TIME SYNCHRONIZATION PROTOCOLS

Internet of Things (IoT) merupakan konsep komunikasi machine to machine atau machine to application yang diturunkan dari teknologi Wireless Sensor network (WSN). Salah satu protokol komunikasi machine to machine yang pada implementasinya baik untuk menghemat sumber daya adalah Message Queue Telemetry Transport (MQTT). Pada ranah sensor networks Protokol MQTT dikenal dengan Message Queue Telemetry Transport for Sensor network (MQTT-SN). Terdapat 2 tipe arsitektur antara MQTT-SN client dengan MQTT-SN gateway yaitu transparent gateway dan aggregating gateway. Aggregating gateway yaitu tipe arsitektur dengan single MQTT-SN gateway, dimana setiap MQTT-SN client terhubung pada satu MQTT-SN gateway. Permasalahan yang timbul pada arsitektur aggregating gateway adalah adanya kemungkinan tabrakan pengiriman data oleh klien. Agar terhindar dari permasalahan tersebut, maka diterapkan metode penjadwalan pengiriman dengan pembagian waktu yaitu Protokol Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)pada mas...

Sistem pengiriman data akuisisi kualitas air kolam ikan pada umumnya menggunakan metode konvensional, yaitu penggunaan mikrokontroler sebagai control system dan kabel sebagai media pengiriman data. Penggunaan satu mikrokontroler pada sistem monitoring kualitas air kolam ikan sebagai control system terdapat kekurangan dalam pengolahan data dari banyak sensor node secara bersamaan, yaitu bisa terjadi data collision saat pengiriman data dari sensor node menuju ke control system. Begitu pula penggunaan kabel sebagai media komunikasi pengiriman data dianggap kurang efisien ketika digunakan pada lingkup area yang luas, seperti pada area budidaya kolam ikan. Untuk mengatasi permasalahan tersebut, pada penelitian ini diterapkan metode pengiriman data menggunakan protokol Timing-sync Protocol for Sensor Network (TPSN) dan Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) pada semua node untuk menghindari data collision. Kemudian, pada penelitian ini menerapkan metode komunikasi data secara wireless denga...

Throught science and  technology (Science and technology) that us increasingly developing now a days, more and more using human technology. With the technology it can help humans in every day life. But in technology area, there all stull system that use manual methods such as parking. The impact of  indiscriminate parking casuses quite severe congestion, not to mention  the illegal parking fees quoted in the name of government based on the problems outlined, as solution is found to find the existence og indiscrimimate parking. That way conducted research on “Multilevel parking based on Mikrocoontroller”. Mulitilevel can be interpreted with multilevel or tierd sentences. The parking lot does not move because the vehicle is being moved by driver. Microcontroler has a system that is intended to recive input from what has been made and made to be an input.

Sistem pengiriman data akuisisi kualitas air kolam ikan pada umumnya menggunakan metode konvensional, yaitu penggunaan mikrokontroler sebagai control system dan kabel sebagai media pengiriman data. Penggunaan satu mikrokontroler pada sistem monitoring kualitas air kolam ikan sebagai control system terdapat kekurangan dalam pengolahan data dari banyak sensor node secara bersamaan, yaitu bisa terjadi data collision saat pengiriman data dari sensor node menuju ke control system. Begitu pula penggunaan kabel sebagai media komunikasi pengiriman data dianggap kurang efisien ketika digunakan pada lingkup area yang luas, seperti pada area budidaya kolam ikan. Untuk mengatasi permasalahan tersebut, pada penelitian ini diterapkan metode pengiriman data menggunakan protokol Timing-sync Protocol for Sensor Network (TPSN) dan Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) pada semua node untuk menghindari data collision. Kemudian, pada penelitian ini menerapkan metode komunikasi data secara wireless denga...

Throught science and  technology (Science and technology) that us increasingly developing now a days, more and more using human technology. With the technology it can help humans in every day life. But in technology area, there all stull system that use manual methods such as parking. The impact of  indiscriminate parking casuses quite severe congestion, not to mention  the illegal parking fees quoted in the name of government based on the problems outlined, as solution is found to find the existence og indiscrimimate parking. That way conducted research on “Multilevel parking based on Mikrocoontroller”. Mulitilevel can be interpreted with multilevel or tierd sentences. The parking lot does not move because the vehicle is being moved by driver. Microcontroler has a system that is intended to recive input from what has been made and made to be an input.

