Sustainable Design and Architecture

Awareness of the devastating impact of fossil energy sources and their resource limitations in the coming decades has prompted all human societies to seek alternative renewable sources. Iran has an average of 2,900 hours of sunshine per square meter of flat land area that can convert between 3.4 to 7.5 kWh of solar energy into electricity or hot water. The awareness and acceleration of this process are quite clear and symbolic. On campus, based on several important criteria, such as proximity to the grid or substation, accessibility and monitoring, proper slope, non-shading, and inadequate landscape, the feasibility of small-scale power plants can be examined so that Meet 5 to 10% of the needs of buildings adjacent to the solar plant. Land selection on campus has a decisive role in increasing solar radiation absorption and power generation and reducing network loss, overcrowding, inadequate slope, and air pollution. The AHP Analysis Hierarchy Process approach is used to analyze the ...

Today, the world suffers from rapid climate change such as; high temperatures, Cooling Loads, and less thermal comfort in Buildings that affect the energy efficiency of buildings and the health of citizens. The problem is increasing cooling load values in buildings and energy consumption during the summer season to make thermal comfort in Spaces. The research discussed two parts of theoretical studies on the importance of using retrofitting techniques that are considered suitable solutions in buildings to reduce energy consumption. Therefore, the research aims to use retrofitting techniques to improve and reduce cooling loads and develop proposals for possible solutions to achieve energy efficiency through the second part of using the simulation program to reach the appropriate results to reduce the energy consumption of cooling loads. It is applied by selecting a project of an existing residential building in Egypt and using a simulation program such as; Design Builder in three Phases that can be compared with the base case with three cases through various techniques and parameters of suitable materials to study and calculate cooling load from the high value to low value. The simulation result shows the maximum cooling load value of 4.53 KWh/m 2 in the Base case without any insulation materials or retrofitting techniques, therefore retrofitting techniques were used to reach a minimum cooling load of 2.56 KWh/m 2 in the third case. So the best result is the third case of minimum cooling loads that achieves energy efficiency to make existing buildings sustainable.

In Bandiagara, Mali, extreme heat, humidity, lack of modern amenities, and low literacy rates present significant challenges in building design. Designing a school aims to provide access to quality education, foster community development, and promote sustainable building practices to empower the local community through job creation and the use of local resources. To address these concerns, this study focuses on an early-stage school model to determine the optimal window-to-wall ratio (WWR), rotation, and aspect ratio of the building. The analysis process includes three steps: (1) determining the input values based on ASHRAE 90.1 2019; (2) analyzing

Sustainability in building construction is now a major priority as it has various advantages. The global trend is moving towards sustainability and hence sustainable building construction has prime importance in the construction industry. Due to huge urbanization activities a lot of environmental issues are originating. Building construction using sustainable materials will lead to a reduction in pollution and also improve the existing situation of environmental problems. This paper discusses the use of recycled design products in the

The leading global challenge is achieving the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) for a more sustainable and inclusive world by 2030. Architecture may sufficiently contribute to this. In particular, buildings and open spaces that respond to citizens' evolving needs, even in extreme conditions,lead to higher social resilience. Therefore, the efficient management of these issues enforcessustainable growth for the benefit of all stakeholders and should be a target. Based on experts' perspectives in Greece, the present study examines the impact of buildings and open spaces on social resilience. A hybrid focus group discussion was conducted, with half of the participants meeting in a classroom and the other half joining via Zoom. Ten (10) experts from diverse and relevant to the examined issue fields, each with extensive experience, engaged in in-depth discussion. The study's main findings highlighted the importance of architecture and its contribution to sustainable development. Well-designed buildings and open spaces that effectively meet citizens' needs in regular and challenging conditions are essential for enhancing well-being, fostering social interaction, and building resilience. Renewing old buildings and industrial areas may offer valuable services to local communities. A more holistic and proactive approach with the participation and collaboration of all stakeholders should be applied to manage crises better. It is essential to consider the needs of minorities in the design and use of infrastructure.The study is limited as it focuses solely on Greek participants, which introduces bias in their perceptions and may not represent a broader perspective.

The Australian volume housebuilding industry has been reluctant to adopt more sustainable or innovative alternatives to well-established construction methods such as brick veneer (Dalton 2013:14). Furthermore, new dwellings have, on average, increased in size, instead of being designed to make more intelligent and effective use of space and resources (ABS 2010; Clune 2012). To date, architects and academic researchers have had little influence in this market, and instead focussed on cost-certainty with limited scope for experimentation and innovation (Dalton 2013:30&59). In order to overcome such barriers, the LP13 project was set up as a collaboration between the Applied Design Research Lab at the University of Sydney and the Industry Partner, who is a manufacturer and supplier of Structural Insulated Panels (SIPs) for large housebuilders. The project attempts to integrate a SIP system into a quality, sustainable and affordable prototype prefabricated house that would challenge con...

