Traditional Cookstoves

Objective: The main objective this study is to assess factors contributing to combustion and non-combustion related indoor air pollutants exposure and related prevalence of respiratory health problem among women and young children in Seka town. Methods: The study used a household-based cross-sectional study design from May 1-30, 2017. A systematic random sampling technique was used to select the 341 households included in the survey. The survey instrument was specific structured questionnaire that was adapted from WHO guidelines for survey of household fuel use indoor spray and acute respiratory infections. Concentration of total suspended particles(TSP) was measured in small subset of 34(10%) sampled households during the cooking and non-cooking hours using SKC 52 model air sampling pump .The survey data was analyzed by using a software package SPSS version 20.Logistic regression analysis was used to determine the association of household fuel using characteristics to ARI and descriptive statistics such as frequency distributions and measure of central tendencies were used to describe concentrations of total suspended particulates. Results: The finding from the survey analysis shows that 332 (97.4%) of mothers were exposed to indoor air pollution during cooking. Majority of the respondents 271 (79.5%) had poor ventilation and 149 (43.7%) were reported that they used indoor spray unsafely. However, 67.2% of them reported as they do not know how to apply indoor spray. As a result 66% of the respondents did not close food items during the spray and 73.3% of them close windows and doors during spray. The study found an indoor total suspended particulate matter (TSP) concentration7881.6 µg/m 3 during cooking. This was about 1.4 times when compared to non-cooking time. The study found statistically strong significant association with mother's education status 1.58 times more to develop respiratory health problems and also small kitchen size, kitchen ventilation, have strong significances 1.57 and 1.62 times respectively the occurrence of respiratory health problems. The Type of fuel for cooking, Time of spent on cooking and mothers' level of knowledge on effect of indoor air pollution also strong significances 1.71,1.80 and 2.0 times respectively association with respiratory health problems development. Conclusion: Housing and kitchen characteristics, type of fuels and stoves are the main factors contributing to increased indoor air pollutant concentration and to increased prevalence of respiratory health problems.

Responsive to contribute in reducing the ill effect of indoor air pollution that claims millions of lives of women and children in biomass dependent households from developing countries including Philippines. The vertical fed biomass cookstove that BPSU developed was further tested using different pot set ups; the sunken pot, top fitted and open-fired. Following standard test like water boiling test (WBT), controlled cooking Test (CCT), CO, CO2, Particulate Matter 10 and 2.5 and fuel consumption rate (FCR) was carried out. Better Heat utilization efficiency was recorded for the two stoves under sunken and top fitted set up compared to open fired set up. No significant differences were noted between the three (3) set ups for the two stove in terms of WBT, CCT, CO2 and CO emission. However, FCR for of the stoves for the pot set ups are significant making the sunken and top fitted a better way to position the pot during cooking. Evidence showed that pot under open fired set up emission was way beyond the US EPA threshold for good Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) making more hazardous compared to the sunken pot and top fitted set up with emissions lower the threshold for good Indoor Air Quality. Prioritizing good health in the household, the developed cookstove by BPSU will ensure to produce less emission that can affect the well-being of the user. This will lead as well in getting an affordable product due to less cost of production, while producing a cleaner energy from it, compare to the traditional biomass cookstove. According to World Health Organization (WHO) report in 2016, Philippines has earned the distinction of having the region's second biggest number of deaths due to indoor air pollution, data gathered by the world health agency showed that close to 84 deaths per 100,000 Filipino population were recorded. https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/987262/ph-ranks-2nd-in-asiapacific-in-deaths-due-to-household-pollution

POLC-03 This study explores the factors that impact choice of cooking fuel, in our case, Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) among the urban poor in India. In earlier studies multiple socio-economic and market related factors (e.g. distribution and pricing), are discussed as determinants of which ultimately determine the cooking fuel choice of household. However, no clear or integrated models exist. This study focuses on household characteristics that can impact cooking fuel choice. Primary data collection was carried out in 3036 households in three urban-slums of Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India and was used as a sample for the study. The analysis revealed that along with income, the social status and other household characteristics are important in determining the cooking fuel choice. A major finding of the study is that unaffordability is not the single most criteria. The cooking fuel choice of a family is basically a function of external and household specific factors.

Cooking with solid fuels like charcoal is prevalent among households in Sierra Leone. These have resulted in significant release of emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), and particulate matter whose aerodynamic diameter is less than or equal 2.5 µm (PM2.5). The study conducted a Water Boiling Test (WBT experiment on Wonder and Metal stoves, using charcoal from selected trees: abura (Mitragyna stipulosa) and mixed trees, Mango (Mangifera indica), and Matchstick (Aechmea gamosepala). During every phase of the WBT, the pollutants released by two sets of charcoals in two improved cookstoves were calculated. The High-Power Phase Cold Start (HPPCS) of the WBT indicated that when Abura charcoal was used as fuel, the average emission factors of CO2, CO, and PM2.5 were computed for the Wonder stove as: 2.58g/kg, 0.12g/kg, 307.47µg/kg and for the metal stove as, 3.64g/kg, 0.19g/kg, 446.56µg/kg. Furthermore, the emission above factors were computed with assorted charcoal for the wonder stove as 4.59g/kg, 0.119g/kg, 411.17µg/kg and for the metal stove as 5.07g/kg, 0.15g/kg, 503.28µg/kg. The emission factors were also computed throughout the simmer phases of the WBT for both Wonder and Metal stoves. The research provides guidelines for the next environmental assessments and intervention initiatives in Sub-Saharan Africa.