Bertambahnya jumlah kendaraan dapat mengakibatkan kecelakaan lalu lintas. Salah satu jenis kecelakaan lalu lintas yaitu tabrakan kendaraan mobil. Untuk itu diperlukan suatu sistem yang tidak hanya mendeteksi tabrakan pada kendaraan, namun sekaligus dapat mengirimkan data status jika terjadi tabrakan kepada petugas kepolisian atau tim medis. Pada penelitian ini dibuat sistem yang dapat mendeteksi tabrakan pada mobil menggunakan sensor akselerometer berikut mengirimkan data status tabrakan ke sistem penerima data melalui modul wireless yang nantinya data tersebut ditampilkan dalam display komputer. Tabrakan ringan diidentifikasi berdasarkan batas nilai percepatan kendaraan yang mengalami tabrakan yakni diatas 4g (gravity). Sedangkan tabrakan sedang memiliki percepatan diatas 20g dan tabrakan berat memiliki percepatan diatas 40g. Apabila nilai percepatan kendaraan termasuk kategori tabrakan, maka sistem akan mengirimkan data status tabrakan ke sistem penerima data dan ditampilkan dalam...

One of the main pervasive problems Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) encounter is to maintain flawless communication sharing and cooperative processing between sensors via radio links to ensure a reliable treatment of information. Many applications based on these WSNs consider local clocks at each sensor node that need to be synchronized to a common notion of time. In this context, the majority of previous researches were focused on the study of protocols, and algorithms that address these issues in order to resolve synchronization problems. Previous fforts and empirical studies in wireless sensor network (WSN) proposed several solutions (algorithms). The focus of this this paper is to examine and evaluate the most important synchronization algorithms based on the positions of various quantitative and qualitative synchronization protocols for energy-efficient information processing and routing in WSNs.

Dewasa ini jumlah alat transportasi semakin bertambah. Hal ini membuat lahan parkir alat transportasi tersebut semakin sempit. Permasalahan ini menimbulkan kesulitan untuk penyediaan lahan yang luas terutama bagi tempat-tempat yang ramai akan pengunjung. Untuk menyelesaikan masalah itu , telah dirancang sebuah contoh model dalam bentuk miniatur tempat parkir mobil otomatis yang berada pada bawah tanah setinggi 3 tingkat dan dapat 24 mobil. Pembuatan sistem parkir mobil otomatis ini melibatkan berbagai jenis tipe penggerak mekanik seperti Motor Stepper, Motor DC, Solenoid, dan Limit Switch. Kontroler yang digunakan untuk menggerakkan semua hardware secara otomatis adalah Mikrokontroler bertipe AVR ATmega8. Setelah dilakukan pengujian dengan menjalankan sistem parkir mobil otomatis, sistem membutuhkan waktu tercepat untuk mengambil mobil sebesar 1 menit 28 detik, waktu tercepat untuk meletakan mobil sebesar 1 menit 27 detik. Dan waktu terlama untuk mengambil mobil sebesar 2 menit 40 detik, waktu terlama untuk meletakan mobil sebesar 2 menit 41 detik.

Abstrak Kemajuan zaman yang berkembang semakin pesat mengakibatkan kebutuhan akan moda transportasi kian meningkat pula. Di Indonesia mendapatkan kendaraan pribadi baik kendaraan roda dua maupun roda empat sangatlah mudah, jadi sangatlah wajar kendaraan pribadi semakin memadati jalan raya saat ini. Kemacetan di kotakota besar pun tidak dapat dihindari. Selain karena faktor peningkatan jumlah kendaraan bermotor, ketersediaan lahan parkir juga menjadi salah satu faktor penyebab kemacetan. Sulitnya mencari lahan parkir kosong, antrian kendaraan masuk, pencarian lahan parkiran yang lama dan tidak efektif membuat situasi jalan raya menjadi semakin ramai. Pada Tugas Akhir ini dirancang sebuah sistem yang akan memonitoring sebuah zona parkir secara real time. Monitoring zona parkir meliputi beberapa fungsi yaitu mendeteksi berapa jumlah parkir yang tersedia, mendeteksi pelanggaran garis pembatas antar slot parkir, dan perancangan sistem “Parking Assistance” yaitu sistem yang membantu pengg...

