Succession Law

Unlike European Regulations in the field of succession, contractual obligations and non-contractual obligations, European private international law does not clearly address the problem of the admissibility of a tacit choice of law applicable to matrimonial property regimes. This article analyses the reasons supporting and opposing the possibility of giving effect to an implicit choice of law by the spouses. Subsequently, the author argues that EU Regulations 2016/1103 and 2016/1104 allow a tacit choice of the applicable law

This is concerned with the way property is passed to others after his or her death OR who is eligible to succeed the property of the deceased, as provided under Indian Succession Act. Therefore when talking about succession there must be death of a person, heirs and estate. PROBATE AND ADMINISTRATION OF ESTATES Here we talk about how to administer the property of the deceased under The Probate and Administration of Estates Act Cap 352 and The Probate Rules.

Goals Attainment (GA) seems to be unattainable in Nigerian Federal Universities (NFUs). The tenure of numerous academic leaders is passing with little or no contribution to effective teaching, quality research and impactful community service. Successors of these leaders appear not to have an antecedence to follow. Over the years, most academic leaders in universities face challenges of time limit to achieve missions and visions statement. The study therefore examined the relationship between leadership tenure and GA in NFUs. The paper adopted correlational survey research design with a study population of 6,034 academic staff. The sample size for this study consisted of 422 academic staff using purposive sampling technique and a proportionate to size sampling technique. Goal Attainment Questionnaire (GAQ) and Leadership Tenure Questionnaire (LTQ) were instruments used for the study. The reliability coefficient of 0.93 and 0.87 were found using Cronbach Alpha method of testing reliability respectively. Research questions were answered using descriptive statistics of frequency counts, simple percentages, mean and standard deviation while research hypothesis was tested using Pearson's Product Moment Correlation. The result showed that level of GA in NFUs was found to be on high side. The finding also revealed that emphasis is placed on two-year term for directors, acting head of departments and deans of faculties while four-year tenure was considered for head of departments and deputy vice-chancellors respectively. The result also considers vice-chancellors to stay in office for five years. The finding equally revealed that there is significant relationship between leadership tenure and GA in federal universities in Southwestern Nigeria. Effective teaching, quality research and impactful community service should continue to be improved upon by the university management if NFUs are to meet up with international academic standards and best practices. Effort should be put in place by policy makers to ensure that the term used in office or key positions in the university should be in accordance with the university laws if missions and visions of the university are to be attained.

Abstract: Antizipierte Erbschaftsteilung im klassischen römischen Recht

(D. 10.2.20.3). Entgegen der weit verbreiteten Meinung, Erbverträge sei-
en im römischen Recht unzulässig gewesen, bietet uns das Corpus iuris
eine Reihe von Texten, die diese Ansicht in Frage stellen. In einem wenig
bekannten Fragment der Digesten berichtet Ulpian von Papinians Rechts-
gutachten für einen Vater, der seinen gesamten Besitz zu Lebzeiten unter
seinen Kindern aufgeteilt hatte. Nicht nur – so Papinian – sei sein Vorge-
hen rechtlich durchsetzbar gewesen, sondern es könne auch nicht als bloße Schenkung angesehen werden, da die Kinder sowohl die Anteile am Nachlass erhielten als auch zu gleichen Teilen mit den Schulden des Vaters
belastet wurden, wodurch die reguläre Erbfolge im Todesfall nachgeah-
mt wurde. Insofern erkennen Papinian und Ulpian einen zu Lebzeiten des
Vaters geschlossenen und sofort vollstreckbaren erbrechtlichen Vertrag an
(Vereinbarung mit über den Tod hinausgehender Wirkung).

Parole chiave: Vermögensteilung; Erbvertrag; pacta successoria; Schen-
kung; Vermögenswerte und Schulden.

Abstract: Anticipating division of inheritance in the Classical Roman law
(D. 10.2.20.3). Contrary to the widespread opinion on the inadmissibility
of contracts on succession upon Roman law, the Corpus iuris provides us
a series of texts challenging this view. In a little known fragment of the Di-
gest Ulpian reports on Papinian’s legal advice for a father who has divided
his entire property among his children during lifetime. Not only – claims
Papinian – his move was legally enforceable, but is cannot be seen as a
simple donation, because the children were granted both the portions of the estate and equally were burdened by father’s debts, by thus imitating the regular succession mortis causa. Insofar Papinian and Ulpian recognize a contract on succession concluded during lifetime of the father and immediately enforceable (agreement with transmortal effect).