The use of solid cooking fuelsdwood, straw, crop residue, and cow-dung cakesdis associated with higher levels of environmental pollution and health burden. However, even in an era when incomes have grown and poverty has declined, the proportion of Indian households using clean cooking fuels such as kerosene or Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) has increased only slightly. Even among the wealthiest quintile, only about 40 percent of the households rely solely on clean fuel. Since the chores of cooking and collection of fuel remain primarily the domain of women, we argue that intra-household gender inequalities play an important role in shaping the household decision to invest in clean fuel. Analyses using data from the India Human Development Survey (IHDS), a panel survey of over 41,000 households conducted in two waves in 2004-05 and 2011e12, respectively, show that women's access to salaried work and control over household expenditure decisions is associated with the use of clean fuel.

This paper presents basic statistical model to predict emissions factors of CO, CO 2 and PM 2.5 from the thermal performance (firepower) using results from an experimental Water Boiling Test with Laboratory Emissions Monitoring System of twelve (12) different traditional and improved charcoal fired cookstoves. The development of improved biomass cookstoves with superior thermal performance and emission characteristics thus has huge environmental and social benefits because of the risks associated with inefficient stoves. A statistical Pearson correlation coefficient (r) was used to determine the degree of linear association of the combustion characteristics with the emissions factors. The models for the evaluation of cookstove emissions from the firepower of a charcoal fired cookstove proved reasonably accurate for the prediction of CO 2 , CO and PM 2.5 without direct measurement using laboratory emissions monitoring systems.

The Design of Experiments (DOE) and the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) are used to determine the effect of fuel type, fuel initial load, secondary air inlet and ventilation on thermal efficiency and CO emission of two biomass fire cookstoves during boiling or simmering. Analysis of variance with Fischer's statistical test (F-test) and Newman-Keuls test were applied to establish the influence of the independent parameters on the studied responses. The results of this study are useful to application of charcoal cooks stoves.

In Ghana, about 73% of households rely on solid fuels for cooking. Over 13,000 annual deaths are attributed to exposure to indoor air pollution from inefficient combustion. In this study, assessment of thermal efficiency, emissions and total global warming impact of three cookstoves commonly used in Ghana was completed using IWA water boiling test (WBT) protocol. Statistical averages of three replicate tests for each cookstove were computed. Thermal efficiency results were: wood-burning cookstove 12.2% (Tier 0), traditional charcoal cookstove 23.3% (Tier 1-2) and improved charcoal cookstove 30% (Tier 2-3). The wood-burning cookstove emitted more CO, CO2 and PM2.5 than charcoal cookstove (coalpot) and improved cookstove. Emission factor for PM2.5 and emission rate for the wood-burning cookstove (Tier 0) were over four times higher than the traditional charcoal cookstove (Tier 3) and improved cookstove (Tier 2). On the basis of WBT, annual global warming impact potential for emissions...

Laboratory testing shows that only 15% of the energy produced by a carefully tended three stone fire is transfered to the cooking pot and 85% is lost to the enviroment. Indoor air pollution resulting from ineficient burning of biomass in traditional cook stove is also major health hazard affecting around 2.7 people globally according to World Health Organisation. This is expected to grow especially with continual use of biomass for cooking hence need for efficient energy conversion technologies. Most stoves based on the principle of gasification have improved thermal eficiencies and low emissions, however, they have adoption problem due to lighting, material used and characterization of key design parameters is inadequate. The main objective of this research was to develop an experimental biomass micro gasifier cook stove that achieves tier 3. The fuel used in the design was saw dust pellets with heat energy calorific value of 4600kca per kg. Version 4.2.3 of the water boiling test ...

This paper presents basic statistical model to predict emissions factors of CO, CO 2 and PM 2.5 from the thermal performance (firepower) using results from an experimental Water Boiling Test with Laboratory Emissions Monitoring System of twelve (12) different traditional and improved charcoal fired cookstoves. The development of improved biomass cookstoves with superior thermal performance and emission characteristics thus has huge environmental and social benefits because of the risks associated with inefficient stoves. A statistical Pearson correlation coefficient (r) was used to determine the degree of linear association of the combustion characteristics with the emissions factors. The models for the evaluation of cookstove emissions from the firepower of a charcoal fired cookstove proved reasonably accurate for the prediction of CO 2 , CO and PM 2.5 without direct measurement using laboratory emissions monitoring systems.

There is a dichotomy in the understanding of energy poverty between Asia and the rest of the world, especially in the Global North. While there has been considerable discourse regarding energy poverty in the Global North, particularly the emergence of affordable cooling, the development of energy poverty studies in the Global South has received less attention. This review article explores energy poverty within Asia reviewing energy poverty studies in 23 countries and territories in South, East, and Southeast Asia, using bibliometric analysis to identify emerging discussions and researchers. We highlight the concepts of 'hidden energy poverty', 'urban energy poverty', and 'cooling poverty' to outline potential areas for future research that contextualises energy poverty into using a more encompassing term, 'energy insecurity,' which consolidates the wide gamut of energy-related sufferings. To investigate other drivers and impacts of energy insecurity, qualitative research can extend previously identified elements of accessibility and affordability. New research directions may also include contextualising energy insecurity in the context of a just energy transition.

