Sustainable Housing

Urban vibrancy reflected through the intensity of human activity, social engagement, and spatial diversity is essential to
the success of mixed-use developments, particularly in Egypt’s rapidly expanding new urban communities. Despite their
intended roles as dynamic urban nodes, many of these projects struggle to achieve vibrancy due to socio-spatial frag-
mentation, accessibility challenges, and limited inclusivity. This study introduces a novel Urban Vibrancy Index (UVI),
developed through a data-driven methodology combining statistical modeling and computational tools, to quantitatively
assess vibrancy across 21 mixed-use projects representing four generations of new cities within Greater Cairo. The meth-
odology integrates 840 structured survey responses (630 visitors and 210 employees) with on-site observational audits.
Seventeen vibrancy-related variables were analyzed and grouped into four key dimensions: foundational conditions (31%),
social dynamics (27%), spatial accessibility (25%), and economic diversity (17%). Factor analysis was conducted using
SPSS to ensure statistical validity (KMO
=
0.846), while Python was employed for data processing, normalization, and
automated scoring, ensuring replicability and consistency of the UVI computation. The index was empirically applied to
Arkan Plaza, yielding a UVI score of 0.777 on a 0–1 scale, positioning it as a “Good” performer. While strong in policy
alignment (4.6/5), intensity (4.09), and proximity to amenities (4.3), limitations in social interaction (3.23) and inclusivity
(3.38) constrained further improvement. The UVI model offers urban planners a practical, replicable tool to benchmark
and enhance vibrancy performance in urban mixed-use contexts, supported by a computationally transparent and data-rich
evaluation process.

This research explores the concept of sustainable housing, focusing on Swabi, Pakistan, as a case study for its development. It considers the role that government planning and design can play in fostering sustainable housing, as well as economic factors and cost-efficiency. Additionally, the study investigates how sustainable housing impacts residents' comfort. Data was collected through a self-designed survey targeting professionals in construction and development such as architects, planners, and designers. The respondents were selected through random sampling, and the survey was administered online through Google Forms. Hypothesis: Sustainable housing is highly influenced by government policies in terms of housing plans and design and economic considerations. In turn, sustainable housing significantly affects the improvement of comfort for residents and ensures environmental safety. A one-sample t-test was conducted to analyze the perspectives of the surveyed population regarding different aspects of sustainable housing.  The statistical analysis indicated that the government's role, economic factors, and cost efficiency are all significantly related to promoting sustainable housing in Pakistan. It also points out that sustainable housing is positive for comfort improvement for residents and environmental protection.

In hot and humid climates thermal comfort can become a problem to the occupants of many residential buildings especially when they are not equipped with airconditioning system. This paper presents outcomes of an ongoing research work to investigate thermal comfort level in a naturally ventilated residential house in Malaysia using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method. Actual measurements of the temperature distribution, relative humidity and air flow pattern were conducted. CFD simulations on the model of the house allow us to visualize the temperature distribution and air flow pattern and velocity in the house. The thermal comfort in the house was found to be well outside the limits specified by ASHRAE standards. CFD simulation was used to investigate the effects of using a ceiling fan installed in the middle of the hall section and rotating at 150 RPM. It was found that the fan produced swirling flow pattern in the hall section resulting in a more uniform temperature distribution inside the house. However, there is no significant improvement in the thermal comfort level in the house. Results of CFD simulations also show that the use of small extractor fans installed on the front and back walls has no significant effects on the thermal comfort level in the house. Although the mechanical ventilation devices did not help improve the thermal comfort in the house being studied, the CFD simulation results can be used by building designers and engineers to further improved the level of thermal comfort in residential houses in hot and humid climates that are naturally ventilated.

The United Arab Emirates is experiencing a challenging turn towards sustainable social housing. Conventional neighborhood planning and design principles are being replaced by those leading to more sustainable urban forms. To trace this challenging move, the research has investigated the degree of consideration of sustainable urban design principles in two social housing neighborhoods in Al Ain City in Abu Dhabi Emirate, UAE. The first represents a conventional urban form based on the neighborhood theory; the other represents the new sustainable design. The ultimate aim is to define the obstacles hindering the full achievement of a sustainable urban form in this housing type. To undertake research investigations, a matrix of the design principles of sustainable urban forms has been initiated in order to facilitate the assessment of the urban forms of the two selected urban communities. Some qualitatively measurable design elements have been defined for each of these principles. The results of the analysis of the shift from 'conventional' to 'sustainable' case studies have revealed some aspects that would prevent the attainment of fully sustainable urban forms in newly designed social housing neighborhoods. Finally, the research concludes by recommending some fundamental actions to help meet these challenges in future design.

Abstract
The Pathways to Hope and Equality Youth Housing Initiative, launched by the nonprofit Hope and Equality, is a bold and compassionate response to the youth homelessness crisis in Los Angeles County. With more than 17,000 young people experiencing homelessness—many facing barriers including poverty, discrimination, and lack of access to essential services—this initiative offers a sustainable model rooted in equity and empowerment.

The project seeks $300 million in funding to build a 1,000-unit tiny home community and expand critical support services, including rental assistance, mental health care, educational access, substance abuse treatment, and life-skills training. Backed by community partnerships and measurable benchmarks, the program aims to reduce youth homelessness by 40% through housing stability and wraparound care. This proposal outlines a scalable, data-driven solution that invests in youth resilience and creates pathways to independence, healing, and opportunity.

This academic study presents a critical, design-led redevelopment strategy for the Oxford Brookes University Wheatley Campus, a 21.9-hectare site located within the Oxfordshire Green Belt. Originally conceived as a group project, this revised and expanded individual version explores in depth the spatial, socio-economic, and policy dimensions of campus regeneration. Drawing from planning policy frameworks (notably the National Planning Policy Framework 2012), local authority documents, and sustainability principles, the proposal envisions a low-carbon, highly permeable, mixed-use neighbourhood that responds to regional housing demand and environmental imperatives. Key themes include Green Belt constraints, affordable housing delivery, transport infrastructure integration, landscape sensitivity, and the application of passive house design standards. The research advocates for a phased, policy-aligned, and community-responsive masterplan that could serve as a national precedent for sustainable green belt transformation.

