Tamil language

BY BALTASAR DA COSTA, S.J. i This project has taken me a long time to complete, partly because I kept finding something more to add but also because in recent years, I obtained a new copy of what is the centre of this study: one of the Tamil grammars composed in the 17 th century by a Portuguese Jesuit missionary. Therefore, after Muru (2010 and 2020b), I wanted to add this new copy to my comparison and I obtained its digitised version, corresponding to manuscript Sloane 3003, from the British Library in 2019. Consequently, every time I looked at the pictures of the five copies of the same manuscript of this Tamil grammar in existence today, I found something new, something that I believed deserved to be studied carefully, to be analysed and understood. This maniacal obsession has guided me over the years, until the world came to a standstill due to the pandemic, and I realised that I could no longer delay this publication, I could no longer continue to seek an impossible perfection. A deep gratitude goes to Jean-Luc Chevillard for having pursued and motivated me in this task -not only this one -since when I met him for the first time in 2007. Then, I want to thank my friends and colleagues Gonçalo Fernandes (Universidade Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, UTAD) and Giovanni Ciotti (CSMC). The former, for the warm days spent with me in Vila Real, and the latter for the cold days together in the Centre for the Study of Manuscript Cultures (CSMC), sitting in front of Costa's manuscript. My gratitude also goes to Eva M. Wilden for her continued hospitality at the CSMC over the years, both physically and virtually, and for her support. Credits also go to Rolf Kemmler v and Carlos Assunção for the nice time we enjoyed in Vila Real and also for their help, the former for his precious cooperation in the puzzling task of looking at the handwriting used in the manuscripts, and the latter for the support and the hospitality.

An introduction to the special collection "Early Descriptors and Descriptions of South Asian Languages from the 16th Century Onwards" that develops the main ideas on which the contributions in this special edition of the Journal of Portuguese Linguistics focus. The Introduction is not only a premise to the individual papers included in the volume and which are presented in the last paragraph. Emphasising the role played both by Portuguese individuals and by the Portuguese language as a metalanguage, it examines how the diffusion of Christianity in India led to the description of South Asian languages and how the grammaticisation of South Indian languages came about.

Thirukural, the most revered work of Tamil literature is widely known as a treatise in the art of living. But the immortal education (Saagaaa-kalvi) aspect of Thirukural is rarely known to the public. Based on a clue from Vallalar, that the first ten kurals reveal immortal education, we derive a semantic tree form that illuminates the message of Thirukural and recursively unfold the details. Specifically, the first ten kurals unfold into next 3 chapters as Vaan-Sirappu (Rain-manifestation), Niitthaar Perumai (Glory of Discipline) and Aran-valiyurutthal (Virtuousness). They further unfold into chapters of Aram-proper and Higher Aram. The Aram-proper forms the foundation of evolution into Higher-Aram where spiritual discipline leads to compassion and Truth-realization. The Thirukural concludes with Uuzh chapter, the teleological destiny of human being as manifestation of One God through rain, evolution from ignorance through discipline leading to ultimate realization of Truth-consciousness and Universal Oneness.

Conditional fee agreements are currently prohibited in Singapore. The Singapore courts still adhere to the public policy considerations expressed in the English common law which proscribe maintenance and champerty. However, the United Kingdom as well as Ontario (Canada) and Australia have recently ‘departed’ from the old system prohibiting conditional fee agreements. It is thus timely for Singapore to re-examine the public policy arguments against conditional fee agreements and inquire whether a conditional fee based system ought to be introduced. Apart from the above jurisdictions, lessons will also be drawn from the problems and issues faced by the US and the rest of Canada in the implementation of conditional fees.

Creative writing in the Tamil language has a rich and complex history that reflects the linguistic, cultural, and social evolution of Tamil society. This paper explores the development of creative writing in Tamil from its early origins in Sangam literature to contemporary forms of poetry, short stories, and novels. It highlights how creative expression in Tamil has been influenced by historical events, religious movements, and social changes while examining the impact of modern globalization and digital platforms. The paper also analyzes how traditional forms of Tamil creative writing are being preserved and adapted to meet the demands of modern audiences. Various examples from classical literature, modern fiction, and contemporary poetry are discussed to demonstrate the enduring creativity and adaptability of Tamil writers.

This Order applies to probate causes and matters. It clarifies that other rules also apply to these causes and matters, including applications for rectification of a will, subject to this Order. This means that when dealing with probate cases that are contentious, the procedures outlined in this Order must be followed. DEFINITION OF PROBATE ACTION: The Order defines a "probate action" as an action for the grant of probate of a will, letters of administration of the estate of a deceased person, revocation of such a grant, or a decree pronouncing for or against the validity of an alleged will. It excludes actions that are non-contentious or common form probate business. This definition helps differentiate between cases that fall under this Order and those that do not. DEFINITION OF TERMS: The Order clarifies that "will" includes a codicil (an addition or supplement that explains, modifies, or revokes a will). It also defines "relevant office" as the registry where the action is proceeding, such as a District Office or the Registry in Freetown, depending on the location of the case. COMMENCEMENT OF PROBATE ACTION: ORDER 55(2) A probate action must be initiated by a writ issued out of the Registry or one of the District Registries. The writ must be endorsed with a statement of the nature of the plaintiff's and defendant's interests in the deceased's estate before it is issued. This ensures that the nature of the dispute and the parties' interests are clear from the outset of the proceedings. 3. Every person who is entitled or claims to be entitled to administer the estate of a deceased person under or by virtue of an unrevoked grant of probate of his will or letters of administration of his estate shall be made a party to any action for revocation of the grant. 4. (1) Where, at the commencement of an action for the revocation of a grant of probate of the will or letters of administration of the estate of a deceased person, the probate or letters of administration as the case may be, have not been lodged in court, then-(a) if the action is commenced by a person to whom the grant was made, he shall lodge the probate or letters of administration in the Registry within 7 days after the issue of the writ; (b) if any defendant to the action has the probate or letters of administration in his possession or under his control, he shall lodge it or them in the Registry within 7 days after the service of the writ upon him. (2) In subrule (1) "Court" includes the Master's office or a District Registry. (3) Any person who fails to comply with subrule (1) may, on the application of any party to the action, be ordered by the Court to lodge the probate or letters of administration in the relevant office within a specified time; and any person against whom such an order is made

