Three dimensional modeling and simulation

The survey of archaeological monuments presents particular needs and difficulties. Such surveys must in fact be as complete, geometrically correct and accurately geo-referenced as possible. These needs, however, often face problems of difficult accessibility, the need for rapid timing and complex logistical conditions. The latest generation of mobile phones are equipped with ultra-high resolution cameras up to 100 megapixel. Although they do not have the geometric characteristics of professional cameras, they can be used advantageously for the reconstruction of three-dimensional models using Structure from Motion methodologies . At the same time, the latest mobile phones are equipped with GPS/GNSS chips that allow a postprocessing of their positioning allowing to reach decimetric/centimetric accuracies. The use of sensors integrated in a mobile phone greatly simplify the survey both in terms of transportability but also in terms of authorizations by the competent authorities as the ...

One Lincoln Street is one of the most recent buildings constructed in downtown Boston. Its structure consists of a 36-story high-rise building directly connected to a 7-story low-rise building. Its substructure has five levels of underground parking garage to accommodate 900 cars in a city where prime real estate is becoming scarce. The excavation for the underground parking garage was supported by reinforced concrete slurry walls, which also serve as the substructure's permanent walls. The stiffness of the slurry walls, together with the strut and tieback bracing system, minimized movement during excavation, which occurred in close proximity to existing buildings. Of particular interest is the northwest corner of the excavation, which was supported by an arched slurry wall, possessing a shape in plan of a quadrant of a circle with a radius of 50 feet. This paper presents key aspects of the analysis, design, construction and performance of the arched slurry wall. While the other slurry walls in the project were designed to support the 59 foot deep excavation with two levels of bracing, a remarkable feat by itself, the 3 foot thick arched slurry wall was analyzed, designed and constructed to support the excavation with no bracing. The analysis consisted of two-dimensional finite element models, modified to include the effects of three-dimensional arch action. Predicted lateral movement of the wall was minimal, having minor impact to adjacent structures, and measured inclinometer readings favorably support the predicted movements.

One Lincoln Street is one of the most recent buildings constructed in downtown Boston. Its structure consists of a 36-story high-rise building directly connected to a 7-story low-rise building. Its substructure has five levels of underground parking garage to accommodate 900 cars in a city where prime real estate is becoming scarce. The excavation for the underground parking garage was supported by reinforced concrete slurry walls, which also serve as the substructure's permanent walls. The stiffness of the slurry walls, together with the strut and tieback bracing system, minimized movement during excavation, which occurred in close proximity to existing buildings. Of particular interest is the northwest corner of the excavation, which was supported by an arched slurry wall, possessing a shape in plan of a quadrant of a circle with a radius of 50 feet. This paper presents key aspects of the analysis, design, construction and performance of the arched slurry wall. While the other slurry walls in the project were designed to support the 59 foot deep excavation with two levels of bracing, a remarkable feat by itself, the 3 foot thick arched slurry wall was analyzed, designed and constructed to support the excavation with no bracing. The analysis consisted of two-dimensional finite element models, modified to include the effects of three-dimensional arch action. Predicted lateral movement of the wall was minimal, having minor impact to adjacent structures, and measured inclinometer readings favorably support the predicted movements.

The Extended Limit Analysis of Reinforced Masonry (ELARM) is a simple and user-friendly method for the design and structural analysis of singly-curved, reinforced tile vaults . It is based on limit analysis but takes into account the reinforcement's contribution to the composite cross-section's bending capacity. A three-dimensional approach to ELARM is presented in this paper. The theoretical framework to understand the implications and limitations of extending ELARM to fully 3D structures is described, together with the strategies to carry out the leap from 2D to 3D. This extension is a lower-bound approach for the design of reinforced masonry, reinforced concrete and concrete-masonry composite shells and the assessment of their strength and stability against external loading. The new, extended method is implemented computationally to speed up the iterative processes, provide quick structural feedback, offer immediate results and allow for user-interactive form-finding and optimisation procedures. Different applications of the developed tool are described through the presentation of examples, including reinforcement optimisation, a form-finding process and a case with a shape beyond funicular geometry.

Crustal thickening in an oblique continental collision, such as in the South Island of New Zealand, necessarily involves deformation processes in three dimensions (3-D). We have investigated the role played by the strength of the lower crust using simplified 3-D mechanical models. These models show that crustal thickening occurs away from the area of maximum compression, along an axis inclined to the plate boundary (about 10 • -20 • to the plate boundary in the case of the South Island), and perpendicular to the convergence direction. Furthermore, the specific geometry of the relatively old and strong Australian lithosphere versus the Pacific lithosphere also controls the location of crustal thickening. These conditions could explain the observed mismatch between the locations of maximum elevation and minimum gravity in South Island, New Zealand, as a consequence of decoupled deformation owing to low-viscosity lower crust.

