Surveying and Mapping

Computer application had been a tremendous asset to a construction company since information technology raised rapidly in the era of digital. Computer provide a clean sweep in surveying field by doing design, running analysis, and compute result in a split second which also reduce possibilities of making mistake in the surveying calculation. For this project, Microsoft Office Excel 2003 and Microsoft Visual Basic 6.0 be applied to develop software to be used in engineering survey that named as 'Electronic Survey Solutions Version 2 (ESSol-V2)'. Engineering survey module for leveling, traverse booking, tacheometry, design of road curve (horizontal and vertical curves), omitted line computations and traverse by radiation is integrated in ESSol-V2 programming. The result is digital electronic forms where it can be used by surveyors to solve their engineering survey calculation. ESSol-V2 evolved from an older version of digital electronic forms of survey, accompanying the revolution in this program was an additional function of surveying which makes it to become more friendly yet powerful for surveying.

This article assessed the effectiveness of research project supervision in Tanzanian secondary schools from three northern Tanzanian regions: Kilimanjaro, Arusha, and Manyara. A mixed-methods approach was used, incorporating both qualitative and quantitative data collection techniques. Additionally, a cross-sectional survey design was employed to gather data at a single point in time. The sample size included 100 respondents: students (72) were chosen for the study via simple random sampling, and teachers (28) were chosen via purposive sampling techniques. Questionnaires and interviews were used to gather data. The findings revealed that schools teach students about research through geography subject mainly, and engaged them in the preparation and implementation of research projects with the help of teachers. On the other hand, teachers were well-versed in supervising students' research projects. Although the findings revealed that there were guidelines for the supervision of research projects in schools, teachers and students were unsure whether the authority over their development lay with the school, the Ministry of Education, or the Tanzania Institute of Education (TIE). The worst-case scenario appeared in the discrepancy between teachers' and students' understanding of what research projects contribute to students' continuous assessment. The study recommends that, in order to provide more knowledge and skills on research project supervision, the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology should provide clear guidelines and prioritize holding in-service seminars for teachers. This would keep teachers up to date as they carry out their duties for effective research project supervision.

Land use is an essential component for many areas, from water management to agriculture, from the fight against desertification to that against climate change. Detection changes in land cover allows a better understanding of the state and dynamics of natural resources and, to a certain extent, of their use. However, the legends used to describe land cover often have many inconsistencies and this limits their use and the sustainability of land cover monitoring efforts. The establishment of a common land cover classification system is one of the solutions identified to ensure consistency between maps prepared by different organizations. Also, with the establishment of aninternational standard for the development of land cover classification systems (ISO19144-2), it is possible to use a national reference system and derive legends from it of land use that are interoperable. This facilitates the use of the same card for differentobjectives, forestry or agricultural, as well as for the assessment of ecosystem functions, the assessment biodiversity, the carbon cycle and many others. Many land cover maps have been established for Libya, but, as in most countries, the legends were developed for very specific purposes, they are not interoperable and their use for the evaluation of temporal changes is greatly limited. The Government canestablish a national land cover classification system, which allows interoperability andan integration whether for local applications (for example that collected by the teams of field) and national.The objective of this document is to present the land cover reference system for Libya. The main aim of this reference system is to provide a common framework so that experts and land cover communities can generate their own legend and classesdepending on their objective in Libya. This land cover reference system is based on Land Cover Meta Language (LCML) - ISO based standards. The rules that characterize each node in LCML are controlled by a specific object-based rule that is fully documented and explained in the publication. This publication is the result of collaboration between the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Ministry of Water Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock, Libyan Centre for Remote Sensing and Space Science and University of Tripol

The dependency of ground water is rising day by day. The ground water gets recharged mainly through rainfall. Thirty five water samples were collected from Parambikulam Aliyar Palar basin from open wells, bore wells and dug cum bore wells and analysed for chemical properties such as pH, Electrical Conductivity, cations and anions for two years duration (2020 and 2021) at three months interval (summer, winter, southwest monsoon, northeast monsoon) and analysed for the quality parameters. T Electrical conductivity values were ranged from 0.3 to 5.19 dsm -1 , 0.29 to 6.80 dsm -1 0.3 to 6.84 dsm -1 and 0.64 to 4.17 dsm -1 during south west, north east, winter and summer seasons of 2020, respectively. The salt content was slightly increased during winter and summers seasons as compared to south west and north east. he samples were classified under USSL classification. Most of the samples come under medium salinity class (C2) (48.57%) followed by low salinity class (C1), high salinity class (C4) and very high salinity class (C3) with 28.57, 14.29 and 8.57 per cent respectively in all the seasons. Majority of the samples exhibit there is no permeability hazard. Salinity persists in the basin and possibility of salt accumulation in irrigation pipes observed from LSI values. Using remote sensing and GIS technique, the mapping was done for the groundwater quality of PAP basin. The variations in the ground water quality of the basin are directly positively correlated with rainfall pattern and geology of the basin. For effective utilization of saline water in the basin, management strategies were formulated and field experiments were conducted in the farmer's holdings in the sampling area of the basin.

The Recorrido Arqueológico de Coixtlahuaca (RAC) presents period-by-period settlement pattern maps for the valley of Coixtlahuaca in the northern Mixteca Alta. The RAC project made improvements in full-coverage survey methods. We identify limitations and suggest that similar projects in the future need to resolve several management and budget problems. The survey revealed two periods of heavy occupation, 700–300 BC and AD 1200–1520, separated by a long period of lower population. Archaeological and historical data indicate that during the AD 1200–1520 period, and probably earlier, small landholders organized in strong communities managed an intensive agroecosystem, investing in landesque capital. Urbanization was impressive, yet cities were aggregations of communities and barrios. Today local citizens pose questions about how the large prehispanic population could have organized and sustained itself; these questions coincide with anthropological interest in collective agency, proper...

This collective paper presented at the 44rd International Symposium of Excavation, Research and Archaeometry includes the second season results of the archaeological surveys, which is a part of the new period of researches initiated in Aspendos.