This paper aims to analyze how Dalit women are portrayed in literature in Bama's Vanmam. The current study looked specifically at how caste and gender interact in Vanmam, with an emphasis on how Dalit women are portrayed there. The second half of the 20th century saw a thriving output of Tamillanguage works by Dalit writers, who are thought to have explored the writers' responses to issues related to the Dalit community's caste identity and its interaction with a gendered social matrix. The book being studied depicts a ten-year proactive involvement in Tamil literary discourse that gave rise to a fresh, lively voice that challenged literary and cultural clichés, establishing new benchmarks and novel perspectives on literary frameworks. Dalit women are depicted as continuously weeping, wailing, wishing for male protection, cursing their femininity, and lamenting their incapacity to maintain their chastity on their own. Instead of being portrayed as fighters like in Bama's novels, they are shown as victims. Dalit women are victims of sexual violence.

There is a lot of information about the Keeladi excavation site, Madurai, and a new field museum has been built recently in that village. However, I have restricted my discussion in this article only to the issue of scripts used in the Keeladi site; details are as given below: Keezhadi, or Keeladi, is a Sangam period settlement site, where excavations are carried out by the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) and the Tamil Nadu State Department of Archaeology. This site is located near Keezhadi in Sivaganga district, Tamil Nadu, about 12 km southeast of Madurai. The settlement lies on the bank of the Vaigai River, and it reflects the ancient culture of Tamil Nadu. (1) Epigraphist V. Vedachalam, a domain expert for the excavation, dated the excavated remains between the 6th century BCE and the 3rd century BCE. However, the claimed dating of Tamil-Brahmi potsherd inscriptions to pre-3rd century BCE has been questioned due to a lack of detailed information in the published reports. Because of disturbances in the stratigraphy of the site-with many potsherds retrieved from mixed contexts of an ancient rubbish-dump cut as a large pit into deeper, older layers-making it doubtful whether any Tamil-Brahmi findings were from the same age as the dated charcoal samples, and the site remained occupied till the 1st century CE. (1)

The study assesses the English writing level of South Indian native Tamil language postgraduate students. The paper highlights the impact of native language sources in English writing and discusses the strategic implications. The study framed an English writing test instrument applying Bloom's Taxonomy to assess the level of writing. Quantitatively, 300 randomly sampled written transcriptions were taken for analysis. Qualitatively, a structured oneto-one interview was conducted among 27 language instructors, and 127 transcripts were observed to highlight the usage of native language sources, which resulted in poor writing. It assessed the students' level in L2 writing as mediocre, which was explained by 74% of the sampled responses. It found that the interference of native language in English writing made students make more mistakes in the order of words, subject-verb agreement, usage of tenses, and application of grammar rules. Further, it discussed the strategic implications for improvement as-a) repetitive incremental practice-teaching structures, tenses, and grammar rules of native and target language, b) conversational instruction-sharing differences in native and target languages, sharing of mistakes and errors, and c) timely feedback-a part of follow up mechanism for assessment.

This article provides an overview of missionary dictionaries of Konkani and Marathi compiled in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. To give an idea of the linguistic landscape in which the dictionaries were compiled, the article begins by sketching the language situation in early modern western India, mainly from the viewpoint of early modern European lexicographers and grammarians in India. The second part of the article provides an overview of extant and nonextant dictionary manuscripts and their editions.

In virtue of important works in the fields of lexicography, grammar, and translation, Diogo Ribeiro S.J. (1561-1635) is a key figure in Indian missionary linguistics as well as in the development of Christian Konkani. He also plays a pivotal role in the reception history of the more well-known Thomas Stephens. In the preface of his Konkani translation of Roberto Bellarmino's Dichiarazione più copiosa della dottrina Cristiana, Ribeiro describes his translation policy and argues for controversial choices where he follows the practice of Thomas Stephens. The present article analyzes Ribeiro's translation policy and shows how he puts it into practice in the said translation.

In MS Office and applications like Notepad, the Latha font correctly renders the combination of ொ + க as ொக. However, in my new font, the character க appears separately before ொ , resulting in improper rendering. Additionally, க is not positioning correctly with ொ and. How can I resolve these rendering issues in my (new) font? Thank you.

Total Tamil Alphabets are 247 with phonetic alphabets in Roman script!

Tamil Alphabet System: A Comprehensive Guide

The Tamil alphabet system consists of 247 letters, including 12 vowels (உயிர் எழுத்து), 1 special letter (ஆயுத எழுத்து), and 18 consonants (மெய் எழுத்து) with their various combinations. The vowels include letters such as அ, ஆ, இ, ஈ, உ, ஊ, எ, ஏ, ஐ, ஒ, ஓ, and ஔ. The consonants include letters such as க், ங், ச், ஞ், ட், ண், த், ந், ப், ம், ய், ர், ல், வ், ழ், ள், ற், and ன்.

