Telephone History

This contribution examines the special role of the telephone in TWIN PEAKS. It aims to show that the telephone not only plays a crucial role at key turning points in the plot but that the telephone is also self-referential, on the level of the series’ aesthetic self-reflection, in its symbolic function.
The contribution will systematically elaborate on this symbolic function of the telephone, which is artfully intertwined with its plot-driving function, through three aspects: the relation of present/absent (Chap. 2), the establishment of a network of fixed addresses (Chap. 3), and the telephone as a synecdoche for electricity (Chap. 4). The contribution devotes special attention to a neglected character of the series: Lucy, the secretary. As guardian of the telephones Luca becomes the actual reflective figure of the series as a residue of knowledge about a specific form of media technology and architecture.

In this study the mediator role of the Turkish magazine Hayat, in Turkey’s transition from an orientation to Eurepean images to American ones was questioned. The issues of 1957 and 1958 were covered soon after the change of the magazine with the inspiration of American Life. This transition in the cultural life was discussed under the title of Turkish modernization, launched under Ottomans and continued under the Republic. From the beginning the main scope of Turkish modernization was to be westernized. The visual images which were accepted as the marker of Americanization were categorized and discussed in accordance with their themes: Hollywood icons in the covers; Hollywood icons in the advertisements; News on America; News on Hollywood; Female sexuality; New /modern Turkish women. In accordance with the covered visual images, Americanization was discussed together with the concept of the “ modern woman”a symbol of the American modernization with the specificuty of the liberation ...

Artykuł wydany w serii Historia Techniki opisuje, jak rozwijana na świecie elektrotechnika wkraczała powoli także do Polski. Zaczęło się od instalowania na terenie Polski (podzielonej wtedy na trzy zabory) pierwszych linii telegraficznych. Ich struktura oczywiście dostosowana była do potrzeb zaborców. Potem w podobny sposób rozwijała się telefonia oraz elektryczne oświetlenie. Taki sposób opisania fragmentu historii Polski jest czymś odmiennym od typowych opisów tej historii, a przez to jest ciekawy.

Using insider sources from the Dreyfuss firm, hands-on examination of artifacts, and recently available digital resources, the authors dispel three myths about Henry Dreyfuss’s work for the Bell System, proving that (1) previously uncredited Bell System designer George Lum, not Dreyfuss, designed the Western Electric model 302, (2) an Ericsson phone did not inspire the 302 design, and (3) Dreyfuss did not use anthropometric measurements in his telephone work. The colorful and occasionally tension filled history of Dreyfuss and associates’ design of the 500, Princess, Trimline, and some Design Line phones clarifies human and technical aspects of his design process.

This chapter examines histories of repair and maintenance in the early years of North American telephony, when the telephone industry was dominated by two monopolistic and closely associated telephone companies -the American Telephone & Telegraph Company in the United States (henceforth AT&T) and the Bell Telephone Company of Canada (henceforth Bell Canada or Bell). 1 It focuses in particular on the repair and maintenance practices of Bell Canada and its manufacturing arm, Northern Electric, between the 1880s and the 1930s. Established in 1880 with capital and expertise supplied by AT&T, Bell Canada quickly acquired all but one of the telephone patents in Canada and a monopoly charter from the Canadian government. By 1887, the challenge of Canada's vast

This chapter examines histories of repair and maintenance in the early years of North American telephony, when the telephone industry was dominated by two monopolistic and closely associated telephone companies -the American Telephone & Telegraph Company in the United States (henceforth AT&T) and the Bell Telephone Company of Canada (henceforth Bell Canada or Bell). 1 It focuses in particular on the repair and maintenance practices of Bell Canada and its manufacturing arm, Northern Electric, between the 1880s and the 1930s. Established in 1880 with capital and expertise supplied by AT&T, Bell Canada quickly acquired all but one of the telephone patents in Canada and a monopoly charter from the Canadian government. By 1887, the challenge of Canada's vast

