Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach

This paper introduces a unified theoretical framework, rooted in the Information-Cognitive Compression Field (ICCF) theory, to resolve two of the most profound challenges in condensed matter physics: high-temperature superconductivity (HTS) and the nature of topological matter. We argue that these phenomena are not separate puzzles but are different manifestations of a single, underlying principle: Emergent Collective Causality.

Within this framework, we reinterpret the Cooper pair in HTS not as two particles bound by a mysterious "glue," but as a merger of two electron Information Integration Entities (IIEs) into a single, more stable "double-electron IIE." This fusion of compression sources is driven by a deep "compression well" provided by the unique lattice geometry, resulting in a perfect, lossless "causal flow" that manifests as zero resistance.

Furthermore, we propose that topological states are a necessary consequence of the Causal Source Continuity Principle. The insulating bulk of a topological material is described as a state of "causal locking," which inevitably leads to "causal unsaturation" at its boundary. To maintain causal continuity, the system must spontaneously form a topologically protected, dissipationless conductive channel at the edge.

Ultimately, this work moves beyond mere explanation, offering a first-principles design paradigm for engineering novel quantum materials. By treating macroscopic quantum states as the emergent order of collective causal compression, the ICCF framework provides a unified, predictive, and potentially transformative new language for all of condensed matter physics.

We present a concrete derivation of a solitonic field configuration within the ICCF unified field framework that yields a predicted mass of approximately 41.2 GeV. Through rigorous application of variational calculus to the ICCF action, we obtain compression tensor field equations that admit stable, localized solutions under specific topological (n = 6) and coupling (κ ≈ 0.35) constraints. These results suggest that the ICCF framework may offer an internal origin for particle masses without external parameters. We conclude with experimental implications for collider searches.

This paper presents a theoretical framework for a next-generation nuclear fusion system based on the Information-Cognitive Compression Field (ICCF). The proposed model departs from traditional approaches by treating energy not merely as a function of particle kinetics or confinement, but as a manifestation of causal informational gradients and compression topologies in a multilayered entropic field. Through the integration of entropy flow dynamics, compression conservation principles, and causal topology, we propose a self-regulating fusion reactor architecture capable of maintaining thermodynamic equilibrium via field-level modulation and multi-phase compression. Key innovations include compression-induced magnetic analogues, frequency-locked plasma resonance networks, quantum-locked field stability, and entropic recycling mechanisms. This model further suggests the possibility of distributed synchronization between reactors and hints at the emergence of artificial causal life via informational singularities. The ICCF framework thus offers a novel lens to reimagine fusion, not just as a physical process, but as a causal-informational architecture, merging unified field dynamics, quantum coherence, and thermodynamic design.

This paper proposes a preliminary mathematical model of cooling unit from a vacuum heat pump dryer. The mathematical model includes sub models of all basic components, namely, condenser in dry chamber, capillary tube, compressor, cooling water tank and cooling coil in the cooling water tank. The mathematical model is coded into a computer program for evaluating the water temperature in the cooling water tank, time used for reaching that temperature and cop of the system. This mathematical model will be developed to design this system and use to study appropriate system configurations, control system, and design parameters of prime importance to the system.

AbstractThis paper present to study and analysis condition assessment of power transformer OLTC by Duval Trianglemethod via IT support. The historical test results of the dissolved gas analysis in the OLTC of power transformers rated115/22 kV 50 MVA is analyzed as an example. To record the data conveniently and systematically as well as to encounterless time-consuming for the condition evaluation, IT support is required in this work. The recorded data with the quantityof combustible gases produced in the insulating oil of OLTC is analyzed by dissolved gas analysis, which is Duvaltriangle then applied to specify any faults occurring in the OLTC. Three combustible gases are plotted as a coordinatedpoint into the triangle that is separated into several zones of specific faults. Finally, the known condition can be used toplan appropriate maintenance effectively in the utility. This results in higher system reliability and longer useful lifetimeof the OLTC

The purpose of this research is to compare the level of energy literacy of secondary-school students through case studies of 3 Amphoe in Lopburi Province. The schools include Pranarai School and Khok Kathiam Witthayalai School in Amphoe Muang Lopburi, Khoksamrong Witthaya School and Ban Wang Ploeng School in Amphoe Khoksamrong, Sathya Sai School in Amphoe Chai Badan. We developed a questionnaire to collect data from a sample group of 352 students and conducted statistical analysis using Microsoft Excel 2010. The research results showed that the average scores of energy literacy, which measured the level of knowledge, attitude, and perception of behavior, were statistically different between the schools. The scores from the school located near a power plant were on average lower than other schools at a significance level of 0.05. This finding suggests that vicinity to a power plant was not a factor that increased students’ energy literacy; instead key factors included socio-economic ...