Keywords: Sustainable urban design, Green Belt, affordable housing, passive house, urban regeneration, Oxford Brookes, Wheatley campus, planning policy, permeability, low carbon development.

The whirlwind of urbanization which the world witnessed in recent times has swallowed most of the land that was available to humans. In some way or the other, this phenomenon has contributed to consumption of land either as a means or as an end of change. With passage of time, as land started to fall short in comparison to the demands of urbanization, urban planners took the vertical direction, which meant building structures with dazzling heights. In its inception the tall buildings did come across as a reprieve to the perennial problems of horizontal expansion, since it offered more space with least land consumption. Not only did it occupied less space than low rises or horizontal structures, it also offered quite a few services at the same place which intrigued both planners and dwellers alike. But the concept of vertical construction or tall buildings is not without drawbacks. There are issues which are both inherent to them and consequent of them. There are issues like social isolation, environmental pollution, complexity of construction arise due to living in a tall building and also due to the very existence of the same. Not only is the construction of the tall building is problem but if not properly planned or managed, its very existence can become a menace to the urban dwelling. This paper shall attempt to bring to fore the drawbacks of vertical growth in light of threats and challenges it poses to urban dwellers.

Housing problems occur both in rich and poor communities across the globe. The objective of this research is to review housing problems which lead to unwholesome environmental conditions. The method used is a review of academic articles, textbooks, internet materials, news articles and publicly available materials on housing problems. Previous authors whose works were reviewed have a convergent view on housing problems including overcrowding and congestion, poor accessibility, substandard and inadequate housing, high cost of building materials, high interest rate and lack of interest by financial institutions to facilitate loans to investors and uncoordinated policies by government. The paper made the following recommendations: (1) government should build low-cost houses to cater for the large number of people who, due to their low-income earnings could not afford a decent apartment; (2) formulation of economic, social and environmental policies that facilitate housing that is both affordable and sustainable by government; (3) improvement of sanitation in poor neighborhoods with poor housing conditions through urban renewal programme.

This research explores the concept of sustainable housing, focusing on Swabi, Pakistan, as a case study for its development. It considers the role that government planning and design can play in fostering sustainable housing, as well as economic factors and cost-efficiency. Additionally, the study investigates how sustainable housing impacts residents' comfort. Data was collected through a self-designed survey targeting professionals in construction and development such as architects, planners, and designers. The respondents were selected through random sampling, and the survey was administered online through Google Forms. Hypothesis: Sustainable housing is highly influenced by government policies in terms of housing plans and design and economic considerations. In turn, sustainable housing significantly affects the improvement of comfort for the residents and ensures environmental safety. A one-sample t-test was conducted to analyze the perspectives of the surveyed population regarding different aspects of sustainable housing. The statistical analysis indicated that the government's role, economic factors, and cost efficiency all are significantly related to promoting sustainable housing in Pakistan. It also points out that sustainable housing is positive for comfort improvement for residents and environmental protection.

The present study aims to investigate sustainable housing development in Swabi, Pakistan. This study seeks the impact of government planning and designing on sustainable housing and the influence of economy and cost-efficiency on sustainable housing. Moreover, this study also finds the impact of sustainable housing on residents' comfort. The data was collected through a self-designed survey questionnaire from construction and development professionals, such as architects, planners, and designers. A specific population was chosen through random sampling, and data was collected through an online survey using Google Forms. It was hypothesized that government policies of housing plan and design impact sustainable housing, and economy and cost-efficiency also significantly impact sustainable housing. Sustainable housing was also assumed to impact residents' comfort and environmental safety significantly. One sample t-test was applied to the data to explore the viewpoint of the same population on different aspects of sustainable housing. The statistical data analysis indicates a significant relationship between the government's role, economy, and cost-efficiency in sustainable housing in Pakistan. Moreover, it was also found that sustainable housing positively influences residents' comfort and protects the environment.

It will study the factors that contribute to housing development in district Swabi, with particular concerns: government planning and design consideration of various development projects, economically viable at cost-effective developments, considering occupants' comfort while maintaining environmentally safer conditions. Quantitative and qualitative data obtained through self-designed survey questionnaire targeted architects, planners, and developers. A total of selected samples was finally participated to respond to online survey in Google Forms. This study hypothesizes that government housing policies and design significantly influence sustainable housing, while economic factors and cost efficiency are important in developing the same. Moreover, sustainable housing will contribute to the comfort of the residents and environmental protection. One sample t-test has been utilized for analyzing data and assessing the perception of participants about the same aspects. The results highlight that government policies, economic factors, and cost-efficiency are significantly related to shaping sustainable housing initiatives in Swabi. Further, the research has confirmed that sustainable housing has helped improve residents' comfort while promoting environmental sustainability. This has brought to the fore an imperative of strategic government intervention and economically viable approaches towards the attainment of sustainable housing development in Swabi for improved living standards and environmental well-being.

Pandemics have long affected the public’s perceptions of, and officials’ responses
to, urban risk. As in past pandemics, the COVID-19 pandemic has raised urgent
questions for urban planners and policymakers. Many of these questions concern
density, a topic that has come to occupy an increasingly prominent position in urban
politics, policy, and planning. Urban density refers to the number of people
and the built floor area of an urban area. As the COVID-19 pandemic emerged,
many people argued that it, and the threat of other pandemics, calls into question
the future of dense cities and of densification efforts. These claims have been particularly prominent in the news and popular media. They are important because
many planners and city officials have seen promoting density and densification
as among their most important tasks over the past decades. Densification, they
have claimed, brings environmental, social, and economic benefits. As I will argue,
while many observers have likely overstated the case made by pandemics against
density, the current crisis does raise vital and enduring questions about the way
in which densification efforts are undertaken and the manner in which the costs
and benefits of urban density are distributed. Importantly, the current pandemic
offers learning opportunities for planners and policymakers that can help ensure
future efforts to build dense urban neighbourhoods do not exacerbate existing inequalities or increase the vulnerability of residents to future pandemics and other
forms of risk.