Time synchronization for wireless sensor networks (WSNs) has been studied in recent years as a fundamental and significant research issue. Time synchronization in a WSN is a critical for accurate time stamping of events and fine-tuned coordination among the sensor nodes to reduce power consumption. Time synchronization in WSNs is crucial to maintain data consistency, coordination, and perform other fundamental operations. Synchronization is considered a critical problem for wireless adhoc networks due to its decentralized nature and the timing uncertainties introduced by the imperfections in hardware oscillators and message delays in both physical and medium access control (MAC) layers. All these uncertainties cause the local clocks of different nodes to drift away from each other over the course of a time interval. Therefore, Time synchronization is considered as an important research issue in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Many applications based on these WSNs assume local clocks at each sensor node that need to be synchronized to a common notion of time. Features and concept of improved version of tree structured referencing time synchronization (TSRT) approach to achieve a longterm network-wide synchronization with minimum message exchanges and exhibits a number of attractive features such as highly scalable and lightweight is presented in this paper. The evaluation and analysis study of Multi-hop TSRT scheme is shown based on results obtained from logical model of the network. We have also shown comparison study of TSRT with existing synchronization protocols.

One of the important aspects in wireless sensor networks is time synchronization. Many applications such as military activity monitoring, environmental monitoring and forest fire monitoring require highly accurate time synchronization. Time synchronization assures that all the sensor nodes in wireless sensor network have the same clock time. It is not only essential for aforementioned applications but it is mandatory for TDMA scheduling and proper duty cycle coordination. Time synchronization is a challenging problem due to energy constraints. Most of the existing synchronization protocols use fixed nodes for synchronization, but in the proposed synchronization, algorithm mobile nodes are used to synchronize the stationary nodes in the sensing field. In this paper, we propose a new time synchronization algorithm, named controlled mobility time synchronization (CMTS) with the objective to achieve the higher accuracy while synchronizing the nodes. The proposed approach is used in this paper to synchronize the nodes externally by using the mobile nodes. Simulation results exhibit that proposed controlled mobility time synchronization increases the synchronization precision and reduces the energy consumption as well as synchronization error by reducing the collisions and retransmissions.

Dewasa ini jumlah alat transportasi semakin bertambah. Hal ini membuat lahan parkir alat transportasi tersebut semakin sempit. Permasalahan ini menimbulkan kesulitan untuk penyediaan lahan yang luas terutama bagi tempat-tempat yang ramai akan pengunjung. Untuk menyelesaikan masalah itu , telah dirancang sebuah contoh model dalam bentuk miniatur tempat parkir mobil otomatis yang berada pada bawah tanah setinggi 3 tingkat dan dapat 24 mobil. Pembuatan sistem parkir mobil otomatis ini melibatkan berbagai jenis tipe penggerak mekanik seperti Motor Stepper, Motor DC, Solenoid, dan Limit Switch. Kontroler yang digunakan untuk menggerakkan semua hardware secara otomatis adalah Mikrokontroler bertipe AVR ATmega8. Setelah dilakukan pengujian dengan menjalankan sistem parkir mobil otomatis, sistem membutuhkan waktu tercepat untuk mengambil mobil sebesar 1 menit 28 detik, waktu tercepat untuk meletakan mobil sebesar 1 menit 27 detik. Dan waktu terlama untuk mengambil mobil sebesar 2 menit 40 detik, waktu terlama untuk meletakan mobil sebesar 2 menit 41 detik.

Time synchronization for wireless sensor networks (WSNs) has been studied in recent years as a fundamental and significant research issue. Many applications based on these WSNs assume local clocks at each sensor node that need to be synchronized to a common notion of time. Time synchronization in a WSN is critical for accurate time stamping of events and fine-tuned coordination among the sensor nodes to reduce power consumption. This paper proposes a bidirectional, reference based, tree structured time synchronization service for WSNs along with network evaluation phase. This offers a push mechanism for (i) accurate and (ii) low overhead for global time synchronization. Analysis study of proposed approach shows that it is lightweight as the number of required broadcasting messages is constant in one broadcasting domain.

