Thermal Comfort Indexes

The impact of shade on pedestrian travel activity is examined through observation of a large sample of sidewalk users at a variety of urban sites under hot and sunny conditions. Extensive data collection in the city of Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel, included micrometeorological measurements alongside pedestrian counts, using high-frequency imaging at 34 sites during summer daytime hours. A sample of individuals (n = 5263) identified approximately 60% as being in the shade. The actual availability of shaded space was found to be a consequential factor, as the relative quantity of shaded space correlated strongly and directly with the percentage of people using it. Thus, at sites in which the areas of shaded and unshaded space were relatively equal in quantity and functionality, the proportion of pedestrians travelling in the shade increased to over 70%. Additionally, the intensity of solar exposure-calculated as the total incidence of direct and indirect solar radiation on the body of a standing person at the time of observation-was shown to have a strong correlation with the percentage of pedestrians travelling in the shade. These findings substantiate the imperative for generous shade provision in thermally stressful pedestrian environments.

The urban environment in the UAE is classifi ed as hot and humid. During the summer months, humidity is high when compared with the winter months. Solutions for sustainable development are of high priority in the region to meet the goals of the UAE Vision and meet notable recommendations at the World Future Energy Summit (WFES) held in the UAE, January 2013. In order to achieve a balanced environment, help mitigate climate change and demonstrate a means of achieving a temperature reduction as recommended by Conference of Parties (COP) 18 held in Qatar, November 2012, a study on measuring the performance of green roof to reduce climatic temperatures in the UAE has been undertaken in the urban Dubai Marina development. Plant and air exchanges have been measured using ENVI-met micro-climatic simulation software. From previous research fi ndings, parameters such as Surface Albedo (SA), Mean Radiant Temperature (MRT) and Relative Humidity (RH) were instrumental in measuring green roof performance and effectiveness towards sustainable development. This research explores the impact of green roof on sustainable development given two different periods of the year, the summer solstice, June 21st and the winter solstice, December 21st. A simulation conducted during the two periods on ENVI-met investigates the following parameters, SA, MRT, RH, Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) and Wind Speed. Evidence suggest gains in using green roofs to entice city authorities and relevant decision makers of the value added benefi ts of green roofs in sustainable urban development, to meet temperature reduction standards, mitigate heat islands and enhance the built environment.

Green roof applications can alleviate the heat island effect in cities and positively contribute to sustainable development by regulating building temperatures and enhancing its impact and effectiveness on the built environment. Green roofs are an innovative concept for the planning and development of future cities. The aim of this research paper is to review evidence of the environmental impact of using green roofs when compared to a conventional roof in the hot and humid microclimate of the United Arab Emirates (UAE). In order to achieve this, a micro-scale urban ENVI-met model of the Dubai Marina is tested. The parameters measured in this experiment include Surface Albedo (SA), Mean Radiant Temperature (MRT), Relative Humidity (RH) and Predicted Mean Vote (PMV). Improvements in plant to air interaction were also studied using ENVImet simulation software; a three-dimensional microclimate model was designed to simulate surface-plant-air interactions in the urban environment. The programme was used in order to gauge the temperature variations of green roofs when compared to using conventional roofs. A study was conducted on June 21 st , 2011 at 1:00 pm and December 21 st , 2011 at 1:00 pm which depicted variations in temperature due to the impact of green roofs between these two different periods. During the hot, humid months SA and PMV were the predominant changes documented due to the impact of green roofs. However, during the winter months temperature changes such as, MRT and RH were clearly visible in the ENVI-met simulations. The research revealed findings to suggest that a green roof can contribute to a significant improvement in the thermal comfort levels of the surrounding built environment. These findings can be used by the relevant stakeholders, planners, architects, engineers and developers to recommend green roofs as a necessity for the sustainable development of future cities.

A project on the redevelopment of a large urban area, in the historic centre of Thessaloniki in Greece, has been designed and evaluated based on bioclimatic criteria. The proposed interventions included replacement of pavement materials, addition of trees, fountains, sprinklers as well as external fans and their effects on air and surface temperatures and thermal comfort indices in hot summer conditions have been examined with microclimate simulations. An examination of partial application of the proposed interventions (pavement replacement, trees increase and still water spots) with the latest version of microclimate simulation software ENVImet v3.1betaV has shown mean reduction of 1.5% on ambient temperatures, 16.3% on surface temperatures and 12% on thermal indices at mid summer noon. By integrating water evaporation by fountains and sprinklers in the forthcoming version ENVI-met v4, higher amelioration was observed with ambient and surface temperature reductions of approximately...

Sustainable architecture is a key approach for creating sustainable cities and reducing the impact of climate change. In hot, arid regions, the passive design traditional architecture is known for its ability to provide comfortable indoor environments and outdoor shaded areas, in contrast to the use of energy-intensive air conditioners in a great deal of modern architecture. Thus, this research used a qualitative methodology based on ENVI-met software to study, investigate, and compare the thermal performance of two urban fabrics as case studies (traditional and modern districts) in the hot, arid climate of the United Arab Emirates. The thermal performance of the old urban districts was better than the new ones, with a lower maximum potential air temperature and an improvement in the level of thermal comfort, measured by a predicted mean vote. Moreover, it was found that enhancing the shade in the outdoor open areas in the modern district, mimicking the traditional passive design so...