Tamil Alphabet Table:

The Tamil alphabet table is a comprehensive table that showcases all the letters in the Tamil alphabet system. The table includes the 12 vowels, 1 special letter, and 18 consonants, as well as their various combinations.

Compound Letters:

The Tamil alphabet system also includes 216 compound letters, which are formed by combining vowels and consonants. These compound letters are an essential part of the Tamil language and are used to form words and sentences.

Edited by Rakhesh Jaghadish Lakshmanan:

This comprehensive guide to the Tamil alphabet system has been edited by Rakhesh Jaghadish Lakshmanan. The guide is printed in A3 size, making it easy to read and understand.

The total number of Tamil alphabets is 247, including phonetic alphabets in Roman script. There are 12 vowels (உயிர் எழுத்து): a, ā, i, ī, u, ū, e, ē, ai, o, ō, au, and 1 auxiliary consonant (ஆயுத எழுத்து): ḥ. Additionally, there are 18 consonants (மெய் எழுத்து): k (க், க, கா, கி, கீ, கு, கூ, கெ, கே, கை, கொ, கோ, கௌ), ṅ (ங், ங, ஙா, ஙி, ஙீ, ஙு, ஙூ, ஙெ, ஙே, ஙை, ஙொ, ஙோ, ஙௌ), c (ச், ச, சா, சி, சீ, சு, சூ, செ, சே, சை, சொ, சோ, சௌ), ñ (ஞ், ஞ, ஞா, ஞி, ஞீ, ஞு, ஞூ, ஞெ, ஞே, ஞை, ஞொ, ஞோ, ஞௌ), ṭ (ட், ட, டா, டி, டீ, டு, டூ, டெ, டே, டை, டொ, டோ, டௌ), ṇ (ண், ண, ணா, ணி, ணீ, ணு, ணூ, ணெ, ணே, ணை, ணொ, ணோ, ணௌ), t (த், த, தா,தி, தீ, து, தூ, தெ, தே, தை, தொ, தோ, தௌ), n (ந், ந, நா, நி, நீ, நு, நூ, நெ, நே, நை, நொ, நோ, நௌ), p (ப், ப, பா, பி, பீ, பு, பூ, பெ, பே, பை, பொ, போ, பௌ), m (ம், ம, மா, மி, மீ, மு, மூ, மெ, மே, மை, மொ, மோ, மௌ), y (ய், ய, யா, யி, யீ, யு, யூ, யெ, யே, யை, யொ, யோ, யௌ), r (ர், ர, ரா, ரி, ரீ, ரு, ரூ, ரெ, ரே, ரை, ரொ, ரோ, ரௌ), l (ல், ல, லா, லி, லீ, லு, லூ, லெ, லே, லை, லொ, லோ, லௌ), v (வ், வ, வா, வி, வீ, வு, வூ, வெ, வே, வை, வொ, வோ, வௌ), ḻ (ழ், ழ, ழா, ழி, ழீ, ழு, ழூ, ழெ, ழே, ழை, ழொ, ழோ, ழௌ), ḷ (ள், ள, ளா, ளி, ளீ, ளு, ளூ, ளெ, ளே, ளை, ளொ, ளோ, ளௌ), ṟ (ற், ற, றா, றி, றீ, று, றூ, றெ, றே, றை, றொ, றோ, றௌ), and ṉ (ன், ன, னா, னி, னீ, னு, னூ, னெ, னே, னை, னொ, னோ, னௌ).

Keywords:

Tamil Alphabet, Tamil Letters, Vowels, Consonants, Compound Letters, Tamil Language, Rakhesh Jaghadish Lakshmanan, A3 Size, Comprehensive Guide, Tamil Alphabet System, Tamil Alphabet Table. Tamil Alphabet System, Tamil Script, Language Learning, Indian Languages, Dravidian Languages, South Indian Languages, Unicode Characters, Typing Systems, Font Styles, Linguistics, Grammar Rules, Language Education, Rakhesh Jaghadish Lakshmanan

The verbs are classified into two types: mainly main verbs (or action verbs) and another type is auxiliaries (or helping verbs). Main verbs are further classified into transitive and intransitive verbs, regular and irregular verbs, finite and non-finite verbs. Similarly, auxiliary (or helping) verbs are classified into two types: primary auxiliary verbs, which consist of the "be" verbs, "have" verbs, and "do" verbs, and modal auxiliary verbs. In modal auxiliary verbs, they are divided into pure modal verbs and semi-modal verbs.