Mudurnu County, which is settled in a steep valley is affected from regional rock slope instabilities. Discontinuous limestones slopes located at the west side of the Mudurnu valley are susceptible to complex kinematic failures resulting from the combination of slope instabilities (i.e., planar, wedge, toppling). These slope instabilities tend to create important hazard zones in and around the settlement area and generate regional hazard. The purpose of this study is to define the possible modes of failure for discontinuous limestone slopes along the valley. Many problematic slopes are inaccessible due to the wide and steep nature of the region. In order to overcome this problem and to cover a larger area, unmanned aerial vehicles technology (UAV) have been used. Then, the collected digital images from the slopes have been processed and compared with the information gained by the scan-line field studies (i.e., rock mass characterization) in order to define the possible modes of slope failure zones along the Mudurnu valley. Finally, regional rock slope instabilities along the west side of the valley have been examined entirely and remediation measures after zonation studies have been implemented.

Initialising a stepped approach towards access to spatial data never purports to offer a dull moment. Stepped approaches that aim to make sense of data and harmonisation are hindered by capital and recurrent issues that pertain to the creation and maintenance of systems and protocols whilst governance across a national landscape impinges stressors on any system. The SIntegraM concept was initiated in 1995 on a two pronged process, that pertaining to a simultaneous but independent bottom-up and top-down process that had striven to achieve success but were constrained by the early concept hiccups that did not empower the project due to failed uptake by diverse entities and a defunct base mapping system. SIntegraM saw the coming together of two project champions who spent four years to morph their conceptualisation, bring together all public entities, present a spatial data integrative approach and eventually apply for basal funds to implement change. The result was based on an integrated approach to the data cycle, innovation concepts on data capture, integration and capture, the creation of a data-sharing protocol structure within a protected and secure environment and also the newly innovative action where hardware and apparatus will be shared by all government entities, under the gather-once / use-many philosophy. The stepped approach moved away from the vicious cycle of data hoarding and towards a spiral based on the need to use such resultant information eventually growing into a complex but readily available system that is driven by the Maltese SIntegraM's unique conceptualisation and implementation foresight.

The conservation and authentication of pictorial artworks is considered an important part of the preservation of cultural heritage. The use of non-destructive testing allows the obtention of accurate information about the state of pictorial artworks without direct contact between the equipment used and the sample. In particular, the use of this kind of technology is recommended in obtaining three-dimensional surface digital models, as it provides high-resolution information that constitutes a kind of fingerprint of the samples. In the case of pictorial artworks with some kind of surface relief, one of the most useful technologies is structured light (SL). In this paper, the minimum difference in height that can be distinguished with this technology was estimated, establishing experimentally both the error committed in the measurement process and the precision in the use of this technology. This study focused on the case of oil paintings on canvas and developed a low-cost system to e...

Viewpoint selection has been an emerging area in computer graphics for some years, and it is now getting maturity with applications in fields such as scene navigation, scientific visualization, object recognition, mesh simplification, and camera placement. In this survey, we review and compare twenty-two measures to select good views of a polygonal 3D model, classify them using an extension of the categories defined by Secord et al., and evaluate them against the Dutagaci et al. benchmark. Eleven of these measures have not been reviewed in previous surveys. Three out of the five short-listed best viewpoint measures are directly related to information. We also present in which fields the different viewpoint measures have been applied. Finally, we provide a publicly available framework where all the viewpoint selection measures are implemented and can be compared against each other.

Crustal thickening in an oblique continental collision, such as in the South Island of New Zealand, necessarily involves deformation processes in three dimensions (3-D). We have investigated the role played by the strength of the lower crust using simplified 3-D mechanical models. These models show that crustal thickening occurs away from the area of maximum compression, along an axis inclined to the plate boundary (about 10 • -20 • to the plate boundary in the case of the South Island), and perpendicular to the convergence direction. Furthermore, the specific geometry of the relatively old and strong Australian lithosphere versus the Pacific lithosphere also controls the location of crustal thickening. These conditions could explain the observed mismatch between the locations of maximum elevation and minimum gravity in South Island, New Zealand, as a consequence of decoupled deformation owing to low-viscosity lower crust.

Introducing a state to high-end information systems that encompass total national coverage is no mean task. Introducing a new paradigm in data creation and dissemination targeting spatial analysis points to a whole new reality. The Maltese Islands, through access to the European Regional Development Fund, managed to create a process aimed at environmental research that included innovative tool creation and scans which will help analysts to monitor the environment and related offences committed on the environment. This was made possible through the scanning of the Maltese Islands in 3D using remote sensing within terrestrial and marine environments.

Carol Agius has over 20 years experience in topographic mapping and GIS. She currently works with the Malta Environment and Planning Authority (MEPA) within the Mapping Unit, Malta's National Mapping Agency. She is responsible for the development and production of large-scale topographic datasets. Carol is also chair of the EuroGeographics Quality Knowledge Exchange Network, a group of quality experts from various European National Mapping Agencies. Carol holds an MSc in GIS from University of Huddersfi eld and is a Chartered Geographer (GIS).