To study the systematic assessment of need for care and clinical parameters for use in treatment plans in patients diagnosed with severe mental illness. The Cumulative Needs for Care Monitor (CNCM) includes various validated instruments, such as the Camberwell Assessment of Need. A Markov-type cost-effectiveness model (health care perspective, 5-year time horizon) was used to compare CNCM with care as usual (CAU). Two studies were used to determine model parameters: a before–after study (n = 2155) and a matched-control study (n = 937). The CNCM may lead to a gain in psychiatric functioning according to the models. CNCM patients remain in (outpatient) care, while CAU patients drop out more frequently. There is only a small difference in inpatient care. As a result, average costs per patient in the CNCM group are between €2809 (before–after model) and €5251 (matched-control model) higher. The iCER was between €45 127 and €57 839 per life year without psychiatric dysfunction gained. CN...

The objective of this article is to present the determination of the heat transfer rates through a straight rectangular fin by the numerical method in 3 dimensions. The energy balance method is employed to determine the finite difference equations. The solutions of the equations are determined by the Gauss-Seidel iteration. Thermal radiation between the fin surfaces and the surrounding is concerned in the calculation and the local convection heat transfer coefficients are used in the calculation. The calculation is calculated under the steady-state condition and the constant temperature at the base of the fin condition. The results obtained from the calculation by the numerical method in 3 dimensions gained the values

Introduction: An effective vaccine and cold chain management is crucial to ensure that clients receive the optimal potency of vaccine and safety. Objective: The study surveyed knowledge, attitude and behaviour towards vaccine and cold chain management of health care personnel, and explore relationships among the variables. Materials and Methods: A validated questionnaire was used to survey the health care personnel (n=677) from eight provinces (Nakhonnayok, Nonthaburi, Pathumthani, Angthong, Singburi, Lopburi, Saraburi and Ayutthaya) between March and June, 2011. Results: Most of the respondents (87%) worked for sub-district health promotion hospitals with mean duration of working experience in health care of 17 years, nine years of which they were directly responsible for vaccine management. There were statistically signifi cant positive relationships among knowledge, attitude and behaviour. The mean score of knowledge about vaccine and cold chain management was at moderate level (mean 10.0±2.4, range 1-15, possible score 0-15). The mean scores of their attitude and behaviour were high at 77.7 ± 6.9 (range 53-90, possible score 18-90) and 44.6± 4.2 (range 33-51, possible score 17-51) respectively. The scores of knowledge and behaviour of the personnel who obtained training regarding vaccine and cold chain management in the last three years were higher than those who did not receive any training. Conclusion: Although the level of the overall behaviour score was high, someissues urgently needed to be improved, such as appro priate use of icepacks, and monitoring temperatures of storage and transportation. Thus, most health care personnel have knowledge and appropriate behaviour in vaccine and cold chain management.

Both NOx and soot emissions are major concerns in compression ignition (CI) engine with diesel fuel and the enhancement of variety of fuel and air can increase the performance of combustion engine. There are several methods to enhance the variety of air-fuel within the cylinder. Altering the geometry of piston bowl is one of the methods to improve the air-fuel mixture. This article proposes the effect of piston bowl geometry on the direct injection diesel engine performance and emissions, where various profiles of piston bowl referred as hemispherical combustion chamber (HCC), toroidal combustion chamber (TCC) and shallow depth combustion chamber (SCC) are designed using computer aided design and drafting (CADD) tool and ANSYS workbench is adopted for analysis. In addition, Karanja oil mixed with base fluid diesel at different volume fractions like0.2%, 0.3% and 0.4% and are calculated for their combination properties. Further, theoretical calculations are considered to determine th...

The main objective of this research was to study the characteristics of mixed rice husk-pured glycerol 47% briquettes with mixing ratios of rice husk-glycerol 3 kg:0, 100, 200, 300, 400, and 500 ml respectively. Results showed that the high heating value of mixed rice husk-glycerol briquettes was in the range of 3,585-3,916 cal/g. The density of mixed rice husk-glycerol briquettes was in the range of 1,098.78-1,167.17 kg/m 3 and the compressive strength was in the range of 6.35-26.40 MPa. For the total cost of briquette production without externalities is about 2.62 Baht/kg.