The average consumption of raw water in Tarasht power plant is 2800 m 3 /day, which is considerable, and therefore it is necessary to provide effective solutions in order to improve the consumption pattern and prevent water wastage. After technical investigations, effective solutions such as recirculation of clean drains of boilers, drains of resin filters backwash, purification and recirculation of cooling tower drains, etc. were studied. Considering the volume and quality of the produced effluent of the power plant, the solution of recirculating clean drains was chosen as the most effective method. Among the various implementation methods of clean drain recycling, two methods of fountain pool and heat exchanger were investigated as two more effective technical and economic methods. Economic studies showed that for the provision of equipment and the implementation of 8 m 3 /h recycling solution of boiler blowdown, it is necessary to spend 1,070,000,000 Tomans for the fountain pool method and 1,425,630,000 Tomans for the heat exchanger method, that the fountain pool method needs about 25% less cost. Also, recirculation of boiler sludge (200 m 3 /day) to the raw water with the fountain method (functional efficiency 75%) leads to a 5.3% reduction in water consumption and the use of the heat exchanger method (functional efficiency 95%) leads to a reduction of about 6.8% of input raw water. In addition to the economic results, technical studies showed that the fountain pool method has more advantages than other methods of recirculating boilers due to the simplicity of operation, the possibility of removing iron and hydrazine.

Devenue en quelques décennies un enjeu légitime, la gestion de l’environnement mobilise désormais un ensemble conséquent d’institutions, de bu gets, de programmes, d’instruments de connaissances et d’interventions. Un vaste effor t analytique et conceptuel a été déployé pour rendre compte de ce phénomène, notamment du cô té de la sociologie de l’action publique et des sciences politiques : études des pr ocessus de construction des problèmes, dynamique d’élaboration et de mise en œuvre des ins truments d’action publique , jeu complexe des logiques conflictuelles et coopérative s – participatives . Cette gestion s’inscrit largement dans des réseaux m lti-scalaires associant de multiples acteurs aux objectifs souvent hétérogènes. Mais ell e s déploie pour l’essentiel à l’échelon territorial, dans les classiques divisions administ ratives comme au sein de plus récentes circonscriptions écologiques. C’est là que s’opère un travail continu, situé, complexe et peutêtre encore insuffisammen...

To build a sustainable building, we need to assess a range of sustainability aspects and design them correctly, which is why building performance simulation (BPS) at an early stage of project development is critical and relevant for many professionals. This paper presents an extended analysis
of the monitoring results of the first single-family Passive House (LT-PH3) in Vilnius, Lithuania, certified by the German Passive House Institute in 2015 for 2016–2020. It was based on measured data on heat pump electricity consumption and outdoor and indoor air temperature. This  study evaluated the seasonal performance (SCOP) of the heat pump using the Passive House Design Package 8.5 (PHPP 8.5) and Aquarea Designer Online Simulation Software Tool 2013 (Aquarea 2013) and compared the performance of the building with the PHPP 8.5 designed in 2013 and Swegon ESBO Light 2.4.0.3 (Swegon 2.4.0.3), Aquarea 2013, and the results obtained using the Lithuanian National Building Energy Performance Certification Programme NRGsert edition 3 (NRGsert 3).
The analysis showed that the heat consumption of the building modelled during the design process is close to the operational heat consumption, which increases the confidence in the BPS modelling software, the modelling process itself, and the results.

Bu calismada, Turkiye’nin farkli iklim bolgeleri ve rakimlarda bulunan illerde(Erzurum ve Antalya) insa edilen ideal binalar Cevre ve Şehircilik Bakanligi tarafindan gelistirilen BEP-TR (Bina Enerji Performansi) Programi ile binalarin enerji kimlik belgesi ve enerji performans degeri acilarindan degerlendirilmistir. BEP-TR Programi'na bina geometrisi, mekanik, aydinlatma, isitma, ve havalandirma teknik degerleri gibi binalara ait proje verileri girilmistir. Bu veriler isiginda binanin isitilmasi ve sogutulmasi icin ihtiyac duyulan net enerji miktari, binada gunisiginin etkileri ve gunisigindan yararlanilmayan sure goz onunde bulundurularak aydinlatma icin gereken enerji ihtiyaci ve tuketimi hesaplanmistir. Ayrica, binaya ait sera gazi emisyonu da tespit edilmistir. Binalarin enerji performans degeri Erzurum icin C, Antalya icin ise D sinifi olarak tespit edilmistir.

Historic dwellings in the UK make up 20% of all homes and are amongst the most poorly performing part of the English housing stock in energy use terms, with the lowest SAP rating and highest average annual CO 2 emissions. The degree to which proposals to retrofit the UK housing stock can reduce emissions depends on current energy use and CO 2 emissions. Current methodology relies on national aggregated statistics to provide average energy use data; historic buildings as a subset cannot be segregated. In order to assess realistic carbon reduction potential it is vital that performance of historic dwellings is established from disaggregated data sources or with validated and stakeholder accepted models that can accurately prescribe energy use in an affordable, easy to use and transparent manner. This research attempts to begin such orthodoxy.