Investments in Geothermal Energy Development Projects (GEPs) are still considered high-risk and capital-intensive with unpredictable completion even amidst the adoption of Public Private Partnership (PPP) financing models particularly in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Numerous GEP completion bottlenecks affecting timely project completion have been documented lately; these challenges have caused delayed delivery of critical path milestones, project stalling, and even outright project failures. Recent empirical studies focused more on developed countries' longitudinal secondary databases covering the wider energy sector, with minimal attention paid to the situation of GEPs in developing countries. Anchored on the positivism and pragmatism foundations, this study examined the mediating influence of delivery capability on the relationship between PPP financing structure and the completion of GEPs in Kenya. Using a census survey design, data from 48 geothermal energy projects (private sector project managers and implementation team leaders from the public sector) and key informants was collected and analyzed using mixed methods. Data triangulation and diagnostic tests were performed. The results and findings revealed that while PPP financing structure alone explains 43.9% of the variance in project completion, the inclusion of delivery capability substantially increases the explained variance to 66.1%. A balanced PPP financing structure and delivery capability have statistically significant effects on project completion outcomes, with delivery capability (β = 0.579) having a stronger isolated effect than the PPP financing structure (β = 0.326). The reduction in the PPP financing structure coefficient from the first to the second model suggests that some of its effect is shared with or mediated by delivery capability. The study concluded that completing PPP-financed GEPs requires an integrated approach that considers both predictor variables: A balanced PPP financing structure comprising private equity, commercial and concessional loans, grants and government contributions; and strong delivery capability including geological, technological, PPP modelling and agile project management competencies. Geothermal sectorspecific government support measures and industry recommendations are provided to enhance the completion of PPP-financed geothermal energy development projects mainly in the SSA region.

Government office buildings in Nigeria are generally faced with premature but steady and rapid deterioration, decay and dilapidation due to lack of maintenance. This study evaluates the main factors responsible for the poor maintenance of the Federal Secretariat Office Complex, Minna, Nigeria using a post-occupancy evaluation approach. The study determines the extent of dilapidation of the office building and the feelings of the users about their office environment. The most frequently recurring maintenance problems are ascertained. By using occupants as a benchmark in evaluation, this paper discusses research with the broad aim of developing a general guideline for the POE practice, specifically for government and public buildings in Nigeria. The research method used was a combination of the descriptive and analytical survey methods. A total of 20 structured questionnaires comprising were administered to the users of the office building. The data collected were analyzed using descr...

This research will provide the most important architecture treatments which were adopted by Mediterranean region, the research will provide an analysis of the architecture elements that have contributed to reduce the consumption of energy and a positive interaction with the environment and region climate based, a case study in Amman city -Jordan had adopted to came out of conclusions and recommendations which can help in the design process.

This report critically examines the legal framework established by the Urban Development Authority Law and the Urban Development Authority Planning and Building Regulations of 1986 in regulating urban growth in Sri Lanka. It highlights how these legislative instruments centralized urban planning authority, introduced legally binding land use controls, and set out comprehensive building standards to address the challenges posed by rapid urbanization. The report analyses key legal provisions concerning land acquisition, environmental regulation, and slum clearance, while also assessing the socio-legal implications for displaced communities and informal settlements. It identifies the tensions between state-led development initiatives and the constitutional rights of affected populations, particularly in the context of property rights and social justice. The study emphasizes the necessity of reforming urban planning law to align with contemporary human rights standards and principles of sustainable development. Concluding that while these regulations have significantly transformed Sri Lanka’s urban environment, there remains an urgent need for inclusive, rights-sensitive legal reforms to protect vulnerable communities in the face of continuing urban expansion.

Bangladesh is frequently flooded because of its position, which has an impact on livelihoods and housing structures. The Brahmaputra River runs through the Jamalpur District, making it extremely susceptible to periodic flooding. Heavy monsoon rains, coupled with riverbank erosion, further exacerbate the problem, leading to displacement and significant property damage. The rising threat of climate change is expected to intensify these challenges, necessitating innovative flood-resilient housing solutions. The purpose of this study is to create a sustainable and flood-resistant home concept that is appropriate for the area. To suggest a novel flood-resilient dwelling design, a variety of building methods, eco-friendly materials, and climate adaptation tactics are examined. The study explores traditional stilt houses, amphibious architecture, and floating home technologies to determine the most viable approach for flood-prone communities. Additionally, locally sourced, low-cost materials such as bamboo, compressed earth blocks, and recycled plastic are considered to enhance affordability and sustainability.To identify the ideal elevation and structural reinforcements needed for resilience, the analysis incorporates historical flood data. This includes assessing past flood levels, frequency, and duration to establish reliable flood-proofing benchmarks. Advanced GIS mapping and remote sensing techniques are utilized to identify high-risk zones and plan strategic housing layouts. A thorough approach is used, which includes cost-effective material assessment, structural modelling, and hydrological data analysis. To ensure practical implementation, stakeholder engagement with local communities, policymakers, and engineers is conducted, allowing for inclusive decision-making. Furthermore, energy-efficient features such as passive cooling, rainwater harvesting, and solar power integration are explored to enhance long-term sustainability.In line with sustainable development objectives, the results provide a workable and expandable solution for areas vulnerable to flooding. By integrating resilience, affordability, and sustainability, this study presents a scalable housing model that can be replicated across flood-prone regions in Bangladesh and beyond.

Demography has been identified as the foremost determinant of housing needs and provision. This
is because the characteristics of individuals, families and groups of individuals influence their
demand for housing and related services. This paper examines the role of demographic factors in
housing needs and provision in Nigeria. The study focuses on the Nigerian housing system, the
Nigerian housing needs, and the interplay between demography and housing provision. It
highlights the importance of understanding demographic trends such as age, income, marital
status, and gender to effectively address the housing deficit in Nigeria. The paper concludes by
offering recommendations for policymakers and housing providers on how to incorporate
demographic factors into housing policies and programs, emphasizing the need for sustainable
practices in housing development and maintenance. Some of the recommendations in the paper
include establishing a comprehensive and reliable housing database, conducting regular and
accurate census and housing counts, developing affordable housing programs that cater to the
specific needs of different demographic groups, and promoting and sustaining the development of
social rented housing and shared ownership schemes. The paper also recommends that efforts
should be made to address cultural and traditional practices that hinder women's access to land and
housing ownership.