Why Future Preparedness and why even attempt to look into the future at a stage where the state of the environment is in such a constant rate of fl ux? Trying to understand what may come to pass tomorrow only takes a form when we know our present and how today is aff ected by our yesterday. Society is in transition and at a very rapid pace too. We cannot embrace one without the others and preparedness has never been more crucial. From understanding the diverse and contrasting social realities and the interactions between the environment, human capital and landuse to fathoming out the implications of legislative and operational tools on social cohesion, society faces major challenges. Challenges that can be understood through a dichotomy of interlinking activities: those purely based on scientifi c research and those striving for the implementation of on-theground operational processes. Th is publication seeks to help us understand such worlds and delves into a review of the past, describes the state of current knowledge whilst striving to help open for readers a window into future activities: through spatial descriptors. Th e publication is structured into three sections that help readers to understand the context within which such a publication is set: the fi rst related to descriptors pertaining to the implementation of two major projects, the second section related to research that laid the groundwork for the present, whilst the fi nal section looks forward on new societies and research challenges. Th e Th ings that Came to Pass Th e fi rst section focuses on a documentary walkthrough of the implementation of the ERDF156 project entitled "Developing National Environmental Monitoring Infrastructure and Capacity", and the Twinning project MT/06/IB/EN/01 entitled "Further Institution Building in the Environment Sector". Th e former project involved the monitoring of air, water, noise, radiation, soil and the marine environment as well as 3D terrestrial and bathymetric surveys. Th is project was co-fi nanced by the European Regional Development Fund, which provided 85% of the project's funding and the Government of Malta, which fi nanced the rest under Operational Programme 1-Cohesion Policy 2007-2013-Investing in Competitiveness for a Better Quality of Life.

This paper presents a case history in Heliopolis, Egypt which is an underground metro station serving a high densely populated area in northeastern Cairo. This station was planned to maintain and attract density population (job-housing) in the nearby areas. The tunnel excavation and the constructed station resulted in a lateral soil displacement component and a reverse pressure affecting the side supporting system along the station sections. This displacement depends on many factors such as soil profile, subsoil properties, depth of excavation inside the diaphragm walls (Dwalls), type and stiffness of supporting system, time period of construction, surrounding structures, and surcharge loads. The present paper is comparing the observed horizontal displacement data (more than 2 years monitoring) with the corresponding estimated values of the soil model for detecting the deviation in predicted settlements in the long run and for the evaluation of any hazardous damages on buildings near excavations. It is concluded that the horizontal displacement behind the wall is about 0.06% of the excavation depth and the surface settlement is about 6-24% of the horizontal displacement behind the wall if all construction stages are included. Also, the surface settlement is about 0.004-0.014% of the excavation depth of the underground station.

The monument known as "Torrione" of Pollenzo (Piedmont-Italy), presently located in the garden of the "Agenzia" pertaining to the reign of Carlo Alberto, is placed in an extra-urban area of the ancient Pollentia, a roman city of Tanaro valley, founded in the last first century B.C.. Formerly, near this monument, some soundings uncovered a domus and a cobblestone paved road ruins, but due to the uncertain conditions of some portions of the Torrione masonry, which was heavily injured by deeply rooted weed, a urgent restoration was needed. The masonry, kept in sight, have been cleaned out, strengthened and kept in safety. The geomatic side of deepening survey, applied both on the cleaned out masonry of Torrione and on the adjacent areas, has the role to provide a geometric contribution to catch up the settlement of the architectural structure. Several issues had to be considered during the survey planning: the complex settlement of Torrione ruins, the need of recording its features in the most comprehensive way, the requirement of comparison between the Torrione and other archaeological evidences, etc. So the survey campaign has been organized mixing different methodologies of data acquisition, able to guarantee the capability to mutually compare all the emerged structures, spatially and because of typological features.

The MyOcean R&D project MESCLA (MEsoSCaLe dynamical Analysis through combined model, satellite and in situ data) was devoted to the high resolution 3-D retrieval of tracer and velocity fields in the oceans, based on the combination of in situ and satellite observations and quasi-geostrophic dynamical models. The retrieval techniques were also tested and compared with the output of a primitive equation model, with particular attention to the accuracy of the vertical velocity field as estimated through the Q vector formulation of the omega equation. The project focused on a test case, covering the region where the Gulf Stream separates from the US East Coast. This work demonstrated that innovative methods for the high resolution mapping of 3-D mesoscale dynamics from observations can be used to build the next generations of operational observation-based products.

Despite the availability of Computer-Aided Design (CAD) systems, paper-based sketching is still widely used during conceptual design due to its efficiency in externalizing form solutions. The main reason attributed to this is that the user-interface of most CAD systems follows the WIMP (Windows, Icons, Menus and Pointing device) paradigm which does not support freehand form sketching as input on normal paper. Yet CAD systems still offer advantages for early form design such as threedimensional (3D) model visualization. Thus designers would greatly benefit if the advantages of manual sketching are combined with those of CAD. However, due to various factors, such as the idiosyncratic style of sketching, computer processing of handmade sketches becomes difficult. At the same time, although drawing standards are available for detail design, standards for early form sketching are unavailable. To address the above issues, this paper reports ongoing research aimed at providing a drawing standard to seamlessly link early form sketching on paper with 3D modelling technology. The paper provides an overall picture of the state-of-the-art approaches to early form sketching. A drawing standard has been developed to address the identified deficiencies of current approaches. The developed standard specifies what is required both for the process of drawing and the representation of form in the resulting drawing, i.e. the early form sketch. Besides from providing 3D models directly from paper sketches, such a standard has been found useful for collaborative design. Evaluation results indicate what aspects of the proposed drawing standard require improvements.

