Symbolic Interactionism

The purpose of this investigation was to explore the meanings recreationists tenting at an agricultural fair associated with the settings in which their fair experience occurred. Using a symbolic interactionist framework, our analysis of data collected through onsite observation and using photo-elicitation guided interviews illustrated that informants' place meanings were the product of interactive processes involving the individual, their social world and the physical setting. These interactions elicited meanings tied to place that were largely independent of the physical attributes that defined the setting. Most significant were specific place experiences shared with family and close friends. The importance attached to these relationships and experiences were embedded in the spatial contexts that encapsulated informants' fair experience. Findings from this investigation shed light on the social construction of place meaning within a built environment.

This article develops a theoretical approach to stigma in international relations and resituates conventional approaches to the study of norms and international order. Correcting the general understanding that common values and norms are the building blocks of social order, this article claims that international society is in part constructed through the stigmatisation of ‘transgressive’ and norm-violating states and their ways of coping with stigma. Drawing on Erving Goffman, this article shows that stigmatisation serves the important function of producing and upholding ideas about ‘normal’ state behaviour. However, states are not passive objects of socialisation, but active agents. Stigmatised states cope strategically with their stigma and may, in some cases, challenge and even transform a dominant moral discourse. A taxonomy of stigma management strategies is presented: stigma recognition, where states identify with the ‘audience of normal states’ and seek to rise above their stigma (illustrated by the case of Germany); stigma rejection, where states deny that they are ‘deviant’ (illustrated by the case of Austria); and finally counter-stigmatisation, where states turn their stigma into an emblem of pride considering themselves superior to the stigmatisers (illustrated by the case of Cuba). Due to lack of agreement on what constitutes normal state behaviour, attempts to impose stigma may even have the opposite effect –  the stigmatisers become the transgressive. A focus on stigma opens up new avenues for research on norms, identities and international order.

Symbolic interactionism is a theoretical perspective in sociology that addresses the manner in which society is created and maintained through face-to-face, repeated, meaningful interactions among individuals. This article surveys past theory and research in the interactionist tradition. It first provides an overview of three main trajectories in symbolic interactionist thought, focusing on the work of Herbert Blumer (the Chicago School), Manford Kuhn (the Iowa School), and Sheldon Stryker (the Indiana School). A brief summary of each figure's general perspective on symbolic interactionism is given, followed by a discussion of the research methodology that defines and distinguishes each. The article then reviews and assesses the empirical research that has emerged from these trajectories over the past decades, beginning with the classical studies of the mid-twentieth century and culminating in research programs that have emerged in the contemporary era. Specifically, this article surveys significant contributions to the symbolic interactionist literature in areas such as dramaturgy, cultural studies, postmodernism, gender/status/power, self and identity, collective behavior and social movements, and social context and the environment. It concludes with a discussion of future directions symbolic interactionists should take in continuing to develop the field.

This paper examines the interfaces between pragmatism and interactionist sociology. Four tenets central to social interactionism have been selected for this study: the philosophical perspective on reality as being in the state of flux, the sociological view of social structure as emergent ...

This article discusses the relevance of qualitative and participatory methodologies in education, bearing in mind the principles etnopedagógicos in the construction of social research in the educational field. In circumstances of investigation the interactivity and participation are mediators in that process because it contributes to the identification and representation of subjectivation of the subjects researchers in insertions and engagement with the object of research. The identity is discussed as action and interaction of actors and IBM research. These theoretical, methodological components pertinent to symbolic interactionism and ethnomethodology, prioritize the subjectivity, the interaction and participation of the subjects in the polls from a micro vision to reach a understanding macro, proposed by etnométodos within the social research in contemporary times. Bibliographic search result, intends to consider the contemporary speech driven breaking traditional paradigms that force the neutrality as added value to the production of knowledge.

This article proposes an account of individual participation in social movements that combines structural and cultural factors. It aims to explain why certain activists continue to be involved in social movements while others withdraw. When activists remain embedded in social networks relevant for the protest issues and, above all, when they keep a symbolic linkage between their activism and their personal life-spheres, sustained participation is likely to occur. When these two factors become progressively separated from each other and the process of self-interaction by activists loses its strength, disengagement can be expected. The argument is illustrated with life-history interviews of activists who have kept their strong commitment to a major organization of the Swiss solidarity movement, and others that, in contrast, have abandoned their involvement. The findings support the argument that the interplay of the structural positions of actors and the symbolic meanings of mobilization has a strong impact on commitment to social movements and hence on sustained participation or disengagement. In particular, the interviews show the importance of a sense of coherence and of a holistic view of one's personal life for keeping commitment over time. This calls for a view of individual participation in social movements that draws from social phenomenology and symbolic interactionism in order to shed light on the symbolic (subjective) dimensions of participation, yet without neglecting the crucial role played by structural (objective) factors.

