Sumerian Language

This paper publishes the editio princeps of an Early Dynastic IIIb tablet from Nippur, which contains a unique yet fragmentary Sumerian narrative about the storm god Iškur's captivity in the netherworld, from which he appears to be rescued by Fox. While the incomplete state of preservation prevents a reconstruction of the plot, individual motifs can be traced across the entire cuneiform corpus, allowing for a preliminary case study of continuity and change over more than two millennia of Mesopotamian mythological literature.

II. András uralkodása a magyar történelem egyik legtöbbet idézett időszaka. Az uralkodó adta ki az Aranybullát, az Andreánumot, vezetett kereszteshadjáratot a Szentföldre, verte ki az országból a kereszteseket és hódított meg szomszédos területeket. Keresztény királyság pénzverése esetében szokatlan, de e mozgalmas időszakhoz talán mégis illő módon sem az érem előlapján, sem a hátlapján nem fordul elő latin betű. Helyettük a székely "rovás"írás betűinek előképét jelentő szójelek vannak a fémbe verve, ami ezt az érmet egyedülálló különlegességgé teszi. Ez egy "rovásjelekkel" (pontosabban a magyar hieroglif írás szójeleivel) feliratozott érem.

Az éremkép egy hieroglifikus jelmontázs, amelynek minden eleme a kőkori eredetű magyar hieroglif írás ősvallási kötődésű szójele. A hasonló hieroglifikus szövegek  jellemzője, hogy szójelekből alkotnak valamilyen, az ősvallás számára fontos képet. Ilyen kép lehet a csodaszarvas, az égig érő fa, a turul ábrázolása, vagy a világmodell. A hieroglifikus jelhasználatban több példa van antropomorf ábrázolásra is. Ez a szójelekből alkotott éremkép (aminek az olvasatát adom ebben a cikkben) azt tanúsítja, hogy a magyar állameszme végső soron a hieroglifikus írást és szövegeket létrehozó kőkori és kora bronzkori kultúrák világnézetéből fakadt.

This contribution contains the first edition of a Sumerian myth about the grain goddess Ezinan/Ašnan and her seven children or her seventh child. Its other protagonists are the deities Enki with his vizier Isimud, the sky god An, and the moon god Nanna. The composition is exclusively preserved on several more or less fragmentary tablets from Abū Ṣalābīḫ.

Öne Çıkanlar • Eski Mezopotamya inancında ölümden sonra gidildiği düşünülen yeraltı dünyası, tanrılar tarafından dahi korkulan, çekinilen bir yer olarak algılanır ve sonsuz gücü elinde barındırır. • Eski Mezopotamya toplumlarının evren algısı, yaşam ve ölüm hakkındaki tezahürleri günümüze ulaşan mitlerden anlaşılmaktadır. Mitler o dönem toplumlarının gerçek dünya görüşünü yansıtır. • Eski Mezopotamya toplumları, ölümden sonraki varoluşu yaşamın tam ters paraleli olarak düşünmüşlerdir. • Eski Mezopotamya'da ölüm algısını en iyi yansıtan mitlerden bazıları yeraltı dünyasının kraliçesi tanrıça Ereškigal'in eylemleri doğrultusunda şekillenmiştir. • Mitlerden anlaşıldığı kadarıyla Ereškigal, hem doğaüstü güçler hem de insanlar karşısında sonsuz karanlığı elinde barındırarak gücünü kanıtlamıştır.

A spanyolországi Marbella városában a Coto Correa régészeti lelőhelyen nemrégiben felfedezett kőkori írásemlék olvasatát közlöm az alábbi cikkben. Az elolvasására a nemrég felfedezett, a szkíták, hunok és avarok leletein is felbukkanó magyar hieroglif írás, a napjainkban is használatos székely írás elődje adott lehetőséget. A szójeles magyar hieroglif írás a kőkori ősvallás jelkészletéből maradt ránk és rövid ősvallási fohászok leírására volt képes. Már a kőkorban elterjedt az Ibériai félszigettől Amerikáig. A marbellaihoz hasonló hieroglifikus szövegeket napjainkban is készítenek a hímes tojásokat, vagy cserépedényeket díszítő magyar népművészek.