The purpose of this paper is to present a simple methodology to improve the evaluation of the humanbiometeorological benefits of open spaces. It is based on two groups of new indices using as basis the well-known PET index. This simple methodology along with the accompanying indices allows a qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the climatic behavior of the selected sites. The proposed methodology was applied in a human-biometeorology research in the city of Athens, Greece. The results of this study are in line with the results of other related studies indicating the considerable influence of the sky view factor (SVF), the existence of the vegetation and the building material on humanbiometeorological conditions. The proposed methodology may provide new insights in the decision-making process related to urban open spaces' best configuration.

The purpose of this paper is to present a simple methodology to improve the evaluation of the humanbiometeorological benefits of open spaces. It is based on two groups of new indices using as basis the well-known PET index. This simple methodology along with the accompanying indices allows a qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the climatic behavior of the selected sites. The proposed methodology was applied in a human-biometeorology research in the city of Athens, Greece. The results of this study are in line with the results of other related studies indicating the considerable influence of the sky view factor (SVF), the existence of the vegetation and the building material on humanbiometeorological conditions. The proposed methodology may provide new insights in the decision-making process related to urban open spaces' best configuration.

The purpose of this paper is to present a simple methodology to improve the evaluation of the humanbiometeorological benefits of open spaces. It is based on two groups of new indices using as basis the well-known PET index. This simple methodology along with the accompanying indices allows a qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the climatic behavior of the selected sites. The proposed methodology was applied in a human-biometeorology research in the city of Athens, Greece. The results of this study are in line with the results of other related studies indicating the considerable influence of the sky view factor (SVF), the existence of the vegetation and the building material on humanbiometeorological conditions. The proposed methodology may provide new insights in the decision-making process related to urban open spaces' best configuration.

This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the addition of a cover page and metadata, and formatting for readability, but it is not yet the definitive version of record. This version will undergo additional copyediting, typesetting and review before it is published in its final form, but we are providing this version to give early visibility of the article. Please note that, during the production process, errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.

In the last years, the thermal comfort in outdoor spaces has been widely researched in Brazil and abroad. Squares, parks, outdoor leisure areas, passageways, streets, neighborhoods, the possibilities are many, however, a comparative study between indoor and outdoor environments is much more complex, due to a greater variation of environmental factors.There are few studies involving workers in outdoor environments, most of them focused on leisure activities. The evaluation of thermal comfort in outdoor spaces requires that solar radiation be taken into account, unlike the study of indoor environments.The psychological factor related to the expectation generated by outdoor environments has also been widely studied. The aim of this research is to analyze the thermal comfort conditions in the open markets in Indaiatuba / SP, on weekends. The methodology consisted of the measurement of environmental parameters and questionnaires applied to the workers and users, in order to identify the activity performed, clothing, thermal sensation and well being. The indexes used were the ASV (Action Sensation Vote) and PET (Physiological Equivalent Temperature). The ASV is an empirical index that indicates a real sense of comfort, and is obtained through a questionnaire. PET is an index widely used for outdoor spaces. The results made it possible to correlate ASV with PET, once the discrepancy between calculated and real comfort were observed. Abroad Neutral Temperature (TNE) was also calculated and analyzed. A range of a comfort zone was determined by taking into account the outside air temperature. Statistical analysis showed that there is significant difference in user's perception of comfort as opposed to workers'. This study allowed for a better understanding of T NE

In the last years, the thermal comfort in outdoor spaces has been widely researched in Brazil and abroad. Squares, parks, outdoor leisure areas, passageways, streets, neighborhoods, the possibilities are many, however, a comparative study between indoor and outdoor environments is much more complex, due to a greater variation of environmental factors.There are few studies involving workers in outdoor environments, most of them focused on leisure activities. The evaluation of thermal comfort in outdoor spaces requires that solar radiation be taken into account, unlike the study of indoor environments.The psychological factor related to the expectation generated by outdoor environments has also been widely studied. The aim of this research is to analyze the thermal comfort conditions in the open markets in Indaiatuba / SP, on weekends. The methodology consisted of the measurement of environmental parameters and questionnaires applied to the workers and users, in order to identify the activity performed, clothing, thermal sensation and well being. The indexes used were the ASV (Action Sensation Vote) and PET (Physiological Equivalent Temperature). The ASV is an empirical index that indicates a real sense of comfort, and is obtained through a questionnaire. PET is an index widely used for outdoor spaces. The results made it possible to correlate ASV with PET, once the discrepancy between calculated and real comfort were observed. Abroad Neutral Temperature (TNE) was also calculated and analyzed. A range of a comfort zone was determined by taking into account the outside air temperature. Statistical analysis showed that there is significant difference in user's perception of comfort as opposed to workers'. This study allowed for a better understanding of T NE

This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the addition of a cover page and metadata, and formatting for readability, but it is not yet the definitive version of record. This version will undergo additional copyediting, typesetting and review before it is published in its final form, but we are providing this version to give early visibility of the article. Please note that, during the production process, errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.