Solid fuels are the primary cooking fuels in a wide range of developing countries, a situation that is projected to remain for the coming few decades. In the energy poverty scholarship, it is a well-argued concept that social systems influence people's energy choices. Influenced by theories of Practice, this study explores the role that social structure plays in the perpetuation of the use of solid cooking fuels, with a particular focus on rural India. We employ a qualitative approach of inquiry for data collection in three villages in Chittoor district in the state of Andhra Pradesh. The results presented in this paper are based on in-depth household interviews and focus group discussions. The findings suggest that cooking with solid fuels is intertwined with structural elements, such as established traditions, traditional income generating practices, gender norms, and a sense of belonging. These factors profoundly dominate households' decisions to continue using solid fuels despite the availability and the adoption of modern alternatives. The paper argues that interventions targeted at reducing the use of solid fuels may fail if they: 1) focus only on supplying modern fuels; 2) do not consider contextual social barriers; and 3) are implemented as standalone projects.

In this study, interviewer-based questionnaires of 67 variables were administered to local fabricators and end-users of single-pot biomass stoves (SPBS) in Ghana. Additionally, two randomly selected traditional and improved SPBS were lab-tested using standard performance metrics. From the study, the relationship between fabricators and end-users was conceptualized based on selected indicators and assumptions. The study results indicated that the primary design resources for fabrication were patterns and templates, and that major challenges to fabrication were lack of training in design principles, standards and safety, poor emission efficiency and financial sustainability. Whereas end-users of improved SPBS were less affected by heat and smoke, end-users of traditional SPBS were mostly affected. From hypothesis test, because the calculated χ2cal = 24.05, and is greater than the tabulated χ2crit = 3.841, it is concluded that there is a relationship between heat, smoke effect and gend...

In 2016, India introduced the Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana (PMUY) policy, which offers below-the-povertyline (BPL) households a free liqui ed petroleum gas (LPG) connection. Using a difference-indifferences approach with a non-equivalent comparison group, we provide causal evidence of the effect of the PMUY policy on the probability of obtaining an LPG connection, overall LPG consumption, and clean cooking access. Overall, the policy led to a 3.3-to-3.6 percentage point increase in the probability of obtaining an LPG connection for PMUY-eligible households. We also nd that PMUY-households will consume 7.4 fewer kgs of LPG per year than the comparison group and no effect on the tier level of clean cooking access or opting for home delivery. Our work suggests the need to expand the policy to address consumption and the Clean Cooking Tier Group. Finally, this analysis advocates investigation into the size of the re ll subsidy beyond simply improved targeting of BPL households.

Consumption of solid fuels (such as biomass, dung, and coal) causes household air pollution, which reportedly is responsible for over 3.5 million premature deaths worldwide. Therefore, over the last couple of years, national governments, and organization as well as international organizations are promoting energy transition from these solid fuels to clean and modern fuels in households. This paper aims to provide comprehensive review of the conceptualization and the drivers of the household energy transition to clean fuels. A systematic literature review approach was identified and used to systematically identify, select, evaluate, and synthesize the relevant published and gray literature appropriate to answer the research question of the study. It is found that the majority (78.4%) of studies conceptualized household energy transition as a switch/shift from one energy fuel to another, while few studies conceptualized energy transition as a change in energy conversion technologies (11.8%) and change in energy use patterns (9.8%). Furthermore, this study found that majority of the studies identified socioeconomic and market/economic factors as key determinants of household energy transition with few studies reported environmental factors, behavioral and government/structural factors as drivers for household energy transition.

Clean cooking transitions can have profound public health, environmental and societal gains for 2.6 billion people in the Global South. We use data from the largest household energy survey (n= 7,389) in Ghana to provide novel insights. One, regression analysis with thirteen commonly cited socio-economic and demographic predictors indicates that these factors have remarkably different levels of influence at different stages of the transition process. We propose a stage-based intervention strategy and customer targeting approach that could be a paradigm shift in how clean cooking interventions are rolled out. Two, we identify factors that are associated with exclusive use of LPG using a statistically powered sample of exclusive LPG users (n= 693). We find that everything else being equal, increases in wealth, and residing in an urban location are not associated with a transition from primary to exclusive LPG use.

Ensuring affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all by 2030 is part of the internationally agreed Sustainable Development Goals (SDG7). With roughly 3 billion people still lacking access to clean cooking solutions in 2017, this remains an ambitious task. The use of solid biomass such as wood and cow dung for cooking causes household air pollution resulting in severe health hazards. In this context, the Indian government has set up a large program promoting the use of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) in rural areas. While this has led millions of households to adopt LPG, a major fraction of them continues to rely heavily on solid biomass for their daily cooking. In this paper, we evaluate the effect of simple health messaging on the propensity of these households to use LPG more regularly. Our results from rural Rajasthan are encouraging. They show that health messaging increases the reported willingness to pay for LPG, and substantially increases actual consumption. We measure this based on a voucher, which can only be used if LPG consumption is doubled until a certain deadline. Households exposed to health messaging use the voucher about 30% more often than households exposed to a placebo treatment. We further show that the impact of our very brief, but concrete health messaging is close to the effect of a 10% price reduction for a new LPG cylinder. Finally, our study raises some interesting questions about gender-related effects that would be worth consideration in future research.