Keywords: Division of property; inheritance contract; pacta successoria;
gifts; assets and liabilities.

SOMMARIO: 1. L’obbligo di mantenimento dei figli: unita` o pluralita` della fattispecie? — 2. Il raggiungimento della maggiore eta` e i suoi riflessi sul mantenimento. — 3. Le modalita` di mantenimento dei figli maggiorenni nella crisi familiare. — 4. L’attribuzione di un assegno periodico: legittimazione e profili processuali.

The Marriage Act, 2014, introduced a mandatory registration requirement for all marriages in Kenya, including those solemnized under customary law. This provision fundamentally altered the legal landscape for customary unions, which were previously established by the performance of traditional rites and prolonged cohabitation. This abstract examines how the Kenyan Court of Appeal and Supreme Court have interpreted this registration requirement, focusing on the distinction between marriage validity and the ability to access legal recourse.

The paper offers a thorough analysis of the notion of the ‘style clause’ within the broader framework of the history of legal thought and jurisprudential practice.
Following an in-depth examination of the doctrinal theories, the study undertakes a detailed review of case law, aiming to highlight the reasons underpinning prevailing judicial approaches.
Drawing on these insights, the paper proposes a renewed perspective on the conceptualization of the contract clause.

This article examines the complex and underexplored concept of tacit jurisdiction acceptance in international commercial law, addressing the central question: does silence constitute consent to a forum? Through a comprehensive analysis of major international legal frameworks—including the Hague Conventions, EU regulations, the 1968 Brussels Convention, and the 1994 Buenos Aires Protocol—the article identifies a clear doctrinal preference for explicit, written jurisdictional agreements to ensure predictability and legal certainty.

The analysis of supporting case law from the CJEU, UK Privy Council, and English courts further reveals that while silence or mere inaction is universally rejected as a form of consent, a more nuanced approach exists. Jurisdictional consent can be tacitly inferred from a party’s unambiguous conduct, such as voluntarily arguing a case on its merits without challenging jurisdiction, or through a consistent prior course of dealing between the parties.

The article concludes that international law maintains a critical distinction: silence does not mean consent, but clear, affirmative actions can. This reflects an evolving balance in transnational litigation between the rigid need for certainty and a flexible recognition of genuine, albeit implied, party autonomy.

This case examines the decision of the High Court of Tanzania at Musoma in PC Civil Appeal No. 73 of 2022, arising from disputes over the administration of the estate of the late Erasto Josiah Toga. The central issue concerned whether administratrixes retained legal authority after filing final accounts and inventories (Forms V and VI) Now Form 80 and 81).

The Court held that once administrators have filed these documents and the probate cause has been closed, they become functus officio—they cease to hold legal authority in their capacity as administrators. Consequently, they cannot sue or be sued in that role. The Court emphasized the principle that “there is no lifetime administrator” within Tanzanian probate law.

This ruling reinforces the importance of statutory timelines and procedures under the Probate and Administration of Estates Act [Cap. 445 R.E. 2019], ensuring that estate administration is a temporary responsibility bound by law. The judgment provides clarity on the finality of probate proceedings and prevents misuse of authority by former administrators.

The purpose of this book series is to publish high quality volumes on the history of law and justice. Legal history can be a deeply provocative and influential field, as illustrated by the growth of the European universities and the ius commune, the French Revolution, the American Revolution, and indeed all the great movements for national liberation through law. The study of history gives scholars and reformers the models and courage to question entrenched injustices, by demonstrating the contingency of law and other social arrangements. Yet legal history today finds itself diminished in the universities and legal academy. Too often scholarship betrays no knowledge of what went before, or why legal institutions took the shape they did. This series seeks to remedy that deficiency. Studies in the History of Law and Justice will be theoretical and reflective. Volumes will address the history of law and justice from a critical and comparative viewpoint. The studies in this series will be strong bold narratives of the development of law and justice. Some will be suitable for a very broad readership. Contributions to this series will come from scholars on every continent and in every legal system. Volumes will promote international comparisons and dialogue. The purpose will be to provide the next generation of lawyers with the models and narratives needed to understand and improve the law and justice of their own era. The series includes monographs focusing on a specific topic, as well as collections of articles covering a theme or collections of article by one author.