Empirical studies examining opposing movements' interactions and strategic choices have expanded in the literature on social movements, especially in the field of conservative social movements, and especially concerning sexual politics. Here we start by discussing an alternative way of thinking about how movements are caught in interdependences with other movements and more generally their environment, based on the Eliasian concept of " configuration ". We think such a configurational approach offers a theorization of the structuration of society, enabling us to better apprehend the complex relationships between various allied and opposed actors. We then illustrate our argument by showing how it could effectively serve to think about the relational space of social movements in the field of sexual and reproductive rights, that is, the system of coordinates defining their situation in relation to each other at a given point in time. To do this we draw on existing literatures and the contributions in this special issue.

Using data collected during a four-year ethnographic study, this article examines the stigma management strategies of kids who are homeless in the San Francisco Bay area. We focus specifically on strategies of inclusion and exclusion. Strategies of inclusion are attempts by homeless kids to establish harmonious relationships with both peers and strangers. The most common are forging friendships, passing, and covering. Strategies of exclusion are aggressive and nonconciliatory attempts to gain social acceptance. They include verbal denigration and physical and sexual posturing. Some of these strategies successfully protect the kids' sense of self, while other strategies had the unintended effect of reinforcing their spoiled identities. We argue that these stigma management strategies are both informed by and interpreted through their disadvantaged social structural location.

The aim of this study was to investigate the collective action of bullying and its stigma processes and influences on identities. In accordance with interactionism, identity is a social process, constructed and reconstructed in everyday social interactions. Ethnographic fieldwork was conducted in four school classes, investigating six bullying cases. Grounded theory methods were used to explore and analyse data. Co-constructing differentness was found to be a core process in bullying. Bullying often appeared to function like a self-serving and socially inclusive ritual in which the bullies co-constructed the ‘normal us’. Loss of belonging, self-deprecation and identity struggling followed closely upon the sense of becoming socially discredited. Victims were trapped in the collective action. The findings highlight the significance of addressing peer cultures and the social psychology of everyday school life in anti-bullying policies and practices.

In the paper, I will present scientific achievements of Anselm Strauss and the socio-philosophical context of how his con- cept of sociology emerged. The article at hand summarizes his biography and scientific development, his achievements in the field of social psychology, methodology of social science, sociology of work, and sociological theory, and I will refer to his inspirations deriving from pragmatism. Central and cohesive elements of the whole scientific achievements of A. Strauss are: processual and interaction-constructivist approach to social reality, processual-structural approach to self and identity, and the category of interac- tion as the underpinnings of all actions, where temporality is one of the main dimensions of social life analysis. I also will present his concept of identity and its interaction-constructivist character deriving from the tradition of social pragmatism. Moreover, I will present how his methodological achievements were conditioned.
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W artykule zaprezentuję dokonania Anselma Straussa i kontekst filozoficzno-socjologiczny powstawa- nia jego koncepcji socjologii. Przedstawię skrótowo jego biografię i rozwój naukowy, dorobek z zakresu psychologii społecznej, metodologii nauk społecznych, socjologii pracy oraz teorii socjologicznej, gdzie nawiążę do inspiracji wywodzących się z idei pragmatyzmu. Elementem spajającym całość dorobku naukowego A. Straussa jest i procesualne, i interakcyjno-konstruktywistyczne ujęcie rzeczywistości społecznej, procesualno-strukturalne ujęcie jaźni i tożsamości oraz kategoria interakcji będąca pod- stawą wszelkiego działania, gdzie temporalność jest jednym z głównych wymiarów analizy życia społecznego. Zaprezentuję także jego koncepcję tożsamości i jej interakcyjno-konstruktywistyczny charakter wywodzący się z tradycji pragmatyzmu społecznego. Przedstawię ponadto uwarunkowania powstawania jego dokonań metodologicznych.