COVID-19 continues to exact a substantial toll on health. While mortality and morbidity associated with the pandemic are the most obvious impacts, social and economic disruptions are becoming apparent. There is reason to believe that the COVID-19 pandemic has slowed or reversed gains in clean household energy use in rural India. Here we describe phone surveys deployed repeatedly in Jharkhand and Bihar to describe pandemic-related changes in household socio-economic conditions and energy-use patterns. Over three-quarters of households reported hardships during the pandemic, including loss of employment and an inability to search for jobs. In turn, some of these households relied more on polluting fuels. Despite nearly all households preferring gas and electricity, we observed varied behaviours related to the cost of and access to these modern energy sources. We highlight the success of India’s three-free-cylinders scheme, with 90% of households aware of the programme and utilizing at...

Solid fuels are the primary cooking fuels in a wide range of developing countries, a situation that is projected to remain for the coming few decades. In the energy poverty scholarship, it is a well-argued concept that social systems influence people's energy choices. Influenced by theories of Practice, this study explores the role that social structure plays in the perpetuation of the use of solid cooking fuels, with a particular focus on rural India. We employ a qualitative approach of inquiry for data collection in three villages in Chittoor district in the state of Andhra Pradesh. The results presented in this paper are based on in-depth household interviews and focus group discussions. The findings suggest that cooking with solid fuels is intertwined with structural elements, such as established traditions, traditional income generating practices, gender norms, and a sense of belonging. These factors profoundly dominate households' decisions to continue using solid fuels despite the availability and the adoption of modern alternatives. The paper argues that interventions targeted at reducing the use of solid fuels may fail if they: 1) focus only on supplying modern fuels; 2) do not consider contextual social barriers; and 3) are implemented as standalone projects.

This study was carried out to assess the short-term exposure to respirable particulate matter (PM2.5) from biomass combustion. A total of 24 households were sampled from two rural villages in Lilongwe, viz Nsabwe and Bauleni villages. Levels of particulate matter were measured using a portable gas detector. Indoor mean concentrations of PM2.5 ranged from 457 to 698 µg/m3, with no significant difference between the two villages, suggesting exposure to similar levels of airborne particulate matter. The observed levels are far above the recommended WHO limit for indoor air, posing a great health risk, more especially to the women and children who frequently visit the cooking areas. There is therefore need to widen appropriate intervention measures to reduce the current levels of indoor air pollution in the rural areas.

Household air pollution (HAP) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. To limit HAP exposure and environmental degradation from biomass fuel use, the Government of Ghana promotes liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) use in rural Ghana via the Rural LPG program (RLP). We assessed the experiences of the RLP in 2015, 2 years after its launch. A mixed methods approach was used involving Focus Group Discussions (19) and in-depth interviews (25). In addition, a survey questionnaire was administered to elicit socio-demographic characteristics, household cooking practices and stove use patterns of 200 randomly selected respondents. At about 9 months after LPG acquisition, < 5% of LPG beneficiaries used their stoves. Some of the reasons ascribed to the low usage of the LPG cookstoves were financial constraints, distance to LPG filling point and fear of burns. Community members appreciate the convenience of using LPG. Our results underscore a need for innovative funding mechanisms...

For nearly a century research institutions and development organisations across the world have been engaged in the development, testing and publishing of improved cookstoves for cooking. Three institutional cookstoves developed by the Technology Consultancy Centre of the College of Engineering, at Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana, and SNV Ghana, a Netherlands Development Organization, were constructed and studied to determine their power and efficiency using the water boiling test. The round bottom pot cookstove had the highest efficiency of 59.70% (tier 4) and a power of 8.8 kW, followed by the flat bottom pot cookstove with an efficiency of 47.40% (tier 4) and a power of 11.5 kW, and then the mobile cookstove that had an efficiency of 33.40% (tier 2.7) and a power of 11.3 kW. These institutional cookstoves which have been introduced into the agro and food processing industry in Ghana shows an improvement of about two to four times the efficiencies ...

Ninety-five per cent of Indian households now have access to liquified petroleum gas (LPG), with 80 million acquiring it under the Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana (PMUY) since 2016. Still, having a connection is not enough to eliminate household air pollution. Studying panel data from rural households in six major states from 2014-2015 and 2018, we assess the determinants of cooking energy transition from solid fuels to LPG. We find that PMUY beneficiaries have much lower odds of using LPG as the primary or exclusive fuel compared with general customers, irrespective of their economic status. Village-level penetration of LPG as a primary fuel and the years of LPG use positively influence its sustained use, while ease of access to freely available biomass and reliance on uncertain and irregular income sources hinder LPG use. The findings highlight the need to interlace cooking fuel policies with rural development, to enable a complete transition towards cleaner cooking fuels. India is in the midst of the largest household energy transition to date, with about one hundred million households acquiring a liquified petroleum gas (LPG) connection since 2016 1. In 2011, three-fifths of Indian households-primarily in rural areas-relied on solid fuels to meet their daily cooking and heating needs 2 , resulting in substantial negative impacts on health 3 , the economy 4 and the environment 5. The Government of India's flagship Reprints and permissions information is available at www.nature.com/reprints.