Groundwater is a critical resource for drinking and irrigation, yet its quality in rural areas such as Motipur block, Muzaffarpur (Bihar), remains poorly characterized. This study evaluated groundwater suitability by analyzing 40 samples from hand pumps and tube wells for key parameters, including pH, electrical conductivity (EC), bicarbonate (HCO₃⁻), chloride (Cl⁻), and total dissolved solids (TDS). Results revealed slightly alkaline conditions (pH 7.50-8.34, avg. 7.95), within WHO/BIS permissible limits. However, EC exceeded the BIS threshold (500 µS/cm), and 23 samples surpassed WHO bicarbonate standards (350 mg/L). Although most TDS values (300-1150 mg/L) complied with BIS limits (500 mg/L), chloride concentrations (355-1136 mg/L) consistently exceeded safe thresholds (250 mg/L). These findings underscore localized contamination risks, emphasizing the need for targeted interventions to ensure sustainable groundwater management in the region.

Reconstruction of 3D, especially on height extraction using digital aerial photos taken from a non-metric camera and Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) is a challenging study. The purposes of this study are: (1) to determine the precision of an object's height reveal from a 3D model, and (2) to establish procedures to deliver the optimal result. Two or more overlapping aerial photos can be constructed into a 3D model by applying principles of collinearity and epipolar geometry using 3D reconstruction algorithm. Since there is an instability on a non-metric digital camera, the camera must be calibrated before 3D reconstruction is process, in that way the quality of spatial extraction, then can be measured. The study is conducted using 24 megapixels resolution Sony NEX7 digital camera and Hexacopter UAV. Camera Calibration Toolbox was utilized to calculate intrinsic parameters of the camera and a specific program is developed using MATLAB in order to build the 3D model and to obtain the object's height. The result validation is done by comparing the height from 3D model with that one measured using Electronic Total Station. The accuracy of the object's height up to 1 mm was successfully achieved, with largest height prediction error reaches of 15.2 cm at 70 m flying height above ground level.

Pengamatan pola arus laut merupakan bagian dari pengumpulan data yang dilaksanakan oleh Pushidros TNI-AL. Informasi mengenai pola arus digunakan sebagai pendukung untuk keselamatan bernavigasi dalam pelayaran terutama bagi kapal yang akan melaksanakan kegiatan keluar masuk pelabuhan, selat dan teluk. Banyaknya kesulitan dalam pengambilan data secara manual yang diantaranya disebabkan oleh pengaruh cuaca buruk, ombak laut yang tidak menentu dan juga personil yang dibutuhkan lebih dari 1 orang. Seiring dengan perkembangan teknologi survei dan pemetaan, banyak alat ukur pola arus yang tersedia saat ini untuk pengambilan data pola arus yang lebih mudah, efektif dan akurat. Salah satu alat yang  digunakan dalam pengukuran pola arus adalah alat Float Tracking dengan menggunakan GPS Tracker. Dalam penelitian ini data yang digunakan merupakan data primer hasil dari akuisisi pengambilan data pola arus di perairan pantai Ancol Jakarta Utara selama beberapa hari dengan interval pengambilan dat...

Noise has been recognized as the air pollutant since it affects the environmental quality. Its effect depends on its level; it may be slightly uncomfortable or so annoying that hinder our business or in extreme cases dangerous to health. The project was focussed on measurements required to produce professional bases, in order to assess degree of exposure of individual sites (and their population) to different sources of noise to prepare an exact spatial presentation and a set of the most urgent and effective remedial action. The results of the study will also be used for: a) establishing anti-noise measures and b) the findings of the study and the data acquired will supplement cartographic base and conditions for land use (Municipal Spatial Plan) and determine the level of protection against noise, thus allowing more simple and authentic issuing of permits to applicants for further spatial use in the researched areas. The Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) Method enabled a presentation...

In early January 1858, at Fort Yuma, California, Prussian baron Friedrich Wilhelm von Egloffstein joined an exploring expedition under the command of Lt. Joseph Christmas Ives. Their objective was to map the Colorado River and locate its head of navigation, thence explore overland across the northern tier of New Mexico Territory. The mission covertly scouted Mormon advances into the region and sought means by which to gain access to interior locations closer to Utah by way of the river. During the land expedition they hoped to locate the confluence of the Little Colorado River with the main Colorado; in the process they went into the Grand Canyon twice. A veteran of other expeditions in the West, Egloffstein created for Ives’ 1861 final report many scenic illustrations and two shaded relief maps. “Map No. 2” depicts—for the first time—a visual concept of the physiography of the Grand Canyon (“Big Cañon” as it was known then). The technical means that he was still in the process of inventing to make these relief maps has been praised. It was a proprietary and still not wholly understood process of heliography, by which a sculpted plaster model was photographically processed as an engraving in steel. But the topographer has been unfairly criticized for geographical oddities on his map, and the present study aims to remove much of that disapproval. The map displays the results of field-based surveys and adds borrowed and hypothetical topographies. As this study demonstrates, the baron’s survey work was reasonably accurate, and his interpretive work is explicable though he may have been affected by the geographic notions of available maps. Later, cartographers who depended on his map to help produce newer maps of the greater Southwest and North America redrew landscapes in and around the Grand Canyon that were less faithful to ground truth and were not corrected for years. These cartographical trajectories of “Map No. 2” have not been explored before. A Big Misunderstanding is a graphic study of the whole and details of the Grand Canyon map with comparisons to modern and period maps of the region. It rationalizes the limits of visual observation that Egloffstein faced during the land expedition and speculates on what motivated him to fill in the areas that he did not survey. Examples of apparent earlier influences on Egloffstein’s cartographic presentation are illustrated, along with specimens of later maps that distorted his geographies.