வினைச்சொற்கள் இரண்டு வகைகளாக வகைப்படுத்தப்படுகின்றன: முதலில் முக்கிய வினைச்சொற்கள் (அல்லது செயல் வினைச்சொற்கள் (ஆங்கிலத்தில் அக்ஷன் வேர்ப்ஸ் என அழைக்கப்படுகிறது)) மற்றும் மற்றொரு வகை துணை வினைச்சொற்கள் (அல்லது உதவி வினைச்சொற்கள்). முக்கிய வினைச்சொற்கள் மேலும் இரண்டு வகைகளாக வகைப்படுத்தப்படுகின்றன: செயப்படுபொருள் குன்றா மற்றும் செயப்படுபொருள் குன்றிய வினைச்சோற்கள், ஒழுங்கமைந்த மற்றும் ஒழுங்கற்ற வினைச்சோற்கள், முற்றுப்பெற்ற (முடிவுற்ற) வினைச்சொற்கள் மற்றும் முற்றுப்பெறாத (முடிவுறாத) வினைச்சொற்கள். அதேபோல், துணை வினைச்சொற்கள் (அல்லது உதவி வினைச்சொற்கள்) இரண்டு வகைகளாக வகைப்படுத்தப்படுகின்றன: "இருத்தல் (be verbs)" வினைச்சொற்கள், "கொண்டிருத்தல்; வைத்து இருத்தல் (have verbs)" வினைச்சொற்கள் மற்றும் "செய்தல் (do verbs)" வினைச்சொற்கள் ஆகியவற்றைக் கொண்ட முதன்மை துணை வினைச்சொற்கள் மற்றும் நிலை நோக்கத் துணை வினைச்சொற்கள். நிலை நோக்கத் துணை வினைச்சொற்களில், அவை தூய நிலை நோக்கத் துணை வினைச்சொற்கள் மற்றும் அரை (பாதி) நிலை நோக்கத் துணை வினைச்சொற்கள் என இரண்டு வகைகளாகப் பிரிக்கப்படுகின்றன.
Modal auxiliary verbs can be categorized into two types: pure modal auxiliary verbs and semi-modal auxiliary verbs. There are nine pure modal auxiliary verbs, which include can, could, may, might, shall, should, will, would, and must. In addition, there are around nine semi-modal auxiliary verbs, which consist of ought to, need (to), dare (to), used to, have to, has to, be able to, had better, and be supposed to. These verbs play a crucial role in expressing necessity, possibility, ability, and obligation in English.
நிலை நோக்கத் துணை வினைச்சொற்கள் இரண்டு வகைகளாக வகைப்படுத்தப்படுகின்றன: தூய நிலை நோக்கத் துணை வினைச்சொற்கள் மற்றும் அரை (முழுமையற்ற) நிலை நோக்கத் துணை வினைச்சொற்கள். தூய நிலை நோக்கத் துணை வினைச்சொற்கள் ஒன்பது உள்ளன, அவை: can, could, may, might, shall, should, will, would, மற்றும் must. மேலும், அரை (முழுமையற்ற) நிலை நோக்கத் துணை வினைச்சொற்கள் சுமார் ஒன்பது உள்ளன, அவை: ought to, need (to), dare (to), used to, have to, has to, be able to, had better, மற்றும் be supposed to. இந்த வினாக்கள் ஆங்கிலத்தில் தேவையை, சாத்தியத்தை, திறனை மற்றும் கட்டாயத்தை வெளிப்படுத்துவதில் முக்கிய பங்கு வகிக்கின்றன.

Rule 11 was amended to remedy the subjective bad-faith standard of the original rule). 9 In cases where a party was self-represented, that party was required to sign the pleading himself and state his address. See FED. R. CIV. P. 11. 10 See id.

الملخص
تعد ظاهرة الاقتراض من أبرز الظواهر اللغوية التي تكاد تطرد كل لغات العالم، وهي التي تقوم بين اللغات من خلال استعارة بعضها من بعض عناصر لغوية؛ صوتيةٍ لفظيةٍ وصرفيةٍ وإعرابيةٍ، ولا سيما من ناحية الألفاظ، باعتبار أن هذه العملية تسهم في إثراء اللغة المنقول إليها وتطويرها؛ من خلال جعل تلك الألفاظ جزءً لا يتجزأ في قاموس اللغة المتلقية. واللغة التاميلية التي اللغة الأم لمعظم مسلمي سريلانكا ليست خارجة عن هذه الظاهرة، بل من خلال احتكاكها باللغة العربية أدخَلت إلى قاموسها ألفاظًا عربيةً، ولهذا فإن الدراسة تهدف إلى الكشف عن دوافع الاقتراض اللغوي اللفظي في اللغة التاميلية من العربية، وكذلك تسليط الضوء على نماذج من الكلمات المقترضة بقصد تحديدها وفق أنواع الاقتراض اللغوي التي أشار إليها علماء اللغة المحدثون، فضلا عن تصنيف تلك الكلمات على حسب الموضوعات. ولتحقيق الأهداف المنشودة يعتمد الباحثون على منهج الملاحظة الذي يتمّ بالمراقبة الدقيقة لظاهرة الاقتراض اللفظي في التاميلية من العربية في تعاملات لغوية لدى مسلمي سريلانكا، وكذلك المنهج الاستقرائي لمحاولة تتبع نماذج مقترضةٍ لغويةٍ تضمنتها الكتب الإسلامية التاميلية المكتوبة بالحروف العربية. توصلت هذه الدراسة إلى نتائج مهمة، ومنها: أن هناك دوافع خاصة أدت إلى اندماج الكلمات العربية في التاميلية، بجانب الأسباب العامة التي ترجع إليها استعارة أي لغة من لغة أخرى، وكذلك فإن التاميلية اقترضت أحيانا من العربية كلماتٍ واستخدمتها على حالها دون أي تغيير في صيغتها وصوتها؛ وهو ما يسمى الاقتراض الكامل، وأحيانا أخرى ظلت الكلمات المقترضة متأثرةً بالنظام الصوتي للتاميلية؛ وأُطلِق عليها اقتراضا معدّلا، وأيضا يمكن تصنيف النماذج المقترضة على عدة موضوعات: دعوية، ودينية، وفقهية؛ وعقدية وغير ذلك.