This dissertation is a cultural history of the telephone. It explores how the telephone came to be imagined, developed, promoted, and ultimately integrated into everyday life in the United States in the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries. By drawing on a wide-range of archival materials-including artifacts, design documents, corporate correspondence, trade journals, consumer advertisements, and popular texts-the dissertation reveals how the design of the telephone acted as a site of negotiation for competing concepts of modernity and reflected the shifting power relations between inventors, managers, manufacturers, subscribers, engineers, designers, and advertising experts. It considers the earliest conceptions of the telephone system and shows how these visions-along with the material expansions of t h e telephone network-were profoundly bound up with the transformations of economic forces and social conditions which marked the shift from market to modern capitalism. Finally, the dissertation examines the role of telephone advertising in shaping and advancing new, 'modern' ways of thinking about time, space, and identity. Evidence is presented t o suggest that ongoing negotiations over the appearance, uses, and meanings of the telephone played a significant role both in shaping the social and political identity of America's emerging middle class and in defining popular understanding about what it meant to be 'modern.' iii A.G.H. and E.H. I would like t o acknowledge the generous support my doctoral work has received from Fonds pour la formation des chercheurs et I'aide a la recherche (FCAR) and the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council (SSHRC). This funding and a Smithsonian Pre-doctoral Fellowship made it possible for me to immerse myself in the study of the telephone at the Cooper-Hewitt National Museum of Design in New York, the Archive Center a t the National Museum of American History (NMAH) in Washington DC, the AT&T Archive in New Jersey, and the Bell Canada Historical Collection (BCHC) in Montreal. Numerous individuals a t these four institutions provided encouragement, information, and useful advice that helped me make sense of what I was finding and learning. Among t h e many capable and enthusiastic curators, librarians, and archivists I met, I'd like t o acknowledge Stephen Van Dyk, Donald Albrecht, and Ellen Lupton as well as Claire Gunning and Luis Badillo at the Cooper-Hewitt; Bernard

Questa seconda parte della storia della rete di orologi pubblici di Milano tratta del suo nuovo sviluppo che crebbe lentamente nel corso di circa settant’anni, dagli inizi, nel 1875, alla fine della seconda guerra mondiale, nel 1945. Nell’articolo sono illustrate quali novità tecniche e di servizio
furono introdotte e quale impatto ebbe la guerra che, causando un’estesa distruzione della rete, costrinse un suo rapido ripristino con un’estensione sempre più veloce fino agli anni ‘70 del secolo scorso, diventando, con oltre tremila apparecchi installati, la rete più estesa di orologi pubblici in una città italiana (si consideri che ogni installazione contiene due meccanismi). L’autore presenterà anche alcune nuove informazioni raccolte dopo la pubblicazione della prima parte dell’articolo (La Voce di Hora n.48).

It shouldn't come as a surprise to any student of English literature that most textbooks, from elementary to advanced, find themselves at a loss for definitions to aptly define what is ‘modern,’ what constitutes ‘modernity,’ and what must be underscored to mark what strange anomaly 'modernism' is. These terms float in reference materials as loose islands of moss floating in a desolate water body, drifting further and further away from each other only to meet at once around the bends. The greatest defining feature of Modernism is certainly industrialisation, alienation, and warfare. But there are other players in this game as well, which contribute majorly, if not equally, to this pellucid period. In this study, we must highlight these aspects, which filled all sorts of vibrancy in the air of Modernism. From lifelike cinemagraphs to robust metal carriages speeding against space and time to deliver an industrious promise of mankind, and finally, the discovery that made remote communication very likely and adopted a timeless motif of trouble or tranquillity.