Detecting changes in population trends depends on the accuracy of estimated mean population growth rates and thus the quality of input data. However, monitoring wildlife populations poses economic and logistic challenges especially in complex and remote habitats. Declines in wildlife populations can remain undetected for years unless effective monitoring techniques are developed, guiding appropriate management actions. We developed an automated survey workflow using unmanned aerial vehicles (drones) to quantify the number and size of individual animals, using the well-studied Scandinavian harbour seal (Phoca vitulina) as a model species. We compared ground-based counts using telescopes with manual flights, using a zoom photo/video, and pre-programmed flights producing orthomosaic photo maps. We used machine learning to identify and count both pups and older seals and we present a new method for measuring body size automatically. We evaluate the population’s reproductive success using drone data, historical counts and predictions from a Leslie matrix population model. The most accurate and time-efficient results were achieved by performing pre-programmed flights where individual seals are identified by machine learning and their body sizes are measured automatically. The accuracy of the machine learning detector was 95–97% and the classification error was 4.6 ± 2.9 for pups and 3.1 ± 2.1 for older seals during good light conditions. There was a clear distinction between the body sizes of pups and older seals during breeding time. We estimated 320 pups in the breeding season 2021 with the drone, which is well beyond the expected number, based on historical data on pup production. The new high quality data from the drone survey confirms earlier indications of a deteriorating reproductive rate in this important harbour seal colony. We show that aerial drones and machine learning are powerful tools for monitoring wildlife in inaccessible areas which can be used to assess annual recruitment and seasonal variations in body condition.

Ortogonal yöntemle ölçülen detayların koordinatlarının hesaplanmasında kullanılan bir hesap yöntemidir. Bu ölçü yönteminde çift beşgen (double pentagon) prizma kullanıldığı için bu yönteme prizmatik ölçü yöntemi de denir. Bu ölçü yönteminde A ve B yatay kontrol noktalarına jalonlar düşey olarak dikilip şaküllendikten sonra prizma ile detay noktalarından AB doğrusuna dikler düşülür, bu düşülen dik noktalarına A dan itibaren dik ayakları; ve dik boyları çelik şerit metre ile ölçülerek detay alım ölçü krokisine kaydedilir, daha sonra aşağıdaki hesap yöntemlerinden birisiyle bu detay noktalarının koordinatları hesaplanabilir.

Çift Nokta Geriden Kestirme Yönteminin Teorik ve Uygulamalı İncelenmesi
Geriden kestirme, harita mühendisliğinde sıklıkla kullanılan konum belirleme yöntemlerinden biridir. Ancak, bazen arazide yeterli sayıda kontrol noktası bulunamayabilir. Bu çalışma, iki kontrol noktasının mevcut olduğu durumlarda kullanılan çift nokta geriden kestirme yöntemini teorik ve uygulamalı olarak incelemektedir. Bu yöntemin temel ilkeleri, matematiksel modelleri ve uygulama adımları detaylı olarak ele alınmıştır.
Harita ve kadastro çalışmalarında, ölçüm noktalarının belirlenmesi için farklı kestirme yöntemleri kullanılmaktadır. Normal geriden kestirme, en az üç koordinatı bilinen noktaya yapılan gözlemlerle nokta koordinatlarının belirlenmesini sağlar. Ancak, bazen sahada yalnızca iki yatay kontrol noktası bulunabilir. Bu durumda, ek bir kestirme noktası oluşturularak çift nokta geriden kestirme uygulanabilir. Bu yöntemin temel prensipleri ve hesaplama yöntemleri makalede detaylandırılmaktadır.
Materyal ve Yöntem Bu çalışma, çift nokta geriden kestirme yönteminin temel hesaplama adımlarını sunmaktadır:

The objectives of this paper are to (i) review the diversity and distribution of butterflies in different forested areas of Johor and (ii) compare the species composition in each study site. Data is based on field sampling and published records. This paper was able to review study sites from records dating as early as 1987. Study sites include Taman Negara Johor Endau Rompin (TNJER) Peta, TNJER Selai, Gunung Ledang, Bukit Reban Kambing, Bukit Soga and Hutan Lipur Sg Bantang. To evaluate the variation in butterfly diversity in the different forest, the study sites were characterized by describing and comparing overlapping species using hierarchical cluster analysis. To date, a total of 396 species of butterflies are recorded so far in Johor. This accounts for 37.57% of the overall butterfly fauna in Peninsular Malaysia. The highest species richness was recorded in TNJER with a total of 349 species discovered to date.  Based on the cluster analysis, species composition in TNJER Peta a...

Geriden Kestirme: Teorik Temeller ve Çözüm Yöntemleri

Özet Geriden kestirme, jeodezik ve haritacılık alanlarında sıklıkla kullanılan bir yöntem olup, bilinmeyen bir noktanın koordinatlarını belirlemek için, koordinatları bilinen en az üç noktadan yapılan açı ölçümlerine dayanır. Bu çalışma, geriden kestirme probleminin teorik temelini ele almakta ve tarihsel olarak geliştirilen çözüm yöntemlerini incelemektedir.

1. Giriş Geriden kestirme, bilinmeyen bir noktanın koordinatlarını belirlemek amacıyla kullanılan bir jeodezik yöntemdir. Özellikle harita yapımı ve arazi ölçümlerinde yaygın olarak kullanılan bu yöntem, en az üç koordinatları bilinen noktaya olan açıların ölçülmesiyle uygulanmaktadır. Geriden kestirme problemi, iki çemberin kesim noktasının hesaplanması prensibine dayanır ve birden fazla çözüm yöntemi geliştirilmiştir.

2. Geriden Kestirmenin Teorik Temelleri Geriden kestirme probleminin matematiksel modeli, analitik geometri ve trigonometrik ilkeler üzerine kuruludur. Verilen noktalar A, M ve B olmak üzere;
• Verilenler: A, M ve B noktalarının koordinatları,
• Ölçülenler: α ve β açıları,
• Hesaplanacak Değişkenler: P noktasının koordinatları.
Matematiksel olarak, A ve M noktalarını α açısı altında gören noktalar bir çember üzerinde bulunur. Benzer şekilde, M ve B noktalarını β açısı altında gören noktalar da başka bir çember üzerinde bulunur. P noktası bu iki çemberin kesim noktası olarak hesaplanmaktadır.

3. Tarihsel Çözüm Yöntemleri Geriden kestirme problemini çözmek için tarih boyunca farklı yöntemler geliştirilmiştir. Bunlardan başlıcaları aşağıda incelenmiştir:
• Kästner Yöntemi: Bu yöntem, temel trigonometrik fonksiyonlar kullanarak P noktasının koordinatlarını bulmaya dayanır.
• Delambre Yöntemi: Jean-Baptiste Joseph Delambre tarafından geliştirilmiş olup, koordinat hesaplamalarında cotanjant fonksiyonları kullanır.
• Cassini Yöntemi: İki farklı çemberin kesim noktalarını hesaplamak için geometriye dayanan bir yöntemdir.
• Collins Yöntemi: İleri seviye trigonometrik formüller kullanarak çözüm sunar.