Machine learning forks into three main branches such as supervised learning, unsupervised learning, and reinforcement learning where reinforcement learning is much potential to artificial intelligence (AI) applications because it solves real problems by progressive process in which possible solutions are improved and finetuned continuously. The progressive approach, which reflects ability of adaptation, is appropriate to the real world where most events occur and change continuously and unexpectedly. Moreover, data is getting too huge for supervised learning and unsupervised learning to draw valuable knowledge from such huge data at one time. Bayesian optimization (BO) models an optimization problem as a probabilistic form called surrogate model and then directly maximizes an acquisition function created from such surrogate model in order to maximize implicitly and indirectly the target function for finding out solution of the optimization problem. A popular surrogate model is Gaussian process regression model. The process of maximizing acquisition function is based on updating posterior probability of surrogate model repeatedly, which is improved after every iteration. Taking advantages of acquisition function or utility function is also common in decision theory but the semantic meaning behind BO is that BO solves problems by progressive and adaptive approach via updating surrogate model from a small piece of data at each time, according to ideology of reinforcement learning. Undoubtedly, BO is a reinforcement learning algorithm with many potential applications and thus it is surveyed in this research with attention to its mathematical ideas. Moreover, the solution of optimization problem is important to not only applied mathematics but also AI.

This study aims to investigate the effects of piston bowl shape and biodiesel fuel on combustion and emissions of a direct injection (DI) diesel engine. Three configurations of piston bowl geometry are modeled: hemispherical, toroidal, and rectangular. Biodiesel fuel derived from soybean oil is being considered. An experimental work was conducted on a diesel engine with a hemispherical piston bowl, and a better validity was attained. The study showed that, diesel engine with toroidal piston bowl delivered the largest power than other shapes, where turbulent regions are formed inside the toroidal piston bowl with higher intensity, which resulted in better combustion characteristics and lower emission concentrations. It is observed from the combustion of biodiesel fuel that, the rapid combustion stage began earlier than conventional diesel fuel by about 5o CA, heat release rate (HRR) decreased by 18.88%, emissions of carbon monoxide (CO), and unburnt hydrocarbon (UHC) reduced but nitr...

Penelitian ini membahas tentang suatu cara yang belum pernah digunakan untuk mengkonstruksi rumus suku ke-barisan aritmetika bertingkat menggunakan interpolasi Lagrange. Rumus yang telah didapat bisa dimanfaatkan untuk memperoleh suku ke-dari barisan aritmetika bertingkat , dengan syarat diketahui sebanyak + 1 suku dari barisan tersebut. Melalui beberapa contoh ternyata bahwa rumus suku ke-menggunakan interpolasi Lagrange, yaitu () dapat digunakan untuk memperoleh nilai suku yang diinginkan.

AbstractHigh grade coal is excavated for utilization while a low grade coal have gangue impurities , waiting for an upgradingtechnique to be used in the future. Nowadays, an upgrading technique for coal uses many methods e.g. jig concentrator, hydro cyclone, shaking table, spiral classifier, dense medium separator or froth flotation. This article to suggest that “NP&PSEPARATION” technique developed and tested in a laboratory scale which can separate coal from sand impurities by utilizing of used lubricating oil to increase the high heating value of coal, to use pump system in the coal. The separated coal can be transported by pump, however, coal particles are not wet by water. This technique is also expected to be applied in the separation of oil shale (with kerosene coating) from ordinary shale. However, industrial applications of the technique still need to be proved

This study aims to investigate the efects of piston bowl shape and biodiesel fuel on
combustion and emissions of a direct injection (DI) diesel engine. Three confgura‑
tions of piston bowl geometry are modeled: hemispherical, toroidal, and rectangular.
Biodiesel fuel derived from soybean oil is being considered. An experimental work was
conducted on a diesel engine with a hemispherical piston bowl, and a better validity
was attained. The study showed that, diesel engine with toroidal piston bowl deliv‑
ered the largest power than other shapes, where turbulent regions are formed inside
the toroidal piston bowl with higher intensity, which resulted in better combustion
characteristics and lower emission concentrations. It is observed from the combus‑
tion of biodiesel fuel that, the rapid combustion stage began earlier than conventional
diesel fuel by about 5o
CA, heat release rate (HRR) decreased by 18.88%, emissions
of carbon monoxide (CO), and unburnt hydrocarbon (UHC) reduced but nitric oxide
(NO) emission increased by about 17.78% at 55o
CA, as compared to diesel fuel. During
the injection process, the jet core of biodiesel fuel appeared thicker and longer than
conventional diesel fuel. For optimization, preheating with exhaust gas recirculation
(EGR) of biodiesel fuel contributes to reduce the emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx)
and improve the atomization rate.

The main objective of this research is to investigate the performance and emissions of a direct-injection diesel engine connected within an automotive pickup to use the pure ester and mixture of diesel and ester. Ester was synthesized by using oleic palm oil and anhydrous ethanol with potassium-methoxide catalysts to produce the palm-oil ethyl ester (POEE) which had the average of ester at 98.53%. Results from using POEE compared with diesel showed that the fuel heating value decreased to 10.56%, the fuel viscosity increased to 71.43%, and the density increased to 5.33%. Besides, the engine power and thermal efficiency decreased to 5.18% and 5.57%, and the fuel consumption increased to 29.35%. On the other hand, the release of CO, HC and black smoke decreased, but the CO 2 and NO releases increased. Use of diesel mixed to ester led to the decrease in engine performance, but there was the decrease of CO, HC and black smoke emissions with increasing the amount of ester. Keywords  : pa...