Abstract

The Indus script has long resisted decipherment, but comparative methods continue to offer promising insights. This paper proposes a phonetic grid approach, inspired by Michael Ventris’s work on Linear B, as a systematic tool for reading Indus inscriptions. The grid is grounded in Proto-Prakrit values, while also drawing on parallels from Sumerian, Karen, and Indic dialects, including Malvi and Nimadi. By applying this framework to seals and tablets, many readings emerged that resonated strongly with Prakrit vocabulary and cultural expressions—for example, the rendering of seal H-98 as sīa pāv chaṇati (“Festival of the Autumn Moon”). The study also explores contextual reading principles such as polyvalency, reduplication, determinatives, and numerical markers, showing how Indus scribes likely used signs flexibly as nouns, verbs, adjectives, or ideas depending on context. Trials and corrections of key signs (such as 391 and 267) demonstrate how the grid stabilizes into consistent and meaningful lexical items across sites, suggesting that the Indus script functioned much like other ancient writing systems in encoding both phonetic and logographic values. Ultimately, this work argues that the Indus script likely encoded a language with strong affinities to early Prakrit. The phonetic grid is presented not as a closed solution, but as an open and reproducible method that invites further refinement and collaboration. By keeping the framework transparent, the study seeks to contribute to the collective effort of uncovering the voices of the Indus civilization.
Keywords: Indus Script; Proto-Prakrit; Comparative Linguistics; Phonetic Grid; Sumerian; Karen Language; Ancient Writing Systems; Decipherment Studies

Portuguese is a Western Romance language of the Indo-European language family originating from the Iberian Peninsula of Europe. It is spoken chiefly in Brazil, Portugal, and several countries in Africa, as well as by immigrants in North America, Europe, and South America. With approximately 267 million speakers, it is listed as the fifth-most spoken native language.

Az írástörténetnek van néhány kevéssé ismert szereplője, mint az egymással valamiképpen összefüggő protoelámi írás, a legkorábbi sumér képírás, a Tepe Yahja-i jelkészlet, az indus írás stb. Az utóbbi időben felmerült néhány új körülmény, ami miatt az érdeklődés homlokterébe került közülük az indus és a tamil írás.

Futótűzként terjedt el egy hír a sajtóban, miszerint Tamil Nadu kormánya 1 millió dolláros jutalmat ajánlott fel annak, aki meg tudja fejteni az Indus-völgyi civilizáció, a világ egyik legrégebbi városi kultúrájának írását. MK Sztálin főminiszter egy új tanulmány nyomán tette ezt a bejelentést.

Az említett tanulmány ugyanis feltűnő hasonlóságokat mutatott ki az indus írásjelek és az ókori tamil jelek között. Dr. Asko Parpola sok évtizedes munkájának összefoglalója, Az Indus forgatókönyv megfejtése a Cambridge University Press gondozásában jelent meg 1994-ben.

Dr. Asko Parpola eredményeit azzal egészíthetem ki, hogy felmutatom az indus írás jeleinek, a tamil kerámiajeleknek, valamint a székely írás előzményét jelentő magyar hieroglif írás jeleinek néhány egyezését. Úgy gondolom, hogy ez erősíti az indus-völgyi kultúra tamil kapcsolatának lehetőségét, mert a magyar és a tamil nyelv is rokonságszerű kapcsolatban áll egymással. A magyar-indusvölgyi-tamil kapcsolatokat az Asko Parpola által bemutatott tamil írásemlékeken található magyarazonos jelek és egy jól elolvasható tamil mondat is alátámasztani látszik.

for the use of the school-life texts to deduce the contemporary perception of mathematics and metrology by students. 25 KUB 4.39; KUB 57.126 (Civil 1987). The heyday of the prism as a medium for writing cuneiform was in the early second millennium BC (Old Babylonian period). However, eight such pieces have been found at Hattusa, all with Mesopotamian compositions.

Hammurabi was the famous king of Babylon in the 2nd millennium BC. He reigned from 1792 to 1750 BC and, through his military campaigns, subdued the Amorites and the Assyrians, extending his empire from the Persian Gulf to the Mediterranean coast. Once his power was consolidated, he made Babylon the capital of his kingdom, strengthened its defenses, and ensured internal prosperity, distinguishing himself as both a skilled warrior and administrator.

This paper proposes a pluralistic, Tamil-rooted framework for deciphering the Indus script, integrating traditional linguistic intuition with modern comparative and computational methods. Drawing from Tamil phonology, poetic structures, and cultural semantics, the study explores how Indus signs may encode compound phonemes, rebus-based meanings, and syntactic patterns aligned with early Dravidian expression. The framework is enriched by cross-referencing Gondi and Sumerian parallels, and by invoking probabilistic, graph-based models to test semantic clustering and sign recurrence. Emphasizing epistemic humility and collaborative annotation, the paper invites scholars, juniors, and AI-assisted tools to participate in a legacy-driven decipherment effort that bridges Tamil heritage with global inquiry.