Bu çalışma, Osmanlı Devleti’nde telefon rehberlerinin tarihsel gelişimine odaklanarak 1916-1917 İstanbul telefon rehberinin beşinci baskısını incelemektedir. Dünyada ilk telefon rehberi 1878 yılında New Haven’da basılmış ve takip eden yıllarda rehberler içerik ve şekilsel olarak çeşitlenerek iletişim dünyasında yer edinmiştir. Osmanlı Devleti’nde bu geleneğin 1913 yılına kadar uzandığı görülmektedir. Çalışmada incelenen İstanbul telefon rehberi, dönemin İstanbul’unda telefon kullanımı, telefonla yapılan iletişim kuralları ve abonelik sistemine dair önemli bilgiler sunmaktadır. Rehberde, telefon kullanma kılavuzu, şirket kuralları, padişah ve hanedan mensuplarından devlet erkanına, nezaretlerden dairelere, esnaftan tüccara ve
bankerlere kadar çeşitli abonelerin telefon numaraları yer almaktadır. Ayrıca rehberin sayfalarında o dönemin işyerleri ve markalarına ait reklamlar da bulunmakta, bu da ticaret hayatına dair ipuçları sunmaktadır. Rehberin Osmanlı Türkçesi ve Fransızca olarak iki dilde basılması, dönemin çok dilliliğini ve uluslararası ticaret açısından önemini ortaya koymaktadır. Bu çalışma, rehberin detaylı bir tanıtımını yaparak Osmanlı dönemi telefon rehberlerinin iletişim teknolojisine katkılarını ortaya koymayı hedeflemektedir. Çalışmada telefon aboneliğiyle ilgili mevzuatlar, telefon kullanım kılavuzu, reklamlar ve ilanlar ile rehberdeki isim düzenleme sistemi üzerinde
durulmuştur. Rehberin içeriği, İstanbul’un sosyal ve ticari yapısı, demografik yapısı, cadde ve sokak isimleri gibi konularda yapılacak daha geniş çaplı araştırmalar için değerli bir kaynak teşkil etmektedir. Bu nedenle rehberin ilgili alanlardaki uzmanların dikkatine sunulması, kent tarihi ve sosyo-ekonomik yapı üzerine yapılacak çalışmalar için önem arz etmektedir. Çalışmada dünyada ve Osmanlı Devleti’nde telefonun kullanımına değinilmiş ve ardından rehberin içerik analizi yapılmıştır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Osmanlı, İstanbul, telefon, rehber, iletişim

Interactive Voice Response (IVR) systems have undergone significant transformation in recent years, moving from traditional code-based development to more user-friendly approaches leveraging widgets and, most recently, harnessing the power of Artificial Intelligence (AI) for automated IVR flow creation. This paper explores the evolution of IVR building techniques, highlighting the industry's revolution and shaping the future of IVR systems. The authors delve into the historical context, current trends, and future prospects of IVR development, elucidating the impact of AI on simplifying IVR creation processes and enhancing customer experiences.

In early March 2021, the National Security Commission on Artificial Intelligence, co-chaired by Eric Schmidt, published a report arguing that the U.S. position on AI lagged behind that of China and Russia. A number of initiatives were proposed to remedy the situation. This development followed controversies surrounding Google's letting go of two prominent and respected ethicists. Meanwhile, robot police dogs were trialed in New York City's Bronx borough, and the global pandemic forced higher education to reckon with its own future amidst an already-dire student loan crisis. Into this environment, Frank Pasquale offers New Laws of Robotics, following his important The Black Box Society. In the earlier work, Pasquale made a compelling and chilling clarion call against the opaque processes of data collection and interpretive judgment that have encroached on social life. The present book builds upon the previous effort to advance a cohesive optimistic program, although it begs deeper theorization of the object being addressed. If the 'robot question' in the 1960s focused on the automation of manufacturing jobs, now "the computerization of services is top of mind" (197). Economists dominate this debate, rendering it largely in terms of cost-benefit analysis that "prioritizes capital accumulation over the cultivation and development of democratically governed communities of expertise and practice" (197). Indeed, "Conversations about robots usually tend toward the utopian ('machines will do all the dirty, dangerous, or difficult work') or the dystopian ('and all the rest besides, creating mass unemployment'). But the future of automation in the workplace-and well beyond-will hinge on millions of small decisions about how to develop AI" (14). To this end, he proposes four 'laws' for artificial intelligence: 'complementarity,' 'authenticity,' 'cooperation,' and 'attribution.' "A humane agenda for automation," he argues, "would prioritize innovations that complement workers in jobs that are, or ought to be, fulfilling vocations" (4). Pointing to the emergence of chatbots, appointment-assistants, and more, he suggests that "robotic systems and AI should not counterfeit humanity" (7). With an eye in particular toward military conflicts and automated, 'smart' policing, "Robotic systems and AI should not intensify zero-sum arms races" (9).