The main objective of this research was to study the characteristics of mixed rice husk-pured glycerol 47% briquettes with mixing ratios of rice husk-glycerol 3 kg:0, 100, 200, 300, 400, and 500 ml respectively. Results showed that the high heating value of mixed rice husk-glycerol briquettes was in the range of 3,585-3,916 cal/g. The density of mixed rice husk-glycerol briquettes was in the range of 1,098.78-1,167.17 kg/m 3 and the compressive strength was in the range of 6.35-26.40 MPa. For the total cost of briquette production without externalities is about 2.62 Baht/kg.

To study the systematic assessment of need for care and clinical parameters for use in treatment plans in patients diagnosed with severe mental illness. The Cumulative Needs for Care Monitor (CNCM) includes various validated instruments, such as the Camberwell Assessment of Need. A Markov-type cost-effectiveness model (health care perspective, 5-year time horizon) was used to compare CNCM with care as usual (CAU). Two studies were used to determine model parameters: a before–after study (n = 2155) and a matched-control study (n = 937). The CNCM may lead to a gain in psychiatric functioning according to the models. CNCM patients remain in (outpatient) care, while CAU patients drop out more frequently. There is only a small difference in inpatient care. As a result, average costs per patient in the CNCM group are between €2809 (before–after model) and €5251 (matched-control model) higher. The iCER was between €45 127 and €57 839 per life year without psychiatric dysfunction gained. CN...

HIGHLIGHTS Combustion characteristics of dairy scum oil biodiesel were investigated.  Optimized operating conditions for 20% blend of dairy scum oil biodiesel (B20) were IOP: 230 bar, IT: 26.deg.bTDC, CR: 18, and NH: 5 holes.  Using dairy scum oil biodiesel, hemispherical and toroidal geometries of diesel engine piston bowl of were compared. Engine modification, i.e., TPBG, increased brake thermal efficiency and heat release rate by 5.5% and 17.24%, respectively.  TPBG decreased brake specific fuel consumption, HC emission, and CO emission by 8.75%, 15%, and 14.47%, respectively.

In this paper, the dynamics of a novel 2-DOF planar Translational Parallel Manipulator (TPM) is analyzed. The suggested TPM is made up of two PPa (Prismatic-planar Parallelogram) legs. Since all the linear actuators are mounted on the base, the proposed TPM can be applied for high speed positioning applications. The Lagrangian equations of the first type is employed to derive the inverse dynamic equations. It is shown that the analytical inverse dynamics equations match very well with ADAMS simulations. These analytical inverse dynamics equations will be used for the real-time computed torque control in the further work.

The propagation of photon states in a nonlinear micro -PANDA ring resonator are studied and analyzed. The squeezed state representation of photon can be achieved via four -wave mixing process in the micro-ring resonator. The effect of thermal noise is also studied to optimum the validity of the next application in the CPU of quantum computer.

The purposes of this research were to find the Impact of ENSO phenomenon to construct the forecasting model on rainfall, which classified by the river basins in the in the Northeastern Thailand. The secondary data with 12 variables viz the Meteorological factors , ENSO index, Asian Monsoon Index and Indian Oceans Dipole were collected from Thai Meteorological Department and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. The data were analyzed by Factor analysis and found that 4, 5 and 4 factors were effected from ENSO and IOD index with 23.228%, 23.249% and 23.184% variation by the first PC at Khong, Chi and Moon River Basins, respectively. Moreover the Principle Component Regression analysis was also constructed for forecasting the rainfall in three rivers basins with coefficients of determination as .566, .551 and .523 respectively . Keywords: ENSO, ENSO Index, Principle Component analysis, Principle Component Regression *Corresponding author. E-mail : saowanee_st@hotmail.com

The purpose of this research study is to investigate the emission of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) from sugarcane cultivations of farmers in Buriram Province based on the principle of life cycle assessment of four processes of sugarcane production, including land preparation, planting, nurturing, and harvesting and transportation. There are two forms of cane growing, namely plant cane and ratoon cane. With regard to harvesting, there are three forms: burned cane, fresh cane and burned leaves, and fresh cane. The results of this study revealed that ratoon cane (fresh cane and burned leaves) emitted the maximum carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) equivalent of 532.19 kgCO 2 eq/ton, followed by ratoon cane (burned cane), plant cane (fresh cane and burned leaves), plant cane (burned cane), and plant cane (fresh cane) at 524.91, 436.58, 429.29 and 60.82 kgCO 2 eq/ton, respectively. Regarding ratoon cane (fresh cane), it emitted the minimum CO 2 equivalent of 14.90 kgCO 2 eq/ton. When considering the process...