Based on scientific evidence, addiction is a recognized disease that primarily damages the human brain and disrupts its communication
system. This disease is considered a mental disorder due to the individual's departure from normal states and lack of control. Today, the
architecture of most residential camps is not compatible with the mental and psychological conditions of patients, and these centers
generally have a change of use, meaning that the physical space of the camp belonged to a space with another use in the past. The
architectural and specific design of addiction residential camps, considering the mental and psychological states of addicted patients and
establishing a link between addiction psychology and environmental psychology, can increase the motivation for quitting in addicts.
Attention to the characteristics of light, form, color, ventilation, visual appeal, and view in camp spaces plays a significant role in creating
motivation in addicts and improving their conditions. Previous researchers have focused more on the superficial and physical concepts and
aspects of addiction treatment; therefore, it can be claimed that this article is the first time to establish a connection between addiction
psychology and environmental psychology and the use of architectural creativity in the design of camp spaces. This research also aims to
change the approach to the architectural design of camps based on the establishment of a link between addiction psychology and
environmental and human psychology. The type of research is qualitative, and its data collection is based on library-field studies
(questionnaire) and interviews with experts and camp survivors. The results show that harmony between addiction psychology and the
environment in the architectural design of addiction treatment camps can create creative and innovative spaces that improve the quality of
treatment spaces and motivate patients in the path of quitting and treatment.

Providing suitable housing for low-income groups, particularly the homeless, is a major challenge for governments. The housing crisis and lack of sufficient shelter, especially during cold seasons, lead to numerous social and humanitarian consequences. Prefabricated homes have gained attention as an effective and sustainable solution due to their rapid construction, lower costs, and use of recycled and local materials. However, many of these housing options do not align with the psychological and social needs of the homeless. This study focuses on sustainable architecture to explore the structural, psychological, and social impacts of prefabricated housing. The aim is to provide solutions for designing housing that, in addition to meeting basic needs, aligns with the psychological and social characteristics of homeless individuals. Considering factors such as lighting, form, color, ventilation, and visual appeal in these homes can improve living conditions and enhance a sense of security. This paper adopts an innovative approach to examine the relationship between environmental psychology and architectural creativity in designing prefabricated housing. This research was conducted qualitatively, with data collected through literature reviews, questionnaires, and interviews. The results indicate that architectural design tailored to the psychological and social needs of the homeless can improve the quality of residential spaces and enhance their mental and social well-being.

Environmental sustainability adopts the protection of natural resources and creating a liveable living space for future generations. In the world where resources are limited and rapidly depleted, the concepts of recycling and waste management are on the agenda with the increasing damage caused by waste to the environment. Within the scope of environmental sustainability, there are various studies and initiatives aiming to reduce the amount of waste and to dispose of it without harming nature. At this point, waste museums play an important role in promoting recycling with the effective management of waste. In addition, waste museums have a critical importance not only for the recycling of waste, but also for raising environmental awareness and promoting the principles of sustainability. In this study, which aims to raise awareness about waste museums that emphasise the creative potential of reuse and recycling by drawing attention to waste production and consumption habits, a case study, one of the qualitative research designs, was conducted. In the study, a literature review on environmental sustainability, waste management and waste museums were conducted. Then, a field study was conducted at the Museum of Transformation in Samsun through observations and interviews. As a result of the data obtained from the field study, it was seen that the museum offers visitors the opportunity to visually experience the effects of recycling and waste management.

The aim of this paper is to present an evolution method to prioritize and select appropriate shrimp culture sites in south coasts of Iran based on their vulnerability to flood damage. The Analytic Network Process (ANP) was applied to this problem. Analytic Network Process (ANP), is a mathematical extension of the AHP theory based on the super matrix approach. This method is a flexible analytical approach that enables decision makers to find the best possible solutions to complex problems by breaking down a problem into a systematic network of the various levels and attributes. One of the major advantages of this method is that it considers the interrelations between different levels of decision as well as the interconnection of the decisions in one level. Accordingly in this study the vulnerability of the sites to flood damage is analyzed based on the different flood attributes along with the relative significance of those factors. This is being override in conventional decision mak...