The radio spectrum is a public good to which complementary access must be guaranteed, for the provision of public, commercial and community services, using the available technologies of its time. The present research aims to describe a set of radio practices that influenced what today circumscribes the concept of community radio, assuming as a challenge its contrast with an autonomous political project, of civil disobedience, practiced by free radios in Europe and Latin America. In addition to a historical record, the article intends to contribute to political theory and communication policies of interest to civil society.

N ote: is article is an abridged transcript of an interview with Richard R. John that was conducted for the Chinese Communications Studies Re view. e in terviewer was Gengxing Jin, an assistant professor of media and communications at the University of Shanghai for Science and Technology. Dr. John received the 2011 AEJMC History Di vision's award for the best book of the year for his Network Nation: Inventing American Telecommuni cations. He's also the author of Spreading the News: e American Postal System from Franklin to Morse (1995). He teaches in Columbia University's Ph.D. program in communications and is a member of the core faculty of Columbia's history department. He teaches courses on the history of capitalism and the history of communications. His research focuses on the history of business, technology, communications, and American political development. He received his Ph.D. in the history of American civilization from Harvard University.

Storia sentimentale del telefono è il racconto lungo 150 anni del nostro romantico e turbolento rapporto con questa invenzione rivoluzionaria. Un album di ricordi composto dalle telefonate che ci siamo scambiati da ogni parte del mondo.

Tutto è iniziato quasi per caso. Da una donna malata e un marito che non voleva lasciarla sola mentre lavorava in un’altra stanza. L’esigenza che aveva spinto l’emigrato italiano Antonio Meucci a progettare il «telettrofono» è rimasta la stessa attraverso tutta l’evoluzione di questo prodigioso oggetto: comunicare, annullare le distanze. Ma come siamo cambiati noi, mentre cambiava il modo di farlo? Che esseri umani erano quelli che entravano nelle cabine telefoniche armati di un sacchetto di monetine? E quanto siamo diversi da chi allungava il filo a spirale della cornetta da una stanza all’altra in cerca di un po’ di privacy? Ci hanno fatto perdere di più la pazienza la linea che cade o le insistenti chiamate dei call center?

Bruno Mastroianni ci guida in un viaggio che da Meucci e Bell conduce sino al dispositivo fisso con la rotella e ai primi cellulari, per approdare infine all’era degli smartphone, in cui telefonare è diventata l’ultima necessità per cui utilizziamo il telefono: una narrazione che si snoda tra storia e costume, musica e pubblicità, per raccontare come, in uno strumento così semplice e geniale, abbiamo trovato il mezzo per esprimere la nostra anima.

This analysis considers outputs produced by Title III electronic wiretaps. Based on 1987-2005 data, wiretap productivity is assessed by examining the number of wiretaps, places wiretaps are installed, numbers of people whose communications are intercepted, the number of intercepted communications, the number of communications labeled incriminating, the arrests and convictions linked to wiretaps, and the relationships among arrests and convictions. Wiretapping is focused mostly on narcotics violations. The numbers of people, interceptions, and incriminating interceptions increased. One-fifth of intercepted communications were classified as incriminating. Incriminating information is linked to arrests and convictions that unfold over time. The more people intercepted, the more arrests result, but convictions decline over time. Arrests are driven by the number of intercepted persons. Convictions are driven by the number of incriminating interceptions. Two simultaneous but opposing operations were in place by 2005: big increases in the number of intercepted communications in 2003 through 2005; and by 2005, overall declines in the measured productivity of wiretaps.