الكلمات المفتاحية: الاقتراض اللغوي؛ التاميلية؛ العربية؛ الاقتراض الكامل؛ الاقتراض المعدّل.
Linguistic borrowing is one of the most prominent phenomena in possibly all the languages of the world, and it occurs between languages through borrowing from each other linguistic elements. These can phonetic, morphological, and grammatical, especially in terms of words, considering that this process contributes to enriching and developing the language to which it is transferred. The Tamil language, which is the mother tongue of most Sri Lankan Muslims, is not outside of this linguistic borrowing phenomenon. Rather, through its contact with the Arabic language, it introduced Arabic words into its dictionary. Therefore, the study aims to reveal the motives for verbal linguistic borrowing in the Tamil language from Arabic, as well as to shed light on examples of words. Borrowed words with the aim of identifying them according to the types of linguistic borrowing indicated by modern linguists, as well as classifying those words according to topics. To meet this goal, the researchers rely on the observational approach, which is carried out by carefully monitoring the phenomenon of verbal borrowing in Tamil from Arabic in linguistic interactions among Sri Lankan Muslims. Similarly, inductive approach is used to try to trace linguistic borrowing models included in Tamil Islamic books written in Arabic letters. The research finds that, although there are several general reasons to linguistically borrow from one language to another, the linguistic borrowing from Arabic to Tamil is characterized by some particular motives. Additionally, Tamil borrows words from Arabic and uses them verbatim without altering their original form or pronunciation. Complete borrowing occurs when the borrowed words are unchanged by the Tamil phonetic system; modified borrowing occurs when the borrowed words are altered by the Tamil phonetic system. And the borrowed models can also be classified on several topics: advocacy, religious, and jurisprudential. Contractual and so on.
Keywords: Linguistic Borrowing, Tamil, Arabic, Complete Borrowing, Modified Borrowing.

This paper aims to analyze how Dalit women are portrayed in literature in Bama's Vanmam. The current study looked specifically at how caste and gender interact in Vanmam, with an emphasis on how Dalit women are portrayed there. The second half of the 20th century saw a thriving output of Tamillanguage works by Dalit writers, who are thought to have explored the writers' responses to issues related to the Dalit community's caste identity and its interaction with a gendered social matrix. The book being studied depicts a ten-year proactive involvement in Tamil literary discourse that gave rise to a fresh, lively voice that challenged literary and cultural clichés, establishing new benchmarks and novel perspectives on literary frameworks. Dalit women are depicted as continuously weeping, wailing, wishing for male protection, cursing their femininity, and lamenting their incapacity to maintain their chastity on their own. Instead of being portrayed as fighters like in Bama's novels, they are shown as victims. Dalit women are victims of sexual violence.

In the Iranian system, on the basis of some debates by legislative bodies including the Guardian Council of Constitution of Iran, and former supreme legal counsel on the impossibility of financial restoration of intellectual damages, doubts and problems were made. This is while with a scrutiny in Islamic references and predicting restoration in the Iranian rules, and finding no contradictions among them; its verdict in some articles of the constitution especially in article 1711, the jurisprudents removed the obstacle and moved the process toward the restoration of this kind of damage. Recent years have seen decisions that have been logical, documentary, and interesting, among which was known as "the Hemophilia case2" urging government to restore intellectual damages. Recently, article 14 of the 2015 criminal proceeding and its amendment 1, and the additional amendment defined intellectual damage, and include its financial restoration, mentioning some instances. This paper...

I will be presenting to you today some of the fruits of more than thirty years of research, research that was the driving motivation behind my years of graduate studies in linguistics and South Asian languages both ancient and modern. After receiving my undergraduate degree at the end of the 1980s, I was left pondering what to do with the rest of my life, and I concluded that I wanted to make some significant progress toward solving some long-unresolved puzzle. To that end, I began dedicating a considerable part of my free time to the study of certain languages that I suspected would have particular relevance to the problem I wanted to work on: the Indus Valley script. Even then, more than three decades ago, the problem was already a longstanding one, the first significant writings having been brought to the attention of the scholarly world more than 60 years earlier, with the excavations of Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa-excavations that remain, all these years later, our two primary sources for Indus inscriptions, despite work at many other sites, and the promise of as-yet-underexplored locales like Ganweriwalla here in Pakistan. After several years of methodical self-instruction in Sanskrit and Tamil, I was fortunate to be admitted to Cornell University's linguistics PhD program, where I took full advantage of their rather welldeveloped South Asian languages program to study Tamil and Vedic Sanskrit, as well as Avestan, Pali, Sinhala, Bengali, and a little Hindi. Having already written a modest MA thesis on the Indus Valley script for my Master's at Brigham Young University, I was keen to further develop my research for my PhD work, but was dissuaded from doing so. Then, as now, this kind of work was regarded as too fringe, too little understood by the gatekeepers, and too apt to attract cranks and shoddy scholarship. So instead, I ended up for my PhD work documenting a dialect of Tamil spoken in coastal Sri Lanka, a project which required me to spend significant time in South India and Sri Lanka improving my Tamil and Sinhala, gathering data, and in general, becoming wellacquainted with the culture in that part of the world. All the while I was pursuing this research, I continued to work on the Indus script, strictly on my own time and with my own resources. In the course of this yearslong labor of love, I learned something very disconcerting: it was virtually impossible to publish anything pertaining to actual claims of decipherment, because, somewhere along the way, it had been decided that either the script was undecipherable, or that, perhaps, it was not even writing at all. The theory of Farmer, Witzel, and Sproat claiming that the Indus inscriptions were not writing but merely non-literate symbols attracted a considerable amount of attention in the early years of this century, possibly because it provided a facile explanation for the abject failure of generations of competent scholars to make any agreed-upon progress towards decipherment. Aside from the general consensus that the canonical direction of Indus writing was right to left, no two experts could agree on the likely underlying language, the nature of the script (aside from that it appeared, on

When authority or administration of the law was disrespected/disregarded/interfered prejudiced the parties or witnesses in the course of litigation it was previously considered as a contempt of court. This view is now developed and challenged by the rising concerns over Freedom of expression.
The objective of laws regarding contempt of court is to justice to be properly and independently administered in a democratic nation. Mainly; putting sanctions upon commenting on pending judicial proceedings, making people disclose information sources, by restricting the judges and courts being criticized are the main types of methods by which contempt of court is prevented by practice.