A temperatura do ar e a umidade relativa do ar variam no decorrer do dia e do ano em ambientes produtivos, conforme os tipos e níveis de atividades executadas. Tais variações influenciam diretamente no conforto térmico dos trabalhadores, podendo afetar o desempenho e a produtividade. O presente estudo teve por objetivo realizar a avaliação do conforto térmico dentro de uma fábrica de ração animal, considerando os parâmetros ergonômicos de satisfação térmica humana. Foi realizada uma análise do local e feita a coleta de dados de temperatura do ar e umidade relativa do ar durante as estações quente-seca e quente-úmida. Com isso, foi avaliado se havia conforto térmico usando o software de análises bioclimáticas Analysis Bio, sendo encontradas condições desconfortáveis em boa parte do tempo. Assim foram propostas algumas estratégias de melhoria das condições de conforto, utilizando medidas de ações corretivas e preventivas. Para o melhor cenário, foi proposto o uso de climatizadores e e...

This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the addition of a cover page and metadata, and formatting for readability, but it is not yet the definitive version of record. This version will undergo additional copyediting, typesetting and review before it is published in its final form, but we are providing this version to give early visibility of the article. Please note that, during the production process, errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.

The paper investigates the impact of urban morphology on the thermal comfort of pedestrians as they move in the urban continuum of historic city centre neighbourhoods. Primary fieldwork carried out in two different European locations, investigated the differentiation in the thermal sensation of pedestrians, during their walking activity in a dense urban continuum. The new methodology, thermal walks, involved simultaneous environmental and human monitoring. A series of structured walks with participants carried out in the summer and winter, took place in parallel with measurements of climatic conditions in the different spaces of the designated route. Following the walks, a sequential analysis identifies the variations that are perceived by users between spaces with different geometrical characteristics, forming part of the urban continuum. The research provides a new analytical tool to identify the diversity of thermal sensations that could be provided by a complex urban morphology.

The aim of this research is to analyze thermal comfort and microclimate for indoor spaces in low-rise residential buildings in dry tropical climate. The study area is the municipality of Palmar de Varela in northern Colombia. The experimental methodology is based on measuring three microclimatic parameters: air temperature (Ta), relative humidity (RH) and natural ventilation (W). The study assessed the thermal sensation in indoor spaces based on Thermal Sensation Vote (TSV) and Predicted mean vote (PMV). Data gathered from surveys were analyzed with data mining technologies. The findings suggest that suspended ceilings and ceramic tiles aid to the thermal equilibrium of the building, resulting in a 1.1 °C decrease in indoor air temperature. Likewise, the correlation between temperature and wind (r =-0.72;-0.56) indicates that natural ventilation in buildings can alleviate thermal discomfort. Based on the thermal sensation evaluation, the predominant feeling reported by interviewees in indoor spaces was warm (2) in S1 and S2, and slightly warm (1) in S3. In addition, the correlation between air temperature and comfort sensation in indoor spaces (r = 0.64; 0.44) suggests that temperature has a direct impact on thermal sensation votes.

Sustainable architecture is a key approach for creating sustainable cities and reducing the impact of climate change. In hot, arid regions, the passive design traditional architecture is known for its ability to provide comfortable indoor environments and outdoor shaded areas, in contrast to the use of energy-intensive air conditioners in a great deal of modern architecture. Thus, this research used a qualitative methodology based on ENVI-met software to study, investigate, and compare the thermal performance of two urban fabrics as case studies (traditional and modern districts) in the hot, arid climate of the United Arab Emirates. The thermal performance of the old urban districts was better than the new ones, with a lower maximum potential air temperature and an improvement in the level of thermal comfort, measured by a predicted mean vote. Moreover, it was found that enhancing the shade in the outdoor open areas in the modern district, mimicking the traditional passive design so...

Sharm El Sheikh, a city of an international tourist destination has adopted a green strategy for its urban development over the past years. The touristic attractions and hot microclimatic conditions created by the natural and built environment, shaped the outdoor activities of the city's life influencing the walkability patterns. The study investigated three pedestrianized promenades in Neema Bay, Soho Square, and Old Souq during the afternoon and evening walks under various thermal conditions in February, May, August, and November. The patterns were highest during the night due to the entertainment activities. The Tourism Climate Index scale (TCl) was used to identify the comfort levels and the environmental perception of the climatic conditions during each month. Likely the results revealed that 93% of the TCI votes ranged between 'ideal' and 'acceptable' while only 7% ranged between 'marginal' to 'impossible' for both the tourists and residents despite their hot thermal sensation votes. The thermal sensation votes revealed that 34% of the total subjects felt 'warm' and 'hot' were only 14% were 'uncomfortable' and 'very uncomfortable' with it. 80% of the total subjects identified that they were bothered by the lack of shade, excess heat, and solar radiation. findings from the pedestrians' preferences for the frequency of the cooling interventions desired within the space recorded that 56% of the subjects required stops at 10-20 min along their routes. The study provides recommendations to improve the walkable infrastructure using ventilation, passive cooling, shading, and greenery.