This study was carried out to assess the short-term exposure to respirable particulate matter (PM2.5) from biomass combustion. A total of 24 households were sampled from two rural villages in Lilongwe, viz Nsabwe and Bauleni villages. Levels of particulate matter were measured using a portable gas detector. Indoor mean concentrations of PM2.5 ranged from 457 to 698 µg/m3, with no significant difference between the two villages, suggesting exposure to similar levels of airborne particulate matter. The observed levels are far above the recommended WHO limit for indoor air, posing a great health risk, more especially to the women and children who frequently visit the cooking areas. There is therefore need to widen appropriate intervention measures to reduce the current levels of indoor air pollution in the rural areas.

The performance of cookstove is mostly determined by trial-and-error experiments and its evaluation using simple thermodynamics and heat transfer equations. The effect of variation in inlet area ratio on the flame temperature and the exhaust is investigated on natural-type biomass cookstove. Numerical simulations have also been carried out and validated with the experimental results. Commercially available software ANSYS ver. 16.2 is used to simulate the two-dimensional computational domain. The computational domain has been simulated using nonpremixed combustion and standard k-e turbulence model. Geometry creation and meshing of the domain are done using ICEM ver. 16.2. Probability density function (PDF) accounts for the interaction between turbulence and fuel composition. The data obtained from the experiment is used as a boundary condition for the numerical simulation. Results showed that CFD is a great tool with accuracy and time-saving features to understand the thermal behavior of cookstove and can be used to model different stoves at different conditions without performing the actual experiment. The value of critical inlet area ratio remains almost the same for any natural draft biomass cookstove, which is around 0.7.

The biomass cookstoves have been used in rural areas for the time immemorial. New developments in cookstove design are needed due to cookstoves impact on the user's health and the environment. This paper presents a novel computational method to understand the working of a cookstove. The effect of inlet area ratio on various performance parameters is studied through experimentation and computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The steadystate model predicts the temperature profile at different locations inside the stove for different inlet area ratios (IARs), which is validated against the experimental data. The combustion phenomenon is simulated using non-premixed combustion and k-ε turbulence models. The critical value of IAR is found to be 0.70, up to which the firepower and flame temperature are increasing. For IAR less than 0.7, the firepower decreases, flame temperature saturates, and the CO emissions continue to rise. Results showed that CFD is a useful tool with adequate accuracy to understand the thermal and emissions behaviour of the cookstove. CFD can be used as an aid to the experimentation for preliminary analysis or as a standalone tool once validated experimentally.

The paper presents results of a study conducted to identify and modify the prevalent traditional multipot cookstoves in rural areas of Maharashtra, India. The flaws in the existing traditional stoves were identified through a survey comprising measurement of geometrical features of different specimens in the field and face-to-face interaction with the end-users. The end-users answered a structured questionnaire including the information about existing cooking practices, per day fuel consumption, willingness to adapt to a new stove type and related things. A popular model was then modified to develop an improved multipot cookstove, which was compared against the popular cookstove by conducting a set of experiments. The parameters evaluated during the experimentation were specific fuel consumption, burning rate, thermal efficiency, time taken to do a specific cooking task and CO emissions. It was found that the modifications to the popular stove resulted in increase in thermal efficiency, decrease in burning rate and specific fuel consumption but a decrease of firepower and turn-down ratio. The activity resulted in developing a better cookstoves for the targeted community.

Emissions from solid-fuel cookstoves have been linked to indoor and outdoor air pollution, climate forcing, and human disease. Although task-based laboratory protocols, such as the Water Boiling Test (WBT), overestimate the ability of improved stoves to lower emissions, WBT emissions data are commonly used to benchmark cookstove performance, estimate indoor and outdoor air pollution concentrations, estimate impacts of stove intervention projects, and select stoves for large-scale control trials. Multiple-firepower testing has been proposed as an alternative to the WBT and is the basis for a new standardized protocol (ISO 19867-1:2018); however, data are needed to assess the value of this approach. In this work, we (1) developed a Firepower Sweep Test [FST], (2) compared emissions from the FST, WBT, and in-home cooking, and (3) quantified the relationship between firepower and emissions using correlation analysis and linear model selection. Twenty-two stove-fuel combinations were eva...