Time synchronization is an important issue in wireless sensor networks. Many applications based on these WSNs assume local clocks at each sensor node that need to be synchronized to a common notion of time. Some intrinsic properties of sensor networks such as limited resources of energy, storage, computation, and bandwidth, combined with potentially high density of nodes make traditional synchronization methods unsuitable for these networks. Hence there has been an increasing research focus on designing synchronization schemes. This paper contains a survey, relative study and analysis of existing clock synchronization protocols for wireless sensor networks, based on a various factors that include precision, accuracy, cost, and complexity. The design considerations presented in this paper will help the designer in structuring a successful clock synchronization system. Specifically, the comparisons presented based on various factors will provide basic guidelines to the designer in integrating various solution features to create an efficient clock synchronization scheme for the application.

Time synchronization for wireless sensor networks (WSNs) has been studied in recent years as a fundamental and significant research issue. Many applications based on these WSNs assume local clocks at each sensor node that need to be synchronized to a common notion of time. Time synchronization in a WSN is critical for accurate time stamping of events and fine-tuned coordination among the sensor nodes to reduce power consumption. This paper proposes a bidirectional, reference based, tree structured time synchronization service for WSNs along with network evaluation phase. This offers a push mechanism for (i) accurate and (ii) low overhead for global time synchronization. Analysis study of proposed approach shows that it is lightweight as the number of required broadcasting messages is constant in one broadcasting domain.

A typical WSN is composed of a large number of computing devices known as nodes embodying limited set of resources. These nodes are interfaced with sensors whose job is to sense and monitor the surrounding environment for various purposes and disseminate sensed data to some special computing devices called destination or base-stations in a coordinated manner where the destination nodes further process and analyze the reported data to draw conclusions about the reported activity. Since the sensors in Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) operate independently, their local clocks may not be synchronized with one another. This can cause difficulties when trying to integrate and interpret information sensed at different nodes. Time synchronization of WSNs is crucial to maintain data consistency, coordination, and perform other fundamental operations. Synchronization is considered a critical problem for wireless adhoc networks due to its de-centralized nature and the timing uncertainties intro...

Time synchronization for wireless sensor networks (WSNs) has been studied in recent years as a fundamental and significant research issue. Many applications based on these WSNs assume local clocks at each sensor node that need to be synchronized to a common notion of time. Time synchronization in a WSN is critical for accurate time stamping of events and fine-tuned coordination among the sensor nodes to reduce power consumption. This paper proposes a bidirectional, reference based, tree structured time synchronization service for WSNs along with network evaluation phase. This offers a push mechanism for (i) accurate and (ii) low overhead for global time synchronization. Analysis study of proposed approach shows that it is lightweight as the number of required broadcasting messages is constant in one broadcasting domain.

Time synchronization for wireless sensor networks (WSNs) has been studied in recent years as a fundamental and significant research issue. Time synchronization in a WSN is a critical for accurate time stamping of events and fine-tuned coordination among the sensor nodes to reduce power consumption. Time synchronization in WSNs is crucial to maintain data consistency, coordination, and perform other fundamental

A typical WSN is composed of a large number of computing devices known as nodes embodying limited set of resources. These nodes are interfaced with sensors whose job is to sense and monitor the surrounding environment for various purposes and disseminate sensed data to some special computing devices called destination or base-stations in a coordinated manner where the destination nodes further process and analyze the reported data to draw conclusions about the reported activity. Since the sensors in Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) operate independently, their local clocks may not be synchronized with one another. This can cause difficulties when trying to integrate and interpret information sensed at different nodes. Time synchronization of WSNs is crucial to maintain data consistency, coordination, and perform other fundamental operations. Synchronization is considered a critical problem for wireless adhoc networks due to its decentralized nature and the timing uncertainties introduced by the imperfections in hardware oscillators and message delays in both physical and medium access control (MAC) layers. All these uncertainties cause the local clocks of different nodes to drift away from each other over the course of a time interval. Therefore, Time synchronization is considered as an important research issue in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Many applications based on these WSNs assume local clocks at each sensor node that need to be synchronized to a common notion of time. Features and concept of a lightweight tree structured referencing time synchronization (TSRT) approach to achieve a long-term network-wide synchronization with minimum message exchanges and exhibits a number of attractive features such as highly scalable and lightweight is presented in this paper. We have also shown evaluation, analysis and comparison study of TSRT with existing synchronization protocols.