Quantum Fourier transform (QFT) plays an eminent role in quantum computation. It creates a superposition of different quantum states, allowing simultaneous calculation, which would take many steps were the same program implemented on a classical computer. The computational speed of a quantum computer is thus boosted dramatically. In this article, we explain the application of QFT in Shor's algorithm, which was proposed by Peter Shor to factor large integers on quantum computers. Specifically, the principle and design of quantum Fourier transform are explained. We stress the subtle distinction between QFT and its inverse. Since former articles did not emphasize it, we hope it could be a supplement to former articles. Our next work is to verify the existing articles on executing Shor's algorithm by conducting two experiments on IBMQ of factoring N = 15 in two ways (a = 7 and a = 11). We find that the effect of quantum entanglement might be crucial to the speed boost of factoring large integers in Shor's algorithm.

The study investigated the efficiency of a biofilter to treat volatile organic compounds used as solvent in industrial activities including Toluene, Xylene and Thinner which consists of 64% Toluene. The experiment was divided into 3 parts consisting of treatment of Toluene, Xylene and Thinner vapor at concentrations of 50, 100, 200, 300 and 400 ppm and Empty Bed Retention Time (EBRT) of 30, 60 and 90 seconds. The biofilter compositions were mixture of compost, manure, wood chips and microorganism sludge having composition by volume of 60:10:20:10 respectively. The flowrate was maintained at 6.28 liter per minute. The results showed that treatment of 50 ppm Toluene vapor with EBRT 90 seconds yielded efficiency of 99.9 ±0.1%. When the concentrations were increased to 100, 200, 300 and 400 ppm using EBRT of 90 seconds the removal efficiency of Toluene was 97.8±1.7%, 91.5±1.0%, 86.4±2.0% and 78.5±3.0%, respectively. Treatment of 50 ppm Xylene vapor at 90 seconds EBRT yielded efficiency of 97.5±1.9%. When Xylene vapor concentrations were increased to 100, 200, 300 and 400 ppm using EBRT of 90 seconds the removal efficiency were 99.5±0.5%, 96.6±1.1%, 93.4±1.1% and 85.9±1.6%, respectively. Treatment of 50 ppm Thinner vapor at 90 seconds EBRT yielded efficiency of 99.3±0.3%. When Thinner vapor concentrations were increased to 100, 200, 300 and 400 ppm using EBRT of 90 seconds the removal efficiency were 99.1±0.4%, 95.6±0.4%, 87.0±4.1% and 70.5±5.8%, respectively.

The main objective of this research was to study the characteristics of mixed rice husk-pured glycerol 47% briquettes with mixing ratios of rice husk-glycerol 3 kg:0, 100, 200, 300, 400, and 500 ml respectively. Results showed that the high heating value of mixed rice husk-glycerol briquettes was in the range of 3,585-3,916 cal/g. The density of mixed rice husk-glycerol briquettes was in the range of 1,098.78-1,167.17 kg/m 3 and the compressive strength was in the range of 6.35-26.40 MPa. For the total cost of briquette production without externalities is about 2.62 Baht/kg.

The main objective of this research is to investigate the performance and emissions of a direct-injection diesel engine connected within an automotive pickup to use the pure ester and mixture of diesel and ester. Ester was synthesized by using oleic palm oil and anhydrous ethanol with potassium-methoxide catalysts to produce the palm-oil ethyl ester (POEE) which had the average of ester at 98.53%. Results from using POEE compared with diesel showed that the fuel heating value decreased to 10.56%, the fuel viscosity increased to 71.43%, and the density increased to 5.33%. Besides, the engine power and thermal efficiency decreased to 5.18% and 5.57%, and the fuel consumption increased to 29.35%. On the other hand, the release of CO, HC and black smoke decreased, but the CO 2 and NO releases increased. Use of diesel mixed to ester led to the decrease in engine performance, but there was the decrease of CO, HC and black smoke emissions with increasing the amount of ester. Keywords  : pa...