The lack of digital thermal comfort prediction models that incorporate the dynamic influences of the surrounding environment raises the need for more advanced algorithms, such as those associated with artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML). The existing outdoor thermal comfort predictions' models depend on instantaneous grid calculations, despite the influences of antecedent spaces pedestrians endure. However, the urge to design pedestrianfriendly environments in warmer cities requires a comprehensive assessment that considers not only microclimatic conditions but also the physical, social, physiological, and psychological aspects of pedestrians. This study introduces a comprehensive thermal comfort assessment model that integrates the most influential factors in warmer conditions. Backpropagation artificial neural networks and nonlinear regression models for dynamic thermal assessment of multiagent simulations were implemented to enhance the accuracy of thermal comfort simulations and enable the integration of a walkability scoring system. The accuracy of the ensemble machine learning model reached 79%, and the comparison between different climatic data files revealed logical variations for a 20-minute' walk for all simulated agents. This paper reports the structure of the thermal comfort model, a group of validation cases, and future development prospects.

The urbanization of deserts in Dubai is one way in which this city can expand and explore its full potential. In this piece of research, a case study of the Dubai International Academic City was used as a basis from which to study the impact and importance of planning and orientation of projects in open unpopulated land. It demonstrates the various alternatives for project orientation relative to the sun and wind, its effects on temperature and wind readings and consequently on outdoor thermal comfort levels. ENVI-met was used to simulate various scenarios generated from the existing base case in both summer and winter. The orientation which best promoted and allowed for higher wind flow through the project was found to record the best outdoor Predicted Mean Vote levels, approaching the neutral state. The findings of this research may be used for setting up regulations regarding the planning of desert areas in Dubai on the basis of early assessment of designs.

A sustentabilidade é uma demanda da sociedade contemporânea diante da esgotabilidade dos recursos naturais. Quando aplicada à arquitetura, está diretamente relacionada ao conceito bioclimático, que consiste na melhoria das condições de conforto térmico e na minimização do consumo enérgico da edificação por meio da análise do contexto c3limático em que esta se insere. Em busca de estratégias bioclimáticas pertinentes aos distintos contextos climáticos do globo terrestre, vários pesquisadores se empenharam em desenvolver métodos cada vez mais eficazes, por meio da utilização de cartas bioclimáticas. Entre estes estudos, destaca-se a carta bioclimática de Givoni, que incluiu o perfil climático dos países em desenvolvimento e portanto, se adequa ao Brasil. Desse modo, este trabalho visa elencar estratégias bioclimáticas para projeto arquitetônico levando em consideração as variáveis climáticas da cidade de Umuarama – PR.

In the last few years, tremendous changes have taken place in Doha, the capital city of Qatar. These include rapid population growth, great improvements in education, the hosting of international events, and diverse economic development. All of these factors have led to an increase in the number of private cars in the city, leading to significant traffic congestion. To solve this problem, meet the goals of Qatar National Vision (QNV) 2030, and successfully sponsor the FIFA World Cup 2022, the Transport Master Plan for Qatar (TMPQ) 2006-2026 was developed. This includes introduction of a metro and rail system. Most of the people in Qatar have private cars, which they generally consider necessary for door-to-door trips. The currently existing public transportation system is mostly used by blue-collar workers. Therefore, in order to develop a successful public transportation system, it is crucial to examine people's thermal perception of outdoor spaces, particularly in terms of microclimate, and people's adaptive actions in response to Qatar's hot climate. In this research paper, the thermal comfort issue was explored by considering both microclimatic measurements and people's self-described perception of microclimate, as determined via questionnaire. The outcomes of the research reveal that psychological adaptation improves people's thermal tolerance to the outdoor climate in Qatar, so that they are largely able to adapt successfully to the heat. However, the findings also show that people's thermal comfort could be further enhanced through minor modifications to the outdoor environment.

This study developed a model that depicts the relationship, strength, and direction of the causality between the predictor variables (microclimatic variables) and a response variable (ambient temperature) interpreted for the physiologic equivalent temperature of an environment. Data collected were microclimatic variables which include air circulation, relative humidity, mean radiant and ambient temperatures over land cover materials namely tarmac, grass, soil and concrete at the premises of Federal University Wukari, Taraba state of Nigeria at a guided height of 1.1 m. The data was collected using physical measurements with respect to time of the day; morning (8:00 – 9:00 am), afternoon (1:00 – 2:00 pm) and evening (6:00 – 7:00 pm) and season of the year; dry (November – March) and wet (April – October) from April 2016 to March 2017. Comparative analysis of the data obtained from the survey and that of the developed model gave percentage variation range of 0.5 – 6.8%. However, in bo...

Com as alterações climáticas os edifícios e seus ocupantes serão alvos de inúmeros impactos, tornando a adaptação dos edifícios necessária para que os mesmos tenham bom desempenho nos possivéis cenários projectados para as alterações climáticas. Assim, pretende-se com a aplicação do conceito da homeostase na arquitectura, alcançar ou possibilitar essa adaptação, através da criação de uma "arquitectura homeostática" como resposta a esses possivéis impactos das alterações climáticas. Sendo que a homeostase, na sua essência, trata-se de acção e reacção, uma arquitectura homeostática requer portanto o entendimento das condições climáticas tais como, a temperatura, a exposição solar, qualidade do ar, chuva entre outros. Portanto a homeostase no mundo arquitectónico, requer uma arquitectura que seja capaz de produzir o chamado "equilíbrio dinâmico", pois o ambiente em que nós vivemos está em constante mudança. Este estudo apela por uma mudança na forma como construímos, a fim de minimizar os impactos que o sector da construção tem no cenário das alterações climáticas. Neste sentido, uma análise dos mecanismos e funcionamento dos aspectos-chave da homeostase é estudado, utilizando o corpo humano como modelo.