Because most people spend the majority of their time in microenvironments, indoor air pollution (IAP) has gained more attention than outdoor air pollution recently. It is indeed crucial to understand IAP sources and the factors that influence human exposure. We synthesized evidence on IAP levels and contributing factors in Ethiopia from available literature, utilizing findings from 19 studies to retrieve 66 relevant values. Particulate matters (PM 2.5 , PM 4 , PM 10 , and TSP), as well as gaseous pollutants such as carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO 2), polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs), were analyzed. The calculated mean concentrations for PM 2.5 , PM 10 , NO 2 , TVOCs, and CO were 477.47 μg/m 3 , 228.38 μg/m 3 , 63.84 μg/ m 3 , 1361.79 μg/m 3 , and 18.82 ppm, respectively, all of which exceeded the annual WHO exposure guidelines. Geographical location, stove type, and household activities showed a variation in pollutants concentration. The higher levels of pollutants were attributed to emissions from biomass fuel used for baking injera, wot preparation, and conducting a coffee ceremony, as well as poor ventilation, season, cooking time, and tobacco smoke. The health risk assessments for exposure to various domestic activities were found to be acceptable, except for PM 10 , with the highest correlation with an acute respiratory infection. Although improved cookstove technology has been proposed as a sustainable energy source, investigations in Ethiopia have revealed that there is still room for public health protection. There is a paucity of research on the relationship between indoor and outdoor air pollution. Future research should prioritize these issues, with a focus on the link between IAP exposure and health effects. In conclusion, there is a higher IAP concentration in Ethiopia so the community should be made aware of it as well as related health effects, and immediate mitigation measures are needed to achieve a reduction in exposure.

Clean cooking transitions can have profound public health, environmental and societal gains for 2.6 billion people in the Global South. We use data from the largest household energy survey (n= 7,389) in Ghana to provide novel insights. One, regression analysis with thirteen commonly cited socio-economic and demographic predictors indicates that these factors have remarkably different levels of influence at different stages of the transition process. We propose a stage-based intervention strategy and customer targeting approach that could be a paradigm shift in how clean cooking interventions are rolled out. Two, we identify factors that are associated with exclusive use of LPG using a statistically powered sample of exclusive LPG users (n= 693). We find that everything else being equal, increases in wealth, and residing in an urban location are not associated with a transition from primary to exclusive LPG use.

In Ghana, about 73% of households rely on solid fuels for cooking. Over 13,000 annual deaths are attributed to exposure to indoor air pollution from inefficient combustion. In this study, assessment of thermal efficiency, emissions and total global warming impact of three cookstoves commonly used in Ghana was completed using IWA water boiling test (WBT) protocol. Statistical averages of three replicate tests for each cookstove were computed. Thermal efficiency results were: wood-burning cookstove 12.2% (Tier 0), traditional charcoal cookstove 23.3% (Tier 1-2) and improved charcoal cookstove 30% (Tier 2-3). The wood-burning cookstove emitted more CO, CO2 and PM2.5 than charcoal cookstove (coalpot) and improved cookstove. Emission factor for PM2.5 and emission rate for the wood-burning cookstove (Tier 0) were over four times higher than the traditional charcoal cookstove (Tier 3) and improved cookstove (Tier 2). On the basis of WBT, annual global warming impact potential for emissions...

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BackgroundThe energy transition pattern in India highlights that cooking continues to be the weakest link in the energy transition process for rural households. The government is trying to subsidize LPG for rural families to increase usage of LPG in India for a clean cooking energy transition. The paper endeavors to fill the void by revisiting the nature and degree of the rural energy transition for cooking in India. MethodologyUsing a multinomial logit model, the potential drivers at the individual household and group level have been identified. The group effect analysis has been conducted purposely to understand if social and cultural norms or -level factors within a village society affect the cooking energy transition of households in rural India and if that prevails over the income effect. At the sub-national level, an estimate of energy inequality has been derived by applying social choice-based Atkinson Inequality measure to examine the connection between higher energy inequal...

Biomass burning for home energy use is a major health and environmental concern. While transitioning to cleaner cooking technologies has the potential to generate significant health and environmental benefits, prior efforts to introduce improved cookstoves have encountered many hurdles. Here, we focus on the increased stove use hurdle; households tend to use improved stoves alongside their traditional stoves rather than replacing them entirely, a phenomenon called cookstove "stacking." This work provides a systematic, multi-method assessment of households' cooking behaviors and cookstove stacking in the context of a 200-home randomized cookstove intervention study in Northern Ghana. Two stoves were selected for the intervention, a locally made rocket stove (Gyapa) and the Philips HD4012 LS gasifier stove. There were four intervention groups: a control group, a group given two Gyapa stoves, a group given two Philips stoves, and a group given one of each. Two stoves were distributed to each home in an attempt to induce more substitution away from traditional stoves. Adoption and usage patterns were quantified using temperature loggers at a subset of homes, as well as quarterly surveying in all households. We find that using multiple stoves each day is common practice within each intervention group, and that the two groups given at least one Gyapa had the largest reductions in traditional stove use relative to the control group, though use of traditional stoves remained high in all groups.