In this article, I explore how caves are understood within religious and mythological traditions. In some taoist sources, caves appear as heavenly grottoes, while in Armenian mythology they function as portals to the underworld and hiding places of treasures—a motif that also resonates with Taoist practices. The article is written in Armenian and offers a slightly different focus from the English version.

A glossary suitable for the first years of Sumerian instruction, including the vocabulary of easy literary texts, early royal inscriptions, and uncomplicated administrative texts. Revisions over the years have added new entries or updated readings or translations.

The Vedas, considered the most ancient work of the Aryas, are written in Sanskrit, a language that has significantly impacted the field of Comparative Grammar. The age of the Vedas is a subject of interest for European scholars, who have studied ancient and modern Indian works to determine their antiquity. The study of Sanskrit, with its numerous branches and dialects, suggests it is the oldest literary language, and its influence extends to the development of arithmetic and mathematics.

The decimal scale of notation, introduced to Europe by the Arabs, revolutionized arithmetic calculations. The Arabs, influenced by Indian mathematics, adopted the decimal system and spread it throughout Europe. This highlights the advanced knowledge of the Aryans, the oldest civilization, and the antiquity of the Vedas, their sacred texts.

The antiquity of the Vedas is a subject of scholarly debate, with estimates ranging from 1425 years before Christ to much earlier. The Jyotiṣa, an ancient astronomical treatise, provides valuable insights into the age of the Vedas. By analyzing the Jyotiṣa’s descriptions of astronomical phenomena and the length of days and nights, the author calculates the latitude of the region where the Vedas were composed, suggesting it was in Kashmir.

The text analyzes verses from the Sesa and Lagadha Jyotisas to determine the date of their composition. It calculates the precession of the equinoxes and the longitude of Regulus to estimate the date to be around 1421 BCE. The text also explains the quinquennial age system and its astronomical observations, including the solstices and the positions of the Sun and Moon.

Este trabajo representa los resultados del análisis distribucional de los objetos hallados en el sitio del campo de batalla de La Verde. Este se ubica en inmediaciones de la estancia homónima, en el interior de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, donde el 26 de noviembre de 1874 se enfrentaron dos ejércitos con fuerzas asimétricas, en el marco de la denominada Revolución Mitrista: las fuerzas gubernamentales de la nación argentina, al mando del Teniente Coronel Inocencio Arias, y las fuerzas revolucionarias (autoproclamadas como Ejército Constitucional) al mando de Bartolomé Mitre, quien se había levantado en armas contra el presidente electo Nicolás Avellaneda. En el marco de la arqueología histórica y del conflicto, en 2008 se emprendieron las investigaciones arqueológicas en el sitio. Los hallazgos superficiales y subsuperficiales vinculados con el evento, en particular elementos metálicos tales como vainas Rémington y Martini-Henry, proyectiles ojivales y Figura 1. Restos de vainas y ...

Rock Temples are unique among Indian temple architecture. Unlike other temples, they are made entirely out of rocks other than brick, wood, metal or lime. This is considered to be its special feature. Many Rock Cut Temples are found all over India. Hundreds of Rock Cut Temples are found in the Tamil region in particular. Early Pandyas who were one among the prominent rulers of south Tamilnadu, made great contributions to this type of temple architecture and they carved many Rock Cut Temples. This article is going to explore the historical importance and special features of Rock Cut Temples like Thiruparamkundram, Thenparamkundram, Yanaimalai, Ladan Kovil, Varichiyoor Rock Cut Temples and Arrittapatti which are found around Madurai region. The article particularly discusses the views of the researches such as Thiruparamkundram Rock Cuts, Panjayadhana Rock Cuts, Thenparam Kundram Rock Cuts were changed from Jain Rock Cuts to Saivate Rock Cuts and Yanaimalai Rock Cuts were erected to warn Jains.