World's energy demand is growing rapidly because of population explosion and technological advancements. At present, fossil fuels supply a major part of the energy demand in the world. Negative effects resulting from the use of fossil fuels and also depletion of reserves of fossil fuels, which have forced countries to use renewable energies, particularly solar energy in order to meet a substantial part of the energy demands and reduce the production of carbon dioxide (CO 2). Solar energy can be used in the majority of countries around the world, but in countries such as Iran, the potential of solar energy is very high. Nowadays, solar energy application range including household power supply, sewage treatment, energy supply for heating and cooling of residential and commercial buildings, energy for drying agricultural crops, energy supply for irrigation agricultural crops, producing electricity for salinity removal, space application and also use of solar energy in other applications. In 2015, solar energy utilization in order to electricity production is growing more than other renewable energy sources worldwide and it is expected that solar energy due to the increased energy efficiency of these technologies and also favorable policies in many countries, can provide about 70% of global energy needs by 2100. Development solar power, mainly due to lower cost of solar systems as well as favorable policies and incentives of governments in many countries. Despite the many benefits of using solar energy, there are still significant barriers, including high cost of solar technologies and also low efficiency of solar energy systems, which have slowed the widespread use of these technologies.

Due to high energy consumption by building and a resultant increasing cost, it is imperative that a solution be sought after with the aim of achieving low energy housing delivery. This study aimed at assessing the availability, knowledge and importance of low impact building materials in the delivery of low energy housing. Low impact materials suitable for low energy housing delivery and how they are locally obtained in the study areas were identified, occupants' preference in the selection of low impact construction material for housing delivery were examined and the application of low impact material for low energy housing delivery in the study area were determined. The research focused mainly on three states in north central Nigeria namely; Niger, Kogi and FCT Abuja. Quantitative research method was used and weighted mean of responses were ranked in an ordinal manner from 236 respondents. The respondents were not aware of low impact materials as they were only aware and accustomed to using sandcrete blocks and burnt clay bricks. The outcome of the correlation established that the most preferred building material is the sandcrete block, showing a positive relationship with durability and structural performance as the influencers.

Windows are the eyes of a building which relate the outside world with the inside. It arranges and governs the light and thus sets the atmosphere of the interior. It regulates the winds and thus helps to ameliorate the human comfort inside for the occupants. Further windows frame a beautiful view outside and create a moving picturesque portrait which can act as a backdrop to our daily activities. It is often framed and spanned with glass mounted to regulate light and wind. There are many different types of windows which have been evolved worldwide .The configuration of the window ,composition ,image making quality depends upon many factors including the climate, society ,materials ,construction techniques, religious beliefs e.t.c.The different attributes of windows help to give a desired character of building .The paper tries to explore window as an element of architecture by taking interesting architectural examples which are modern as well as vernacular.

Thermal refurbishment and retrofitting building envelopes with passive measures such as the optimisation of opaque and transparent fabric performance may play a key role in reducing cooling and heating load and promoting building energy efficiency. Furthermore, to reduce the embodied carbon impact of the building, the refurbishment measures need to consider the use of low-carbon building materials. This paper investigates ways to thermally future-proof typical Libyan houses using biobased materials. Several typical Libyan houses were monitored for one year to investigate the heating and cooling energy use and to thermally retrofit the building envelope. A digital twin was created in the DesignBuilder software using the real building data of one building for digital model calibration. Finally, multi-objective optimisation was carried out with low-impact biobased materials for insulation, including camel hair, sheep wool, and date palm fibre as well as using other optimisation variables such as shading and glazing types. The study reveals that thermally upgrading the building roof and wall with insulation materials and upgrading the windows with energy-efficient glazing and local shadings can achieve a reduction in cooling load from 53.51 kWh/m2/y to 40.8 kWh/m2/y. Furthermore, the heating load reduces from 19.4 kW/m2/y to 15 kW/m2/y without compromising the standard annual discomfort hours.

In the realm of alternative heating methods, outdoor wood boilers have gained attention for their efficiency and environmentally friendly nature. These unique heating systems offer a compelling option for those seeking to reduce reliance on fossil fuels and lower heating costs. In this article, we delve into the workings of outdoor wood boilers, their advantages, and important considerations for prospective users. 01F 33C What is an Outdoor Wood Boiler? An outdoor wood boiler, also known as an outdoor wood furnace or hydronic heater, is a standalone unit designed to heat water that is then circulated to provide warmth to a building or other structures. Unlike indoor wood stoves or furnaces, outdoor wood boilers are located outside the home or building they are heating.

In the present time, scrupulous use of energy is a challenge for the world population. The natural resources of energy are depleting day by day and the present resources seem inadequate to fulfil the need of human beings in future. Global warming and depletion of fossil fuels pose the dual crisis for sustainability. The building sector, being a major consumer of energy necessitates a critical scrutiny on this aspect. The techniques used for cooling, heating and ventilation of the buildings in the past were more harmonious with the nature. Use of locally available resources for design of historical buildings was energy efficient. The passive cooling in historical buildings provides a source of inspiration for sustainable development in contemporary world. In this paper, the author has examined various passive cooling techniques and locally available resources used in Mughal buildings in North India. The design elements of these buildings have evaluated on the basis of their suitabili...