Improved cookstoves have been identified in Mexico as a key opportunity to advance sustainable local development priorities in disadvantaged regions while mitigating climate change. This paper reviews the Patsari Cookstove Project initiated in 2003 by an NGO, Interdisciplinary Group on Appropriate Rural Technology (GIRA). The project applied an interdisciplinary and participative user-centered approach to disseminate improved cookstoves in rural Mexico, with a special focus on indigenous and poor rural communities. To date, GIRA and the Patsari Network have disseminated thousands of stoves using a Btraining to trainers^model. Benefits from the project include tangible improvements in users' health, as well as savings in time and money expended on fuelwood procurement and use. The project has also documented substantive environmental benefits from significant mitigation of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions associated with traditional open fires. To sustain scaling up efforts Climatic Change

Solid biomass fuel pollution is the largest energy related health risk globally and most important cause of ill-health for Indian women and girls. At 700 million cooking with open biomass chulhas, the Indian population exposed has not changed in several decades, in spite of hundreds of programs like improved chulhas, i.e. to burn biomass cleanly in advanced stoves. These 700 million of the poor were stuck in the chulha (open cookstove) trap for 25 years at least. Until recently, there were no special programs or efforts to accelerate growth of clean fuel in the population. Starting in the year 2015, the Government of India and Oil Marketing Companies that market LPG started three major programs to actively promote LPG to the poor, each pioneering, and relying heavily on social marketing and electronic bank accounts, biometric ID cards, and mobile phones (JAM). The first program Pahal, second, “Give it Up,” and third, Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana (PMUY), starting from 2016 provided ...

Many cookstove programmes implemented around the world aimed to reduce fuel consumption and pollutant emissions through the dissemination and adoption of improved cookstoves. A study was carried out for the design of wood-burning cookstoves for low-income households in South Africa by employing user-centred design and co-design/co-creation approaches. Six designed variants of the biomass stove were constructed. Water-heating and emissions tests, using black wattle wood, were conducted to evaluate them for thermal and emissions performance. The large hopper stove with two secondary air inlets ranked highest, with best performance regarding thermal and emissions parameters. It outperformed the small hopper stove in time to boil, heat flux and firepower, although the latter had higher thermal efficiency values. Fuel consumption rates were high in large hopper stoves compared with small hopper stoves, resulting in increased firepower. The experimental work showed the need for iterative ...

The major objective of this study is to identify and analyze cultural and economic barriers to sustained adoption of LPG (liquefied petroleum gas) as the primary clean cooking energy in India, and examining underpinning values and norms in socio-technical energy system of the country. In 2016, the Government of India introduced a mega scheme called Ujjwala for clean cooking energy with LPG connects in women’s name. This policy, however, experienced limited implementation, but did lead to enhancing women’s agency in many areas. Women’s agency is defined briefly as their ability to set goals, develop capacities, and act on their defined goals to realize desired outcomes in wellbeing and capabilities. In the case of switching to clean cooking energy, the question can be posed as: as women are the ones who carry out most of the onerous work of collecting and cooking with wood, are they able to make decisions on the adoption of clean cooking fuel, that enhance their agency and the wellbe...

Indoor cooking with solid biomass fuels is a daily practice in 30% of poor Filipino households, contributing to a 76% accruable burden of respiratory diseases. As indoor air pollution is a worsening burden in the Philippines, this study aimed to determine whether the use of a Fuel-Efficient Stove (FES) would reduce exposure and perceived respiratory symptoms, as compared with the traditional Three-Stone Fire (TSF) stoves, in two sub-units (30 households each) of Brgy. Sta. Cruz, Sto. Tomas, Batangas. Methodology. The study utilized a quasi-experimental interventional design. A laboratory analysis comparing the FES and TSF carbon monoxide (CO) point emission levels, and performance was done. Mothers aged 25 years old and above using solid biomass fuels indoors were selected using simple random sampling. The participants answered a questionnaire on perceived respiratory symptoms, and 10% from the experimental group was tested for ambient and stove CO concentrations before and after the stove deployment. Results. Results showed that the FES significantly reduced CO concentrations for both in the laboratory setting (77.18%) and in the household setting (overall 79.32%). The Water Boiling Test for stove efficiency showed that, in the laboratory, the FES boiled water 43.16% faster, and consumed 27.59% less wood per minute while heating 60.16% more water per gram of wood by transmitting 171.43% more heat to the pot, as compared to the TSF. After the three-month period, there were observed decreases in almost all respiratory symptoms in the experimental group, but these were not statistically significant. Conclusion. The FES was found to be more efficient and produced less emissions but did not significantly decrease respiratory health symptoms in the study population.

Cooking with polluting and inefficient fuels and technologies is responsible for a large set of global harms, ranging from health and time losses among the billions of people who are energy poor, to environmental degradation at a regional and global scale. This paper presents a new decision-support model–the BAR-HAP Tool–that is aimed at guiding planning of policy interventions to accelerate transitions towards cleaner cooking fuels and technologies. The conceptual model behind BAR-HAP lies in a framework of costs and benefits that is holistic and comprehensive, allows consideration of multiple policy interventions (subsidies, financing, bans, and behavior change communication), and realistically accounts for partial adoption and use of improved cooking technology. It incorporates evidence from recent efforts to characterize the relevant set of parameters that determine those costs and benefits, including those related to intervention effectiveness. Practical aspects of the tool wer...