China has a limited share of water resources per capita and a severe water scarcity. It is one of the world's countries with the most limited water resources per capita. Water resource challenges in China also include a lack of understanding of water conservation and water conservation, as well as major waste, pollution, and over exploitation. In order to solve the problem of inconvenient accurate calculation of pipeline head loss with complex layout, research on computer-aided design (CAD) head loss calculation method based on Plant Design Management System (PDSM) three-dimensional model is proposed. Firstly, the pressure pipe model is taken as the research object, and the straight pipe and pipe components of the calculated pipeline are classified and summarized according to the identification code of the three-dimensional model component library; Secondly, the head loss calculation formula is compiled and the corresponding logic between the calculation formula parameters and the PDSM three-dimensional model is established; Finally, the head loss of the same type of straight pipe and pipe components is calculated respectively. This calculation approach overcomes the drawbacks of the standard penstock head loss calculation method, such as the vast number of calculations required, erroneous calculation outputs, and lack of automation. Compared with the traditional calculation technology, the calculation accuracy is improved by 20%. It can calculate the pipeline head loss and local head loss synchronously, which is more accurate and simpler than the traditional calculation method.

Tarihi ve kültürel miras alanlar, bazen doğa şartları bazen de insan müdahalesi ve iklimsel faktörlerin etkisiyle hızla değişime ve deformasyona uğrayan alanlardır. Bu çerçevede bu tür alanların korunmasına ve tanıtılmasına bilimsel çalışmalar da yardımcı olmalıdır. Bu amaçla kaya düşmelerinin yoğun olarak görüldüğü Mersin’de bulunan Adam Kayaları ve yakın çevresi çalışma alanı olarak seçilmiştir. Bu çalışmanın genel amacı, İnsansız Hava Aracı (İHA)’ndan elde edilen yüksek kalitedeki topografik veriler kullanılarak bölgede olabilecek kaya düşmelerinin 3B modelinin oluşturulması ve değerlendirilmesidir. Bu çalışma kapsamında İHA sisteminin kaya düşmesi çalışmalarında kullanılabilirliği araştırılmıştır. Arazi çalışmaları kapsamında malzemenin tanımlaması yapılmış ve modelleme aşamasında kullanılmak üzere çalışma alanından alınan blok örneklerinin fiziksel, indeks ve mekanik parametreleri belirlenmiştir. Çalışmada, İHA sisteminden elde edilen yüksek doğruluktaki verilerle oluşturulan S...

ABSTRACTMetastasisation occurs through the acquisition of invasive and survival capabilities that allow tumour cells to colonise distant sites. While the role of multicellular aggregates in cancer dissemination is acknowledged, the mechanisms that drive the formation of multi-clonal cell aggregates are not fully elucidated. Here we show that cancer cells of different tissue of origins can perform collective directional migration and can actively form heteroclonal aggregates in 3D, through a proliferation-independent mechanism. Coalescence of distant cell clusters is mediated by subcellular actin-rich protrusions and multicellular outgrowths that extend towards neighbouring aggregates. Coherently, perturbation of cytoskeletal dynamics impairs collective migration while myosin II activation is necessary for multicellular movements. We put forward the hypothesis that cluster attraction is mediated by secreted soluble factors consistently with the abrogation of aggregation by inhibition...

The model developed tries to predict the stresses and strains of the structure of the pavement in a more real way, doing a lineal elastic structural analysis in three dimensions with capacity to model loads of double axes, that which constitutes an advance regarding twodimensional axisymmetrical models that only represent the state tense-deformational of the pavement under loads of simple axes. Earlier stages of this research showed two-dimensional models under different load scenarios, league between layers and nonlinear constitutive models, however the purpose is to move towards analysis methodology stress-strain state under standard loads. The model was implemented in the Algor  program and a comparison with the Elsym5 multilayer freeware was performed. The results warn the existence of shear stress concentrations that can be causing major flaws that are not considered in traditional design methods which could lead to the possibility of reassessed.

Ceramic finds from the Galería de las Ofrendas at Chavín de Huántar and surface finds from the settlement of Chavín were characterised by combining the results of archaeological typology with archaeometric studies using neutron activation analysis, Mössbauer spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and thin-section microscopy. Sherds from the pyramid Tello are included in the study as representative of local material. The analyses show that the vessels were made from different raw materials and that different firing procedures were used in their production. Sherds of certain styles largely exhibit similar types of Mössbauer patterns and in many instances also have similar element compositions. This supports the archaeological notion that the vessels were brought to Chavín from the provinces, perhaps on the occasion of a festivity.