The expanding manner in which humans are exploiting environmental resources has brought about numerous problems. The energy embodied during the production of materials for construction are responsible to the emission of greenhouse gasses that are directly responsible for climate change, acid rain and other associated impacts such as land degradation, depletion of natural resources, change in land use among others. Determining the embodied energy and carbon emissions emanating from building Demolition Debris associated with road construction in Gombe, Nigeria with a view to advising the authorities on its environmental ramifications is the thrust of this study and it was conducted in Gombe State in NorthEastern Nigeria. Both qualitative and quantitative research design method were employed to obtain data from 23.37Km network of 13 roads. Results revealed that huge amount of energy and carbon were generated with a total of 228,065,635.86MJ embodied energy in the materials was generated with 7.11%, 83.09% and 9.80% from concrete, sandcrete and Mud/Clay respectively. Also, for carbon emission a total of 19,226,703.50MJ was estimated to be emitted with 9.50%, 84.48% and 6.02% from concrete, sandcrete and Mud/Clay respectively. These numbers as high as they are, speak volume where effective management of resources and efficient use of energy is sought. As such, energy intensive material production and construction have heavy costs, both financially and environmentally. It is recommended that relevant stakeholders should device means of using energy efficiently in materials production and construction using appropriate technology.

This study investigates the impact of energy efficiency measures installed through the Carbon Emission Reduction Target (CERT) and the Community Energy Saving Programme (CESP) on domestic gas and total energy consumptions. The recently released National Energy Efficiency Data-Framework (NEED) database is used to examine the changes in domestic gas and total energy consumptions for the dwellings in the sample relative to the changes in gas and total energy consumptions for a comparable control group in the year after installation. The results obtained from this difference-indifference analysis confirm that observed energy consumption decreases significantly in dwellings following upgrades such as cavity wall insulation, loft insulation and a new efficient boiler. The single most effective energy efficiency measure when installed alone is found to be cavity wall insulation, reducing annual gas consumption by 10.5 % and annual total energy consumption by 8.0 % in the year following installation. Comparing bundles of different energy efficiency measures, we find that dwellings retrofitted with both cavity wall insulation and a new efficient boiler experience the largest reductions in annual gas and total energy consumptions of 13.3 and 13.5 %, respectively. This is followed by a mean annual reduction of 11.9 and 10.5 % in gas and total energy consumptions for dwellings with all three energy efficiency measures installed in the same year. Contrary to expectations, installing cavity wall insulation on its own is found to be more effective in reducing measured energy consumption than combining loft insulation and a new efficient boiler.

This paper presents a general methodology of optimizing the energy performance of a photovoltaic panel in five different cities in Morocco, by varying its slope and azimuth. A domestic wind turbine is also studied in Casablanca. For the same capacity, simulations in TRNSYS software prove that photovoltaic panels have a better yield than the domestic wind turbines. These wind generators can be coupled with the photovoltaic system in order to lessen the intermittence of the photovoltaic production at night and during short cloudy days.

Dieser Katalog enthält architektonische Lösungen für die Sanierung von ukrainischen Schulen, die in der Sowjetzeit gebaut und durch den russischen Angriffskrieg nach dem 24. Februar 2022 zerstört wurden.

Der Schwerpunkt der Publikation liegt auf der Analyse internationaler Erfahrungen und der Suche nach energieeffizienten und ressourcenschonenden Lösungen. Weitere Themen sind die Anpassung der sowjetischen Planung an neue Bildungsbedürfnisse, Inklusion, Identität, traditionelle Techniken und Materialien.

The presented research aims to advance green energy consumption by integration of energy conversion schemes into buildings, as an inherent part of architectural construction. Realization of such tasks implies variation and adjustment of external shapes of buildings. Particular solutions depend on the chosen types of renewable energy sources, geographic location, and environmental conditions. The novelty of suggested solutions is based on the principle of preliminary crowding of solar radiation, but against known analogs concentration of light by mirrors here used not for achieving of high amplitudes, but for diurnal equalization of an energy conversion process. Autodesk software products have been used for adjustment of conceptual schemes, including the models of buildings shaped as right circular, or elliptic, cylindrical reflectors. The basic evaluation carried out for the North Temperate Zone. Obtained results confirm that integration of local energy converters and appropriate modification of external shapes of buildings is more flexible and efficient than the application of centralized solar plants, because of their inexpensiveness and harmonization of beauty and energy efficiency. Application of static self-regulation of illuminance provides a high level of reliability and simplicity in exploitation. Suggested principle provides stepwise promotion of sustainability because it implies not only a passive economy of energy dissipation but also the equipment of architectural objects with inherent modules for active generation of renewable energy. Further development of such energy sourcing schemes is related also with the advancement of general safety (lowering of hazardous voltage) by the transition from common Electrical grid to adaptive local systems.