The purposes of this research were to find the Impact of ENSO phenomenon to construct the forecasting model on rainfall, which classified by the river basins in the in the Northeastern Thailand. The secondary data with 12 variables viz the Meteorological factors , ENSO index, Asian Monsoon Index and Indian Oceans Dipole were collected from Thai Meteorological Department and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. The data were analyzed by Factor analysis and found that 4, 5 and 4 factors were effected from ENSO and IOD index with 23.228%, 23.249% and 23.184% variation by the first PC at Khong, Chi and Moon River Basins, respectively. Moreover the Principle Component Regression analysis was also constructed for forecasting the rainfall in three rivers basins with coefficients of determination as .566, .551 and .523 respectively . Keywords: ENSO, ENSO Index, Principle Component analysis, Principle Component Regression *Corresponding author. E-mail : saowanee_st@hotmail.com

BACKGROUND Primary angle-closure glaucoma has been reported with higher prevalence in Asian populations. There is no significant data of different response of topical medication between angle- closure and open angle eyes. OBJECTIVE The present study investigates ocular hypotensive effect and systemic side effects of 0.1% timolol eye gel once daily compared with 0.5% timolol eye drop twice daily in patients with chronic angle-closure glaucoma. MATERIAL AND METHOD The present study was a prospective, randomized, investigator-masked, two-period crossover study in chronic angle-closure glaucoma patients with each drug tested for a six-week period. RESULTS Twenty five eyes were included. Timolol 0.1% eye gel and 0.5% timolol eye drop significantly reduced IOP at 9 am, 11 am and 3 pm compared with baseline (P < 0.001). At week 6, the mean IOP reduction from baseline of 0.5% timolol eye drop group was higher than that of 0.1% timolol eye gel group at 9 am (3.68 mmHg, 2.51 mmHg respectiv...

The objectives of this research were to select the most appropriate forecasting model for uncertain demand of hot-rolled steel and to find the purchase amount and the reorder point of some raw materials in order to minimize the total cost of production in an iron and steel production planning. The three forecasting models which were exponential model, ARIMS model, and the proposed Bayesian model were studied. An iron and steel factory in Samutprakarn province was a prototype for this study. Because of their uncertain high demand, the Steel HBeam, Steel plate, steel round bar, and black steel round bar with various sizes were selected, and their parameters including demand rate, inventory cost, back order cost, and setup cost were collected. The study found that the proposed Bayesian forecasting model is the most appropriate. The predicted demand and all parameter values were used to find the purchase amounts and the reorder points of the raw materials under the (r,Q) policy of the s...

THAI) ...................................................................................................... I ABSTRACT (ENGLISH) ............................................................................................ III ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .......................................................................................... V TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................. VI LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................... XIV LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................. XVI SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS .................................................................. XXIII

The standing wave thermoacoustic engine constructed in this work was to convert a proper temperature gradient across a porous media into an acoustic power within the solid boundaries of the media to subsequently drive the thermoacoustic refrigeration. Here, the working fluid was helium at a mean pressure of 40 bar; the porous media used was a parallel-plate stack. The experimental results showed that this engine could produce the acoustic power of up to 50.9 W with the pressure amplitude of 50 kPa, which is equivalent to the drive ratio of approximately 1.25%, and yielded the efficiency of energy conversion of up to 7.27% with a resonant frequency of 325 Hz.

The aim of this research is to design and construct a standing wave thermoacoustic engine in orderto drive a thermoacoustic refrigerator. The slab stack is selected in this work. To minimize the capital cost,the compressed air of 10 bar is employed as working fluid to operate at designed frequency of 50 Hz. Thepreliminary test to evaluate the performance of this engine is required. The temperature distribution withinthe stack and the oscillating pressure in the system are measured. As the mean pressure in the system isincreased from 5 bar to 10 bar, the onset temperature to oscillate is reduced, resulting to shorter starting-upperiod. This is possible to utilize low-grade energy sources such as waste heat, solar energy, etc. to operatethe thermoacoustic engines at high pressure. The pressure amplitude caused by the oscillating movementof wave is the crucial parameter that indicates the acoustic power generated. The drive ratios (= p1/pm)obtained from this engine are about 2.25% an...

This research investigates on the development of a spray combustion model for diesel engineapplications. This spray model is based on the spray droplet number size distribution moments approach.These moments relate to volume, surface area, radius and number of droplets, respectively. The source termsof sub-models including droplet breakup, collision, evaporation, and the interactions between the liquidphase and the gas phase are derived in term of these droplet moments. The governing equations for boththe gas and liquid phases are developed based on the moment-average quantities and solved by the finitevolume method on an Eulerian framework. For combustion analysis, Steady Flamelet approach is employedhere combining with reaction progress variable in order to indicate the reaction level. The skeleton chemicalkinetic mechanisms consisting of 43 chemical components and 185 reactions are solved in order to createthe Flamelet library. The thermo-chemical variables in this library includ...