4. Geriden Kestirme Uygulamaları Geriden kestirme yöntemi, pratikte farklı alanlarda uygulanmaktadır. Özellikle haritacılık ve arazi ölçüm projelerinde, bilinen noktaların yardımıyla bilinmeyen noktaların koordinatlarını belirlemek için kullanılır.

5. Sonuç ve Değerlendirme Bu çalışma, geriden kestirme probleminin temel prensiplerini ve çözüm yöntemlerini ele almış, farklı tarihsel yöntemleri incelemiştir. Çeşitli çözüm teknikleri, belirli arazi koşullarına ve hesaplama gerekliliklerine bağlı olarak değişiklik gösterebilir. Gelecekte, geriden kestirme hesaplamalarının dijital haritalama ve yapay zekâ destekli algoritmalarla daha etkin hale getirilmesi önerilmektedir.

Democratization
* This essay and website promote the democratization of cartography by offering a guide to free Google Mapping and web publishing resources.
Tools
* This guide presents applications, skills, and tips and tricks to speed up workflow, do quality cartography, and match that quality with well-designed web pages.
Literacy
* This guide seeks to promote the teaching of geographic media literacy skills across online platforms known by students.

KUTUPSAL KOORDİNAT HESAPLARINDA YÖNTEM VE UYGULAMALAR
Özet
Kutupsal ölçü yöntemi, haritacılıkta en yaygın kullanılan ölçüm yöntemlerinden biridir. Günümüzde, gelişmiş elektronik ölçüm cihazlarının kullanılmasıyla birlikte bu yöntem daha da yaygın hale gelmiştir. Bu çalışmada, kutupsal ölçüm yönteminin temel ilkeleri, kullanılan hesaplama yöntemleri ve uygulama süreçleri ele alınmıştır.
Giriş
Haritacılık ve jeodezi alanlarında kullanılan ölçüm tekniklerinden biri olan kutupsal ölçüm yöntemi, istasyon noktası olarak adlandırılan belirli bir referans noktasına dayalı olarak yapılan hesaplamaları içerir. Bu yöntem, geçmişte optik takeometrelerle gerçekleştirilirken, günümüzde elektronik uzaklık ölçerler ile daha hassas hale getirilmiştir. Bu çalışmada, kutupsal koordinat hesaplamaları, kullanılan formüller ve çeşitli uygulama örnekleri incelenmiştir.
Yöntem
Kutupsal ölçüm yönteminde, koordinatları bilinen bir A noktasına ölçüm cihazı yerleştirilerek, belirli referans noktalarına doğrultular alınır ve yatay açılar ile uzaklıklar ölçülerek koordinat hesaplamaları gerçekleştirilir. Hesaplamalarda temel olarak şu formüller kullanılmaktadır:
• Semt açısının hesaplanması:
• Koordinatlardan İki nokta arasındaki mesafenin belirlenmesi:
• Eğik uzaklık ve düşey açı kullanılarak yatay uzaklığın hesaplanması:
• Eğik uzaklık ve düşey açı kullanılarak yükseklik farkının hesaplanması:
Uygulama Örnekleri
1. Yatay Açı ve Yatay Uzaklık Verilmişse
o İstasyon noktası olarak seçilen referans noktasından belirli noktalara doğrultular alınarak yatay açılar ve mesafeler ölçülmüştür.
o Örneğin, P.158 noktasından P.159 noktasına yapılan ölçümlerde yatay açı sıfırlanmış, ardından belirli noktalara yapılan ölçümler kaydedilerek koordinat hesaplamaları gerçekleştirilmiştir.
2. Başlangıç Doğrultusunun Rastgele Bir Açıya Sahip Olduğu Durum
o Ölçümlerde sıfır doğrultusunun belirlenmediği durumlarda, başlangıç doğrultusu farklı bir açıya sahip olabilir.
o Bu tür uygulamalarda, her bir noktanın semti ve uzaklıkları hesaplanarak koordinatlar belirlenmektedir.
3. Düşey Açı ve Eğik Uzaklık Kullanımı
o Eğik uzaklıklar kullanılarak yatay uzaklıklara indirgenmesi gereken durumlar söz konusudur.
o Düşey açı ve eğik uzaklık değerleri kullanılarak noktaların deniz seviyesinden yükseklikleri hesaplanmıştır.
Sonuç ve Tartışma
Kutupsal ölçüm yöntemi, haritacılık ve mühendislik projelerinde yüksek doğrulukta konum belirleme ve aplikasyon işlemlerinde yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır. Elektronik ölçüm cihazlarının gelişmesiyle birlikte hassasiyet artmış ve uygulamalar daha verimli hale gelmiştir. Yapılan hesaplamalar, ölçülen değerlerle karşılaştırıldığında küçük hata payları olduğu görülmüştür ve bu farkların ölçüm sırasında oluşan reflektör hataları veya hava koşulları gibi etkenlerden kaynaklanabileceği düşünülmektedir. Gelecekte daha gelişmiş sensörler ve otomatik ölçüm sistemleriyle bu yöntemin daha da optimize edilmesi mümkün olacaktır.
Kaynakça
• Bu çalışmada kullanılan hesaplamalar ve yöntemler temel haritacılık ve jeodezi kaynaklarından derlenmiştir.