In this study, ideal buildings located in different climate regions and different altitudes of Turkey (Erzurum and Antalya) have been investigated in terms of energy identity certificate and energy performance value by using BEP-TR software (Building Energy Performance) developed by Ministry of Environment and Urbanization. In this context, the project data of the buildings (building geometry, mechanical, lighting, heating and ventilation technical values) have been entered into the BEP-TR program. In the light of these data, the amount of net energy required for heating & cooling of the building, the energy requirement for lighting of the building by taking into account the effect of daylight on the building, and consumption of lighting for the areas where the daylight is not utilized have been calculated. The emissions of greenhouse gas from the building have also been determined. The energy performance of the buildings was determined as Class C for Erzurum and Class D for Antalya.

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The presented research aims to advance green energy consumption by integration of energy conversion schemes into buildings, as an inherent part of architectural construction. Realization of such tasks implies variation and adjustment of external shapes of buildings. Particular solutions depend on the chosen types of renewable energy sources, geographic location, and environmental conditions. The novelty of suggested solutions is based on the principle of preliminary crowding of solar radiation, but against known analogs concentration of light by mirrors here used not for achieving of high amplitudes, but for diurnal equalization of an energy conversion process. Autodesk software products have been used for adjustment of conceptual schemes, including the models of buildings shaped as right circular, or elliptic, cylindrical reflectors. The basic evaluation carried out for the North Temperate Zone. Obtained results confirm that integration of local energy converters and appropriate modification of external shapes of buildings is more flexible and efficient than the application of centralized solar plants, because of their inexpensiveness and harmonization of beauty and energy efficiency. Application of static self-regulation of illuminance provides a high level of reliability and simplicity in exploitation. Suggested principle provides stepwise promotion of sustainability because it implies not only a passive economy of energy dissipation but also the equipment of architectural objects with inherent modules for active generation of renewable energy. Further development of such energy sourcing schemes is related also with the advancement of general safety (lowering of hazardous voltage) by the transition from common Electrical grid to adaptive local systems.

Sandcrete blocks comprise of natural sand, water and binder. Cement, as a binder, is the most expensive input in to the production of sandcrete blocks. This has necessitated producers of sandcrete blocks to produce blocks with low OPC content that will be affordable to people and with much gain. The poverty level amongst West African Countries and particularly Nigerian has made these blocks widely acceptable among the populace so as to minimize the cost of construction works. Despite the cost benefit of sandcrete cost, the improper use of these blocks leads to microcracks on the walls after construction and this result to incessant collapse of buildings which has turned out to be a worrisome problem facing the construction industry in Nigeria. The main aim of this research is to evaluate how sandcrete blocks and bricks are produced for use in Nigeria, the laws and regulations guiding their production and the prospects and challenges facing the block production industry in Nigeria. A case study survey of about 15 block production factories was conducted to find out how block manufacturers produce sandcrete blocks and bricks for use in Nigeria. Three types of investigations, namely field survey (participant observation), literature review and interviews were carried out. This study found several factors are responsible for the collapse of buildings one of which is the use of poor quality of building materials such as blocks and bricks. It is therefore important to ensure that the production of this major masonry unit is not only standardized but regulated and adequately monitored to ensure quality.

This paper presents a general methodology of optimizing the energy performance of a photovoltaic panel in five different cities in Morocco, by varying its slope and azimuth. A domestic wind turbine is also studied in Casablanca. For the same capacity, simulations in TRNSYS software prove that photovoltaic panels have a better yield than the domestic wind turbines. These wind generators can be coupled with the photovoltaic system in order to lessen the intermittence of the photovoltaic production at night and during short cloudy days.

This paper presents a general methodology of optimizing the energy performance of a photovoltaic panel in five different cities in Morocco, by varying its slope and azimuth. A domestic wind turbine is also studied in Casablanca. For the same capacity, simulations in TRNSYS software prove that photovoltaic panels have a better yield than the domestic wind turbines. These wind generators can be coupled with the photovoltaic system in order to lessen the intermittence of the photovoltaic production at night and during short cloudy days.

Several mosques in Banda Aceh city have
developed an artificial air conditioning system employing a
cooling unit in the form of an air conditioner in order to
create thermal comfort conditions for worshipers. The
mosque's initial plan called for it to be open, but its closure
was brought about by the adoption of this artificial air
conditioning system. This reveals a flaw in the building's
original design. Ideally, a climate-responsive bioclimatic
architectural design strategy can be used to ameliorate this
problem. One of the large mosques in Banda Aceh city that
still use a natural cooling system is Baitul Musyahadah
mosque. This study was done to find out suitability of the
bioclimatic architectural design concept and the
achievement of thermal comfort in the interior area Baitul
Musyahadah Mosque. Data for this study were gathered
through observation and interviews, using qualitative
methodologies. The findings indicated that the majority of
attendees believed the mosque's interior area to be warm
and expected more air conditioning amenities. The results
of the questionnaire on thermal comfort perception are
generally consistent with the measurement results, which
were based on the air temperature conditions in the mosque
at the time it was not deemed to be at its most comfortable,
but fell into the warm or hot comfortable category.