Com as alterações climáticas os edifícios e seus ocupantes serão alvos de inúmeros impactos, tornando a adaptação dos edifícios necessária para que os mesmos tenham bom desempenho nos possivéis cenários projectados para as alterações climáticas. Assim, pretende-se com a aplicação do conceito da homeostase na arquitectura, alcançar ou possibilitar essa adaptação, através da criação de uma "arquitectura homeostática" como resposta a esses possivéis impactos das alterações climáticas. Sendo que a homeostase, na sua essência, trata-se de acção e reacção, uma arquitectura homeostática requer portanto o entendimento das condições climáticas tais como, a temperatura, a exposição solar, qualidade do ar, chuva entre outros. Portanto a homeostase no mundo arquitectónico, requer uma arquitectura que seja capaz de produzir o chamado "equilíbrio dinâmico", pois o ambiente em que nós vivemos está em constante mudança. Este estudo apela por uma mudança na forma como construímos, a fim de minimizar os impactos que o sector da construção tem no cenário das alterações climáticas. Neste sentido, uma análise dos mecanismos e funcionamento dos aspectos-chave da homeostase é estudado, utilizando o corpo humano como modelo.

Com as alterações climáticas os edifícios e seus ocupantes serão alvos de inúmeros impactos, tornando a adaptação dos edifícios necessária para que os mesmos tenham bom desempenho nos possivéis cenários projectados para as alterações climáticas. Assim, pretende-se com a aplicação do conceito da homeostase na arquitectura, alcançar ou possibilitar essa adaptação, através da criação de uma "arquitectura homeostática" como resposta a esses possivéis impactos das alterações climáticas. Sendo que a homeostase, na sua essência, trata-se de acção e reacção, uma arquitectura homeostática requer portanto o entendimento das condições climáticas tais como, a temperatura, a exposição solar, qualidade do ar, chuva entre outros. Portanto a homeostase no mundo arquitectónico, requer uma arquitectura que seja capaz de produzir o chamado "equilíbrio dinâmico", pois o ambiente em que nós vivemos está em constante mudança. Este estudo apela por uma mudança na forma como construímos, a fim de minimizar os impactos que o sector da construção tem no cenário das alterações climáticas. Neste sentido, uma análise dos mecanismos e funcionamento dos aspectos-chave da homeostase é estudado, utilizando o corpo humano como modelo.

Com as alterações climáticas os edifícios e seus ocupantes serão alvos de inúmeros impactos, tornando a adaptação dos edifícios necessária para que os mesmos tenham bom desempenho nos possivéis cenários projectados para as alterações climáticas. Assim, pretende-se com a aplicação do conceito da homeostase na arquitectura, alcançar ou possibilitar essa adaptação, através da criação de uma "arquitectura homeostática" como resposta a esses possivéis impactos das alterações climáticas. Sendo que a homeostase, na sua essência, trata-se de acção e reacção, uma arquitectura homeostática requer portanto o entendimento das condições climáticas tais como, a temperatura, a exposição solar, qualidade do ar, chuva entre outros. Portanto a homeostase no mundo arquitectónico, requer uma arquitectura que seja capaz de produzir o chamado "equilíbrio dinâmico", pois o ambiente em que nós vivemos está em constante mudança. Este estudo apela por uma mudança na forma como construímos, a fim de minimizar os impactos que o sector da construção tem no cenário das alterações climáticas. Neste sentido, uma análise dos mecanismos e funcionamento dos aspectos-chave da homeostase é estudado, utilizando o corpo humano como modelo.

A ventilação natural é recomendada como uma das principais estratégias bioclimáticas para se obter conforto térmico no nordeste do Brasil. O objetivo foi verificar a relevância dessa estratégia para Paulo Afonso/BA/BR. Compararam-se cartas bioclimáticas geradas por dois softwares, com base em dados do INMET, para o ano climático de 2016, com o modelo de conforto térmico adaptativo. A ventilação natural mostrou-se fundamental para um considerável intervalo de horas do dia ao longo do ano, mas em conjunto com outras estratégias. O Analysis Bio apresentou maior proximidade com o preconizado pelas normas ABNT que o Climate Consultant. As estratégias passivas apresentam papel promissor para as condições climáticas da Z7. O ar condicionado não é recomendado como estratégia ativa principal, contrariando as práticas e preferências locais.

Trees and shrubs, as a part of the green infrastructure, are important for the well-being of urban dwellers. This research aims to study the eco-efficiency of trees on outdoor thermal comfort, defined by the ratio of the change in the physiological equivalent temperature (PET) and the trees’ cost. Field data were collected and compared with station data to calibrate and create a base case model. After the base case model was created, the researchers created case scenarios with shrubs and trees occupying 25, 50, 75, and 100% of the space. The cost estimate was calculated by the price quotes from local providers. The results suggested that (1) trees and shrubs were confirmed to positively improve thermal comfort, especially in the late afternoon when it is the most uncomfortable, (2) adding more trees to the study site could increase the eco-efficiency values more than shrubs in all cases, and (3) adding trees at 50% coverage gave the highest eco-efficiency compared to the other optio...