There has been an emerging shift by Indigenous geographers and non-Indigenous researchers to integrate decolonial methodologies into research protocols to challenge the Western Cartesian production of geographic knowledge across Native and Indigenous geographies. The commitment of geographic research with Indigenous communities must be to engage in a methodology guided by Indigenous temporality and Indigenous autonomous governance structures that allow the emergence of decolonial possibilities. This article extends the use of a decolonial research approach with Indigenous communities by applying it to Oaxaca, Mexico, in an Indigenous Mixteco municipality. I use a series of salient narratives from my field work in the summer of 2022 in a pueblo Mixteco to inform a decolonial method that engages with Indigenous normative governance structure (Altamirano-Jimenez 2020),“Indian time” (Blackwell 2023a) or Indigenous temporality (Curley and Smith 2024), and walking as map-making (Sletto et al. 2021) to suggest a decolonial Mixteco methodology with pueblos Mixtecos of Oaxaca, Mexico. I suggest that it is our responsibility as researchers, whether
Indigenous or non-Indigenous, to uphold Indigenous governance across these differing temporalities and geographies, even once we leave the“field site” when dependent on Western academic timelines.
Key Words: decolonial, Indigenous geographies, Indigenous temporality, Mixteco, Oaxaca.

The Deadman's Island (8SR782) and Town Point (8SR983) shipwrecks are unidentified vessel remains that were archaeologically investigated and interpreted as small stripped and abandoned vessels from the British Occupational Period of Pensacola (1763-1781). The wrecks are located in an 18th-century British Royal Navy careenage called Old Navy Cove at the landform known as Deadman's Island near Gulf Breeze, Florida. Contemporary documents, both reanalysed and rediscovered, may prove the Deadman's Island Wreck to be HMS Florida, the last survey schooner of Royal Surveyor and Cartographer George Gauld, and the Town Point Wreck Florida's attendant shallop.

Through the establishment of the Coordination Group for the City of Zagreb Spatial Management IT System, the City of Zagreb has become actively involved in the wider global community by setting up the Zagreb Spatial Data Infrastructure (ZSDI) service. In the City of Zagreb, many bodies of city administration use and create spatial data and services daily in their work. All are ZSDI users and obviously have to make data mutually available. Without spatial data and services, it would be impossible to manage space effectively, plan city development, monitor the situation on the ground, or carry out many other activities. This paper gives an overview of ZSDI set-up activities so far, as well as plans for the future.

Der Workshop Geklebte Topografien widmet sich Operationen des Klebens, die bei der Herstellung und Verwendung topografischer Bildmedien zum Einsatz kommen-vom Leimen bis zum digitalen Copy and Paste. Medial erzeugte Vorstellungen von Raum werden vielfach nur durch Techniken des Klebens möglich. Untersucht werden sollen einerseits Praktiken des Zusammenfügens als Mittel topografischer Kunst-und Wissensproduktion (a), und andererseits Verfahren der Collage bzw. Assemblage, durch die topografische Darstellungen in neue Relationen gesetzt werden (b). a) Werden topografische Räume in Bildmedien übersetzt, seien es Karten, Pläne, Diagramme oder illusionistische Ansichten, so werden sie bei diesem Vorgang modelliert, vereinfacht und fixiert. Oft erfordert diese Visualisierung von Topografien den Einsatz von Leim und Klebungen, wobei so unterschiedliche Praktiken eingesetzt werden wie das An-und Ineinanderfügen von Einzelbildern, das Montieren von Papieren zu größeren Bögen, die Fixierung von Bögen auf Zeichentischen oder die Vorbereitung späterer Montageprozesse. Solche Klebevorgänge lassen sich als Antwort auf die Herausforderungen topografischer Erschließung und Darstellung von Räumen verstehen, die häufig besondere Formate erfordern, auf Hilfskonstruktionen, planerisches Handeln zur Vermeidung von Übertragungsfehlern sowie Maßnahmen zur Sicherstellung von Präzision angewiesen sind. b) Ein weiteres Spektrum an Klebevorgängen eröffnet sich im Hinblick auf die Aufbereitung, die Rezeption und den Gebrauch topografischer Bildmedien. Sie werden häufig zu Verbundmedien zusammengestellt, mit denen Räume in ihrer Komplexität oder schieren Ausdehnung medial eingefangen werden sollen. Die unterschiedlichen Formen des Montierens von Bildern, etwa in Klebebänden, Reiseaufzeichnungen, Atlanten, Extra-Illustrationen, Serien oder Kopplung von Bildfolge und Karte, ermöglichen in diesen Fällen das Kombinieren, sequenzielle Darstellen, Layern und Kontextualisieren von Räumen. Mit einem dezidiert materialbezogenen Ansatz verfolgt der Workshop Fragen, die durch diese Praktiken aufgeworfen werden: Was verraten sie über die Zirkulation und den Austausch von Materialien und von Informationen, etwa zwischen Wissenschaftler*innen unterschiedlicher Disziplinen, Reisenden oder Sammler*innen topografischer Bildmedien? Welche sozialen Dimensionen verbergen sich hinter dem Kleben und Montieren? In welchen Relationen stehen geklebte Einzelbilder zueinander? (Wie) Setzen sich Praktiken des Zusammenfügens in digitalen Vorgängen von Copy and Paste fort? Der Workshop setzt sich zum Ziel, solche Vorgänge anhand von Fallstudien zu beschreiben und dabei den konkreten Umgang mit dem Material in den Blick zu nehmen. Der praxeologische Zugriff zielt darauf ab, interdisziplinäre Perspektiven zu eröffnen und die Vielfalt topo-grafischer Medien und Praktiken einzubeziehen.

Surveying :-is the art of determining the relative position of distinctive features on the surface of the earth or under the surface of the earth by means of measurement of distances ,directions and elevations objective of surveying The objective of surveying is the preparation of plans and maps of the areas primary divisions of surveying 1-Plane surveying The surveys in which earth surface is assumed as a plane and the curvature of the earth is ignored 2-Geodetic surveying The surveying in which curvature of the earth is taken into account and higher degree of accuracy in linear as well as angular observations is achieved. Classification of survey 1-Classification based on the nature of the field Topographic survey The survey which are carried out to depict the topographic of the terrain such as mountains, rivers and other cultic details such as roads railways-etc Cadastral survey The survey which are generally plotted to a larger scale than topographical survey and are carried out for fixing the property lines and preparation. City survey The survey which are carried out for the construction of roads .park ,water supply system and other construction work for any developing town ship 2-Classification based on the purpose of the survey 1-Engineering survey The survey which are carried out for determination of quantities to afford sufficient data for designing engineer works such as roads, reservoirs-etc 2-Military survey The survey which are carried out for preparation of maps of the areas of military importance. 3-Mine survey The survey which are carried out for exploration of mineral beneath the surface of the ground. 4-Geological survey The surveys which are carried out to ascertain the composition of the earth crust .