shaw!" mutters Grandpa. He is indifferent, if not directly hostile, to the arrival in his unspecified rural U.S. community of a new telephone technology. Telephone users will soon input numbers directly, and dial tones will replace operators. Mother and Father smile, shaking their heads at Grandpa's foolish resistance to progress. His perky young granddaughter looks up from her homework to proclaim that she thinks modern telephones are "Yummy!" This scene from the 1940s short film Dial Comes to Town suggests a moment of American technological history and its representation that also illustrates how Americans were instructed and constituted as proper technology users. In "'Slow and Low Progress,' or Why American Studies Should Do Technology," the introduction to a special technology issue of American Quarterly, Carolyn de la Peña writes that "a legacy of positivism has embedded our political, social, and cultural systems with a disturbing patina of technological 'neutrality.' And, in many ways, we as scholars have contributed to this legacy of positivism by failing to critique technology as both substance and ideology in American cultural life." 1 She urges that "it is time to revitalize a 'technology studies' core within our field" and reviews a rich body of technology scholarship that intersects with the core interests of American studies: power, consumption, and meaning-making. 2 Peña concludes that

La primera serie televisiva española completamente financiada por la gigante
productora estadounidense Netflix en colaboración con Bambú Producciones
ha redituado pingües dividendos en materia de espectadores y regalías
alrededor del mundo. La historia, que versa sobre las aventuras y enredos
amorosos de cinco personajes femeninos, tiene también como protagonista a
la convulsa ciudad de Madrid desde los últimos años de la dictadura de
Primo de Rivera hasta la Guerra Civil. En concreto, gran parte de las
escenas giran en torno a la icónica Compañía Telefónica y distintos
cronotopos de la Gran Vía. Ya acabadas las seis temporadas (28 de abril de
2017–3 de julio de 2020), lo que a grandes rasgos podría ser estudiado como
otro fenómeno audiovisual de masas, presenta interesantes ribetes
socioculturales que nos invitan a indagar en la producción cultural de la
época (1928–1939) para dilucidar hasta qué punto la exitosa serie tiene un
anclaje fundacional y verificable en la literatura, historia, política,
legislación laboral e igualdad de género con las que convivieron las y los
protagonistas originales de la Generación del 27. Puntualmente, y a
instancias de una lúcida e informada reseña de Eleanor Hepburn en The
Historian,1 propongo analizar específicos fragmentos de los cuarenta y doscapítulos de la serie para afirmar que los mismos contribuyen—de manera
clara, seria y responsable, aunque dentro de los límites impuestos por la
necesidad de internacionalizar y vender una serie de mujeres para mujeres—,
a proyectar un mensaje de emancipación femenina en el ambiente hostil y
patriarcal de los felices años veinte, la Segunda República y la Guerra Civil.
En sincronía, Las chicas del cable traslada simples historias de amor no
correspondido a temáticas como la bisexualidad y el lesbianismo y, desde la
marginalidad, apuesta a la mirada introspectiva y contemporánea de toda
una generación de desplazadas/os en relación con la experiencia autoritaria de
la tradición heteronormativa.

The idea that a monopolist would adopt a pricing strategy to deter entry is found in a wide body of research. We explore why the monopolist in the American telephone industry, AT&T, did not pursue such a strategy when its initial patents expired. W illiam Baumol, John Panzar, and Robert Willig; Paul Milgrom and John Roberts; and other theoreticians have pointed out that potential competition is a disciplinary force that affects the pricing decisions of incumbent firms. They have assumed in the development of their models that firms, motivated by the goal of profit maximization, are attentive to the threat of competition and choose pricing strategies to deter entry.' In this article we argue that considering the firm as a profit maximizing agent is only a starting point for explaining its actual conduct. The beliefs of a firm's managers regarding appropriate strategies for meeting competition are also shaped and influenced by the company's history. At the end of the nineteenth century, the dominant firm in the American telephone industry, the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T) did not adopt an entry-deterring price when its initial patents expired. Although committed to maximizing their company's profits over the long run, AT&T's management believed that control over the industry could be maintained by developing its long-distance network and through patent litigation against its competitors. The evidence we develop shows that their reliance on these strategies to dominate the market-rather than a pricing strategy to deter entry-was shaped by practices and perceptions established during their early managerial careers, both before and after coming to AT&T.