In the last few years, tremendous changes have taken place in Doha, the capital city of Qatar. These include rapid population growth, great improvements in education, the hosting of international events, and diverse economic development. All of these factors have led to an increase in the number of private cars in the city, leading to significant traffic congestion. To solve this problem, meet the goals of Qatar National Vision (QNV) 2030, and successfully sponsor the FIFA World Cup 2022, the Transport Master Plan for Qatar (TMPQ) 2006-2026 was developed. This includes introduction of a metro and rail system. Most of the people in Qatar have private cars, which they generally consider necessary for door-to-door trips. The currently existing public transportation system is mostly used by blue-collar workers. Therefore, in order to develop a successful public transportation system, it is crucial to examine people's thermal perception of outdoor spaces, particularly in terms of microclimate, and people's adaptive actions in response to Qatar's hot climate. In this research paper, the thermal comfort issue was explored by considering both microclimatic measurements and people's self-described perception of microclimate, as determined via questionnaire. The outcomes of the research reveal that psychological adaptation improves people's thermal tolerance to the outdoor climate in Qatar, so that they are largely able to adapt successfully to the heat. However, the findings also show that people's thermal comfort could be further enhanced through minor modifications to the outdoor environment.

Resumo Neutralidade térmica é a condição em que uma pessoa não prefira nem mais calor nem mais frio no ambiente ao seu redor, fator condicionante para atingir o conforto térmico. Tendo em vista que Mato Grosso apresenta significativas variações climáticas, evidenciou-se a necessidade de estudos específicos, principalmente em instituições de ensino superior, visto que estas abrigam ocupantes por longos períodos e a aprendizagem está diretamente relacionada às condições de conforto dos estudantes. Este trabalho propôs determinar a temperatura de neutralidade em salas de aula de edificações do ensino superior, para as zonas bioclimáticas do Estado de Mato Grosso. A metodologia baseou-se na aplicação de questionários para verificação de variáveis pessoais e na medição de variáveis ambientais. A pesquisa foi realizada nos períodos seco e chuvoso, totalizando 64 medições com 1.151 questionários. Através de análise de regressão linear entre a temperatura operativa e o voto médio de sensaçã...

This study aimed analyzed the thermal environment conditions in covered pools by two different approaches. The objective approach had consisted on the water temperature and thermal environment parameters analysis. The subjective approach was based on a questionnaire application. The results of physical parameters presents high to the most of assessed situations, namely in relation to water temperature and relative humidity. The subjective approach showed percentages of dissatisfied people below the expected by objective approach. It was also found that the users by pools prefer environments considered slightly warms or warms.

District heating networks are commonly addressed in the literature as one of the most effective solutions for decreasing the greenhouse gas emissions from the building sector. These systems require high investments which are returned through the heat sales. Due to the changed climate conditions and building renovation policies, heat demand in the future could decrease, prolonging the investment return period. The main scope of this paper is to assess the feasibility of using the heat demand-outdoor temperature function for heat demand forecast. The district of Alvalade, located in Lisbon (Portugal), was used as a case study. The district is consisted of 665 buildings that vary in both construction period and typology. Three weather scenarios (low, medium, high) and three district renovation scenarios were developed (shallow, intermediate, deep). To estimate the error, obtained heat demand values were compared with results from a dynamic heat demand model, previously developed and validated by the authors. The results showed that when only weather change is considered, the margin of error could be acceptable for some applications (the error in annual demand was lower than 20% for all weather scenarios considered). However, after introducing renovation scenarios, the error value increased up to 59.5% (depending on the weather and renovation scenarios combination considered). The value of slope coefficient increased on average within the range of 3.8% up to 8% per decade, that corresponds to the decrease in the number of heating hours of 22-139h during the heating season (depending on the combination of weather and renovation scenarios considered). On the other hand, function intercept increased for 7.8-12.7% per decade (depending on the coupled scenarios). The values suggested could be used to modify the function parameters for the scenarios considered, and improve the accuracy of heat demand estimations.

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Urban heat islands (UHI) are one of the unequivocal effects of the ongoing process of climate change: anthropized areas suffer extreme heat events that affect the human perception of comfort. This study investigated the effects of road pavements as a passive countermeasure by comparing the air temperature (AT) and the predicted mean vote (PMV) for different surface materials used to pave a historical square in Rome, Italy. The software ENVI-met has been used to compare, for the whole year 2021, the performances of the existing asphalt pavement with five alternative solutions composed of light concrete, bricks, stone, wood, and grass. This paper proposed a new methodology to summarize the multi-dimensional results over both temporal and spatial domains. The results of the simulations in the evening of the hottest month showed the existing asphalt pavement gives the worst performance, while the light concrete blocks and the grass pavement ensure the coolest solutions in terms of AT (t...