Auf Grundlage qualitativ-ethnographischer Forschung und aus symbolisch-interaktionistischer Perspektive untersucht der Beitrag den wechselseitigen Verstärkungsprozess von negativen Stadtteilimages und polizeilichen Interventionen sowie dessen unterschiedliche Auswirkungen auf Alltage von Bewohner*innen problematisierter Stadtteile. Am Beispiel des seit mehreren Jahrzehnten stadtpolitisch als „benachteiligt“ bearbeiteten Essen-Altendorf zeigt der Artikel auf, wie spezifische Images von „gefährlichen“ oder „problematischen“ Stadtteilen durch Wechselwirkungen zwischen medialer Berichterstattung, polizeilichen Interventionen sowie Situationsbe-deutungen von einzelnen Akteur*innen (re‑)produziert werden. Es entstehen, so die Beobachtung, polizeilich-publizistische Verstärkerkreisläufe, die das „Problemviertel“-Image immer wieder neu reproduzieren und weitere, tendenziell restriktive polizeiliche und stadtpolitische Interventionen legitimieren. Neben „territorialer Stigmatisierung“ (Wacquant) der Bewohner*innen evozieren diese Interventionen konkurrierende Situationsdefinitionen, Problemkonstruktionen und Gegenerzählungen, die indes öffentlich selektiv wahrgenommen und bewertet werden. Stadtteilbewohner*innen greifen in ihren Situationsbe-deutungen auf unterschiedliche Wissens- bzw. Erfahrungsbestände zurück. Es zeigt sich, dass Perspektiven, die dem dominanten „Problemvierteldiskurs“ widersprechen – etwa indem sie ethnisierend diskriminierende polizeiliche Kontrollpraktiken thematisieren – im öffentlichen Diskurs großenteils marginalisiert bleiben.

The task of studying the impact of social class on physical and mental health involves, among other things, the use of a conceptual toolbox that defines what social class is, establishes how to measure it, and sets criteria that help distinguish it from closely related concepts. One field that has recently witnessed a wealth of theoretical and conceptual research on social class is psychology, but geographers' and sociologists' attitude of diffidence toward this " positivistic " discipline has prevented them from taking advantage of this body of scholarship. This paper aims to highlight some of the most important developments in the psychological study of social class and social mobility that speak to the long-standing concerns of health geographers and sociologists with how social position, perceptions, social comparisons, and class-based identities impact health and well-being.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.11.037

The paper presents a theoretical discussion of the concept of public space with respect to its multidimensional nature, its normativity and historicity, and its relationship to private space. Based on de Certeau’s distinction between place and space, public space is analysed as a phenomenon transcending the material reality of a city. It is argued that public space is established in the process of interaction between the social reality of the city on the one hand, and its regulative processes. The former refers in particular to the phenomenological duality of urban public places, which are perceived as attractive and threatening at the same time. The latter includes internal and external processes of behavioural regulation. Following the classic works of Goffman and Lofland, and current research on urban civility and interaction, it is argued that the internal regulation establishes an „urban order“, governing the rules of interaction and behaviour in urban public space. In conclusion, an interpretative approach to urban public space is suggested. In this view, public space, while physically framed by the city’s material reality, is itself a process of constant production and reproduction of shared meanings attached to places. As a shared stock of knowledge, it is also subject to learning and ongoing negotiation.

Although fraught with complexity, the self is a central phenomenon of discussion and analysis within sociology. This article contributes to this discourse by introducing the Buddhist ideas of anatta (no-self) and prattyasamutpāda (interdependence) as analytic frameworks to deconstruct and rethink the self within sociology. We argue that the sociological self, most clearly articulated by symbolic interactionism, is premised on a self-other dualism. This dualism leads to a conceptualization of the self as constantly threatened and anxious. Using these Buddhist concepts we propose an alternative interpretive schema, a sociology of no-self, for analyzing social interaction and understanding the roots of social angst.

Oversupply of information, irrelevance, and repetition in political and administrative text and talk have received considerable scholarly attention, but the tendency to date has been to analyse these phenomena separately. In this article, I argue that it would be fruitful to explore these aspects in combination, as constitutive dimensions of calculated overcommunicative behaviour in public administration.

Based on a multidisciplinary review of literature on cognitive manipulation, prolixity, (ir)relevance, discourse repetition, and administrative behaviour, I propose an original ‘overcommunication framework’ for explicating certain discursive macro-strategies of positive self-presentation used by public officeholders. In particular, I discuss how governments may use calculated overcommunication to avoid or deflect blame, to signal democratic openness, and to perform swiftness.

By problematising the notion of ‘overcommunication’ and introducing it into discourse studies, I seek to open up new avenues of understanding and investigating political and organisational communication.