In order to investigate a possible variety of atmospheric states realized on a synchronously rotating aquaplanet, an experiment studying the impact of planetary rotation rate is performed using an atmospheric general circulation model (GCM) with simplified hydrological and radiative processes. The entire planetary surface is covered with a swamp ocean. The value of planetary rotation rate is varied from zero to the Earth's, while other parameters such as planetary radius, mean molecular weight and total mass of atmospheric dry components, and solar constant are set to the present Earth's values. The integration results show that the atmosphere reaches statistically equilibrium states for all runs; none of the calculated cases exemplifies the runaway greenhouse state. The circulation patterns obtained are classified into four types: Type-I characterized by the dominance of a day-night thermally direct circulation, Type-II characterized by a zonal wave number one resonant Rossby wave over a meridionally broad westerly jet on the equator, Type-III characterized by a long time scale north-south asymmetric variation, and Type-IV characterized by a pair of mid-latitude westerly jets. With the increase of planetary rotation rate, the circulation evolves from Type-I to Type-II and then to Type-III gradually and smoothly, whereas the change from Type-III to Type-IV is abrupt and discontinuous. Over a finite range of planetary rotation rate, both Types-III and-IV emerge as statistically steady states, constituting multiple equilibria. In spite of the substantial changes in circulation, the net energy transport from the day side to the night side remains almost insensitive to planetary rotation rate, although the partition into dry static energy and latent heat energy transports changes. The reason for this notable insensitivity is that the outgoing longwave radiation over the broad area of the day side is constrained by the radiation limit of a moist atmosphere, so that the transport to the night side, which is determined as the difference between the incoming solar radiation and the radiation limit, cannot change greatly.

To David Chicoine and Steve "el Guapo" Treleor, for your help during the 2013 survey, without which a fateful series of events would never have sprung into motion for this work to have occurred. To Chero, a good friend and guide. I am forever indebted to your kindness and help. To all the field school students, volunteers, and project members who got their hands dirty in Cosma.

This study aims to test whether core-periphery structure (C/PS), a widely practiced and important form of structure, exists in tourist destination image (TDI). Past tourism research has identified three-dimensional and causal-networking structures of TDI, but generally fails to recognize C/PS as an alternative. This study develops a conceptual model of C/PS of TDI via a synthesis of existing works on structure, structuralism, and C/PS. Testing the model, quantitatively and qualitatively in the context of Beijing city, demonstrates that TDI can be core-peripherally structured. This alternative TDI structure expands existing perspectives in understanding the structures of TDI, offers useful tools for destination image management, and highlights the complex, pluralistic and constructed nature of mental structures.

Securing the Spatial Environment Striving to develop a baseline spatial information system for cross-domain thematic analysis, Malta has embarked on a project aimed at integrating the environmental themes in their wider aspect: the natural, physical and social domains. Targeting the full data-cycle, the project focused on various activ

новой методики определения параметров асинхронного двигателя посредством реализации трехмерной математической модели нестационарных электрических и магнитных полей, обеспечивающей высокую точность и достоверность результатов при учете особенностей конструкции асинхронных двигателей, нелинейности электрофизических и магнитных свойств активных и конструкционных материалов. Методика. Численное моделирование сопряженных пространственных нестационарных электрических и магнитных полей асинхронного двигателя в режиме короткого замыкания методами теории электромагнитных полей, конечных элементов, теории электрических машин и электрических цепей. Результаты. Представлены теоретические исследования и данные моделирования на основе численной реализации методом конечных элементов трехмерной нестационарной математической модели электромагнитных полей в асинхронном двигателе, отображающей особенности процессов преобразования энергии переменного тока в режиме опытного короткого замыкания. Исследованиями установлено, что в асинхронных двигателях малой мощности энергия магнитного поля локализуется в основном в областях сердечников и пазов статора и ротора. Но при этом в зоне лобовых частей обмоток статора выделяется до 15% от энергии магнитного поля асинхронного двигателя. В центральных зонах, протяженность которых достигает 60% длины сердечников статора и ротора, магнитное поле имеет плоскопараллельный характер, а в зонах торцов сердечников и лобовых частей обмоток статора существенно трансформируется. Установлено влияние характерных особенностей распределения магнитного поля, его энергии на параметры короткого замыкания асинхронного двигателя малой мощности и режимы его работы. Соотношения между индуктивными сопротивлениями лобовых частей обмоток статора и пазовых частей статора и ротора для исследуемого асинхронного двигателя для режима опытного короткого замыкания составили соответственно 14,7% и 85,3%. Научная новизна. Установлены закономерности пространственного распределения индукции и энергии магнитного поля в режиме опытного короткого замыкания, определены количественные соотношения между индуктивными сопротивлениями при локализации энергии магнитного поля в области лобовых частей обмоток статора и в областях сердечников и пазов статора и ротора асинхронных двигателей малой мощности. Практическая значимость. Посредством реализации динамической пространственной модели электромагнитных полей методом конечных элементов и данных численного моделирования динамического режима опытного короткого замыкания асинхронного двигателя определены параметры его схемы замещения с учетом конструктивных особенностей статора и ротора, нелинейности свойств активных материалов в многокомпонентной области моделирования. Обосновано, что новый подход к определению параметров схемы замещения асинхронных двигателей на основе данных полевого моделирования обеспечивает существенное повышение точности по сравнению с общеизвестными итерационно-эмпирическими методами. Ключевые слова: трехмерное моделирование, асинхронный двигатель, короткое замыкание, электромагнитные поля, метод конечных элементов, аппроксимирующие функции, энергия магнитного поля. В большинстве случаев для исследований и расчетов параметров АД в режиме КЗ применяется схемное моделирование [3-8], когда двигатель представляется электрической схемой замещения, а электрические парамет