Time synchronization for wireless sensor networks (WSNs) has been studied in recent years as a fundamental and significant research issue. Many applications based on these WSNs assume local clocks at each sensor node that need to be synchronized to a common notion of ...

Time synchronization is an important issue in wireless sensor networks. Many applications based on these WSNs assume local clocks at each sensor node that need to be synchronized to a common notion of time. Some intrinsic properties of sensor networks such as limited resources of energy, storage, computation, and bandwidth, combined with potentially high density of nodes make traditional synchronization methods unsuitable for these networks. Hence there has been an increasing research focus on designing synchronization schemes. This paper contains a survey, relative study and analysis of existing clock synchronization protocols for wireless sensor networks, based on a various factors that include precision, accuracy, cost, and complexity. The design considerations presented in this paper will help the designer in structuring a successful clock synchronization system. Specifically, the comparisons presented based on various factors will provide basic guidelines to the designer in integrating various solution features to create an efficient clock synchronization scheme for the application.

Time synchronization for wireless sensor networks (WSNs) has been studied in recent years as a fundamental and significant research issue. Time synchronization in a WSN is a critical for accurate time stamping of events and fine-tuned coordination among the sensor nodes to reduce power consumption. Time synchronization in WSNs is crucial to maintain data consistency, coordination, and perform other fundamental

A typical WSN is composed of a large number of computing devices known as nodes embodying limited set of resources. These nodes are interfaced with sensors whose job is to sense and monitor the surrounding environment for various purposes and disseminate sensed data to some special computing devices called destination or base-stations in a coordinated manner where the destination nodes further process and analyze the reported data to draw conclusions about the reported activity. Since the sensors in Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) operate independently, their local clocks may not be synchronized with one another. This can cause difficulties when trying to integrate and interpret information sensed at different nodes. Time synchronization of WSNs is crucial to maintain data consistency, coordination, and perform other fundamental operations. Synchronization is considered a critical problem for wireless adhoc networks due to its decentralized nature and the timing uncertainties introduced by the imperfections in hardware oscillators and message delays in both physical and medium access control (MAC) layers. All these uncertainties cause the local clocks of different nodes to drift away from each other over the course of a time interval. Therefore, Time synchronization is considered as an important research issue in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Many applications based on these WSNs assume local clocks at each sensor node that need to be synchronized to a common notion of time. Features and concept of a lightweight tree structured referencing time synchronization (TSRT) approach to achieve a long-term network-wide synchronization with minimum message exchanges and exhibits a number of attractive features such as highly scalable and lightweight is presented in this paper. We have also shown evaluation, analysis and comparison study of TSRT with existing synchronization protocols.

A typical WSN is composed of a large number of computing devices known as nodes embodying limited set of resources. These nodes are interfaced with sensors whose job is to sense and monitor the surrounding environment for various purposes and disseminate sensed data to some special computing devices called destination or base-stations in a coordinated manner where the destination nodes further process and analyze the reported data to draw conclusions about the reported activity. Since the sensors in Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) operate independently, their local clocks may not be synchronized with one another. This can cause difficulties when trying to integrate and interpret information sensed at different nodes. Time synchronization of WSNs is crucial to maintain data consistency, coordination, and perform other fundamental operations. Synchronization is considered a critical problem for wireless adhoc networks due to its de-centralized nature and the timing uncertainties intro...