Keywords:  Affordable housing, demography, housing needs, housing provision, Nigeria

It took us only a few decades to trigger the transformation of our cities from places echoing as centers of culture, religion and economic opportunities into gigantic mechanized locus which has been asphyxiating the life at a rapid rate. From only two megacities in 1950 to 28 megacities in 2014 and 35 megacities in 2025, the tempo of urbanization has sped up due to a multitude of factors inclusive yet not limited to high wages, better water and sanitation conditions and other opportunities. Urbanization was a desirable progression in 1800s and in the west but in the contemporary world, 80% of the urbanization is taking place and will continue to take place in Asia and Africa and majority is in developing or least developed countries such as Nigeria, those least able to handle the political, social, economic and environmental problems associated with rapid urbanization, consequently portraying urbanization as an malevolent occurrence. The principle push behind such mind-bogglingly ra...

Mysore, the second largest city in the state of Karnataka, India, can be identified as an early adopter of sustainable design practices. Between 1903 and 1947 the use of local construction materials, the Swadeshi movement of 1905, robust planning and clear legislation resulted in sustainable urban development. However, post-colonial development fuelled by economic globalisation after the 1980s has transformed perceptions of the house among the growing middle class, becoming a commodity to demonstrate affluence and status. This paper examines the impact of changing social and cultural values on the aspirations of the growing middle classes on sustainable housing and neighbourhood development in Mysore. The methodology comprises literature and archive research to establish the historical content and review some important recent trends. Extensive fieldwork studies, including questionnaires over a wide range of participants (owners, builders and designers) and semi-structured interviews...

This study has found that Tax Service Reliability and responsiveness has no significant influence on presumptive tax payer's compliance in Ilala Tax Region. Also the study revealed Tax Service Tangibility to have a significant positive influence on presumptive taxpayers' compliance in the Ilala tax region. From the results, this study recommends Tanzania Revenue Authority (TRA) to focus on enhancing the perceived reliability of their tax services, including measures to ensure consistent interpretation and application of tax regulations, improving the accuracy of tax assessments, expediting the issuance of tax-related documents, enhancing the transparency of tax procedures and policies, and maintaining reliable online tax filing systems. Additionally, they should prioritize improving responsiveness to taxpayers' needs by enhancing the promptness of addressing inquiries and concerns, making tax authority representatives more accessible through various communication channels, offering comprehensive assistance and guidance, and ensuring clarity in tax-related communication materials to enhance taxpayers' understanding and compliance.

Government procurement is one of the biggest expenditures and accounts for a significant proportion of people's budgets across the globe. Nevertheless, public procurement procedures remain one of the most time-consuming, non-transparent, and corrupt activities that cause massive amounts of money to be wasted. This paper aims to dissect how public procurement can be made more efficient and less corrupt, saving billions of taxpayers' money. Based on the analysis of the case studies of countries that successfully introduced the changes in public procurement, the article explores the practical advantages of enhancing the transparency of the procurement process, conducting competitive bidding, and improving accountability for procurement activities. It is apparent that corruption in public procurement systems results in high costs, the acquisition of low-quality goods and services, and terminal delays to implemented projects hence increasing the burden of costs among governments. Nevertheless, by applying such innovational trends as electronic procurement, the authority can launch more transparent and competitive procurements that yield fewer risks of corruption. Such markets conform the procurement processes, level the playing fields and also enable monitoring and auditing of the transactions hence reducing fraud. Moreover, enhanced public procurement practices promote efficiency in the use of public resources since the suppliers offer their products and services at reasonable prices and of high quality. Where rules and regulations guiding procurement systems are well understood and complied with, the government simply gains the trust of the public and over time full compliance is achieved with limited prospects for future litigation. The article stresses that better practices of international standards and training procurement officials can go a long way in making the effectiveness of these reforms, better. Therefore, this article provides an example of how global governments can save billions of dollars and improve the quality of services/infrastructure delivered by adopting reforms from corruption-laden traditional supply chain management functions associated with public procurement. The improvement of procedures of purchasing is an urgent question not only of finances but also of governance, transparency, and sustainable development.

The COVID-19 pandemic has exposed the inadequacies of traditional architectural principles in low-rise apartment buildings, particularly in dense urban environments like Lahore. This research investigates whether contemporary architectural practices align with the principles of flexibility and adaptability necessary for habitable spaces in the post-pandemic "new normal." It explores how these designs impact the physical and mental health of residents while addressing the unique challenges presented by the pandemic. Specifically, the study delves into how architectural layouts can support the adaptability required for remote working and learning at home, a need accentuated during the global health crisis. Through a comprehensive literature review and detailed analysis, the research examines critical health concerns, such as the effects of limited ventilation and poor indoor air quality in low-rise apartments, as well as the psychological toll of confined living spaces and social isolation. Drawing on case studies and literature reviews, this research identifies emerging architectural principles and innovative design strategies that emphasize flexibility, connectivity, cultural inclusivity, sustainability, and functionality, with a strong focus on enhancing resident well-being. Ultimately, this study aims to provide insights into how low-rise apartment buildings in Lahore can evolve to better meet the needs of their inhabitants in a post-pandemic context.