Mangroves are increasingly being recognised for the important ecosystem services they provide, including carbon fixation, shoreline protection and fisheries habitats. In addition, they provide typical forest goods such as timber and firewood; harvesting these can cause forest degradation and loss. In Kenya, a large proportion of the rural population cook using firewood on traditional, inefficient three-stone fires. Although harvesting mangrove wood is illegal, the high poverty rate, absence of alternative fuels and lack of law enforcement mean it is likely to remain widespread, with consequent pressure on the forests. The use of three-stone fires has been associated with high levels of indoor air pollution, causing adverse health impacts. The current project aimed to determine a baseline of wood usage and health burden caused by indoor air pollution at a mangrove dependent community in Gazi Bay, southern Kenya. Basic information about fuel usage and perceived health problems related to indoor air pollution was collected using a questionnaire. Wood usage patterns were recorded for 28 days to establish the average daily wood consumption and main species used. Passive diffusion tubes were used to assess CO concentrations over 24 hours. Particulate pollution for the size fraction PM2.5 was measured during cooking using a DustTrak aerosol monitor. Mean daily per capita wood consumption was 1.2 kg although this varied significantly depending on household size, with larger households using less per capita wood. The mangrove Rhizophora mucronata made up 10% of wood used and people spent, on average, 22 hours per month collecting wood. The mean 24-hour CO concentration was 5.9ppm. The average level of PM2.5 during cooking was 10 mg/m 3 respectively. Chronic exposure at those levels is expected to cause significant health impacts of the kinds indicated by symptoms reported from the questionnaires. Improved cookstove introduction in Gazi is recommended as feasible as participants showed not only interest in improved cookstoves and awareness of the health implications from indoor air pollution, but also were willing to invest financially in improved cookstoves.

In Pakistan, 50.8% of the total population use traditional methods to cook by burning wood, animal manure and agricultural residue, causing enormous greenhouse gas emissions. A new type of improved cooking stove (ICS) for rural populations is proposed in this study, with the complete combustion of biomass fuel to decrease hazardous gas emissions, improving overall efficiency, and lowering fuel consumption. Numerical simulations were performed using ANSYS to show the heat transfer analysis of the proposed design. The performance evaluation tests of the prototype (roti making test, water boiling test and flame test) and the numerical analyses show that the thermal efficiency, fuel saving, burning rate and fire power durability are promising. Conclusively, the proposed ICS can help the communities of developing countries to improve their lives in terms of good indoor air quality and better health.

The use of solid fuel, known to emit pollutants which cause damage to human health, is the primary energy option in Ethiopia. Thus, the aim of this study was to measure the level of household air pollution by using the 24-h mean concentration of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in 150 randomly recruited households in rural Butajira, Ethiopia. Data relating to household and cooking practices were obtained by conducting face-to-face interviews with the mothers. The 24-h mean (standard deviation) and median PM2.5 concentrations were 410 (220) and 340 µg/m3, respectively. Households using only traditional stoves and those who did not open the door or a window during cooking had a significantly higher mean concentration compared with their counterparts. There is a statistically significant correlation between the mean concentration of PM2.5 and the self-reported cooking duration. The pollution level was up to 16 times higher than the WHO 24-h guideline limit of 25 μg/m3, thus leaving the ...

Jharkhand is rich in energy resources – the state accounts for the largest share of India’s coal reserves and has a substantial solar potential of around 18 GW. The Government of Jharkhand has also been making concerted efforts to improve household electrification rates and encourage the use of clean cooking fuels. However, access to affordable and reliable energy still remains a challenge. Furthermore, considering the Government of India’s ambitious renewable energy targets, transitioning towards a cleaner energy generation mix presents a number of socioeconomic implications for the coal-rich state.

The major objective of this study is to identify and analyze cultural and economic barriers to sustained adoption of LPG (liquefied petroleum gas) as the primary clean cooking energy in India, and examining underpinning values and norms in socio-technical energy system of the country. In 2016, the Government of India introduced a mega scheme called Ujjwala for clean cooking energy with LPG connects in women’s name. This policy, however, experienced limited implementation, but did lead to enhancing women’s agency in many areas. Women’s agency is defined briefly as their ability to set goals, develop capacities, and act on their defined goals to realize desired outcomes in wellbeing and capabilities. In the case of switching to clean cooking energy, the question can be posed as: as women are the ones who carry out most of the onerous work of collecting and cooking with wood, are they able to make decisions on the adoption of clean cooking fuel, that enhance their agency and the wellbe...

In Ghana, about 73% of households rely on solid fuels for cooking. Over 13,000 annual deaths are attributed to exposure to indoor air pollution from inefficient combustion. In this study, assessment of thermal efficiency, emissions and total global warming impact of three cookstoves commonly used in Ghana was completed using IWA water boiling test (WBT) protocol. Statistical averages of three replicate tests for each cookstove were computed. Thermal efficiency results were: wood-burning cookstove 12.2% (Tier 0), traditional charcoal cookstove 23.3% (Tier 1-2) and improved charcoal cookstove 30% (Tier 2-3). The wood-burning cookstove emitted more CO, CO2 and PM2.5 than charcoal cookstove (coalpot) and improved cookstove. Emission factor for PM2.5 and emission rate for the wood-burning cookstove (Tier 0) were over four times higher than the traditional charcoal cookstove (Tier 3) and improved cookstove (Tier 2). On the basis of WBT, annual global warming impact potential for emissions...