Objective: To discuss the implications ofrecent legislative changes andcourt decisions in Canada that have placed the privacy ofpsychiatric records information at risk. New areas of exposure include client access to clinical informationprovidedbyfamily members, parental access to children's records, andcourt access to clinical records in civil, criminal, andfamily law matters. Method: A review ofrecent legislative changes and court decisions pertaining to access to psychiatric records. Conclusion: At present, psychiatric records can no longer be regarded as confidential. Recent changes in the concept ofprivilege oftreatment records necessitates several changes in psychiatric practice regarding informed consent to treatment, content ofclinical records, and responses to demands for information.

Exclamation mark or kantanfu in Japanese, is one of written language elements used to convey expressions. Based on exclamation mark usage, the meaning and nuance of a sentence could differ. Amidst the COVID19 pandemic that limits one’s interaction to another, the frequency of digital communication has significantly increased. Digital communication through chats has become an activity that cannot be separated from everyday life. Therefore, it is important to understand exclamation marks correctly. The aim of this study is to avoid misunderstandings that could happen through chats in Japanese.  This study will compare the use and interpretation of exclamation marks in Japanese chat between Indonesians and Japanese. Japanese chat messages containing exclamation marks were analyzed using Hymes’ SPEAKING theory. This study uses Creswell's convergent mixed methods, with quantitative data of Indonesians’ questionnaire survey results, and qualitative data of interviews with Japanese peo...

The paper proposes an analysis regarding the possibility of the criminally convicted lawyers to keep pleading before the court without bearing the consequences of criminal liability, by speculating the lack of imperative law provisions in this sense. The legislative inflation affects not only the guarantees that the legality principles provide to the citizen, but it also reflects on the activity of specialists, theoreticians, or practitioners. They are overwhelmed by the abundance and obscurity of certain texts, reason for which it has become more and more difficult to interpret the law. The legislative deficiencies and the norms governing the profession of lawyer do not regulate clearly enough the fate of the criminally convicted lawyers; the lawyers within the board of the Bar must decide the fate of a fellow lawyer of the Bar. The law No. 51/1995-regarding the organization and exercise of the lawyer's profession, as well as the statute of the lawyer-shows that the lawyer's capacity shall end if the lawyer has received a final sentence for an action incriminated by the criminal law, which renders him/her "unworthy of being a lawyer." Concerning the method that constitutes the grounds of my research, I will use the comparison with other professions within the legal system; this will lead to comparatism, meaning to rapports between de jure and de facto situations. After analyzing the jurisprudence and the legislative framework corresponding to this phenomenon, I believe that punctual modifications should be brought to the texts of law; they must be circumscribed to an imperative force, thus leaving no room to interpretations.

Vocabulary is a crucial aspect of language acquisition and plays a vital role in dictating learners' proficiency level at different ages. A key aspect of second language acquisition (SLA) is the development of a broad vocabulary. This review looks at how learners approach vocabulary learning, different categories of vocabulary, and the main objectives of vocabulary acquisition. The paper additionally explores Vocabulary Learning Strategies and how they affect vocabulary development in SLA. Cognitive tactics, including memorising techniques or metacognitive strategies, which entail learners reflecting on their learning process and tracking their progress, may be used to approach vocabulary acquisition. Working with peers or teachers to acquire vocabulary is another efficient approach to using social learning tactics. Learners must have word knowledge, which encompasses academic, domain-specific, colloquial, technical, and idiomatic vocabulary, in addition to expressive and productive vocabulary, to improve their vocabulary acquisition. Additionally, grammatical complexity greatly influences word acquisition, and modern learning tools like social media apps, subtitles, and short tales provide new approaches to enhancing vocabulary learning. In summary, effective Vocabulary Learning Strategies (VLS) are crucial in SLA, and learners should use various strategies to pick up a wide variety of vocabulary. When creating language teaching programmes, language teachers should also consider each learner's requirements and motivations. Utilising fresh learning resources and media may provide learners with more options for enhancing their vocabulary learning and enhancing their overall language skills.

I n the last decade there has been an enormous increase in computer-mediated communication (CMC) 1. CMC includes a variety of electronic message and conference systems, which can be supplemented by audio and video links. Computerbased communication has become common in our daily lives, and this raises the question of how different online communication is from face-to-face communication. Do we chat in the same way in live interactions and via computers? Nowadays one can hardly meet a friend or a colleague somewhere and ask for a phone number, rather they will exchange e-mail addresses and chats, which makes the work more efficient. In addition, email and chat services also help us to maintain our relationships with friends and colleagues in different locations. CMC can be synchronous (e.g., chat) or asynchronous 2 (e.g., e-mail), and the messages are predominantly typewritten (Adrianson 2001). More and more interactions take place via e-mail and chat, privately as well as professionally. In other words, for most people today it is hard to imagine themselves without a computer and without access to the Internet. The aim of this article is to review whether communication of emotions is more difficult in computer-mediated communication (CMC) than in face-to-face (F2F) interaction by using certain verbal or non-verbal means of communication. Emotion communication is defined as the recognition, expression and sharing of emotions or moods between two or more individuals. As humans we experience different types of emotions and feelings. Emotions determine the quality of our lives. They occur in every relationship we care about. They can save our lives, but they can also cause real damage. We don't become emotional about everything. Emotions come and go: we feel an emotion one moment and may not feel any emotion at another moment. Some people are much more emotional than the others, but there are times when even the most emotional do not feel any emotion. The most common way in which emotions occur is when we sense, rightly or wrongly, that something that seriously affects our welfare, for better or worse, is happening or is about to happen. According to P. Ekman it is a simple idea but a central one-emotions evolved to prepare us to deal quickly with the most vital events in our lives (Ekman 2003). Many philosophers distinguish between two types of emotion: episodes and emotional states or dispositions. Philosophers call episodes occurrents when they refer to the things which happen. Episodes may be short-lived 3 or long-lived. Philosophers often distinguish between occurrents and endurants. Occurrents happen, whereas endurants last, endure. One type of endurant, if common sense is to be believed, is ordinary things and persons. Another type of endurant is states. On one common view, states are a type of continuant-they last. The category of states has often been applied to affective phenom