This essay contends that the US Signal Corps' wartime network had major consequences for the postwar development of the political economy of the telephone in the United States, France, and Europe. Our approach is transnational. In contrast to previous scholarship, which is mostly top-down, nation-centric, and preoccupied with the internal configuration of telephone networks that are typically studied inside the walls of discrete national containers, we widen the lens to explore a broad array of influences on network evolution, including those that originated from within individual operating companies and beyond national borders. Among the themes that we explore is transnational standard-setting. And among the agents of change that we emphasize is the influence of military conflict on personal networks, technical protocols, and international organizations. From such a vantage point, the First World War emerges as a constitutive moment in the making of the information infrastructure in the modern world.

Disclosures about electronic surveillance by the U.S. National Security Agency have revived interest in issues of communications privacy and Fourth Amendment rights. In the early days of the telegraph, there was no legal protection afforded to the privacy of telegraphic communication, and seizures of telegraphic dispatches figured in major events of the nineteenth century in the United States. Attempts to protect the content of telegrams by defining a customer/operator "privilege" under common law were rejected by the courts, as were attempts to protect the confidentiality of telegraphic communications through an analogy with the postal service. Each attempt by the government and the courts to obtain access to private telegraphic communication revived a debate about the constitutionality of such actions, which ultimately led to a new interpretation of constitutional law, including a legal right to privacy.

5 Id. at 226-31 (describing protections in telegraph communications); Neal Katyal & Richard Caplan, The Surprisingly Stronger Case for the Legality of the NSA 6 See United States v. Babcock, 24 F. Cas. 908 (E.D. Mo. 1876) (first of a number of cases in which Western Union challenged a subpoena for disclosure of the contents of telegrams); Orin S.

Theodore Dreiser's treatment of his characters as animals in society has been studied from various vantage points. In this study, I offer an impressionistic look at how Dreiser treats his characters in close association with animals. I argue that while characters are treated as animals in line with a deterministic view of the socio-biological world, such representation brings the metaphor of the city substituting the natural habitat of such (hum) animals. Hence, Dreiser's technique in characterization jumps over his philosophical attachment with social determinism as the energy created in his treatment of his characters as animals moves readers to a unique space in which understanding his characters fully may only be possible when their identities as animals are explored.

Whilst every country in the world has introduced phoneboxes onto its streets, the UK stands alone in having adopted the red phonebox as a symbol of its national identity. However, that symbol is of phonebox designs produced by Giles Gilbert Scott in 1925/35 and not of the more contemporary ones that followed it. When introduced in 1968, the Bruce Martin designed K8 kiosk or phonebox, was hailed as a masterpiece of industrial design yet, today it has virtually disappeared and been forgotten. It was the last of the British red, cast-iron phoneboxes and despite over 11,000 being manufactured, less than one percent survive. This paper traces the evolution of the British phonebox, focusing on the circumstances that led to the development of the K8 and describes in detail its design. Particular attention is then given to the post-privatisation period when British Telecom embarked on a phonebox modernisation programme that sought to replace all of its old red phoneboxes. Important lessons for industrial archaeology can be learned from this period for whilst attention was directed towards saving the Giles Gilbert Scott designs, the newer K8 was ignored and consequently subjected to wholesale removal. As threats emerged, they were neither recognised nor combatted and the formal mechanisms for preservation weren't fit for purpose. Telecommunications is a rapidly changing field that brings enormous challenges for the heritage movement, as the K8 story illustrates, requiring a far more agile approach in respect of contemporary collecting policies and improved procedures for protection and preservation. As part of industrial archaeology, the British phonebox is important both in terms of its contribution to design and its impact on society. Within that context this paper considers in detail a forgotten aspect of phonebox evolution, namely that of the K8 kiosk and includes a detailed listing of those K8s which are known to have survived. Author Biographies Nigel Linge is Professor of Telecommunications at the University of Salford. An electronic engineer by profession, Nigel specialises in data communication networks and their applications but also takes a keen interest in telecommunications heritage. He regularly delivers lectures and writes papers on the history of telecommunications and has co-authored two books, "Thirty years of mobile phones in the UK" and "The British Phonebox". Nigel is also chairman of the editorial panel for the Journal of the Institute of Telecommunications Professionals and writes a regular column describing events in telecommunications history. His media appearances include the BBC 4 Timeshift documentary, "Dial B for Britain". Nigel also works closely with Connected Earth partnership which is a heritage network of UK based museums and organisations that collectively promote telecommunications heritage. Andy Sutton is a telecommunications network architect and design engineer with over 30 years of experience. He holds an MSc in Mobile Communications from the University of Salford. Andy is currently working on the design of advanced mobile and wireless communications networks however his interests span the past, present and future of telecommunications. Andy is a member of the AIA and keen student of telecommunications history, he's co-author of four books, two of which focus on telecommunications history and heritage; 30 Years of Mobile Phones in the UK and The British Phonebox, both published by Amberley Publishing. Andy is a Chartered Engineer and Fellow of the