By examining the narratives associated with animal-themed tattoos, this study explores the various ways in which humans relate to other animals. Participants used animal-likenesses to think about themselves, others, and the world around them. By embodying positive attributes of a species that they loved and admired, the tattoos enabled participants to construct meaning and identities based on shared human–animal traits. A thematic discourse analysis of the tattoo narratives grouped them as (1) shared experiences with another species, (2) life experiences and semiotic production of meaning, (3) animal traits embedded in the process of identity formation, (4) animals representing a connection with other humans, or (5) experiences of and/or ideas about animals that represent a profound or transcendent experience. The tattoo narratives were examined in the context of theoretical frameworks associated with “symbolic interactionism” and “interspecies intersubjectivities” to understand how animals were perceived and engaged with. In contrast to how nonhuman animals are often used as objects of ridicule, or representations of inferiority and uncouthness in various discourses and mediums, the animal subjects of the tattoos discussed here are positively portrayed and incorporated into the bearers’ own identity. Participants merged ideas about humanity and animality in a manner not representative of a naturalistic ontology, but rather a form of anthropomorphism that is dichotomous with naturalism.

Authenticity has become an increasingly salient topic within various interactional traditions, including conversational and discourse analysis , discursive psychology, interactional sociolinguistics, pragmatics, and symbolic interactionism. However, there has been remarkably little cross-fertilization of ideas and concepts. In this study, we consider the relevance of the interactional sociolinguistic concept of relationality for symbolic interactionist theories of authenticity. We first disambiguate two forms of authenticity that are commonly studied but not clearly differentiated in symbolic interactionist research—self-authenticity, which emphasizes selves, and social authenticity, which emphasizes social identities. We then argue that relationality and its three pairs of interactional tactics—verification and denaturalization, adequation and distinction, and authorization and illegitimation—are particularly useful in conceptualizing social authenticity. We draw on data from an interethnic internet forum to show how members of two ethnic groups, Hungarian and Romanian, employ these relational tactics to authenticate their own ethnicity as the rightful inheritors of a place-based Transylvanian identity, and to limit the other ethnicity's similar identity work. We then clarify the significance of social authenticity for the interactional study of category-based identities by widening our discussion to other contestations over social identities in everyday life.

Discusses getting along and getting ahead from the perspective of Hogan's socioanalytic theory of self-presentation and social behavior; development of role playing and self-concept; shyness and loneliness. [ Hogan, R., Jones, W.H., & Cheek, J.M. (1985). Socioanalytic theory: An alternative to armadillo psychology. In B.R. Schlenker (Ed.), The self and social life (pp. 175-198). New York: McGraw-Hill. ]

This article focuses on Corbin and Strauss' evolved version of grounded theory. In the third edition of their seminal text, Basics of Qualitative Research: Techniques and Procedures for Developing Grounded Theory, the authors present 16 assumptions that underpin their conception of grounded theory methodology. The assumptions stem from a symbolic interactionism perspective of social life, including the themes of meaning, action and interaction, self and perspectives. As research design incorporates both methodology and methods, the authors aim to expose the linkages between the 16 assumptions and essential grounded theory methods, highlighting the application of the latter in light of the former. Analyzing the links between symbolic interactionism and essential grounded theory methods provides novice researchers and researchers new to grounded theory with a foundation from which to design an evolved grounded theory research study.

argues that humans have an "impulse" toward sociability, defined as noninstrumental, playful association that is enjoyed as an end in itself. While sociability as conceived of by Simmel necessitates a shared definition of the situation, recent studies problematize symbolic interactionist assumptions by documenting the ways humans engage in analogous sociable play with animals. Drawing from ethnomethodological and pragmatist perspectives, this article offers a way to theorize human-animal encounters and their relationship to interactions among humans. Beginning with a conceptualization of play as an interpretive frame (Goffman 1986) that actors can employ to organize situated interactions, this article argues that humans can engage in playful associations with animals even if animals do not share in the play frame. It illustrates how play with animals can preserve some of the forms and satisfactions of interaction with humans, and it clarifies how interaction can be coordinated and understood when we cannot assume that interactants share intersubjectivity. The article concludes by offering a tentative set of conditions that structure the possibilities of sociable play, based on the degree of potential intersubjectivity and other situational factors.

This article takes up, but in a different key, an argument of postmodernists that the over-rationalized conception of society tends to ignore important phenomena such as those belonging to the symbolic domain. It is suggested that the emerging programme of symbolic sociology may contribute toward a new synthetic and interdisciplinary thinking in social sciences. The concept of symbolism as a social phenomenon rather than as an autonomous linguistic or semiotic system is presented; and the argument is made that if social knowledge is constitutive of society, similarly collective sentiments, temporality and collective memory are also symbolically produced. They are created from and create discursive symbolism, symbolic objects and symbolic behaviours. Finally, the article focuses on collective actions where the sociology of symbolic processes is most promising.