La ponencia presenta una aproximación metodológica para la evaluación de la normativa urbana y su aplicación a un caso real en la comuna de Providencia en Santiago de Chile. La modelación tridimensional aparece como un instrumental capaz de hacer evidente las condiciones de las normativas frente a los cambios y dinámicas urbanas, y permite con rapidez y eficiencia la verificación inmediata de los instrumentos propuestos frente a esas dinámicas. La ponencia mostrará particularmente el levantamiento tridimensional de las normas sobre la base predial existente, y los volúmenes que proponen en relación con la división predial y su variación (fusión predial, condición altamente frecuente en la ciudad de los países en desarrollo), y evalúa sus efectos según los factores de ocupación de suelo, índices de constructibilidad, distanciamientos y rasantes, La modelación tridimensional de los volúmenes generados por la normativa vigente se realiza por medio de los programas Autocad, 3dStudio, Fo...

The distinction between bones of sheep and bones of goats is a difficult issue in zooarchaeology. Several studies undertaken in the past to facilitate this task have relied upon both qualitative criteria and osteometry. Geometric morphometrics has proved to be a powerful tool to evaluate morphological differences in a rigorous and detailed manner. This study aims to analyse variations in the morphology of the calcaneum among sheep and goats based upon two-dimensional geometric morphometrics (GM). Twenty landmarks were selected on the surfaces of 79 calcanea (47 sheep and 32 goats) to calculate the principal components of shape variations among these specimens. Clear interspecific differences in the morphology of this bone were extracted. Most are located on the calcaneal tuber and neck, the sustentacular tali region, the articular surfaces of both the malleolus and the cubonavicular. Furthermore, the use of GM methods has enabled us to assess small but significant amounts of geometr...

Radiation therapy is an effective and widely accepted form of treatment for many types of cancer that requires extensive computerized planning. Unfortunately, current treatment planning systems have limited or no visual aid that combines patient volumetric models extracted from patient-specific CT data with the treatment device geometry in a 3D interactive simulation. We illustrate the potential of 3D simulation in radiation therapy with a web-based interactive system that combines novel standards and technologies. We discuss related research efforts in this area and present in detail several components of the simulator. An objective assessment of the accuracy of the simulator and a usability study prove the potential of such a system for simulation and training.

Radiation therapy is an effective and widely accepted form of treatment for many types of cancer that requires extensive computerized planning. Unfortunately, current treatment planning systems have limited or no visual aid that combines patient volumetric models extracted from patient-specific CT data with the treatment device geometry in a 3D interactive simulation. We illustrate the potential of 3D simulation in radiation therapy with a web-based interactive system that combines novel standards and technologies. We discuss related research efforts in this area and present in detail several components of the simulator. An objective assessment of the accuracy of the simulator and a usability study prove the potential of such a system for simulation and training.

Despite the availability of Computer-Aided Design (CAD) systems, paper-based sketching is still widely used during conceptual design due to its efficiency in externalizing form solutions. The main reason attributed to this is that the user-interface of most CAD systems follows the WIMP (Windows, Icons, Menus and Pointing device) paradigm which does not support freehand form sketching as input on normal paper. Yet CAD systems still offer advantages for early form design such as threedimensional (3D) model visualization. Thus designers would greatly benefit if the advantages of manual sketching are combined with those of CAD. However, due to various factors, such as the idiosyncratic style of sketching, computer processing of handmade sketches becomes difficult. At the same time, although drawing standards are available for detail design, standards for early form sketching are unavailable. To address the above issues, this paper reports ongoing research aimed at providing a drawing standard to seamlessly link early form sketching on paper with 3D modelling technology. The paper provides an overall picture of the state-of-the-art approaches to early form sketching. A drawing standard has been developed to address the identified deficiencies of current approaches. The developed standard specifies what is required both for the process of drawing and the representation of form in the resulting drawing, i.e. the early form sketch. Besides from providing 3D models directly from paper sketches, such a standard has been found useful for collaborative design. Evaluation results indicate what aspects of the proposed drawing standard require improvements.