The purposes of this research were to find the Impact of ENSO phenomenon to construct the forecasting model on rainfall, which classified by the river basins in the in the Northeastern Thailand. The secondary data with 12 variables viz the Meteorological factors , ENSO index, Asian Monsoon Index and Indian Oceans Dipole were collected from Thai Meteorological Department and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. The data were analyzed by Factor analysis and found that 4, 5 and 4 factors were effected from ENSO and IOD index with 23.228%, 23.249% and 23.184% variation by the first PC at Khong, Chi and Moon River Basins, respectively. Moreover the Principle Component Regression analysis was also constructed for forecasting the rainfall in three rivers basins with coefficients of determination as .566, .551 and .523 respectively . Keywords: ENSO, ENSO Index, Principle Component analysis, Principle Component Regression *Corresponding author. E-mail : saowanee_st@hotmail.com

The purpose of this research study is to investigate the emission of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) from sugarcane cultivations of farmers in Buriram Province based on the principle of life cycle assessment of four processes of sugarcane production, including land preparation, planting, nurturing, and harvesting and transportation. There are two forms of cane growing, namely plant cane and ratoon cane. With regard to harvesting, there are three forms: burned cane, fresh cane and burned leaves, and fresh cane. The results of this study revealed that ratoon cane (fresh cane and burned leaves) emitted the maximum carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) equivalent of 532.19 kgCO 2 eq/ton, followed by ratoon cane (burned cane), plant cane (fresh cane and burned leaves), plant cane (burned cane), and plant cane (fresh cane) at 524.91, 436.58, 429.29 and 60.82 kgCO 2 eq/ton, respectively. Regarding ratoon cane (fresh cane), it emitted the minimum CO 2 equivalent of 14.90 kgCO 2 eq/ton. When considering the process...

Energy piles serves two purposes, namely, (1) bearing the building load and transferring it to the competent foundation soil layer and reducing settlement (2) transferring the heat (or coolness) from the airconditioning system into the ground. Since the ground has much better heat transferring property and heat capacity than that of air, and in Thailand, the ground temperature ranges between 28-30 degrees Celsius throughout the year, the ground thus can be used to absorb the heat from condensing unit of airconditioning system in Thailand. In this study, the steel tube micropile (6" diameter) was used as energy pile to transfer heat from airconditioning system of a residential house. Installation method of energy micropiles is explained, together with the thermal response test (TRT). Analysis of pile displacement and internal axial stress due to mechanical load and thermal load is demonstrated using the Load-transfer method.

This paper presents a software test for the detection damage of solar hot water system. In this process used the modbus protocol for communicate to sensor of solar hot water system already display and damage warn to user. The results showed that the calculation of the set of software result in an error of less than 1% compared with the mathematical model. In damage warned function the software can be displayed in 100% correct compared with the sensor data generated from Mod_RSsim Simulator software. In summary this software will allow engineers and technicians dose maintenance or prevent the damage quickly and promptly.

The objective of this research was to apply simulation techniques to reduce production time of the gallon drinking water production process due to the highest time production. The water production process which currently takes 26,966.34 seconds per 400 gallon or takes 67.42 seconds per gallon was studied. It was found that there was a problem with bottleneck during the water filling process. Therefore, three scenarios were generated to solve the problem then each scenario was tested using experimenting tool through simulation analysis process. The simulation model of the gallon drinking water production process was created using Flexsim ® simulation software. The results showed that the scenario which added 1 employee and added water filling machine was the optimal solution for increasing efficiency in the production process. By this scenario, the average production time was reduced to 17,093. 80 seconds per 400 gallon or 42. 73 seconds per gallon. The reduced production time was 9,873. 54 seconds or 2 hours 44 minutes or the average of reduced production time was 24.68 seconds per gallon which was equivalent to 36.

Introduction: An effective vaccine and cold chain management is crucial to ensure that clients receive the optimal potency of vaccine and safety. Objective: The study surveyed knowledge, attitude and behaviour towards vaccine and cold chain management of health care personnel, and explore relationships among the variables. Materials and Methods: A validated questionnaire was used to survey the health care personnel (n=677) from eight provinces (Nakhonnayok, Nonthaburi, Pathumthani, Angthong, Singburi, Lopburi, Saraburi and Ayutthaya) between March and June, 2011. Results: Most of the respondents (87%) worked for sub-district health promotion hospitals with mean duration of working experience in health care of 17 years, nine years of which they were directly responsible for vaccine management. There were statistically signifi cant positive relationships among knowledge, attitude and behaviour. The mean score of knowledge about vaccine and cold chain management was at moderate level (mean 10.0±2.4, range 1-15, possible score 0-15). The mean scores of their attitude and behaviour were high at 77.7 ± 6.9 (range 53-90, possible score 18-90) and 44.6± 4.2 (range 33-51, possible score 17-51) respectively. The scores of knowledge and behaviour of the personnel who obtained training regarding vaccine and cold chain management in the last three years were higher than those who did not receive any training. Conclusion: Although the level of the overall behaviour score was high, someissues urgently needed to be improved, such as appro priate use of icepacks, and monitoring temperatures of storage and transportation. Thus, most health care personnel have knowledge and appropriate behaviour in vaccine and cold chain management.