The sociological study of intellectual recognition has tended to focus on highly cited and highly acclaimed authors and perspectives, while reserving some interest for those who are “forgotten.” We know much less about the liminal cases: authors who are in-between fame and oblivion. This paper proposes a way to study intellectual recognition, by examining the liminal case of sociologist Charles H. Cooley. Based on a multilayered (quantitative and qualitative) citation analysis of Cooley’s classic work, Human Nature and the Social Order (HNSO), we study the role of intellectual deference in accounting for this liminality. Specifically, we identify two distinct deference processes: acknowledgment and involvement. We argue that Cooley has survived intellectual oblivion by standing on the shoulders of citers, as he has received substantial acknowledgment but decreasing involvement. In the conclusion, we discuss the implications of our paper for the understanding of the making of sociological theory.

Acting in solidarity with disadvantaged others has become a central topic in social movement research. The explanations of solidarity activism are few, but social movement researchers have claimed that solidarity with out-of-group others is a by-product of in-group interaction. Based on studies of the Danish refugee solidarity movement, we argue that interaction with the deprived other and the formation of a solidary relationship is central to the ebb and flow of solidarity activism. The meeting with the deprived other 1) brings about an interaction order which makes an ethical demand on the activists to care for the other both within the bounds of the situations and in the future and 2) enacts and amplifies activists' values and beliefs because the deprived other becomes an exemplar of the injustice and the need to help the wider group of people in the same fragile situation. We develop and test this theory drawing on both 42 life-history interviews and a social media dataset containing a panel of 87,455 activists participating in refugee solidarity groups.

In this article, I present an authoethnography of my experience as a sports fan as a method to understand identity change. I use my personal experience as a method to understand general identity processes. Specifically, I apply identity theory and use my experience of identity change to illustrate the operation of four general themes: the source of identity change as a broken identity verification loop; the impact of identity change on authenticity; thresholds of tolerance for fluctuations in identity meanings; and the effect of changes in highly salient identities on other identities in the self-concept.

Gender identity constancy and change must be traversed over the life span. The participants in this study, age 67 to 97 years, described their femininity and masculinity and provided examples of same-sexed and opposite-sexed behaviors. Their narratives suggest that their interactions with others, circumstances, and life stage all affect their gender identity constancy and change. Gender identity constancy and change appear to result from multiple factors.

Socialisation theories have traditionally focused on how children are socialised in a rather unidirectional manner, according to a transmission model. However, more recent research and theories show that children are not just passive recipients, but active agents in their socialisation process. At the same time, children are subordinated to adult control. In school, they are regimented and involuntarily subjected to mass routines, discipline and control. The aim of this study was to explore and give a voice to pupils’ critical thinking about school rules and their teachers’ behaviour in relation to these rules. Ethnographic fieldwork and group interviews with students were conducted in two Swedish primary schools. The findings show that pupils criticise some school rules, distrust teachers’ explanations of particular school rules, perceive some school rules and teachers’ interventions as unfair and inconsistent, perceive no power over the construction of school rules, and express false acceptance and hidden criticism. The findings are discussed in terms of hidden curriculum, power, mentality resistance, democracy, participation and democratic citizenship education.

Background: In order to support efforts to prevent bullying, more needs to be understood about students' own explanations of bullying in their everyday school lives. In-depth qualitative analysis can contribute important insights regarding insider perspectives in terms of how students understand and explain the social interaction patterns of bullying. Purpose: The aim of the study was to examine, in detail, how a small sample of lower secondary school students explain why bullying happens and to develop a grounded theory analysis based on the students' perspectives. Method: The participants in the study were 17 Swedish lower secondary school students aged between 13 and 15 years. A total of 17 qualitative interviews and 3 follow-up interviews were conducted. Grounded theory methods based on a constructivist position were used to explore and analyse the data. Findings: The findings are based on data collected from young people who had witnessed bullying. The analysis of their explanations of why bullying happens resulted in six categories: social positioning, victim constructing, bullying normalising, rule diffusion , rule resistance and cultural ideals. These categories are interrelated , and the core process of bullying was identified as social positioning. The analysis suggested that the main concern of those who engage in bullying is to gain and maintain a high social status. Victims, in turn, were socially constructed as 'different' and 'wrong', and were connected with a low-status position. Conclusions: The study draws attention to the need for students' understandings of bullying to be considered-for example, through student consultations. It is hoped that the current findings could be helpful as a starting point when investigating stu-dents' perspectives and giving students a voice in bullying prevention approaches at school.