The United Arab Emirates (UAE) has witnessed fast growth in urban development in the past four decades. A plan to build 7270 houses by 2021 has been initiated by the local authorities. Different local sustainability guidelines are being implemented, including the Public Realm Manual in Abu Dhabi. These local guidelines are tailored to consider the hot and arid climate of the UAE as well as the applied materials, the inclusion of greenery, shading devices, etc. Dubai, Abu Dhabi, and Al Ain are cities that have imposed the application of such guidelines. Additionally, the newly developed housing programs match the governmental plan. To understand the effect of these design programs on the outdoor thermal comfort (OTC), further investigations are necessary for each city. The most widely built prototype is detached villas, which result in untreated waste areas without shading or greenery. In the old local neighborhoods, Arabic houses were built next to each other to maximize the shading...

As classificacoes climaticas sao metodos empregados na identificacao e caracterizacao de tipos climaticos, apresentando aplicacoes em varias areas que dependem direta ou indiretamente das condicoes ambientais. O presente trabalho lanca uma nova abordagem a respeito da distribuicao media dos climas zonais no globo, baseada na temperatura media do mes mais frio (TMMMF). Essa condicao termica numa epoca do ano contribui para mudancas no cotidiano de sociedades em todas as partes do planeta, tanto em relacao a percepcao ao frio, quanto no acumulo de neve durante semanas no inverno, ou ate mesmo na proliferacao de doencas tropicais. Tambem sao sugeridas zonas climaticas, que sao fixas e distribuidas em faixas latitudinais, determinadas por linhas imaginarias de incidencia solar. Foi sugerida uma linha imaginaria em torno dos paralelos de 46°54’ norte e sul, ou seja, ate o limite da alta incidencia solar durante o verao. As zonas climaticas propostas sao: Torrida, Quente, Moderada, Fria, ...

The objective of this study is to evaluate the potential of two inertial ventilation techniques (buried pipes and thermal phase-shifting) for passive cooling of buildings in Brazilian climates. Using EnergyPlus, a typical residential building was simulated in two locations (Sao Paulo and Florianopolis). Simulations consider 5 alternatives of passive cooling, combining different scenarios of controlled direct ventilation, buried pipes and thermal phase-shifting. Results show the potential of such techniques in free-floating as well as in air-conditioned buildings. 1. INTRODUÇÃO

In search of better conditions of thermal comfort, the use of air-conditioners has been increasing by the Brazilians, in view of the predominantly hot and humid climate. It is clear that the growth of the sector also generates on the other hand, increase in energy consumption, aggravated when the equipment is used at its maximum power. By merit of a study conducted by ASHRAE (American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and AirConditioning Engineers), aiming the thermal comfort of people who are in conditioned environments, was born the idea of an automatic controller to perform the control of room temperature, noting the change in relative humidity, as proposed by the abacus of ASHRAE. To this end, we used the Arduino prototyping platform, which allows you to create low-cost models to study. The communication of the prototype with the air conditioning is performed remotely and so requires no changes to the original settings of the device and only the temperature of your "set point" environmental conditions. The decision to fit is performed by means of Fuzzy logic, that you can set from preconditions in how many degrees, more or less. The performance of the equipment in this study, and the ability to control the temperature according to the comfort were tested and evaluated in this project.

Thermal perception plays a major role in the experience of pedestrians in complex urban environments, because of the continuous change in spatial, microclimatic and comfort qualities. When moving in spatial sequences, the ability to measure thermal comfort forms a vital part of the design of comfortable urban spaces. This raises the question regarding of using an efficient and accurate way to evaluate changes in thermal perception and comfort state in spatial sequences. How can this evaluation be transformed into an efficient urban design tool, readily accessible by architects and urban designers?

The paper investigates the impact of urban morphology on the thermal comfort of pedestrians as they move in the urban continuum of historic city centre neighbourhoods. Primary fieldwork carried out in two different European locations, investigated the differentiation in the thermal sensation of pedestrians, during their walking activity in a dense urban continuum. The new methodology, thermal walks, involved simultaneous environmental and human monitoring. A series of structured walks with participants carried out in the summer and winter, took place in parallel with measurements of climatic conditions in the different spaces of the designated route. Following the walks, a sequential analysis identifies the variations that are perceived by users between spaces with different geometrical characteristics, forming part of the urban continuum. The research provides a new analytical tool to identify the diversity of thermal sensations that could be provided by a complex urban morphology.

A temática projetual analisada neste artigo se trata da proposta ganhadora do Primeiro Lugar na XI Bienal de Arquitetura Bioclimática José Miguel Aroztegui. Nessa perspectiva, o curso em Arquiteturae Urbanismo Ambiental da Universidade Científica do Sul, em Lima, Peru, já está trabalhando com seus alunos em estratégias transversais para pesquisas de projetos vinculadas a uma abordagem ambiental, de maneira aplicada a seus vários ateliês de projeto, e, por ocasião deste concurso internacional, foram propostos especificamente aos alunos de Ateliê de Pesquisa e Projeto VI, onde são normalmente desenvolvidas soluções arquitetônicas com o tema saúde de média complexidade, o desafio de propor propostas para o estabelecimento de Saúde do tipo I-3, que de acordo com os critérios de uso, demanda e serviços fornecidos, se assemelha à Unidade Básica de Saúde (UBS), um produto arquitetural referencial esperado pela comissão do Concurso. O local do estudo está localizado na cidade de Chincha, pr...

