the total extensions ar...

A vision-based intelligent traffic control system is a robust framework that controls the traffic flow in real-time by estimating the traffic density near traffic lights. In this paper, a traffic light control system based on fuzzy Qlearning is proposed according to the vehicle density and the pedestrian number estimated from the visual information. The aim of proposed approach is to minimize the pedestrian and the car waiting time and maximize throughput for an isolated 4-way traffic intersection. Also, the pedestrian traffic light is controlled based on the fuzzy logic. The states and actions of the Q-learning variables are set by a fuzzy algorithm which can be learned through environmental interactions. The system can detect the number of pedestrians and vehicles using visual information from cameras and machine vision algorithms. The fuzzy control system can adjust the sequence of green phases to decrease the total waiting time and the mean of the queue length. The proposed algorithm was simulated for one hour for each of 14 different traffic conditions and was assessed and compared with the preset cycle time and vehicle actuated approaches. The results showed the proposed algorithm could decrease the total waiting time and the mean of the queue length effectively.

Выявлены и обоснованы причины, препятствующие адекватной настройке УВ ПАРТ. Сформулирована и обоснована концепция всережимного моделирования ЭЭС и применение которой позволяет осуществить адекватную, реальным условиям, настройку УВ ПАРТ. Разработана и протестирована методика адекватной, реальным условиям, всережимной настройки УВ ПАРТ.Revealed and substantiated the reasons that impede the adequate adjustment of the FVC. The concept of all-mode modeling of EPS is formulated and substantiated, and its application allows for an adequate, real conditions, adjustment of the FVC. Developed and tested a methodology for adequate, real conditions, all-mode setting of the FVC

This paper is a complete survey of different image processing techniques and large number of related application in diverse disciplines, including medical, pedestrian protection, biometrics, moving object tracking, vehicle detection and monitoring and Traffic queue detection algorithm for processing various real time image processing challenges. Techniques discussed are FPGA, Focal plane, cloud, segmentation, edge detection, A 3 methodology, SUREengine, corner detection. At last we relate various techniques with application areas and also explain their future scope. We intend this paper to be useful to researchers and practitioners interested in real time image processing.

Efisiensi adalah perbandingan yang terbaik antara input (masukan) dan output (hasil antara keutungan dengan sumber-sumber yang dipergunakan), seperti halnya juga hasil optimal yang dicapai dengan penggunaan sumber yang terbatas SP. Hasibuan (2007). Pengoperasian jumlah gardu yang berlebihan akan terjadi ketidakefisienan dimana waktu menganggur petugas gardu menjadi lebih besar dan pengeluaran perusahaan juga menjadi lebih besar yang mengakibatkan kerugian perusahaan dalam pengeluaran keuangan salah satunya yang terjadi pada gerbang tol Serang Timur. Oleh karena itu diperlukan fasilitas pelayanan yang optimal agar pelayanan tidak tertunda dan tidak menimbulkan pengeluaran biaya yang berlebihan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan efisiensi gardu dilihat dari minimnya tingkat antrian pada saat peak hour, selain itu mengetahui berapa banyak jumlah gardu yang seharusnya digunakan pada tiap jamnya, dan menghitung lama waktu kendaraan berada didalam sistem setelah dilakukan perbai...

Traffic congestion has emerged as a crucial issue in
urban cities, especially at signalized intersections, causing long
queues, more travel times and environmental problems. The
effectiveness of the road system is heavily dependent on the
performance of signalized intersections. This research focuses on
the Al-Salmani signalized intersection in Benghazi city as a case
study to highlight the delay and level of service (LOS) issues
prevalent in Benghazi intersections. The intersection holds
considerable importance within the traffic system of Benghazi city
due to its strategic location at the eastern entrance, adjacent to the
city center. The aim of this paper is to optimize traffic operations
in Al-Salmani signalized intersection by examining three proposed
scenarios including modifications in cycle length, heavy vehicle
restriction and additional lane construction. Synchro 11
simulation software is used to evaluate and improve the delay and
LOS at the intersection. The result of this study indicates that the
intersection is operating under the unsuitable condition with LOS
(F). Furthermore, the results highlighted that the second and third
scenarios showed significant reductions in delay and LOS. The
reduction in delay is more evidenced in scenario 3 with an
improvement in LOS from F to B.

This paper presents a simple and new method for detecting valve stiction in an oscillating control loop. The method is based on the calculation of areas before and after the peak of an oscillating signal. The proposed method is intuitive, requires very little computational effort, and is easy to implement online. Analytical results are derived to show the theoretical basis of the new method and field results are presented to show its effectiveness on real world control loops.

This paper presents a simple and new method for detecting valve stiction in an oscillating control loop. The method is based on the calculation of areas before and after the peak of an oscillating signal. The proposed method is intuitive, requires very little computational effort, and is easy to implement online. Analytical results are derived to show the theoretical basis of the new method and field results are presented to show its effectiveness on real world control loops.

In this paper, we propose the concept of partial stability instead of that of global stability to deal with the stability issues of epidemic models. The partial stability is able to provide a more meaningful analysis of the problem since it only focuses on the behavior of some of the variables (infected and infectious) instead of the complete population. It has been shown that the vaccination free SEIR model can still be partially stable even when a globally stability property does not hold, for two types of nonlinear incidence rates. By introducing the concept of partial stability and by designing a control vaccination based on it. Guarantee the eradication of an epidemic disease without requiring the global stability of the epidemic model

In this paper, synchronization of heart follower oscillator which has lower frequency AV with heart leader oscillator which has dominant frequency SA will be studied. It can be seen if two nodes SA and AV are not synchronized, different types of cardiac blocking arrhythmias occur. Thus, in this paper, beside putting voltage to node SA, by applying time delay in bi-oscillator model of heart system and designing appropriate controller via linear and adaptive methods, we try to prevent blocking arrhythmias of heart. Finally, we apply Lyapanuv stability theorem for ensuring convergence.

Traffic is the major problem which every country faces because of the increase in number of vehicles throughout the world, particularly in large urban areas. Therefore the need arises for simulating and optimizing traffic control algorithms to better accommodate this increasing demand. Fuzzy optimization deals with finding the values of input parameters of a complex simulated system which result in desired output. Traditional techniques may require an enormous amount of simulation runs to evaluate the system. Describes, design and implementation of an intelligent traffic lights control system based on fuzzy logic technology. Software has been developed in MATLAB to simulate the situation of an isolated traffic junction based on fuzzy logic. Simulation results show that the fuzzy logic controller has better performance and is more cost effective than fixed time controller. Moreover, Fuzzy optimization is more flexible than Traditional techniques.