This study uses a cross-sectional research design to examine how individuals perceive recent experiences of identity change in various person, role, and social identities. Specifically addressed is how self-perceptions regarding the magnitude and direction of one’s experience of identity change relate to depression. A survey was administered to 854 study participants that measured perceived changes in 12 discrete identities (four person, four role, and four social identities) over a 6-month period. The results reveal that the more severe one perceives their experience of identity change to be, the greater their level of depression. However, generally, when one perceives that the direction of their identity change is progressive (rather than regressive), they are less likely to be depressed.

published in Journal of Communication 67(5), 758-780 :
Scholarship on media events has rarely considered how interpersonal interactions between participants mobilize collective feelings of solidarity. Drawing on a study of Big Brother Israel, we demonstrate how several structural-interactional features of the show encourage viewers to shift from a position of bystanders to one of confidants and companions of the contestants. We analyze this shift through the lens of mediated “public intimacy”—the staging of exclusive interactions in front of a third party. The emergent sense of collective complicity affects everyday interactions between viewers and public discourse on social media. We conclude that beyond the public staging of self, it is the staging and concretization of social relations in media events that serves to reaffirm the collective's solidarity.

The aim of this qualitative case study is to investigate how learning in “democratic participation” is constituted by the social interaction and conversation pattern in school democratic meetings in a Swedish primary school. According to the findings, a pupil control discourse and the Initiation-Response-Evaluation pattern dominates the conversations. The teacher initiates by asking a question, the pupils respond by answering the question, and then the teacher evaluates that response. The findings show no discursive shift from traditional classroom talk to democratic deliberative talk. Instead there is an emphasis on the “right answers” and subordinating authorities rather than deliberative dialogue and democratic participation, which influences pupils to adopt a naïve or a cynical attitude to democracy.

Labeling theory has long held a rather significant place in sociology generally, and in symbolic interaction more specifically. Yet, in its long history, labeling theorists have seldom considered how interactional contexts mediate the effective application of labels. Similarly, labeling theory, with its focus on deviance, has largely neglected positive instances of labeling. In this article, I consider an instance of labeling in a tutoring session and show how the local interactional context of the application of a label is accomplished such that the label “smarter than you think” is made to stick to the student. In doing so, I demonstrate how labeling theory can be productively extended to consider positive labeling as well as the interactional contexts that mediate these labeling processes. In closing, I propose that this approach could help develop labeling theory into a complex and nuanced theory of the social constitution of human behavior.

Concepts of intimate partner abuse and violence are shifting, complex, situational and multifaceted. Whilst women's narratives of abuse have provided much needed insights into the subjective experience of intimate partner abuse, men's accounts of female perpetrated abuse have been slower to emerge, generating much controversy and hostility. This paper seeks to add to a small, but developing qualitative literature on male victims' accounts of intimate abuse and violence. Drawing on case study data, the article charts some of the salient themes emerging from a series of in-depth interviews and the personal diary of an abused heterosexual male victim. It explores the congruence with elements of other accounts of intimate abuse and violence. The paper concludes with a discussion of the ways in which male victims of intimate abuse might be understood within contemporary frameworks of masculinity.

Keywords
intimate partner violence (IPV), domestic violence, male victims, female perpetrators"

Drawing from recent analytical developments in semiotics and postmodern
ethnography, this article exposes and assesses the combination of social
semiotics and fieldwork as a form of qualitative inquiry. Approaches to semiotics
and fieldwork are not new—structural ethnographers in cultural anthropology
and structural interactionists in sociology and communication studies
have previously laid the foundations for the integration of formal methods of
analysis and inductive approaches to data collection—yet, as this article
argues, structuralism’s limitations have hampered the growth of semiotics
within qualitative inquiry. By presenting social semiotics as a viable alternative
to structural semiotics, by describing in clear pedagogical fashion how
social semiotics can be used as a research strategy, and by exposing its potential
for applicability, this article attempts to bring sociosemiotic ethnography
to the forefront of contemporary qualitative inquiry.