In 1928, as the United States Supreme Court upheld the authority of police to conduct wiretaps of telephones without a judicial warrant, Chief Justice William Howard Taft confided to his brother, "The truth is we have to face the problems presented by new inventions. Many of them are most useful to the criminals in their war against society and are at once availed of…" (Taft qtd. in Post 2006: 153). In Virtual Searches: Regulating the Covert World of Technological Policing, Christopher Slobogin gives witness to the fact that police, too, have always availed themselves of cutting-edge technology. Now, nearly a century later, the range and impact of these technologies well-nigh threatens the ability of courts and legislatures to understand, much less regulate, their use.

During the first and second Industrial Revolution specifically, the patent system allowed the US to become home to many innovations that improved lives, thrived the economy and expanded the boundaries of
technological innovation such as through the invention of the telegraph, lightbulb and the telephone. A salient question to ask would be "Was the patent system effective?". In this essay, I will explore the pros and cons of the US patent system during the 1800s by analyzing the case studies of the telephone controversy and the “War of the Current”, proceeding to argue that the patent system was not fully effective in enabling the full extent of innovation to flourish.

Se parte del inventario georreferenciado de obras licitadas en 10 años en la isla de Tenerife para investigar la distribución espacial de la intervención de cada una de las administraciones territoriales (estado, comunidad autónoma, cabildo y municipios) y definir patrones espaciales. Se analiza con herramientas de sistema de información geográfica (SIG) de análisis vectorial, geoproceso y gestión de datos, su distribución respecto al medio urbano o rural y la población, así como respecto de algunos ámbitos de regulación especial: espacios protegidos, costas y cauces. Se investigan también aspectos de concentración/dispersión de la intervención y su carácter esporádico o habitual en el ámbito, así como aspectos no espaciales relacionados con el presupuesto de intervención. Los resultados muestran la existencia de rasgos diferenciales, entre los que destacan la especialización urbana de los niveles autonómico y municipal, la alta incidencia de actuación en la costa del estado y la distribución, más equilibrada por medio urbano y rural, de la administración insular, la única activa en todos los ámbitos de regulación especial. Por otro lado, la concentración espacial y el presupuesto medio aumentan con el nivel administrativo ejecutor. La falta de conformidad con este patrón permite identificar actuaciones atípicas.

The cost of an investment in extremely long-term exploration and research made by a nation financing large budget deficits will be borne by multiple generations. The decision to burden future citizens with the cost of a public space program begs a question of intergenerational equity with both economic and environmental aspects. While these two facets are most often been considered in a context of dialectical opposition, space exploration offers a paradigm shift that aligns economic development with environmental stewardship by actually offering to remove human economic activity from the planet. With that promise far off, the mid-term economic-environmental benefits of our public space investment are considered using historical and macroeconomic perspective †. The record shows America's space program has been one of the best ways to solve these "problems right here on Earth." The positive economic and environmental externalities created by secondary and tertiary functions of NASA, military, and private space programs far outweigh the current level of financial investment.