Introduction: Consumption of vegetables which possess blood sugar lowering effect might retard the progressive of diabetes mellitus (DM) and prevent DM disease in healthy people. To date, the glucose uptake enhancement stimulated by Thai local vegetables in muscle cell cultures have not been many reports. Objectives: The aims of this research were to study glucose uptake effects of 6 Thai local vegetables and the toxicity of those active plants to L6 myotube cells. Materials and Methods: Thai local vegetables extracts were prepared by maceration in 80% ethanol. The glucose uptake stimulation effect

For proper combustion, bowl in the piston geometry plays a crutial role when the engine valves are in closed position. In the present work, the combustion geometry is of hemi-spherical groove in the upper region of the piston.Simulations weres conducted for different blends(B20+Al40, B20+Al80) to analyze the combustion features in a four stroke diesel engine using ANSYS R18.1 software considering above geometry of the piston.. Pertaining to greater amount of density, viscosity of biodiesel blends, variations for B20+Al80 render more performance than the biodiesel. Turbulent kinetic energy of both the fuels follow similar trend due to proper mixing of air with the fuel from fuel injector.

This research aimed to study the efficiency of free-living nitrogen fixing bacteria isolated from the samples of rice rhizosphere soil on auxin and gibberellin production. The samples of the rhizophere soil were collected from different areas. The amount of colony of isolated bacteria was counted by using plate count method. The result revealed that 183 isolated bacteria were obtained from soil samples of the organic rice fields, the amount of colony at 1.6x10 6-2.0x10 7 cfu/g and the 127 isolated bacteria were obtained from soil samples of the chemical rice fields, the amount of colony at 1.2x10 3-1.9x10 5 cfu/g. Nitrogen fixation was tested by using bromothymol blue reagent indicator method and selecting of free-living nitrogen fixing bacteria was found of 26 isolates. Auxin production test of the selected nitrogen fixing bacteria was conducted by using tryptophan as an initial sabstance and the amount of auxin was analyzed by using Salkowski coloring reagent method. The result showed that 6 isolates produced the most auxin by using tryptophan concentrations of 1,000 μg/mL and the isolate PY7-6 produced the most auxin of 23.9 mg/L, while the rest, LP8-1, CR1-2, CM12-4, PY7-5 and CM5-2, produced auxin from 7.0 to 22.3 mg/L. Gibberellin production test and gibberellin content analysis by HPLC revealed that 2 isolates: CM12-4 and LP8-1 could produced gibberellin at 13.74 and 3.94 mg/L, respectively. Classification of bacteria from sequence analysis of the 16S rRNA gene indicated that there were 4

In this paper, using the combination of the first and second laws of thermodynamics, the work bounds in thermodynamic cycles are investigated generally and, to show the application, the results are extracted for some physical systems. Also, a new concept on the available work limits is extracted. To provide information on the maximum or minimum amount of work to be done during a thermodynamic cycle, energy balance, as well as irreversibility, should be considered. Entropy production during a thermodynamic cycle as a limiting criterion for work to be done is expressed as Clausius inequality. Therefore an inequality extracted from the first and second laws of thermodynamic to obtain lower and upper bounds of available work. The obtained upper bound of the work to be done is in agreement with Carnot's rule. The lower bound is obtained at the maximum possible irreversibility during the respective cycle.

This paper presents a macroscopic applied innovate modeling to study the performance effects of the second law of thermodynamics on the mechanical systems. To investigate the irreversibility in mechanical systems, the energy structure of the system can be studied. Some energy components relate to the reversible processes and remaining relate to the irreversible process. Exiting models are based on the studying sub structures and therefore, need a large volume of the calculations. In this paper, at first, using a macroscopic quasi-statistical approach, a new energy structure equation is extracted and by examining it's variation in the different paths, the irreversible components as well as their structures are studied. Using the kinematic theories of dissipated energy, it can be concluded that the extracted equations have the same base as the different formulations of the second law of thermodynamics. Finally, as a mechanical system example with the possibility of irreversibility in the possible performed processes, the extracted equations are developed for viscoelasticity problems. And also the matching of the results with expected results is shown.

Due to the problem of spoilage of agricultural products and the cost of making a cold storage room, which has a high price, resulting in the funding of WFLO (World Food Logistics Organization) to develop a temperature control device called Coolbot in the development of air conditioning to change the working range of the air conditioner to a low temperature to be suitable for the collection of agricultural products including to the prevention of ice formation at the evaporator coil, in the development of Chilling Touch V.2 has added a cooling performance monitoring system, increase comply ability, reduce energy consumption from heater increase ability to send data on the internet by bringing the data up to store on the Cloud Server via Thingspeak website by sending data in real time with the allowing users to keep track of the status and possibilities of the system in a timely manner, no matter where they are.