The article proposes the concept of modeling that uses multi-agent systems of mutual interactions between city residents as well as interactions between residents and spatial objects. Adopting this perspective means treating residents, as well as buildings or other spatial objects, as distinct agents that exchange multifaceted packages of information in a dynamic and non-linear way. The exchanged information may be reinforced or diminished during the process, which may result in changing the social activity of the residents. Utilizing Latour's actor-network theory, the authors developed a model for studying the relationship between demographic and social factors, and the diversified spatial arrangement and the structure of a city. This concept was used to model the level of residents' trust spatiotemporally and, indirectly, to study the level of social (geo)participation in a smart city. The devised system, whose test implementation as an agent-based system was done in the GAMA: agent-based, spatially explicit, modeling and simulation platform, was tested on both model and real data. The results obtained for the model city and the capital of Poland, Warsaw, indicate the significant and interdisciplinary analytical and scientific potential of the authorial methodology in the domain of geospatial science, geospatial data models with multi-agent systems, spatial planning, and applied social sciences.

Este artículo expone una teoría simbólico-interaccionista de la consciencia como fenómeno emergente. Relaciona la teoría de Michael Arbib sobre el origen del lenguaje y el análisis de marcos de Erving Goffman, en especial su relevancia para una comprensión del sujeto y de la experiencia personal. El aspecto emergente de la consciencia también se trata desde la perspectiva de una teoría narrativa de la experiencia subjetiva y de la temporalidad humana que puede complementar útilmente las teorías de Arbib y Goffman y tender un puente entre ellas.

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This paper expounds a symbolic interactionist theory of consciousness as an emergent phenomenon. It relates Michael Arbib's theory of the origin of language and Erving Goffman's frame analysis, especially as it bears on our understanding of the subject and of personal experience. The emergent aspect of consciousness is also dealt with from the perspective of a narrative theory of subjective experience and of human temporality which can usefully complement and relate Arbib's and Goffman's views.

In modern liberal society, a person is considered a ‘sacred’ entity and any violation of their dignity should produce embarrassment not only on the side of the ashamed individual but in those co-present as well. In our research, we studied public shaming in reality television (RTV), a recent popular culture product, in order to understand the mechanism that transforms otherwise degrading shaming into popular entertainment. The analysis drew on the classical concept of the ‘degradation ceremony’ (H. Garfinkel) and it covered three RTV programmes originating in different cultural contexts. We discovered that it is strong situational ritualisation of shaming which substantially attenuates the harmful consequences of being shamed for participants’ selves and thus protects viewers from uncomfortable feelings. In RTV, the shaming takes the form of a purposively unaccomplished degradation ceremony, which consists of the creation of an extraordinary situation, typification of participants, emphasis on the shared values in whose name the shaming is done, and participants’ reflexive performance in the show. The results suggest that in RTV, the social practice of the status degradation ceremony is transformed into a cultural practice of systematic shaming without real identity degradation, which makes it possible for shaming to become global mediatised entertainment.

This article advances a critical gender lens on the sociology of religion by arguing that " doing gender " and " doing religion " function as intertwined systems of accountability. To demonstrate the inextricability of these two systems, this study analyzes open-ended survey data from 576 Jewish women who wear kippot (skullcaps that are traditionally worn by Jewish men). These women's responses reveal that this religious practice is fraught with social sanctions on the basis of the women's simultaneous gender deviance and religious deviance. These women are not read as simply " doing Jewish " when they wear kippot; rather, they are read as doing something that is implicitly gendered, such as " doing religious feminism. " it appears that when Jewish women " un/re/do religion, " they simultaneously " un/re/do gender " and vice versa: gender scripts and religious scripts are inextricably intertwined.

This study explores the experiences of people with Asperger syndrome (AS) from a sociological perspective using the theoretical approaches of ethnomethodology and symbolic interactionism. Indepth interviews were conducted with 16 people with AS and three key themes of feeling different, trying to fit in and safe spaces are considered here. We suggest that people with AS develop a different symbolic capacity to most people and have difficulties in making sense of social encounters. While these difficulties can be overcome, to some degree, by developing strategies to try to fit in, this learning remains at a superficial level and is not internalised through the process of socialisation. Without being able to derive a firm sense of reality from spontaneous involvement in social encounters, participants feel ''unruled, unreal and anomic'' (Goffman, 1967: 135) and experience intense autistic emotion (Davidson, 2007a,b).

BackgroundThe migration of registered nurses as a response to a global nurse shortage has seen a growth in research interest in this area. Much of the research focuses on differences in language and culture which are posed as the attributes of the immigrant nurse.

Nationally, the attrition rate of doctoral students is high, and it is often attributed to a lack of support. In higher education, the attrition rate of doctoral Students of Color and other underrepresented populations is even greater. This article briefly reviews the structure of one cohort model doctoral program and its impact on the overall experiences of six members. The six women, referred to as Weekend Warriors, retrospectively share personal and professional experiences and common themes that amalgamated
through their dissertation research explained through applied critical leadership. This article also conveys how theWeekendWarriors organized into a writing group, which ultimately supported the completion of the doctoral program and fostered continued growth in social justice leadership.