Indonesia merupakan Negara kepulauan dengan luas perairan 5,8 juta km2, yang terdiri atas luas perairan kepulauan dan laut territorial sebesar 3,1 juta km2 dan luas Zona Ekonomi Eksklusif (ZEE) sebesar 2,7 km2, serta memiliki garis pantai mencapai 80.791 km (Djunarsjah, 2004). Klaim maritim sangat penting terkait dengan isu keamanan, akses dan pengelolaan sumber daya laut, serta penyeimbangan antara hak dan kewajiban negara pantai yang bersangkutan (Schofield dalam Arsana,2007). Salah satu bentuk klaim maritim yang dapat dilakukan oleh suatu negara adalah klaim landas kontinen. Perairan barat laut Pulau Sumatra merupakan salah satu lokasi di Indonesia yang berpotensi untuk dapat melakukan klaim landas kontinen hingga melebihi 200 mil laut (landas kontinen ekstensi), karena posisinya yang tidak berbatasan langsung dengan negara lain. Penegasan landas kontinen di perairan ini merupakan sesuatu yang penting mengingat potensi mineral yang terdapat di dalamnya. Pada penelitian ini diguna...

This work is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License GJES.MS.ID.000759. Introduction Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), also referred to as drones, equipped with various kinds of advanced detecting or surveying systems, are effective and low-cost in data acquisition, data delivery and sharing [1]. Kathmandu University (KU) is playing an important role in capacity building of drone activities. It was established in November 1991 as an autonomous, non for profit, non-government, dedicated to maintaining high standards of academic excellence, public institution through private initiative. The university is committed to develop leaders in professional areas through quality education with the vision "To become a World Class University devoted to bringing knowledge and technology to the service of mankind". It is committed not only to develop leaders in professional areas through quality education but also develop as a center of excellence. Long term presence of the university is also intended to benefit the local communities in terms of development of smallscale business and community services. Under the University, there are seven schools:

This project focuses on heightening a control at the Nsuta junction (BM2), Tarkwa using the differential leveling technique starting from a known station at the University of Mines and Technology gate (PS1) with a reduced level of 70.92m. A series of levels was done along this road and divided into four loops. Least square adjustment was then used to refine the height that was obtained. For validation, a stratus global positioning system receiver set-up was used to pick the same control at the Nsuta junction. After comparison, there was a difference in height of 1.4022m, which shows that the GPS height compares quite favorably with the adjusted or refined height obtained through least squares by differential leveling.

Detta examensarbete är fokuserad på undersökningen av RUFRIS noggrannhet relativt till både Sveriges riksnät och traditionella statiska GNSS-mätningar. Dessutom undersöktes antalet bakåtobjekt som krävs för att uppnå godkända etableringar för stomnät- och bruksnätdetaljmätning, samt möjligheten att använda RUFRIS för avvägning.


Resultaten visar att även en 3-punkts RUFRIS kan ge koordinater som är lika noggranna som en tvåtimmars statisk GNSS-mätning med baslinjeutjämning från åtta SWEPOS klass A-stationer. Dessutom, RUFRIS-etableringar med färre gemensamma punkter (3–5) kan ge bättre etableringsposition resultat i plan, relativt till riksnätet och statiska GNSS-mätningar, än etableringar med fler punkter överlag. Dock uppvisade RUFRIS-etableringar med fler än 10 gemensamma punkter en potential RTK-korrigeringsbias i deras positioner, vilket påverkade noggrannheten negativt relativt till både Lantmäteriets kända koordinater och nya statiska härledda koordinater.


Alla RUFRIS-etableringar visade sig vara mycket pålitliga för höjdmätningar i förhållande till sina egna etablerade höjder, med avvikelser inom de tillåtna toleranserna för finavvägning enligt Trafikverkets krav. Inmätning av en höjdfixpunkt kommer dock fortfarande att krävas för att justera till RH 2000-höjdvärden.


Vidare indikerade studien att tiden på dagen för mätningen inte påverkade noggrannheten, då RUFRIS-etableringar utförda ett par veckor isär, på morgonen och eftermiddagen, hade nästan identiska koordinater så länge samma etableringsmönster användes. Skillnader i detaljmätning kan enkelt förklaras som vanligt operatörsfel.


En tvåstegs RUFRIS, som använder etableringskoordinater från en 3-punkts etablering och 20 bakåtobjekt för att förbättra mätningens precision, visade sig vara en potentiellt fördelaktig metod för att uppnå högre noggrannhet i detaljmätning när precision relativt till riksnätet behövs.


Slutsatsen är att RUFRIS erbjuder en flexibel och tillförlitlig metod för att etablera noggranna koordinater i både plan och höjd, med potential att ersätta mer tidskrävande traditionella metoder, förutsatt att etableringen sker under optimala förhållanden. Vidare forskning rekommenderas för att ytterligare optimera användningen av RUFRIS i olika mätmiljöer och förhållanden.


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This thesis focuses on investigating the accuracy of RUFRIS (Integrated Surveying) relative to both Sweden's national grid and traditional static GNSS. Additionally, the study examines the number of backsights required to achieve approved tolerances for control network and utility network detail surveying, as well as the possibility of using RUFRIS for levelling.


The results show that even a 3-point RUFRIS can provide coordinates as accurate as a two-hour static GNSS measurement utilising baseline adjustments from eight SWEPOS class A-stations. Furthermore, RUFRIS established with fewer combined GNSS/backsight points (3–5) can yield better Total Station positional results in the plane, relative to the national grid and static GNSS measurements, than establishments with more points overall. However, RUFRIS established with more than 10 combined points exhibited potential RTK correction bias in their positions, which negatively affected accuracy relative to both the Swedish National Land Survey's (Lantmäteriet) known coordinates and newly derived static coordinates.


All RUFRIS establishments proved to be highly reliable for height measurements relative to their own established heights, with deviations within the allowed tolerances for precise levelling according to the Swedish Transport Administration's (Trafikverket) requirements. Measurement of a height benchmark will still be required to adjust to RH 2000 height values.