Time synchronization for wireless sensor networks (WSNs) has been studied in recent years as a fundamental and significant research issue. Time synchronization in a WSN is a critical for accurate time stamping of events and fine-tuned coordination among the sensor nodes to reduce power consumption. Time synchronization in WSNs is crucial to maintain data consistency, coordination, and perform other fundamental

One of the important aspects in wireless sensor networks is time synchronization. Many applications such as military activity monitoring, environmental monitoring and forest fire monitoring require highly accurate time synchronization. Time synchronization assures that all the sensor nodes in wireless sensor network have the same clock time. It is not only essential for aforementioned applications but it is mandatory for TDMA scheduling and proper duty cycle coordination. Time synchronization is a challenging problem due to energy constraints. Most of the existing synchronization protocols use fixed nodes for synchronization, but in the proposed synchronization, algorithm mobile nodes are used to synchronize the stationary nodes in the sensing field. In this paper, we propose a new time synchronization algorithm, named controlled mobility time synchronization (CMTS) with the objective to achieve the higher accuracy while synchronizing the nodes. The proposed approach is used in this paper to synchronize the nodes externally by using the mobile nodes. Simulation results exhibit that proposed controlled mobility time synchronization increases the synchronization precision and reduces the energy consumption as well as synchronization error by reducing the collisions and retransmissions.

A typical WSN is composed of a large number of computing devices known as nodes embodying limited set of resources. These nodes are interfaced with sensors whose job is to sense and monitor the surrounding environment for various purposes and disseminate sensed data to some special computing devices called destination or base-stations in a coordinated manner where the destination nodes further process and analyze the reported data to draw conclusions about the reported activity. Since the sensors in Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) operate independently, their local clocks may not be synchronized with one another. This can cause difficulties when trying to integrate and interpret information sensed at different nodes. Time synchronization of WSNs is crucial to maintain data consistency, coordination, and perform other fundamental operations. Synchronization is considered a critical problem for wireless adhoc networks due to its de-centralized nature and the timing uncertainties intro...

Time synchronization for wireless sensor networks (WSNs) has been studied in recent years as a fundamental and significant research issue. Time synchronization in a WSN is a critical for accurate time stamping of events and fine-tuned coordination among the sensor nodes to reduce power consumption. Time synchronization in WSNs is crucial to maintain data consistency, coordination, and perform other fundamental

ABSTRAK Kebutuhan akan parkir untuk kendaraan saat ini telah mengalami peningkatan baik dari segi kapasitas maupun teknologi yang digunakan. Tidak dipungkiri bahwa kebutuhan akan lahan parkir sudah menjadi suatu hal yang penting dalam kehidupan sehari-hari. persoalan tersebut juga menyebabkan pengguna parkir selalu terjebak dalam lokasi parkir dan harus memutar kembali kendaraannya untuk mencari lokasi parkir yang lain. Sistem tempat parkir sudah banyak yang menggunakan palang pintu, tetapi belum ada informasi ketersediaan slot parkir. Beberapa tempat parkir telah melakukan berbagai inovasi dengan memanfaatkan adanya teknologi informasi. Sistem informasi dalam penelitian ini berfungsi untuk menampilkan informasi ketersediaan slot parkir kepada pengguna parkir., tujuannya untuk mempermudah bagi pengguna dalam masalah ini, hasil proses pengumpulan data kami transkip dan analisis, kemudian kami membuat suatu pemecahan masalah dengan satu tema/ Kata kunci: sensor parkir, sensor ultrasonik, range area, mikrokontroler. ABSTRACT The need for parking for vehicles has now increased both in terms of capacity and technology used. It is undeniable that the need for parking has become an important thing in everyday life. the problem also causes parking users to always be trapped in parking locations and have to roll back their vehicles to find other parking locations. Many parking systems use door bars, but there is no information on the availability of parking slots. Some parking lots have made various innovations by utilizing the existence of information technology. The information system in this study serves to display information on the availability of parking slots to parking users. The purpose is to facilitate users in this problem, the results of our data collection process are transcripts and analyzesits use to improve stability and efficiency

This paper presents the new protocol for the organization of dynamic addressing nodes in the underwater wireless networks. In view of the extremely limited frequency band and significant delays inherent in the underwater acoustic data transmission channel, as well as the nonlinearity of the propagation paths of the acoustic signal in water, an approach is proposed for constructing a dynamic addressing protocol based on avoiding collisions at the receiving point. The protocol takes into account the peculiarities of the physical layer of the data transmission and is designed for servicing the network of autonomous non-synchronized nodes.