The concept of physical accessibility refers to the availability, capability, comfort, convenience of transportation processes considering different urban obstacles / barriers and costs. In this context, there are many approaches for the measurement and evaluation of physical accessibility in the literature which are used extensively as a decision support especially in transportation, geography and city and regional planning related disciplines. Although there are large number of modelling approaches on physical accessibility modelling in macro scales (such as national, regional, city and town scales), the research on physical accessibility modelling, in micro scales (such as street, human, neighbourhood scales), which could

Incidents of massive floods have been a common event throughout history and Bangladesh being geographically placed over major rivers and the monsoon seasons makes it the most flood prone state in the world. An average of 35 percent land remains submerged here and 4.7 million lives are directly effected in each massive flood event. The Sunamganj region has a well-documented tussle with Flood and hence its Chhatak region has been the author's selection for the relief study. In this study, the author's extrapolated data from existing project and have constructed a quick relief rescue vessel which would aid in swift navigation and salvage during Flood events. The particulars were calculated using both physical formulae and adjusted using simulation software and checked using stability software such as MaxSurf and Rhinoceros for accurate reading. AutoCAD software was the key presenter of the generated drawings and data ; and its layout module also aided in generation of the Rehabilitation center. The Rehabilitation center would act as both economic front during regular seasons and containment structure during extreme flood seasons & events. The authors also presented a conceptualized economic module of the research that would certainly aid in sustainability and attraction towards the subject matter. The Authors aim was to generate a relevant research field and support the studies through accurate data, which would further propagate attention towards the field.

Nowadays, location surveys are very common in industrial development for all power plants. In these studies, different criteria are taken into account to select the best place to build a power plant. In the present research, in the first stage, a variety of power plants and their mode of operation were investigated. Then, in the next step, the effective parameters in the activity of the power plant, its location and its performance were determined and divided into three categories of environmental, technical, socioeconomic and environmental constraints. In general, all criteria and sub-criteria were expressed in relation to the location of different types of power plants (heater, gas, combined cycle, nuclear, hydroelectric, pumped storage, waves, tidal, wind, solar, geothermal, biomass, diesel and magneto-hydrodynamics). Finally, by specifying such criteria as: energy source of power plants, usability and availability of resources, costs, desirable or unfavorable effects on the human environment, and power generation capabilities, a summary of the characteristics of a power plant was identified.

The growing global population and the need for environmental sustainability has necessitated continuous research efforts on the suitability of the use of agricultural and industrial waste materials in building construction. This research investigated the effect of palm fibre on the density and compressive strength of compressed cement-stabilized earth blocks. Cement was used to stabilize lateritic soil at 10% by weight of laterite while palm fibre was varied from 0%-1.5% by weight of laterite in the mix. The blocks produced were cured for 28 days after which their densities and compressive strengths were evaluated. It was observed that the addition of palm fibre to the matrix led to a reduction in the density and compressive strength of the blocks produced. However, the average compressive strength of the blocks met the requirements for lateritic blocks as specified by the Nigeria Building and Road Research Institute. An optimum of 0.5% palm fibre with 10% cement is recommended for the production of load-bearing compressed stabilized earth blocks.

Le debut des annees 2010 marquait un tournant dans les reflexions, rencontres et publications du reseau Ramau. A cette periode, un nouveau programme scientifique s’ouvre autour du developpement durable et de ses effets sur les pratiques professionnelles. Il donne lieu a quatre rencontres et autant de publications entre 2012 et 2017. Le present article fonde sur une discussion interdisciplinaire poursuit un double objectif. Le premier propose un regard retrospectif et analytique sur la maniere dont le developpement durable a marque les reflexions du reseau Ramau, de sa creation a 2011 (Partie 1), puis au fil des quatre moments qui lui sont consacres (Partie 2). Au-dela des publications Ramau, le second objectif vise a reveler les regards des auteurs sur les processus d’integration du developpement durable dans les pratiques de la fabrique urbaine, en France. Les echanges engages se completent autant qu’ils dessinent et assument des points de vue differents, tant sur le reseau Ramau q...

This research appraises the possibility of using bricks as an alternative to sandcrete block towards solving the housing problem of the lower income group in Nigeria. The study adopted the survey method through interview and questionnaires. The simple random sampling approach was used and the sample size of the study was purposively put at 200. A total of 182 were returned and used for analysis. This represents 91% response rate which is very good for this kind of research. The identified perception of how respondents place value on properties and the advantages of bricks were ranked using relative importance index. The study found out that majority of the people in the study area is in the low income group and has never stayed in houses made of bricks. Although the rating of bricks construction was very high, the study found out that its usage in their locality was very poor. It was further revealed that security and condition of the area (0.913), architectural design (0.907) and quality of finishing (0.874) ranked high on the factors that affects the value they placed on property. The study also revealed that durability (0.892), natural material (0.873), promotion of local material (0.869) cost advantage (0.780), easy to recycle (0.766), health benefits (0.770) and others are among the numerous benefits offered by compressed clay bricks. The study

The purpose of the research is to explore cultural diversity in design consciousness in light of the Popperian world-view. An additional aim of the study is to describe issues pertaining to cross-language design research. The paper focuses on the following question: What do Finnish and French users know about designer products and designers, designing and design, and design brands in the national and international context? The findings provide a number of insights into the essence of design consciousness and how design consciousness evolves in different social and cultural contexts. The study suggests that while design consciousness can be explored within a specific group, multicultural research – in particular across linguistic boundaries – is essential if we are to understand the phenomenon as a whole.