If the city's center does not have a historical background, it is often overlooked in modern-day urban development, leading to deterioration over time. If urban centers are seen as the city's everlasting hubs, they will regenerate life and atmosphere, benefiting residents and tourists. The detrimental effects of metropolitan development on the environment remind us of the dying planet. Architects influence how cities build environments for everyday users. Many cities, such as Berlin, Hamburg, and New York, were created near road or waterway junctions, where urban centers developed with functions like seaports, markets, and town halls. Fortifications separated the city from the countryside, and crafts and population grew with trade. The urban area soon spread around the city's main roads as fortifications shifted. Climate change and landscape changes have led to the spread of peri-urban areas worldwide, serving as "laboratories" for studying human-nature relationships to prevent land degradation. This research aims to create harmonious spaces that offer a unique experience without harming the environment. This thesis addresses the need for a redesign of Belgrade's city center, integrating its historical and modern areas while tackling environmental and socioeconomic challenges. Belgrade's rapid urbanization, especially since its post-socialist transition, has resulted in a fragmented urban fabric. Urban sprawl, pollution, and insufficient historical preservation have reduced the quality of life and the connection between the old and new parts of the city. While global urban planning emphasizes sustainability and green architecture, there is a gap in research on bridging the divide between Belgrade's historical and modern environments. This study shows that integrating green spaces and sustainable building practices will solve environmental problems like pollution and resource depletion. By comparing global case studies, the research reveals successful urban design strategies focused on sustainability, walkability, and inclusive public spaces. These design ideas offer strategies to enhance Belgrade's public areas, promote social contact, preserve the city's natural balance, and improve quality of life. The thesis presents a vision for a more resilient, ecological, and socially inclusive urban core balancing modern urban living with the city's historical identity. The result is a plan to revitalize Belgrade's central districts using green infrastructure, mixed-use zones, and improved connectivity. This design addresses pollution and climate change through sustainable urban concepts, aiming to preserve historic heritage while meeting present and future needs.

Amid the evolving economic landscape and the rise of the gig economy, this study investigates the "MoneyMaking Activities Framework" among bystanders—individuals not actively engaged in traditional labor markets.
Using survey data from 172 respondents in Davao City, it examines how bystanders engage in informal incomegenerating activities in response to economic pressures and technological advancements. To ensure data suitability
for factor analysis, the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) Measure of Sampling Adequacy and Bartlett’s Test of
Sphericity were employed. A Scree Plot was then used to determine the optimal number of factors. The
Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) revealed five key factors: Informal Selling/Renting, Service-Oriented Labor,
Provision of Services, Artistic/Entertainment Activities, and Risky Behaviors. These findings shed light on the
socio-economic drivers of informal activities and their implications for financial stability and community
development.

This paper explores the design, implementation, and efficiency of building services specifically HVAC (Heating,
Ventilation, and Air Conditioning), electrical, water systems and roof solar system with case study examples. With
the growing demand for energy efficiency, sustainability, and user comfort, the role of these systems has become
increasingly important in commercial spaces. Through an in-depth case study of a mall, the paper analyzes how these
systems are integrated to ensure optimal performance. The study examines the energy consumption, operational
challenges, and maintenance strategies employed. Furthermore, the paper discusses the role of innovative technologies
in enhancing system efficiency and reducing environmental impact. The findings provide valuable insights for facility
managers looking to optimize building services in commercial developments

Determining generating methods that satisfy load needs and technical limits is vital in linked power systems,
and thus, Multi-area Economic Dispatch (MAED) plays a crucial part in this process. The need to address
MAED dynamically arises from hourly load changes, leading to the particular multi-area dynamic economic
dispatch MADED problem. While judging ramp rate and other limitations, DED expands upon stable economic
dispatch SED by optimizing the generating scheduling for committed units to fulfil anticipated load needs at the
least cost. To tackle the DED problem in four domains, including 3-, 13-, and 40-unit systems, this study
presents an improved Deep Recurrent Neural Network DRNN model that uses Long Short-Term Memory
(LSTM) networks. Long short-term memory networks are an advanced form of recurrent neural network (RNN)
developed to address the shortcomings of more conventional RNNs, particularly the vanishing gradient problem,
making learning dependencies that span several time periods challenging. Combining memory cells with gating
mechanisms makes LSTMs ideal for sequence modelling and time series prediction. Overall, the DRNN model
with LSTM is used in the DED context to successfully capture the power-generating data's complex connections
and temporal dependencies. This approach ensures that the generation schedule meets the balance and power
distribution constraints and adheres to the generating limits, transmission line capacities, and overall power
balance requirements. The proposed model improves performance in optimizing the generation schedule for
multiple areas, thereby contributing to more efficient and cost-effective power system operations.

Portability is the current technology that’s the talk of the town among the current technological devices. Software
engineers, developers, hardware engineers, and every stakeholder responsible for developing a range of devices now
consider the trend of developing smaller devices yet with great functionalities. Nowadays, you can carry your device
almost anywhere and at any time, thanks to technology innovation that looks forward to creating machines worth moving
around with ease. Most portable gadgets have some touch screen display or a miniature keyboard to enjoy every feature
provided. Usually, most such devices have their inputs and outputs integrated into a single entity within the touch screen
device. Good instances of such devices include personal digital assistants and cell phones.
Innovations in the current century show a steady increase in technological devices that make almost any activity easier.
With these frequent innovations, the world in its entirety now looks forward to creating a stream of these devices and
their corresponding software to achieve better and enhanced performances. The onset of computing marked the
mainstream and endless desires for more and more innovations. With the internet being part of the technology, we can
now see most of these portable gadgets in action to support access to the internet and reach out to almost every localized
place in the world.
Smart devices :
Innovative technology is the current driver of almost all portable gadgets. Therefore, incorporating innovative technology
into devices implies that nearly anything is now more accessible through technology. An intelligent gadget can easily
link up to other gadgets and networks through communication courtesy of wireless protocols such as Bluetooth, WIFI
among many others. Such devices have excellent capabilities of working autonomously and hand in hand. With
modernity in the current technologies, we can testify to rapid transformations and realizable impacts on human lifestyles.
Smart devices are now standard and in use every day. There are varieties of these devices, and each performs different
functionalities. They include smartphones, phablets, tablets, among other devices.
Making these devices smarter requires the incorporation of technologies such as artificial intelligence. These devices
have their functionalities specified to operate differently and in different settings. The devices have incorporated
physical, human environment, and computing environment qualities into their operations. For instance, a smartphone is
one in a million standard intelligent devices used by a significant population worldwide.
The Impact of Technology on Human:
In establishing the impact of technology on humans, it is essential to focus on these portable devices and smart gadgets’
changes to their everyday lifestyles. With technological innovations and the liveliness of these mobile gadgets, humans
can now connect quickly regardless of their positions in the world. Generally, technology has seen the world turn into a
small village through portable devices.
Software development for portable gadgets:
Since portable gadgets are on the rise, there is a great need for development, testing, and maintaining software crucial for
these mobile gadgets. However, this piece examines a broader scope of software development for portable devices and,
most specifically, ways vital to maintain and ensure the portable gadget functions properly through some of the renowned
software.
Maintaining, improving, and developing software for portable gadgets Cleaning the portable gadget :
Usually, most portable devices are prone to dirt accumulations with careless handling. Therefore, it is essential to ensure
that these devices need proper handling and care. Handling the devices and stretches right from physical cleanliness and
software cleanliness. Therefore, during development, it is essential to incorporate software capabilities that detect
features, services, and other harmful software that can render the device unclean. Therefore, when developing software