Sistem pendeteksi kendaraan di area parkir pada umumnya menggunakan metode konvensional, yaitu metode yangg menggunaan mikrokontroler sebagai control system, sensor sebagai komponen pengambil data dan kabel sebagai media pengiriman data. Pada umumnya sistem tersebut menggunakan satu mikrokontroler dalam mengolah data dari banyak sensor node secara bersamaan. Hal ini dapat menimbulkan masalah berupa data collision atau tabrakan data. Ketika data dikirimkan secara bersamaan, data dapat saling menginterferensi satu sama lain dan memungkinkan hilangnya informasi yang dikirimkan oleh masing-masing sensor node. Selain itu, penggunaan kabel sebagai media komunikasi data dianggap kurang efisien apabila diterapkan pada lingkup area yang luas jika dibandingkan dengan media komunikasi wireless yang praktis dan proses instalasi mudah. Untuk mencegah permasalah tersebut, pada penelitian ini diterapkan metode penjadwalan pengiriman data menggunakan protokol Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) pada masing-masing node client. Diterapkan juga metode penyetaraan waktu Timing-synch Protocol for Sensor Network (TPSN) untuk menunjang metode penjadwalan. Pada penelitian ini juga menerapkan komunikasi data berbasis wireless dengan menggunakan modul wireless nRF24L01. Dari hasil implementasi, didapatkan hasil pengiriman data menggunakan protokol TDMA oleh masing-masing node client. Selain itu, node client dapat mengirimkan data sesuai jadwal yang telah didapatkan tanpa terjadi data collision. Pengiriman data tersebut telah berhasil dilakukan sesuai dengan slot waktu pengiriman yang telah diterapkan, dimana pada implementasinya slot waktu pengiriman dibagi menjadi 5 buah slot. Implementasi penyetaraan waktu juga telah berhasil diimplementasikan dengan rata-rata waktu dalam proses penyetaraan kurang dari 50 detik.

A typical WSN is composed of a large number of computing devices known as nodes embodying limited set of resources. These nodes are interfaced with sensors whose job is to sense and monitor the surrounding environment for various purposes and disseminate sensed data to some special computing devices called destination or base-stations in a coordinated manner where the destination nodes further process and analyze the reported data to draw conclusions about the reported activity. Since the sensors in Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) operate independently, their local clocks may not be synchronized with one another. This can cause difficulties when trying to integrate and interpret information sensed at different nodes. Time synchronization of WSNs is crucial to maintain data consistency, coordination, and perform other fundamental operations. Synchronization is considered a critical problem for wireless adhoc networks due to its de-centralized nature and the timing uncertainties introduced by the imperfections in hardware oscillators and message delays in both physical and medium access control (MAC) layers. All these uncertainties cause the local clocks of different nodes to drift away from each other over the course of a time interval. Therefore, Time synchronization is considered as an important research issue in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Many applications based on these WSNs assume local clocks at each sensor node that need to be synchronized to a common notion of time. Features and concept of a lightweight tree structured referencing time synchronization (TSRT) approach to achieve a long-term network-wide synchronization with minimum message exchanges and exhibits a number of attractive features such as highly scalable and lightweight is presented in this paper. We have also shown evaluation, analysis and comparison study of TSRT with existing synchronization protocols.

Time synchronization for wireless sensor networks (WSNs) has been studied in recent years as a
fundamental and significant research issue. Many applications based on these WSNs assume local clocks
at each sensor node that need to be synchronized to a common notion of time. Time synchronization in a
WSN is critical for accurate time stamping of events and fine-tuned coordination among the sensor nodes
to reduce power consumption. This paper proposes a bidirectional, reference based, tree structured time
synchronization service for WSNs along with network evaluation phase. This offers a push mechanism for
(i) accurate and (ii) low overhead for global time synchronization. Analysis study of proposed approach
shows that it is lightweight as the number of required broadcasting messages is constant in one
broadcasting domain.