Using experimental data, it is shown that the Poisson's ratios of conventional (untreated) foam vary when loading in different loading directions, since foam is inherently asymmetric and anisotropic. The loading direction which is in plane orthogonal to the rise direction of the foam constantly exhibited the most negative Poisson's ratio across foam samples of different types. It was also shown that although the foam may become auxetic at very high values of compressive strain, it shows an incremental negative Poisson's ratio at much lower compressive strains. The results are compared to previous publications and the effects of changing loading direction on the mechanical response of the foam are highlighted. An image of the symmetrical face of a foam cube, taken using a confocal microscope at 4X magnification.

Securing the Spatial Environment Striving to develop a baseline spatial information system for cross-domain thematic analysis, Malta has embarked on a project aimed at integrating the environmental themes in their wider aspect: the natural, physical and social domains. Targeting the full data-cycle, the project focused on various activ

This study uses a numerical procedure, previously validated with data from full-scale experiments, to investigate the performance of a modified prototype wire-rope fence to provide protection against rockfall. The cost-reducing modifications are increased post spacing and fewer wire netting layers. The numerical procedure provides the nonlinear response of the prototype under various impact conditions and insights into each component's role in dissipating impact energy. A simple but effective method to increase fence capacity is also developed. Finally, the use of two units of the prototype to protect a wide area is investigated employing the numerical procedure.

China has a limited share of water resources per capita and a severe water scarcity. It is one of the world's countries with the most limited water resources per capita. Water resource challenges in China also include a lack of understanding of water conservation and water conservation, as well as major waste, pollution, and over exploitation. In order to solve the problem of inconvenient accurate calculation of pipeline head loss with complex layout, research on computer-aided design (CAD) head loss calculation method based on Plant Design Management System (PDSM) three-dimensional model is proposed. Firstly, the pressure pipe model is taken as the research object, and the straight pipe and pipe components of the calculated pipeline are classified and summarized according to the identification code of the three-dimensional model component library; Secondly, the head loss calculation formula is compiled and the corresponding logic between the calculation formula parameters and the PDSM three-dimensional model is established; Finally, the head loss of the same type of straight pipe and pipe components is calculated respectively. This calculation approach overcomes the drawbacks of the standard penstock head loss calculation method, such as the vast number of calculations required, erroneous calculation outputs, and lack of automation. Compared with the traditional calculation technology, the calculation accuracy is improved by 20%. It can calculate the pipeline head loss and local head loss synchronously, which is more accurate and simpler than the traditional calculation method.

We investigate modons on tidally synchronized extrasolar planet atmospheres. Modons are dynamic, coherent flow structures composed of a pair of storms with opposite signs of vorticity. Modons are important because they can divert flows and lead to recognizable weather patterns. On synchronized planets, powered by the intense irradiation from the host star, large modons reach planetary-scale in size and exhibit quasi-periodic life-cycles – chaotically moving around the planet, breaking and reforming many times over long durations (e.g. thousands of planet days). Additionally, the modons transport and mix planetary-scale patches of hot and cold air around the planet, leading to high-amplitude and quasi-periodic signatures in the disc-averaged temperature flux. Hence, they induce variations of the ‘hotspot’ longitude to either side of the planet’s substellar point – consistent with observations at different epochs. The variability behaviour in our simulations broadly underscores the im...

Cet article fait partie du dossier thématique ci-dessous publié dans la revue OGST, Vol. 69, n°4 pp. 507-766 et téléchargeable ici D o s s i e r DOSSIER Edited by/Sous la direction de : Z. Benjelloun-Touimi Geosciences Numerical Methods Modélisation numérique en géosciences

The United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs estimates that by 2050 the world's population will have increased by over 2.1 billion people (UN DESA, 2019). Providing housing and infrastructure for them would essentially require building an amount equivalent to what currently exists. It is simply not possible to build in the future the way we do today. To appropriately confront the urgency of the environmental crisis, the building industry faces three immediate challenges: 1) reducing pollution, particularly embodied carbon emissions; 2) slowing the depletion of natural resources; and 3) minimizing waste production. The first challenge refers foremost to embodied emissions (De Wolf et al., 2013, 2016, 2017). The second challenge asks for a reduction in the demand of material used by the building sector, since currently 40% of global resource consumption results in the disappearance of essential virgin materials (OECD, 2018). The third challenge centers on what is w...