ABANDONMENT-A parent's or custodian's act of leaving a child without adequate care, supervision, support, or parental contact for an excessive period of time. Also, the desertion of one spouse by the other with the intent to terminate the marriage relationship.

Old school games which gained their fame in the era of Sony PlayStation (PS) and PlayStation 2 (PS2) have made a comeback in different style. This adaptation work is known as remaking and remastering. The research objects are remade and remastered games in the latter consoles such as PS4, PS5, Nintendo Switch, and alikes; without taking Personal Computer (PC) and mobile games into account. Qualitative method is used in the discussion of user rating and its effects on the research objects. The research aims to seek pros and cons of remade and remastered games by looking at ratings given by consumers from those adapted works. The result of this research showed how remade and remastered games rated low in comparison to original games. It is found from questionnaires and literature review that pricing and technical factors played role in the decrement of remade and remastered games rating as they cost more expensive while having little updates or bug fixes.

Exclamation mark or kantanfu in Japanese, is one of written language elements used to convey expressions. Based on exclamation mark usage, the meaning and nuance of a sentence could differ. Amidst the COVID19 pandemic that l i m i t s o n e ' s i n t e r a c t i o n t o a n o t h e r , t h e f r e q u e n c y o f d i g i t a l communication has significantly increased. Digital communication through chats has become an activity that cannot be separated from everyday life. Therefore, it is important to understand exclamation marks correctly. The aim of this study is to avoid misunderstandings that could happen through chats in Japanese. This study will compare the use and interpretation of exclamation marks in Japanese chat between Indonesians and Japanese. Japanese chat messages containing exclamation marks were analyzed using H y m e s ' S P E A K I N G t h e o r y. T h i s s t u d y u s e s C r e s w e l l ' s convergent mixed methods, with quantitative data of I n d o n e s i a n s ' q u e s t i o n n a i r e s u r v e y r e s u l t s , a n d q u a l i t a t i v e d a t a of interviews with Japanese people. Study results show that there are differences in the use and function of exclamation marks between Indonesians and Japanese.

This Review is intended to address a recommendation of the Independent Jersey Care Inquiry that "the youth justice system move to a model that always treats young offenders as children first and offenders second". We believe, as do the Council of Ministers and the wider Government, that we have a fundamental responsibility to ensure that children are protected within the criminal justice system. The Inquiry has laid bare the historic failures of Jersey's system of child protection, and in particular the treatment of children in the care of the state. Young people who find themselves involved in the criminal justice system as victims, witnesses or offenders are often those most in need of help. We must ensure that in future, even where young people have done wrong, the Government of Jersey considers their needs not their behaviour and we do not lose sight of the fact that they are, first and foremost, children. This review drew on local expertise, but was led by a UK expert, Professor Jonathan Evans from the University of South Wales. This was done to ensure that the review was independent and external, and to avoid the Jersey 'system' from investigating its own shortcomings. It finds good practice and best intentions throughout the criminal justice system, but also many areas that can be improved. It makes a significant number of recommendations that have been accepted in principle by the Council of Ministers. These recommendations are significant and wide-ranging, and bringing them to fruition will require the commitment of time, resources and political will across all parts of the Government. As a first step, we have instructed officers of Justice and Home Affairs and Children, Young People, Education and Skills to determine how these recommendations may best be implemented and to return to the Council of Ministers with a detailed plan of action by the Autumn. This is a rare opportunity to make a comprehensive and coherent set of improvements to the criminal justice system that will, we believe, make a significant difference to some of the most vulnerable children in our society. It will also allow the Government to demonstrate its commitment to 'putting children first'.

Exclamation mark or kantanfu in Japanese, is one of written language elements used to convey expressions. Based on exclamation mark usage, the meaning and nuance of a sentence could differ. Amidst the COVID19 pandemic that limits one’s interaction to another, the frequency of digital communication has significantly increased. Digital communication through chats has become an activity that cannot be separated from everyday life. Therefore, it is important to understand exclamation marks correctly. The aim of this study is to avoid misunderstandings that could happen through chats in Japanese.  This study will compare the use and interpretation of exclamation marks in Japanese chat between Indonesians and Japanese. Japanese chat messages containing exclamation marks were analyzed using Hymes’ SPEAKING theory. This study uses Creswell's convergent mixed methods, with quantitative data of Indonesians’ questionnaire survey results, and qualitative data of interviews with Japanese peo...

Emotions have a unique place in a person’s life. They are reflected in each human activity and are expressed in language and through language not only during face-to-face, but also online communication. The article pays special attention to the expressions of emotions in these two fields of communication taking into consideration the verbal and non-verbal peculiarities of the expression of emotions.