Enhancing building efficiency with Phase Change Materials (PCM) involves leveraging their unique thermal
properties to improve energy management and reduce reliance on heating and cooling systems. PCM can absorb,
store and release thermal energy during phase transitions, helping to stabilize indoor temperatures. This paper
explores the integration of PCM into various building components, including walls, ceilings, floors and windows,
as well as their application in HVAC systems and roofing solutions.
This project explores the potential of enhancing building efficiency through the integration of Phase Change
Materials (PCM), rainwater harvesting, solar energy, HVAC systems, and Greywater recycling. Key objectives
include evaluating the use of PCM in walls, ceilings, floors, windows, HVAC systems and roofing to optimize
indoor temperature regulation. The study investigates thermal performance of PCM their ability to absorb, store
and release thermal energy and their impact on reducing energy consumption.
Additionally, the integration of rainwater harvesting systems and Greywater recycling is assessed for water
conservation and sustainable water management. The role of solar energy in reducing reliance on non-renewable
energy sources is also examined. The findings demonstrate that combining these technologies significantly
enhances building efficiency, promoting sustainable practices and contributing to energy efficient design and
improved environmental performance.

Universally, countries are facing pressure to meet the livelihood needs of their fast-increasing populations. This
often leads to overuse of natural resources and consequent encroachment on fragile ecosystems such as river
catchments and riparian areas especially in developing countries. The overall objective of this study was to assess
the influence of land use, land cover changes on discharges within Koitobos River catchment between the period
1992 to 2022. Specifically, the study assessed the extent of land use/land cover changes within river catchment,
evaluated the variations in water discharge volumes in Koitobos River, and predicted Land use Land cover change
for the future. The Land use/land cover data was based on Landsat images within the period of study. The research
design used was descriptive, Google Earth Engine (GEE) applications, United States Geological Satellites (USGS)
application. A sample size of 384 people drawn from a target population of 203,821 residents were involved in the
study. From the findings of Land Use, Land Cover Change in the years, 1995, 2009 and 2022, within the Koitobos
River catchment showed that Agricultural Land, covered a majority of the Catchment with an area of 26,853Ha,
(58%), 32,438 Ha (70%), and 36,118Ha (77.68%) respectively when transitioning through the years of the entire
Catchment thus showing drastic increased changes in area, followed by bare land area which covered an area of
14,915 Ha (32%), 8,093 Ha, (17% ) and 6175 Ha (13.28%) of the entire Catchment area extremely decreases
transitionally as the Agricultural land increases due to the pressure exerted on the resource. The Forest Land showed
drastic decreasing trend through the transitional period from 2242 Ha (5%) to 1647 Ha (4%) and then 222 Ha
(0.48%), and this due to increasing demand for more space by the growing population which increasingly results to
deforestation activities of unplanned cutting down of trees within the catchment. Agricultural land in the years 1995,
2009, and 2022 spread all over the Catchment separated by patches of bare lands, water, and forests. Showing that in
this transitioning period of 1995, 2009 and 2022 years, the major land use land cover changes was Agriculture land
covering 58%, 70% and 77.68% of the entire area coverage within the Koitobos River catchment. This is due to the
increasing demand for food supply of the ever-growing population as depicted by the KNBS reports in every
transition. The study found out that increase in population resulted in an increased demand for food production in an
environment where arable land couldn’t be expanded therefore concluded that environmental policies and laws
needed to be adopted in Koitobos river catchment. The study therefore recommended the adoption of sustainable
land use management practices that continually heal the land and conserve biodiversity. Restoration of forest cover
and restraining the local communities from opening new areas for cultivation on critical slopes, particularly within
the protected area which is critical in protecting and conserving biodiversity within Koitobos river catchment.

This paper proposes a comprehensive framework for incorporating Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) principles
into every stage of the software development lifecycle (SDLC). By integrating CSR considerations throughout
development, software companies can create more sustainable, ethical, and socially responsible products while
maintaining business objectives. The proposed methods aim to enhance transparency, reduce environmental impact,
promote inclusivity, and ensure ethical practices at each SDLC phase

This study aims to determine the relationship between information technology, logistics service quality, and
customer satisfaction in the Vietnamese logistics service industry. Data was collected through a survey of
customers using logistics services in Vietnam, yielding 454 valid responses. The research results indicate that
information technology positively impacts factors of logistics service quality, including personal communication
quality, order execution, and information quality. Factors of logistics service quality positively influence customer
satisfaction. This study provides managerial implications to enhance logistics service quality and customer
satisfaction in the Vietnamese logistics service industry.

The College Event Management System is utilized to keep up college exercises details like social fest, specialized
fest, college day festivals, workshops, project expo and courses and so forth. It gives data on events, keep up
student participation and it keeps up branch details sports details, and furthermore gives the college
accomplishments. In the past framework, all the data needs to see in a hard document. Simultaneously while
looking through any data its any data it is too hard to even think about accessing and sets aside a great deal of
effort to look through the specific information. Subsequently, so as to beat this issue an web application can be
utilized to make this procedure simpler, secure and less blunder inclined. Increasingly effective data’s will be
accomplished through this framework.