Rising rents play an important role in the displacement of residents through gentrification processes in Germany. Applying an interactionist approach and conceptualising gentrification as an emergent phenomenon that results from an interaction process, we explore how residents of the gentrifying district Altona-Altstadt in Hamburg deal with situations of rent increases. Four strategies emerge: de-problematisation, unwilling consent, changing the field of action and confrontational rejection. Using an interpretive analysis and the concept of the 'moral economies of housing', we investigate the normative and strategic conditions of these strategies and how they contribute to or counteract housing-related displacement. This analysis contributes to qualitative research on how residents experience gentrification and negotiate situations relevant to displacement, and, thereby, to the exploration of power in the tenant-landlord relationship.

Since the late 1990s, the Korean pop-culture wave has had a huge impact, achieving immense popularity and sustaining a global community of consumers and fans. In Singapore, a significant K-pop fan culture has emerged among youths. In this article, we study the emergence of the sasaeng fan—a stigmatized fan identity that refers to individuals who are unhealthily interested in the personal lives of K-pop idols. Drawing on data from mass and social media, participant-observation, and interviews, we map the significance of the sasaeng fan identity for Singapore K-pop music fans and focus specific attention on how fans negotiate an understanding of their own “authentic” identities vis-à-vis the mediated identity of the sasaeng fan.

Symbolic interdependence is a process that is the outcome of emerging values, beliefs, and meanings between two individuals when developing an intimate relationship. Symbolic interdependence is correlated with relationship quality. However, a potential mediating variable between symbolic interdependence and relationship quality lies in the form of imagined interactions; covert dialogues with relational partners whereby individuals imagine talking with others thereby allowing a mechanism to mentally examine and espouse values while facilitating catharsis. Intimate couples in long-standing relationships and random-paired couples were examined in order to test the degree of symbolic interdependence. LISREL models among intimate couples revealed the partial mediation of imagined interaction between symbolic interdependence and relationship quality compared to alternative models.

Drawing on the works of Erving Goffman and Niklas Luhmann, it is argued that face-to-face interactions establish realities sui generis. They have a life on their own, and make demands on their own behalf. They are able to constitute their own boundaries by means of an intricate interplay of processes of re ective perception and communication. Even an organizational setting cannot determine this interaction order; it can only change the conditions within which interaction takes place. Against this theoretical background, this article analyzes the basic characteristics of the organizationally framed interaction order of classroom education. It also sketches perspectives for empirical and historical research on educational interaction in the school class. It is argued that this theoretical perspective produces a sensitive awareness of the (changing) nature of classroom interaction.

In this keynote address, I use Georg Simmel’s sociology of social forms approach to amend Erving Goffman’s interaction order perspective into a contemporary analytical framework for empirical analysis of everyday life in our 21st century mediated social order. For Goffman, the interaction order provides a foundational basis for social order. As a cornerstone of the human condition, Goffman maintained that most of us spend our daily lives in the direct presence of others. However, rapid advancements in interactive media formats in the last few decades have given rise to an unprecedented 21st century interaction order. Many of us now also spend our everyday lives in the mediated presence of others, the effects of which parallel those of face-to-face interaction in importance. These changes, I contend, provide a necessary occasion to reimagine Goffman’s interaction order. In what follows, I first provide a brief synopsis of Goffman’s interaction order. Next, I outline the 21st century interaction order and illustrate the importance of Simmel’s formal sociology in amending Goffman’s original framework in relation to this unforeseen order. Finally, to highlight a few key points - I incorporate empirical examples from my work as it relates to police legitimacy. I conclude with some suggestions for future research and note a few limitations.

Database: PsycARTICLES

Journal Article

THE DIRECTED DAYDREAM TECHNIQUE.

MAX HAMMER

Psychotherapy: Theory, Research & Practice, Vol 4(4), Nov 1967, 173-181.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0087958

http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/pst/4/4/173/

Abstract (Taken from Google Scholar online)

"SCENES ARE SUGGESTED TO THE PATIENT AS BASES FOR DAYDREAMING. THE 5 BASIC PRINCIPLES OF DIRECTED DAYDREAM THERAPY ARE SYMBOL CONFRONTATION, FEEDING, RECONCILIATION, MAGIC FLUIDS, AND EXHAUSTING AND KILLING. ILLUSTRATIVE CASE EXCERPTS ARE GIVEN. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)"

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