The main purpose in this research is recognition of dimensions of sustainable architecture. Today, one of the most necessary complicated and delicate specifications of architecture that architects face with is the issue of stability in various types of its comments and interpretations. The issue of sustainability is interpretable and general from many aspects. Therefore, it is necessary to recognize the qualified of this adjective (architecture and its related categories). In the record of bringing this discussion up, we face with titles such as Green architecture, Sustainable development, etc. But the purpose of this article is the study of the nature and recognizing the circumstances and essence of sustainability in all fields that architecture involves in. The innovation of this study is attentive to creating the recognition and feeling the fact of dimensions of sustainability that is studied in procedure of library research, a case sample, and proposal of common but insufficient ideas related to this discussion. This article is devoted to 3 point of views including main environmental, cultural (value), and technical, and it tries to take the proposed topics under the subjection of this 3 factors in an orderly way (presenting a modern pattern) and the minor factors are studied under the subjection of these 3 main factors.

Ignoring sustainable development leads on to destruction of the environment and humankind. This thought in third world is copied from developed countries, without preserving the collective identity in the community in which historical and cultural approaches are one of the main heritages. The identity crises are to some extent caused by architect's actions, since they consider the environment more important than cultural and social issues. Sustainable development looks at architecture with modernistic approach. Sustainable Architecture and urban designing are not a common-international concept of communities, cultures and people of every community. Beside scientific and new global experiences, we should define sustainability with decent comprehension of history, culture, climate and main infrastructures. Sustainable architecture has a postmodernist point of view about objects and never directs its attention to just one main global idea, ignoring the culture and environment, and never puts mechanic outlook on architecture or urban designing. Method of research in this paper is based on the description and analyses of sustainable architecture by using other literatures. This paper tries to show the process of sustainable development evolution and the viewpoint of sustainable architecture as well as sustainable development in order to decide whether this idea responds the crisis age needs.

Iran has great potential in utilizing solar energy. In order to maximize the amount of absorbed solar radiation to absorber surfaces, the surfaces should be installed at a suitable angle slope to the horizon that is discussed in this article. The calculations performed in this study was done using MATLAB software. In this study, radiation received on the ground in 31 provincial capitals of the country for 12 months of the year has been modeled. Then, the optimum tilt angle of absorbent surfaces with the maximum amount of radiation received on the surfaces of the absorber is estimated. Finally, after validating the results, using available software in the field of GIS, atlas map of optimum tilt angle with respect to the horizon for the installation of solar absorber surfaces and amount of absorbed solar radiation on surface mounted in the optimum tilt angle for Iran was presented for 12 months. It is observed that optimum tilt angle varies throughout the year between -10 to 62 degree...

This study explores the feasibility of solar Net Zero Energy Building (NZEB systems for a four typical family house in the climatic zone of the city of Kragujevac. The building uses electricity for lighting and electrical appliances. Electricity is produced by photovoltaic panels, which are connected to the grid for heating uses natural gas, while the solar panels used to heat hot water. The buildings are presented by a mathematical model, in EnergyPlus environment and Open Studio plug-in in Google SketchUp was used for building virtual design. Results show the calculation of net zero home. Net zero home produces all the energy through renewable energy, which spends for its own purposes.

As public buildings that are typically financed by charities, mosques are commonly designed, built, and operated using very limited resources. Hence, failure to design energy efficient mosques either affects occupants' thermal comfort or reorients the limited resources from other important activities to achieve that comfort. This paper documents part of an ongoing study to determine the best allocation of limited financial resources to reach the most feasible energy saving in mosques in the United Arab Emirates. At this stage of the study, energy modeling is used to compare the impact of using various energy efficiency strategies on the cooling load. The results show the importance of controlling infiltration. They also show the value of insulating the walls and roof. However, a significant reduction in cooling load is achieved by splitting the mosque into two zones of operation. A similar result is demonstrated by using fans along with the air conditioning set at a higher temperature.

Most arid countries have been trying to supplement their freshwater with treated wastewater and desalinated water. According to FAO [1] contribution of these two sources in overall water supply ranges from negligible to substantial (0.408% in Egypt to 52.6% in Kuwait). Increasing water availability by treating and reusing wastewater particularly for irrigation is a government policy in Oman, which suffers from serious shortage of water [2]. Greywater reuse reduces the amount of freshwater needed to supply a household and reduces the ...