The vision of any housing policy is to provide liveable housing be it for the high, middle or low-income groups that are always underserved in terms of basic amenities. In the 21 st century, the nature of living conditions in most of the public housing estates in Nigeria and Niger state in particular seems to be not any better off. The quality of living places, or cities, neighbourhoods or housing estates are linked with their physical environment, safety, social cohesion and infrastructure provided in the area. Studying the residential neighbourhood quality of public housing estates, the people living there are important. People living in a particular place receive direct effects from the changes of environment and development in their area. They know whether their housing environment status is either good or bad or change from time to time. Housing encompasses all that is necessary to make a living in a particular place pleasurable, and not a burden. It is however seen as an extension of the human frame that should respond to the needs of its inhabitants. Thus, housing serves as one of the best indicators of a person's standard of living. Considering the above, satisfaction with housing neighbourhood environment indicates an environment that meets the needs and aspirations of the users and dissatisfaction means the needs and aspirations of the users were not met. No housing programme or policy can be considered successful only in terms of quantity constructed. Equally as important are the suitability of the residential environment, facilities and services to the users. Therefore, this study examined neighbourhood living conditions in three public low-income housing estates using data derived from household survey involving 366 respondents out of 400 questionnaires distributed based on stratified proportional sampling technique. The structured questionnaires were distributed face-to-face and collected back after completion either immediately or the following day. The data sought through questionnaires include different dimensions and indicators of good neighbourhood quality (liveability) as elicited from the literature review. Based on desktop literature, the study used both subjective and objective measurements to investigate the liveability of the selected housing estates. Issues examined include the home environment, neighbourhood amenities, economic vitality, social environment and civic protection. The data analysis techniques used include descriptive statistics, factor analysis and structural equation modelling (SEM). The outcome of the perception of residents' in these selected housing estates can give a clue to the quality of the environment and serves as a feedback to be injected to housing policy for future development. Further, it could be used as an improvement tool as the study reveals the situation of the estates investigated.

The rapid accumulation of plastic garbage,
especially from abandoned bottles, presents a serious
environmental threat on a global scale. Developing creative
and long-lasting solutions is necessary to address this
problem, especially in the fields of construction and
architecture. With an emphasis on cost, scalability, and
sustainability, this article investigates several innovative
methods for employing used bottles as feasible building
materials for housing solutions. This paper provides a
comprehensive review of benefits of recycling discarded
bottles for the environment, such as lessening the burden
on landfills and the need for building materials with large
carbon footprints. The next part of the article explores the
technical elements of using waste bottles in construction,
going over techniques like building bottle bricks and
integrating them into insulation and walls. It also discusses
the socio-economic advantages of trash bottle housing
solutions, which offer reasonably priced housing options,
especially in areas with low socio-economic status,
challenges, and future directions. By synthesizing existing
research and insights, this article aims to provide a
foundation for further exploration and implementation of
innovative waste bottle housing solutions in the pursuit of
sustainable architecture. The main aim of the study is to
highlight the revolutionary potential of waste bottle
housing solutions in promoting sustainable building and
tackling urgent environmental and social issues through
this investigation.

If we do not change the way we use raw materials the amount of resources required is not going to drop on the short term. Since the global world population is still growing, while also the overall global living standards rise an increasing amount of resources will be necessary to meet the global demand. It is estimated that the built environment is responsible for 40% of global energy consumption and about 40% of the waste produced. Additionally the construction industry is using up to 36% of newly extracted resources (SERI, 2009; OECD, 2013). This means that solutions found and implemented in constructions will have a major impact.

Fly ash (FA) and Bottom Ash (BA) are commonly used to substitute cement and fine aggregate in concrete production. This study was performed to evaluate the use of high-volume fly ash and bottom ash on a sustainable housing project. High-volume fly ash (HVFA) is used as supplementary cementitious materials, while high-volume bottom ash (HVBA) is used to partially replace the fine aggregate. The FA used in this research was 40% and 50%, and the BA used in this research was 50% and 75%. The fresh and hardened quality of concrete incorporating HVFA and HVBA was evaluated using slump, compressive, flexure, and tensile test. The fresh properties show that adding FA to the concrete mixture can increase the slump value. However, the BA tends to reduce the slump value in concrete due to its particle characteristics. Furthermore, it was found that concrete incorporating HVFA and HVBA has lower compressive, flexure, and tensile strength, especially at an early age. As the curing age of concrete increases, the differences between concrete incorporating HVFA and HVBA with concrete mixture decrease. In this research, the concrete incorporating 40% FA and 50% BA has the optimum quality. Furthermore, the mixture is later used in the field application as structural elements for the village-owned Enterprise building built in the Sumberejo Village East Java Indonesia. The use of HVFA and HVBA in this pilot project is expected to minimize the cost and experimental problems due to the coal ash waste.

Home is a basic human need. Every year, the government is responsible for enacting a more sustainable and inclusive housing policy to ensure the adequate provision, quality and affordable housing to meet the needs of the growing sustainable communities. The aim of the current research is to analyse affordability as a mediator in the relationship between economic, social and environmental factors towards the need for home ownership among civil servants in Klang Valley. Path Analysis and Boostrapping through Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) are used to see the relationship and influence between sustainability and affordability variables. There is a significant relationship between all elements of affordability with economic, social and environmental factors. Mediation effect (mediator) for the element of affordability that is tested in the construct relationship between economic, social and environmental factors on the need for home ownership. Finally, this study succeeded in formi...

War has significant negative impacts not only on human societies but also on the environment. In Syria, the residential sector has been heavily affected by extensive destruction, which needs to be prioritized in reconstruction strategies and plans in order to provide necessary housing for displaced individuals. This research aims to propose sustainable housing reconstruction strategies after war in Syria. Studies conducted on the literature and case studies from war-torn countries show that reconstruction can be an opportunity for achieving sustainable development, as long as it is considered within long-term development plans. This article focuses on finding new perspectives and solutions for the sustainable reconstruction of partially destroyed residential units after war. To achieve this goal, we first define the concept of reconstruction and its approaches, then examine the indigenous housing architecture of Damascus and study global experiences in post-war reconstructions in different countries. Considering the conditions of each country and assessing the post-war situation in Syria, particularly in the city of Damascus, an appropriate strategy for reconstruction can be chosen.To achieve this goal, a residential complex that has been affected by war in Syria was selected and examined. In this regard, fieldwork and questionnaires were conducted to identify the key components in sustainable housing reconstruction projects after war, in line with the research framework. By using the questionnaire, the opinions of experts on the most influential components in such projects were obtained. The results of the questionnaire show that these components are more important in environmental dimensions and subsequently in social dimensions, but less important in economic dimensions. Ultimately, the components of environmental sustainability and social sustainability are prioritized.