Furthermore, the study indicated that the time of day for the measurement did not affect accuracy, as RUFRIS establishments conducted a few weeks apart, in the morning and afternoon, had nearly identical coordinates when the same establishment pattern was used. Differences in detail survey measurements can easily be explained as operator error.


A two-stage RUFRIS, which uses establishment coordinates from a 3-point establishment and 20 backsights to improve measurement precision, proved to be a potentially advantageous method for achieving higher accuracy in detail surveying when precision relative to the national grid is required.


In conclusion RUFRIS offers a flexible and reliable method for establishing accurate coordinates in both plane and height, with the potential to replace more time-consuming traditional methods, provided that the establishment is conducted under optimal conditions. Further research is recommended to further optimize the use of RUFRIS in different surveying environments and conditions.

Geodetic reference systems and their realization at the territory of Serbia have been created and maintained since the end of 19th century. Until mid-80s a series of reference geodetic networks were established: trigonometric networks in four orders, two levelling networks of high accuracybut also a series of gravimetric networks. In the following period of 20 years, there were not any organized worksaiming to maintenance of existing networks and creating new ones. In 1996, works started again on developing a new geodetic infrastructure in the form of realizing: a passive geodetic network, a network of permanent stations (AGROS – the active geodetic reference network of Serbia) as well as basic gravimetric networks. In this paperwork, a short review of works aiming to establish and use said networks is given but also a series of suggestions for a future development of geodetic infrastructure of Serbia

L’articolo presenta le attività che il Dipartimento di Lettere e Beni Culturali dell’Univer- sità degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli” svolge, ormai da anni, nel monitoraggio delle performance e delle attività dei musei della Regione Campania, statali e non.
Partendo da una ricognizione storica sulla necessità di analizzare, comprendere e co- noscere la reale portata del fenomeno museale in ambito regionale, l’indagine giunge alla descrizione delle attività che, dall’inizio del 2023, l’Osservatorio sta svolgendo per poter offrire alla comunità scientifica una panoramica completa dello status quo, dei limiti e del- le potenzialità che il settore offre al giorno d’oggi senza trascurare la metodologia di lavoro e le aree di interesse che quotidianamente analizza e indaga criticamente.

This collective paper presented at the 43rd International Symposium of Excavation, Research and Archaeometry includes the first season results of the archaeological surveys, which is a part of the new period of researches initiated in Aspendos.

With the rapid development of aeromagnetic (primarily uncrewed) methods for measuring Volume 10, Issue 2, 333-370. field studies in the area around the Saatly superdeep borehole (Middle Kur depression between the Greater and Lesser Caucasus), and 3D magnetic field modeling at the Gyzylbulag gold deposit (the Azerbaijani part of the Lesser Caucasus). In the Caspian Sea, we demonstrated the use of an information parameter to identify faults in the Bulla hydrocarbon field (Gulf of Baku) and, for the first time, obtained the relationship between the generalized aeromagnetic data (2.5 kilometers over the mean sea level) and the central area of the mud volcanoes distribution in Azerbaijan.

pembahasan fotogrametri dan penginderaan jauh Foto grametri didefinisikan sebagai seni ilmu dan teknologi untuk memperoleh informasi terpercaya tentang objek fisik dan lingkungan melalui proses rekaman pengukuran dan interpretasi gambaran fotografik dan pola landasan tenaga elektromagnetik yang terekam. Penginderaan jauh merupakan teknik untuk mengamati objek permukaan bumi dan udara dengan bantuan sensor. Perkembangan fotogrametri dimulai dari Perancis. Fotogrametri berkembang setelah ditemukannya pemotretan udara titik diawali oleh ahli geodesi bernama arago yang memperagakan pemetaan foto udara untuk topografi. Pemotretan udara awalnya memanfaatkan layang-layang dan balon udara titik pemetaan topografi pertama dikembangkan oleh Aime Laussedat korps ahli teknik HD peranas tahun 1859 dan pekerjaan ini berhasil dengan baik, sehingga Aime Laussedat dianggap sebagai bapak fotogrametri. C. Penerapan pmna/kbpn no.3 tahun 1997 Menurut peraturan menteri negara agraria/kepala badan pertahanan no.3 1997 tentang ketentuan pelaksanaan pp.no.24 tahun 1997 buka kurung pendaftaran tanah tutup kurung atau disingkat pmna/kbpn 0.3 tahun 1997 bahwa dalam rangka kegiatan pengukuran dan pemetaan untuk pembuatan peta dasar pendaftaran dapat dilakukan dengan cara trestris, fotogrametris atau mode lain. Prinsip dari pengukuran bidang tanah untuk penyelenggaraan pendaftaran tanah harus memiliki kaidah teknis pengukuran dan pemetaan sehingga bidang tanah yang diukur dapat dipetakan, diketahui letak dan batasnya di atas peta serta dapat direkonstruksi batas-batas di lapangan. Untuk memenuhi kaidah ini pemetaan dengan media peta udara harus memenuhi kaidahkaidah teknis tertentu. Penggunaan teknologi pemetaan di badan pertahanan Nasional melalui teknik Indra dalam hal ini menggunakan citra satelit pada awalnya hanya digunakan untuk pemetaan tata guna tanah titik citra satelit pada era tahun 80-an dan awal 90-an mas mempunyai resolusi rendah semacam Citra spot dengan resolusi 20 m dan Citra lansat 30 m. Rendahnya resolusi keduanya hanya layak diterapkan dalam pembuatan peta tata guna dengan skala sedang hingga kecil. Perkembangan pesat teknologi ini dimulai sejak 1972. Dengan diluncurkannya erts-1 oleh nasa USA, yang memiliki resolusi spasial 80 m dan resolusi temporal 18 hari. RANGKUMAN Melihat perkembangan teknologi Indra dengan munculnya citra satelit ikonos dengan resolusi 1 meter dan quick bidang resolusi 0,6 m tidak menutup kemungkinan teknik ini dapat diaplikasikan dalam bidang kadastra yang memerlukan skala bes