Uluslararası Bilim ve Teknoloji Tarihi ve Felsefesi Birliği (IUHPST) bünyesinde yer alan Bilimsel Aletler Komisyonu (Scientific Instrument Commission, SIC) 1981 yılından beri her yıl başka bir ülkede toplanarak bilgi şölenleri (sempozyumlar) tertiplemektedir. Bilimsel Aletler bilgi şöleninin 35'incisi İstanbul Üniversitesi Bilim Tarihi Bölümü tarafından, Feza Günergun'un yönetiminde 26-30 Eylül 2016 tarihlerinde İstanbul'da tertiplenmiştir. O tarihlerde ülkemiz sıkıntılı günler geçirmesine rağmen bu toplantıya, yarısından fazlası Türkiye ve İran'dan olmak üzere, 80 bilim insanı katılmıştır. Toplantı süresince katılımcılar özellikle İstanbul Üniversitesi bünyesinde bulunan bilimsel alet, kitap ve objelerden oluşan Bilginin İzinde sergisini ziyaret etme fırsatını bulmuştur. Ayrıca tertiplenen gezilerle İstanbul'da bulunan bilimsel alet koleksiyonlarını gezebilmişlerdir.

Dans quelle mesure l’attention aujourd’hui accordée aux infrastructures du numérique, en raison de leur extension effrénée et de leur consommation énergétique, croise-t-elle le regard porté plus largement sur la matérialité et l’imaginaire des réseaux qui ont façonné le monde contemporain ? La confrontation de trois publications récentes invite à y réfléchir.
Ouvrages commentés
- Carlotta Darò, Paysage de lignes. Esthétique et télécommunications, Genève, MétisPresses, 2022.
- Fanny Lopez, Cécile Diguet, Sous le feu numérique. Spatialités et énergie des data centers, Genève, MétisPresses, 2023.
- Éric Monin (dir.), Sur la bouche, hors-série n° 2 de la revue Profane, mars 2023.

Deia-Sábado, 7 de octubre de 2023 historias vascas Aquellas primeras cabinas ofrecieron un servicio limitado, ya que durante unos años solo fue posible establecer llamadas entre personas en la misma ciudad. Para poder realizarlas a otros puntos de Navarra hubo de esperarse a los años 70 Un reportaje de Begoña Villanueva Las primeras cabinas telefónicas de Iruñea (1966-1967) Cabinas en el Paseo de Sarasate. Foto: Fototeca. Archivo Municipal de Pamplona Una persona leyendo un periódico junto a una cabina. Foto: DEIA Vista aérea del Monasterio de Iratxe. Foto: Gobierno de Navarra

Of all the centennial celebrations held in 1976, that of the telephone was one of the most important. Supported by a grant from AT & T, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology conducted a series of seminars on the development of the telephone and some of its consequences in the past 100 years. The 21 papers in this volume come from those seminars. They have been collected and edited by Ithiel de Sola Pool, professor of political science at M.I.T. and director of the Research Program on the Communications Policy there. He is also known for editing a collection of papers on citizen feedback and cable technology and for his editing and contribution to the monumental Handbook of Communication (Chicago: Rand McNally & Co., 1973). The work is admirably conceived and edited. De Sola Pool has drawn together papers from twenty-one scholars who are currently engaged in research on various aspects of the question and he has organized them in 5 major sections: (1) alternative paths of development: the early years, (2) the telephone in life, (3) the telephone and the city, (4) the telephone and human interaction, and (5) social uses of the telephone. He has contributed a 9-page introduction explaining the importance and dimensions of the topic. In addition, edlitorial comments at the head of each section and occasionally within them contribute to a coherence that is extraordinary for a volume of this nature. The articles are clearly presented. Language is sometimes necessarily specialized. "Fungibility of space," for example (p. 304), was a new phrase for me, but its usage is precise. And, although a table on occupations (p. 326) classifies industries as primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary, and quinary, the distinctions mean something. Never once did this reviewer note that jargonistic catchall, "postindustrial age." The topics of the papers range through such things as the development of the telephone network, the absorption of the telephone into literary usage, women and the switchboard, telephone organization and technology, the role of the telephone in the growth of cities and suburbs, the uses people make of the phone and the nature of the telephone community, and what people clo when deprived of the phone. The editor asserts that the social impact of the telephone, for all our reliance on it, has been little studied. Brenda Maddox (p. 263) notes that Psychological Abstracts has many columns relating to television viewing but only a few entries, relating mostly to operator strain and hot line counseling services, on the telephone. In the historical reviews, nearly all the interpretive works cited were published in the last ten years. The Social Impact of the Telephone is an original contribution to a field of study that is just emerging.