Success in upgrading slums over time will tend to return to slums. This is due to unrelated economic, social, and environmental aspects. The newly upgraded Kalikondang Village tends to experience this problem because the economic sector does not support sustainability. Based on these problems, the purpose of this study is to find a sustainable model for settlement development and maintenance in Kalikondang Village, Demak Regency. The research method uses a mixed-method with a concurrent embedded model. Quantitative and qualitative descriptive analysis techniques by combining two existing forms of data with the literature. The results showed that the model of a sustainable development environment in the village of Kalikondang was to increase the economic sector first with new business dwellers, supported by increased institutional capacity at the community level as business managers. Both sectors will result in an increased income of citizens, so they can be managed by institutions i...

Economic Globalization is enabling India to reinvent itself as a crucible for development, and provides previously unrealized opportunities for economic transformation catering to a fast growing middle-class. The relationship between affluence and consumption makes it implicit that the Indian middle-classes have a crucial role to play in the process of sustainable development. It is proposed that the Bruntland definition of sustainable development, conflicts with a selfcentered consumerism that often characterizes rapid economic development. The consumption patterns and aspirations of some middleclass sectors are contradictory to many principles of low carbon housing design. This paper explores the challenges and opportunities in the development of low-carbon housing with relation to the growth of the middle-classes in the city of Mysore. Whilst accommodating the inevitable impacts and realities of economic development, this paper intends to trace the interwoven fabric of local, social, cultural, and climatic responsive housing in Mysore, and its contribution to a strategy of appropriate and effective design frameworks for low carbon housing.

The Sustainable Housing Guidelines aim to support the development of housing that addresses global climate change and local sustainable development priorities. The guidelines describe responsive and integrated design strategies, management processes, technologies and techniques that can be used to develop more sustainable housing in Zambia.

Home is a basic human need. Every year, the government is responsible for enacting a more sustainable and inclusive housing policy to ensure the adequate provision, quality and affordable housing to meet the needs of the growing sustainable communities. The aim of the current research is to analyse affordability as a mediator in the relationship between economic, social and environmental factors towards the need for home ownership among civil servants in Klang Valley. Path Analysis and Boostrapping through Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) are used to see the relationship and influence between sustainability and affordability variables. There is a significant relationship between all elements of affordability with economic, social and environmental factors. Mediation effect (mediator) for the element of affordability that is tested in the construct relationship between economic, social and environmental factors on the need for home ownership. Finally, this study succeeded in forming a sustainable affordable structural model in home ownership.

Low-energy buildings have a major role to play in achieving carbon emission reduction targets. The Passivhaus standard is driven by improved thermal comfort and has stringent targets for limiting energy consumption. Such constraints can be difficult to achieve with aesthetically pleasing results. In early stage building design, decisions are often made based on preferences, without assessing their impact on energy performance. Multi-criteria decision-making provides a technique of evaluating competing criteria using a robust framework. However, existing research in building performance focusses on quantitative measures, leaving a research gap in the subjective area of design preferences. This paper applies a modelling technique that incorporates user preferences, alongside quantitative building performance measures, by applying multi-criteria decision-making to a Passivhaus case study. Potential building forms are evaluated using dynamic simulation, then the impact of stakeholder pr...

The significance of sustainability in the housing sector is essentially demanded nowadays, driven by the global emphasis on sustainable development and urgent environmental challenges. It emphasizes the need for innovative strategies to enhance resource efficiency and mitigate negative environmental impacts during construction. Achieving sustainability requires incorporating environmental design principles and ecofriendly building materials, necessitating comprehensive considerations in urban planning and design. This involves promoting sustainable public transportation, communities, facilities, and green spaces. The aim of this study is to convert non-sustainable houses into sustainable ones; aiming to support Iraqis seeking housing that meets international sustainability standards. It also aims to assist the Iraqi government in fulfilling its commitments under the Paris Agreement and improve the quality of life for Karbala's residents. The primary objective is to design a house that balances environmental, economic, and social factors, adhering to international environmental standards and sustainable development requirements. This involves utilizing sustainable techniques like renewable energy and eco-friendly materials. The project adopts a comprehensive approach that accounts for the various dimensions of sustainability during the design process.

There are prevalent cases of vandalism on the national grid which usually throws Akwa Ibom State and Nigeria into darkness due to power outages. Transmission Company of Nigeria (TCN) is facing serious challenges of vandalism on electricity facilities across the country as it affects power supply, a situation that has become a social problem affecting both the rich and the poor. This study was conducted to examine the cause of power outage in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. Participants were selected using multiple sampling techniques; this includes purposive, snowball and simple sampling techniques. Primary data were collected through interview and participant observation. Secondary data were collected from extant literature to make it more scientific. The study recommends that the government should provide a security network that would protect electricity facilities across the state. Government should prosecute any vandal caught sabotaging electricity facilities in the state.

There are prevalent cases of vandalism on the national grid which usually throws Akwa Ibom State and Nigeria into darkness due to power outages. Transmission Company of Nigeria (TCN) is facing serious challenges of vandalism on electricity facilities across the country as it affects power supply, a situation that has become a social problem affecting both the rich and the poor. This study was conducted to examine the cause of power outage in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. Participants were selected using multiple sampling techniques; this includes purposive, snowball and simple sampling techniques. Primary data were collected through interview and participant observation. Secondary data were collected from extant literature to make it more scientific. The study recommends that the government should provide a security network that would protect electricity facilities across the state. Government should prosecute any vandal caught sabotaging electricity facilities in the state.