O estudo analisou a sensação e preferência térmica de ocupantes que desempenhavam atividades laborais remotamente em residências. Temperatura do ar e umidade relativa foram monitoradas simultaneamente à aplicação de questionário com 129 participantes em João Pessoa/PB. Sob condições médias de umidade relativa em 73% e temperatura do ar em 27,5°C, a maioria classificou o espaço como confortável (93,2%), sendo o uso de roupas leves (85,9%) e a utilização da ventilação natural (76,6%) as estratégias mais adotadas. Infere-se que a maior permissibilidade para adoção de estratégias adaptativas na residência pode influenciar na tolerância às temperaturas mais elevadas e maior percentual de conforto térmico.

In dense urban areas, reducing traffic and increasing green areas is foreseen as a way of promoting urban comfort. Using the urban requalification project for Lisbon's Avenidas Novas neighbourhood as a case study, the effects of vegetation on microclimate and urban comfort are evaluated. In this context, the ENVImet software is used to model the present and the future urban scenario. The simulation results indicate: i) increased urban comfort in the morning and in the afternoon resulting from the decrease in temperature due to the presence of new green areas foreseen by the urban project; ii) a reduction of up to 3 degrees in the morning (9h) and up to 3 degrees in the afternoon (15h); iii) the model implemented in ENVI-met suits the urban and environmental characteristics of Lisbon and it is, therefore, desirable that future urban rehabilitation projects should consider ex ante simulation of this type.

O trabalho de pesquisa apresentado tem como objetivo avaliar o comportamento térmico de cinco sistemas passivos de resfriamento (SPR), que utilizam como base uma configuração de teto-reservatório onde são aplicados os princípios de inércia térmica, resfriamento evaporativo indireto e resfriamento radiativo noturno. Para isto foi desenvolvido um trabalho experimental baseado na metodologia proposta por González (2013). A pesquisa analisa as temperaturas características, fatores decrementais e potenciais de resfriamento nas diferentes estratégias dos sistemas estudados. As correlações obtidas permitem comparar e prever o comportamento térmico dos sistemas em função das variações climáticas em Florianópolis. Os resultados preliminares permitem concluir que: os sistemas avaliados apresentam um potencial de resfriamento médio (PRM) que varia entre 119 W/m 2-dia e 255 W/m 2-dia, com valores máximos de até 319 W/m 2-dia; estas técnicas de resfriamento passivo podem reduzir a temperatura máxima interna em até 10,4 °C se comparado com a temperatura máxima externa; é possível reduzir a amplitude da temperatura interna em função da amplitude externa (fator decremental médio entre 0,34 e 0,70). Estes resultados confirmam a viabilidade de aplicação das técnicas de resfriamento passivo para o condicionamento térmico de edificações no período de verão em Florianópolis. Palavras-chave: resfriamento passivo, resfriamento evaporativo indireto, resfriamento radiativo noturno, inércia térmica, estudo experimental, clima quente e úmido, arquitetura bioclimática.

Dünyada yaşanan iklim değişikliği nedeniyle iklim duyarlı kentsel tasarım konusu birçok ülkede son yılların popüler araştırma konusu haline gelmiştir. Ancak, kuzey şehirleri sürekli olarak kar, buz, rüzgâr ve karanlık gibi stresli iklim koşulları altında yaşamaktadır ve bu şartlara her daim hazır olmak zorundadır. Kentsel dokularının makro ölçekten mikro ölçeğe soğuk iklim koşullarına uygun olması beklenmelidir. Özellikle kamusal alanların kış kenti karakteristiği sergilemesi ve dış mekân kullanım sürelerini uzatması gerekmektedir. Kamusal alanların kentsel tasarım yardımıyla kullanıcıların dış mekânda kalma sürelerini uzatıcı şekilde düzenlenmesi, kışın faydalı yönlerini maksimuma çıkaracak bir etki yaratacaktır. Bu çalışmanın temel amacı, Erzurum Yakutiye Meydanı ve çevresindeki kentsel dokunun, soğuk iklim koşullarıyla uyumluluğunun mikro-iklim simülasyonları yoluyla test edilmesidir. Bu süreçte meydanın termal konfor koşullarının üretilmesi ve meydandaki kentsel tasarım parametrelerinin soğuk iklim koşullarına duyarlılık düzeyinin belirlenmesi hedeflenmiştir. Çalışma kapsamında Yakutiye Meydanı ve çevresindeki dokunun kış rahatsızlıklarını azaltıcı/artırıcı etkileri sorgulanmıştır. Analizde kullanılan veri olarak, alanın morfolojik yapısı, meteorolojik parametreler ve zaman parametreleri kullanılmıştır. Kış kentlerinde en uygun kamusal alan tasarımı konusunda fikir verecek termal konfor haritaları bu üç veri kullanılarak üretilmiştir. Termal konfor haritalarının üretilmesi ve değerlendirilmesi sürecinde ENVI-met yazılımı kullanılmıştır. Bulgular Yakutiye Meydanının soğuk iklim koşullarına uygun tasarlanmadığını ve kış koşullarını avantaja çevirebilecek nitelikte olmadığını göstermiştir. Çalışmanın son bölümünde Yakutiye Meydanında ki olumsuz duruma karşı bazı kentsel tasarım önerileri getirilmiştir.