This Review is intended to address a recommendation of the Independent Jersey Care Inquiry that "the youth justice system move to a model that always treats young offenders as children first and offenders second". We believe, as do the Council of Ministers and the wider Government, that we have a fundamental responsibility to ensure that children are protected within the criminal justice system. The Inquiry has laid bare the historic failures of Jersey's system of child protection, and in particular the treatment of children in the care of the state. Young people who find themselves involved in the criminal justice system as victims, witnesses or offenders are often those most in need of help. We must ensure that in future, even where young people have done wrong, the Government of Jersey considers their needs not their behaviour and we do not lose sight of the fact that they are, first and foremost, children. This review drew on local expertise, but was led by a UK expert, Professor Jonathan Evans from the University of South Wales. This was done to ensure that the review was independent and external, and to avoid the Jersey 'system' from investigating its own shortcomings. It finds good practice and best intentions throughout the criminal justice system, but also many areas that can be improved. It makes a significant number of recommendations that have been accepted in principle by the Council of Ministers. These recommendations are significant and wide-ranging, and bringing them to fruition will require the commitment of time, resources and political will across all parts of the Government. As a first step, we have instructed officers of Justice and Home Affairs and Children, Young People, Education and Skills to determine how these recommendations may best be implemented and to return to the Council of Ministers with a detailed plan of action by the Autumn. This is a rare opportunity to make a comprehensive and coherent set of improvements to the criminal justice system that will, we believe, make a significant difference to some of the most vulnerable children in our society. It will also allow the Government to demonstrate its commitment to 'putting children first'.

There are five major gases and five sub-gases in our human body. Out of 72,000 nerves, of which three are mainly located in the lunar node (Ida), the solar navel (Pingala), the spinal node (Archipelago). It explains the location of gases in our body and its properties and functions.  This article explains nodes functions, gases, sub gases functions, and its interrelation reactions of yoga exercises. There is evidence that the Tamil art of yoga has been used as a way of life by many personalities from the Sangam period to the present century.

An introduction to the special collection "Early Descriptors and Descriptions of South Asian Languages from the 16th Century Onwards" that develops the main ideas on which the contributions in this special edition of the Journal of Portuguese Linguistics focus. The Introduction is not only a premise to the individual papers included in the volume and which are presented in the last paragraph. Emphasising the role played both by Portuguese individuals and by the Portuguese language as a metalanguage, it examines how the diffusion of Christianity in India led to the description of South Asian languages and how the grammaticisation of South Indian languages came about.

Criminal offences are normally prosecuted by the State or the Commonwealth, whereas it is usually up to an individual to take a civil action to court. It is also possible for an individual to begin criminal proceedings, but this is very rare.Some matters, such as assault, can be both crimes and civil wrongs at the same time. The police can prosecute for assault and the victim can take civil action to recover money (or some other kind of compensation) for any injury suffered.It is not always easy to tell when something is a crime. A person who takes money without permission commits a criminal offence, whereas a person who fails to pay back money commits a civil wrong (not a crime). Although a civil action can be commenced to recover the money, the borrower can only be prosecuted for a criminal offence if fraud is involved.

In the Iranian system, on the basis of some debates by legislative bodies including the Guardian Council of Constitution of Iran, and former supreme legal counsel on the impossibility of financial restoration of intellectual damages, doubts and problems were made. This is while with a scrutiny in Islamic references and predicting restoration in the Iranian rules, and finding no contradictions among them; its verdict in some articles of the constitution especially in article 1711, the jurisprudents removed the obstacle and moved the process toward the restoration of this kind of damage. Recent years have seen decisions that have been logical, documentary, and interesting, among which was known as "the Hemophilia case2" urging government to restore intellectual damages. Recently, article 14 of the 2015 criminal proceeding and its amendment 1, and the additional amendment defined intellectual damage, and include its financial restoration, mentioning some instances. This paper...

Submissions of Maua James Faleauto to the Tribunal Prior to Being Struck off

(The disbarment occurring 29 months after his retirement due to illness on 12 May 2008 and voluntary surrender of practicing certificate)

My statements were made understanding that three convictions had been entered out of four charges by this Tribunal.

I addressed this Tribunal therefore in mitigation of penalty given my personal circumstances and from the point of view of a Barrister at the Criminal Bar as a Polynesian and as a citizen whose legal experiences reflect a struggle with institutions from the position of a disadvantaged outsider.

If I am to be judged only with prejudice and for political reasons, what attitude should I rightly hold?

Counsel of colour are cautious to raise issues as to racial discrimination.
The majority of the population would rather not be made aware of problems arising.

Racial minority groups and especially their professionals are loath to point out lapses by otherwise professional persons belonging to the majority racial group.

I believe that the ADLS has been guilty of institutional racism -in the way it has proceeded against me- in the manner that it has treated me- in the way it has judged its own inappropriate actions as only fair and reasonable. Those who have never been subject to racism are blind to it.

The Auckland Tribunal have shown unfairness to me through prejudice, permitting vitriol, an inability to avoid persecution, a failure to obtain best evidence, a willingness to pursue a debt through a tribunal without jurisdiction, a failure to preserve the record in controversial circumstances. They ignore submissions I make without reply. They refuse to recognize the competence of the work I have filed. In doing so they have shown themselves unworthy to conduct the investigation and prosecution of complaints matters.


Eric Fromm, said this,

" There is perhaps no phenomenon which contains so much destructive feeling as' moral indignation' which permits envy or hate to be acted out under the guise of virtue"

Faleauto Simi Maua Taua BA LLB PhD(hc)

11.17am 25 October 2022 faasaoloto@pm.me