This paper presents a case history in Heliopolis, Egypt which is an underground metro station serving a high densely populated area in northeastern Cairo. This station was planned to maintain and attract density population (job-housing) in the nearby areas. The tunnel excavation and the constructed station resulted in a lateral soil displacement component and a reverse pressure affecting the side supporting system along the station sections. This displacement depends on many factors such as soil profile, subsoil properties, depth of excavation inside the diaphragm walls (Dwalls), type and stiffness of supporting system, time period of construction, surrounding structures, and surcharge loads. The present paper is comparing the observed horizontal displacement data (more than 2 years monitoring) with the corresponding estimated values of the soil model for detecting the deviation in predicted settlements in the long run and for the evaluation of any hazardous damages on buildings near excavations. It is concluded that the horizontal displacement behind the wall is about 0.06% of the excavation depth and the surface settlement is about 6-24% of the horizontal displacement behind the wall if all construction stages are included. Also, the surface settlement is about 0.004-0.014% of the excavation depth of the underground station.

units share similar artifact types in low proportions. One significant difference is the presence of figurines depicting human figures found in the quadrangular stone structure, another difference is a different access to marine resources. In the monumental sector, excavations were centered in one of the mounds (mound 1) uncovering evidence of architecture made entirely of round cobble stones and mud mortar. Chronologically the construction of mound 1 is later than the domestic occupation was in use when the site was abandon circa 3400 BP. The results from Bandurria challenge the models that characterize the Late Preceramic society as a complex chiefdom or state. Alternative models have are proposed to fit the domestic data within a larger explanatory framework. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS .

Twenty Abies alba trees were selected for restoration purpose of species in the Sudeten. Eleven features of cone and seeds collected from those trees were examined and all of them significantly differed selected trees. Five features, i.e. cone length, cone biggest diameter, length and width of ovuliferous scales, and length of wings with were recommended as having the highest diagnostic value. Additional key words: variability of cones Addresses: M. Tracz, Forest District Zdroje, ul. Krótka 5, 57-330 Szczytna W. Barzdajn, Agricultural University of Poznań, Faculty of Forestry, Department of Silviculture, ul. Wojska Polskiego 69, 60–625 Poznań, tel/fax 61 848 77 42, e-mail barzdajn@au.poznan.pl.

We survey the basic principles of atmospheric dynamics relevant to explaining existing and future observations of extrasolar planets, both gas giant and terrestrial. Given the paucity of data on extrasolar planet (or "exoplanet") atmospheres, our approach is to emphasize fundamental principles and insights gained from Solar System studies that are likely to be generalizable to exoplanets. We begin by presenting the hierarchy of some basic equations sets used in atmospheric dynamics, including the Navier-Stokes, primitive, equivalent-barotropic, shallow-water, and two-dimensional nondivergent models. We then survey key concepts in atmospheric dynamics, including the importance of planetary rotation, the concept of balance, and simple scaling arguments to show how turbulent interactions generally produce large-scale east-west banding on rotating planets. We next turn to issues specific to giant planets, including their expected interior and atmospheric thermal structures, the implications for their wind patterns, and mechanisms to pump their east-west jets. Hot Jupiter atmospheric dynamics are given particular attention, as these close-in planets have been the subject of most of the concrete developments in exoplanetary atmospheres. We then turn to the basic elements of circulation on terrestrial planets as inferred from Solar System studies, including Hadley cells, jet streams, processes that govern the large-scale horizontal temperature differences, and climate, and we discuss how these insights may apply to extrasolar terrestrial planets. Although exoplanets surely possess a greater diversity of circulation regimes than seen on the planets in our Solar System, our guiding philosophy is that the multi-decade study of Solar System planets reviewed here provides a foundation upon which our understanding of more exotic exoplanetary meteorology must build.

We document a new species of ovulate cone (Pararaucaria collinsonae) on the basis of silicified fossils from the Late Jurassic Purbeck Limestone Group of southern England (Tithonian Stage: ca. 145 million years). Our description principally relies on the anatomy of the ovuliferous scales, revealed through X-ray synchrotron microtomography (SRXMT) performed at the Diamond Light Source (UK). This study represents the first application of SRXMT to macro-scale silicified plant fossils, and demonstrates the significant advantages of this approach, which can resolve cellular structure over lab-based X-ray computed microtomography (XMT). The method enabled us to characterize tissues and precisely demarcate their boundaries, elucidating organ shape, and thus allowing an accurate assessment of affinities. The cones are broadly spherical (ca. 1.3 cm diameter), and are structured around a central axis with helically arranged bract/scale complexes, each of which bares a single ovule. A three-lobed ovuliferous scale and ovules enclosed within pocket-forming tissue, demonstrate an affinity with Cheirolepidiaceae. Details of vascular sclerenchyma bundles, integument structure, and the number and attachment of the ovules indicate greatest similarity to P. patagonica and P. carrii. This fossil develops our understanding of the dominant tree element of the Purbeck Fossil Forest, providing the first evidence for ovulate cheirolepidiaceous cones in Europe. Alongside recent discoveries in North America, this significantly extends the known palaeogeographic range of Pararaucaria, supporting a mid-palaeolatitudinal distribution in both Gondwana and Laurasia during the Late Jurassic. Palaeoclimatic interpretations derived from contemporaneous floras, climate sensitive sediments, and general circulation climate models indicate that Pararaucaria was a constituent of low diversity floras in semi-arid Mediterranean-type environments. How to cite this article Steart et al. (2014), X-ray Synchrotron Microtomography of a silicified Jurassic Cheirolepidiaceae (Conifer) cone: histology and morphology of Pararaucaria collinsonae sp. nov.. PeerJ 2:e624;