Approximately 4 of 10 Medicaid beneficiaries younger than 21 years did not receive any recommended screenings in fiscal year 2017, according to a recent US Government Accountability Office (GAO) report. Medicaid's Early and Periodic Screening, Diagnostic, and Treatment (EPSDT) benefit covers screening services, such as physical examinations, and diagnostic and treatment services, such as physical therapy and eyeglasses, for the youngest beneficiaries in every state. In 2017, the GAO report said, approximately 40 million beneficiaries were entitled to receive EPSDT services. The EPSDT screening component encompasses well-child screenings and age-appropriate blood lead screenings. The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) set performance measures to guide states' implementation of EPSDT, including the goal of providing at least one well-child screening to 80% of eligible beneficiaries. Only Hawaii, Iowa, and Louisiana met that goal in 2017, the GAO found. The GAO made 6 recommendations to the US Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), which oversees CMS, regarding oversight of the EPSDT benefit, but HHS did not concur with 3 of them. For example, it did not agree with the need to regularly assess the appropriateness of performance measures and targets for the EPSDT benefit. The department also disagreed that CMS should assess states' performance by comparing their data with the targets. "Absent these steps, CMS's oversight is limited, and beneficiaries may not be receiving appropriate EPSDT services," the GAO concluded.

The dependency of ground water is rising day by day. The ground water gets recharged mainly through rainfall. Thirty five water samples were collected from Parambikulam Aliyar Palar basin from open wells, bore wells and dug cum bore wells and analysed for chemical properties such as pH, Electrical Conductivity, cations and anions for two years duration (2020 and 2021) at three months interval (summer, winter, southwest monsoon, northeast monsoon) and analysed for the quality parameters. T Electrical conductivity values were ranged from 0.3 to 5.19 dsm-1, 0.29 to 6.80 dsm-1 0.3 to 6.84 dsm-1 and 0.64 to 4.17 dsm-1 during south west, north east, winter and summer seasons of 2020, respectively. The salt content was slightly increased during winter and summers seasons as compared to south west and north east. he samples were classified under USSL classification. Most of the samples come under medium salinity class (C2) (48.57%) followed by low salinity class (C1), high salinity class (C4) and very high salinity class (C3) with 28.57, 14.29 and 8.57 per cent respectively in all the seasons. Majority of the samples exhibit there is no permeability hazard. Salinity persists in the basin and possibility of salt accumulation in irrigation pipes observed from LSI values. Using remote sensing and GIS technique, the mapping was done for the groundwater quality of PAP basin. The variations in the ground water quality of the basin are directly positively correlated with rainfall pattern and geology of the basin. For effective utilization of saline water in the basin, management strategies were formulated and field experiments were conducted in the farmer’s holdings in the sampling area of the basin.

The land use and land cover change of an area is an outcome of natural and socioeconomic aspects and their operation by humans in time and space (Lambin et al., 2003). Land-use change is a matter of historical process in relation to how people use the land. It modifies the availability of different resources, including vegetation, soil, and water (Ahmad, 2014). To solve the issue of uncontrolled population growth without access to basic infrastructure, leading to land degradation, conflict resolution over land resources, and equitable access to its resources by all stakeholders within the Kabeza site, a detailed topographic survey of the area was undertaken. Secondary data was obtained from the Kigali City master plan and the Google Earth professional platform to get computerized data. The new design has ameliorated the issues in the area as much as possible in comparison to the former layout. This study assists in detecting specific land-use changes and projecting which land uses will be affected by future changes from 1960 to 2030. In 1960, agriculture dominated 82.61% of the total area, followed by residential at 11.62%, transportation at 2.79%, commercial at 1.56%, forest at 1.34%, and water storage at 0.09%. Compared to 1960, the percentage of area covered in 2023 had decreased for commercial and agriculture up to 0% and 10.16%, respectively. A percentage increased for residential, transportation, forest, sport, leisure, and open space to 59.86%, 25.02%, 2.43%, 2.13, and 0.32%. There was no change in the area not observed for the water storage (tank) between the periods. However, there are still some serious concerns about the newly designed plan in this area. These should be viewed as recommendations to be considered by future research implementers and partners, particularly the local government units overseeing the research sites. The most important emerging issues are promoting a competitive regulatory environment for transport services. Thus, developers and state entities should work together to identify measures to minimize the negative impacts of interventions on the poor and women, as well as the negative impacts on the environment.

The land is required for the development of basic public infrastructure. Compensation for current
rights holders of such land must be negotiated. Also, the resulting subdivisions will thus be
smaller than the original portions of land, and the parcellation exercise will mean that households
do not hold the same portion of land they were having before planning. All these aspects can lead
to conflicts over land if not properly managed.
To reduce conflicts, a detailed topographic survey of the area has undertaken. Secondary data
have obtained from the Rwanda Land Management Authority. The Kigali City master plan
provides useful information while the Google Earth Pro platform proved beneficial. The study
determined a contribution coefficient factor for each household land parcel/portion before
readjustment.
The new design has ameliorated the issues in the area as much as possible compare to the former
layout. The development of basic infrastructure in this area is positive for all residents and
improves land tenure security. All parcels are 2168 Plots including residential extension with
1873 plots for Single Family Residential, 295 Plots remained as Existing Residential and 14
plots having a total area of 4.2 ha will be affected by public utilities, Roads with 28.9Km of
length, Ravine having 1.2km of the length, Green Space with 0.4ha, Sport and Leisure with the
area of 2.5ha, forest with 3.2ha and Water tank occupied 0.1ha, a contribution coefficient factor
on each parcel to achieve the people’s welfare and equitable reallocation of land is 27% and
470,278Frw is predicted the most suitable financial factors for new plots and 317,456Frw for the
plots previously permitted and construction projects within Kabeza Site all calculated using the
formula developed during this research.
However, there are still some serious concerns evident in the newly readjusted area. These
should be viewed as recommendations to be considered by future research implementers and
partners, particularly the local government units overseeing the research sites. The most
important emerging issues are the growing income disparity with the exclusion of the poorest
from the development process. Thus, developers and state entities should work together to
identify measures to minimize the negative impacts of interventions on the poor and women and
also to minimize negative impacts on the environment.