التصميم البصري مهم في كل مناحي الحياة، فلا يوجد مجال في العالم المحيط بنا لم يتأثر بالتصميم البصري؛ سواء كان هذا المنحي ثقافياً أو تاريخياً أو إعلامياً، فحيث أن البصريات تحيط بنا من كل جانب فسوف يكون التصميم البصري من الأهمية بمكان، ويهتم التصميم البصري بالمثيرات والتلميحات البصرية، سواءً عن طريق اللون أو أي تلميحات أخرى. كما يهتم التصميم البصري في وقتنا الحالي بكيفية تعامل المستخدم مع التطبيقات (في حالة أجهزة الجوال)، أو البرمجيات (في حالة أجهزة الكمبيوتر)، وكيفية تفاعل المستخدم معها، وطبيعة العلاقة بين النص والصورة وتفسير هذا التآزر والتزامن أو التتابع في عرضها
ولا يمكن التعامل مع التصميم البصري بدون مبادئ واضحة ومعايير ترتبط بكل نمط من أنماط الوسائط البصرية، ولكل وسيط بصري توجد مجموعة من المبادئ والاعتبارات والمعايير التي تحقق الهدف من هذا التصميم، والمصمم التعليمي يجب أن يكون على دراية ووعي بكل هذه المبادئ والاعتبارات والمعايير وذلك بغرض الالتزام بها أو بمعظمها في سبيل منتج يتم تصميمه بشكل فاعل هادف، ومن هنا قدم هذا الكتاب سرداً لكثير من تلك المبادئ والاعتبارات والمعايير التي ترتبط بالمحتوى البصري عموماً ومن ثم تلك التي ترتبط بواجهات التفاعل مع المستخدم، أو أزرار التفاعل، أو الخطوط والنصوص الرقمية، والرسوم والصور الثابتة، والرسوم المتحركة والفيديو، والخرائط الذهنية، وتصميم الشاشات الرقمية، والروابط الفائقة، والبرامج التلفزيونية والسينمائية
ونحن نتعامل في حياتنا وخلال كل يوم مع كم كبير من العناصر والبيئات البصرية سواء الطبيعية أو الرقمية، ومن الطبيعي أن يكون هناك مبادئ عامة متفق عليها لتصميم هذا العناصر البصرية، وبدون هذه المعايير والاعتبارات والفهم الكامل لطبيعة وتصميم هذه العناصر والبيئات، لذا فإن هذا الكتاب يجمع في طياته هذه المبادئ والاعتبارات التي يجب أن يلم بها المصمم الفني والتربوي من أجل أن تحقق تلك المثيرات والعناصر والبيئات البصرية ما تم تصميمها من أجله
ولقد تطورت المواد البصرية بين الثقافات المختلفة وعبر العصور المتعاقبة، وتنوعت بشكل كبير لتلبي احتياجات البشر للاتصال والاعلام والتعليم، وقد تباينت من رسوم إلى صور ثابتة وصور متحركة أو فيديو ورسوم متحركة وارتبط هذا التطور بالتقنيات التي ظهرت تباعاً لتسمح بإنتاج تلك التقنيات وتطور تلك التقنيات ساعد على ظهور وانتشار تلك المواد البصرية، ومما لا شك فيه أننا في عصر انتشرت فيه المواد البصرية بكافة أشكالها وتطورت التقنيات المنتجة لها، بل وأصبح من السهل حتى على غير المتخصصين أن ينتجوا موادهم البصرية بسهولة ويسر وفاعلية، ففي وقتنا الحالي وعبر أجهزة الجوال الموجودة في يد كل البشر تقريباً يمكن انتاج كل المواد البصرية من رسوم وصور وفيديو وإنفوجرافيك وغيرها، وعبر الشبكات الاجتماعية يمكن تداول ونشر وتعميم تلك المواد والوسائط البصرية بمنتهى البساطة مما جعل لها تأثيراً حاسماً في كل الأنشطة البشرية على وجه العموم
كما تعتبر البصريات التعليمية هي الناتج عن توظيف البصريات والمثيرات البصرية بوجه عام في مجال التعليم والتعلم، وتصميم وإنتاج تلك البصريات بهدف تعليمي يختلف بكل تأكيد عن انتاجها وتوظيفها لأي أغراض إعلامية أو اتصالية أخرى، وبالتالي يتم تصميم مختلف أنواع البصريات التعليمية بهدف تحقيق الأهداف التعليمية المحددة وفقاً لمعايير محددة ومناسبة لكل من هذه البصريات التعليمية

The present article is the introductory section from a larger study entitled The History and Culture of Chinese
Characters. The aim of this paper is not only to offer a better understanding of what is believed to be the origin of
Chinese characters, but to further arouse the interest into this subject. I will first offer a short historical view of the Chinese characters by means of synthesizing the most relevant bibliographical sources in this respect. Furthermore, I will briefly describe three of the most important stories related to the origin of the Chinese characters.