Dewasa ini jumlah alat transportasi semakin bertambah. Hal ini membuat lahan parkir alat transportasi tersebut semakin sempit. Permasalahan ini menimbulkan kesulitan untuk penyediaan lahan yang luas terutama bagi tempat-tempat yang ramai akan pengunjung. Untuk menyelesaikan masalah itu , telah dirancang sebuah contoh model dalam bentuk miniatur tempat parkir mobil otomatis yang berada pada bawah tanah setinggi 3 tingkat dan dapat 24 mobil. Pembuatan sistem parkir mobil otomatis ini melibatkan berbagai jenis tipe penggerak mekanik seperti Motor Stepper, Motor DC, Solenoid, dan Limit Switch. Kontroler yang digunakan untuk menggerakkan semua hardware secara otomatis adalah Mikrokontroler bertipe AVR ATmega8. Setelah dilakukan pengujian dengan menjalankan sistem parkir mobil otomatis, sistem membutuhkan waktu tercepat untuk mengambil mobil sebesar 1 menit 28 detik, waktu tercepat untuk meletakan mobil sebesar 1 menit 27 detik. Dan waktu terlama untuk mengambil mobil sebesar 2 menit 40 detik, waktu terlama untuk meletakan mobil sebesar 2 menit 41 detik.

Existing time synchronization protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) have already focused on lot of time synchronization issues like accuracy, energy efficiency, security and time synchronization itself etc for static wireless sensor networks but best of our knowledge time synchronization for mobile wireless sensor networks has not been fully explored yet, so there is need to design protocols that can assist to time synchronize mobile wireless sensor networks in a simple way to achieve better time synchronization accuracy.

Existing time synchronization protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) have already focused on lot of time synchronization issues like accuracy, energy efficiency, security and time synchronization itself etc for static wireless sensor networks but best of our knowledge time synchronization for mobile wireless sensor networks has not been fully explored yet, so there is need to design protocols that can assist to time synchronize mobile wireless sensor networks in a simple way to achieve better time synchronization accuracy.

A typical WSN is composed of a large number of computing devices known as nodes embodying limited
set of resources. These nodes are interfaced with sensors whose job is to sense and monitor the surrounding
environment for various purposes and disseminate sensed data to some special computing devices called destination
or base-stations in a coordinated manner where the destination nodes further process and analyze the reported data to
draw conclusions about the reported activity. Since the sensors in Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) operate
independently, their local clocks may not be synchronized with one another. This can cause difficulties when trying
to integrate and interpret information sensed at different nodes. Time synchronization of WSNs is crucial to
maintain data consistency, coordination, and perform other fundamental operations. Synchronization is considered a
critical problem for wireless adhoc networks due to its de-centralized nature and the timing uncertainties introduced
by the imperfections in hardware oscillators and message delays in both physical and medium access control (MAC)
layers. All these uncertainties cause the local clocks of different nodes to drift away from each other over the course
of a time interval. Therefore, Time synchronization is considered as an important research issue in wireless sensor
networks (WSNs). Many applications based on these WSNs assume local clocks at each sensor node that need to be
synchronized to a common notion of time. Features and concept of a lightweight tree structured referencing time
synchronization (TSRT) approach to achieve a long-term network-wide synchronization with minimum message
exchanges and exhibits a number of attractive features such as highly scalable and lightweight is presented in this
paper. We have also shown evaluation, analysis and comparison study of TSRT with existing synchronization
protocols.

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Time synchronization is an important issue in wireless sensor networks.  Many applications based on these WSNs assume local clocks at each sensor node that need to be synchronized to a common notion of time. Some intrinsic properties of sensor networks such as limited resources of energy, storage, computation, and bandwidth, combined with potentially high density of nodes make traditional synchronization methods unsuitable for these networks. Hence there has been an increasing research focus on designing synchronization schemes. This paper contains a survey, relative study and analysis of existing clock synchronization protocols for wireless sensor networks, based on a various factors that include precision, accuracy, cost, and complexity. The design considerations presented in this paper will help the designer in structuring a successful clock synchronization system. Specifically, the comparisons presented based on various factors will provide basic guidelines to the designer in integrating various solution features to create an efficient clock synchronization scheme for the application.