Keywords: Chinese characters, history, origin, script, Fu Xi, Cang Jie

Boş vakit geçirdin, neye yaradı?" 20 Haziran Cumartesi günü, yaşayan en eski Sümerolog ve Cumhuriyet çınarı Muazzez İlmiye Çığ'ın 107. doğum yıl dönümü idi. Muazzez İlmiye Çığ, 107 yıllık ömründe Orta Asya'dan Mezopotamya'ya kadar uzanan uzun uygarlık serüveninin meraklı bir araştırıcısı, anlatıcısı ve yazarı oldu. Yazdığı kitaplarla geniş halk kitlelerinin, özellikle de gençlerin Sümerlileri, Hititleri öğrenmelerini sağladı. Halen de bu yolda çalışmaya devam ediyor. Geçen yıllar onun kalemini köreltemedi, eskitemedi. O yazdıkça kalemi daha da keskinleşti. O konuştukça bizler Anadolu uygarlıklarını bir başka sevdik. Özetle, 107 yıllık hayatı boyunca dilinden düşürmediği Sümer atasözüne her zaman sadık kaldı: "Boş vakit geçirdin, neye yaradı?" Muazzez İlmiye ÇIĞ, hiç boş vakit geçirmedi ve geçirmeye de hiç niyeti etmedi! "Akdeniz'in kıyısındaki Sümer Kraliçesi" Ben Muazzez İlmiye ÇIĞ ile 2019 yılının Kasım ayında tanıştım. 10 Kasım Atatürk'ü Anma haftasında Cumhuriyetin ilk dönemlerini bilen, o dönemi yaşayan insanları öğrencilerimle tanıştırmayı ve konuşturmayı çok istiyordum. Bizler Atatürk'ü ve Cumhuriyet devrimlerini sadece belgesellerde filmlerde izledik; kitaplarda okuduk. Oysa o dönemi gözleriyle gören, kulaklarıyla duyan, yaşanan her olaya tanıklık eden bir kuşak vardı. İşte bu kuşağın bir temsilcisini genç kuşaklarla tanıştırmak, tanıklıklarını dinletmek onlar için unutulmaz bir hatıra olacaktı. Peki yanımızda, yakınımızda Genç Cumhuriyet'in devrim dönemlerine tanıklık eden kimse kalmış mıydı? Öyle bir tanıklık için en aşağı 1910'lu yıllarda doğmuş olmak icap ederdi. O kişi yaş itibariyle yüzyılı devirmiş; yeni yüzyıla ise merhaba demiş birisi olmalıydı. Tesadüf bu ya, bir öğrencimle teneffüste ders konumuz olan Sümerler, kil tabletler, arkeoloji üzerine konuşurken laf Atatürk ve Cumhuriyet Devri'ne geldi. O dakikada öğrencim bana: -" Hocam biliyor musunuz, bizim kapı komşumuz Sümerolog Muazzez İlmiye Çığ!" demez mi?

Recent advancements in the study of Oracle Bone Inscriptions have confirmed the Yuannian (1 st year) of the Shang Dynasty as 1661 BCE, alongside the authenticity of the "current" Bamboo Annals (今本竹书纪年). Records in the Bamboo Annals suggest that the Jishi Gorge outburst flood reported in the article by Wu et al. may actually occur in the 13 th year of DiZhu 帝杼, 1927 BCE. During this event, the Lord of Shang, Ming (商侯冥), who was the highest official responsible for Yellow River management, perished in the Yellow River flood. This catastrophe led to the discontinuity in the historical records of Shang's ancestral lineage and significant population loss in the Central Plain(中原). The accurate chronology of the Xia dynasty has been established with the Ancient Kingdom Era Xia (Longshan Xia 龙山夏) and the Dynastic Era of Xia(王朝夏), which was reinstated by DiZhu 帝杼, following a rare five planets conjunction in 1953 BCE.

Because the United States-along with all post-Bretton Woods economies-operates under a fiat monetary system, wherein currency value is derived from governmental decree, the government itself holds complete authority over monetary conditions. This eliminates the concept of economic inevitability and establishes that all inflation, unemployment, and scarcity are by design, not necessity. As such, intentional financial destabilization constitutes fraud against the people.