Protagonista del diritto dei contratti e della pratica degli affari, il concetto di clausola contrattuale vive in un reticolo di ambiguità: un reticolo non di rado alimentato dalla dottrina, che preferisce concentrarsi sulle singole figure particolari piuttosto che interrogarsi sulla matrice dell'identità. Il saggio propone di rimettere al centro dell'interesse del civilista lo studio del concetto, alimentandolo con un completo rinnovamento del metodo d'indagine e privilegiando un approccio dichiaratamente fenomenologico, aperto all'arricchimento e alla diversificazione dei dati di partenza. Ne deriva un'analitica riconsiderazione delle norme che la dottrina pone a base dei propri studi, e, in più, l'allargamento dell'orizzonte normativo verso discipline tradizionalmente del tutto trascurate. L'indagine si estende, poi, all'analisi critica di alcune ricostruzioni teoriche che ipotizzano nuovi sottoinsiemi di clausole, apparentemente portatrici di caratteri che, per differenza, finirebbero per condizionare la caratterizzazione di quelle non incluse. Non può mancare, infine, la considerazione dell'esperienza, prevalentemente giurisprudenziale, delle clausole «di stile», che, nello studio, divengono il luogo privilegiato per esplorare il rapporto tra il gesto elocutivo delle parti e la sua proiezione precettiva. Alla fine dell'indagine, le clausole non appaiono meri contenitori di frammenti del contratto, ma assumono il rango di dispositivi normativi con funzione epistemica, strumenti attraverso cui l'ordinamento legge, ordina e riconosce l'autonomia privata. La clausola diventa la chiave per comprendere il contratto in uno dei suoi aspetti più delicati: là, dove l'interesse diventa patto e incontra la regola che lo cristallizza.

El derecho sucesorio, una rama del derecho privado, se ocupa de regular el traspaso de los bienes y derechos pertenecientes a un individuo fallecido hacia sus herederos. Este proceso, conocido como sucesión mortis causa, tiene como objetivo principal armonizar la libertad de disposición testamentaria del difunto con la salvaguardia de los herederos forzosos, aquellos que legalmente tienen derecho a recibir una porción de la herencia. Dentro del ámbito del derecho sucesorio, se establecen disposiciones normativas que rigen la distribución de los activos, así como los criterios de validez y formalidad de los testamentos. Además, se definen las legítimas, las cuales representan las porciones de la herencia destinadas a ser reservadas obligatoriamente para los herederos forzosos. Esta rama legal desempeña un papel fundamental en garantizar una distribución justa y equitativa de los bienes y derechos de una persona fallecida, al mismo tiempo que protege los derechos de los herederos forzosos y respeta la voluntad testamentaria del fallecido.

SOMMARIO: 1. Le nuove dimensioni della vulnerabilità minorile. – 2. La riscrittura dell’art. 403 c.c. da parte del legislatore nel 2021: le ragioni di fondo della novella. – 3. Il nuovo testo della norma: la ridefinizione dei presupposti applicativi. – 4. (Segue) La giurisdizionalizzazione dell’intervento delle autorità, in funzione di una più certa tutela delle situazioni critiche.

This volume analyses the most recent books on the situation and changes in the law of succession in European countries, held by the world's major libraries and published between 2020 and 2025. Thus, the books commissioned by the Library of Congress, the British Library, Library and Archives Canada, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Det Kongelige Bibliotek, Biblioteca Nacional de España and the National Library of Japan are the main base selected for presentation and analysis.

This volume analyses the most recent books on the situation and changes in matrimonial property law in European countries, held by the world's major libraries and published between 2020 and 2025. Thus, the books commissioned by the Library of Congress, the British Library, Library and Archives Canada, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Det Kongelige Bibliotek, Biblioteca Nacional de España and the National Library of Japan are the main base selected for presentation and analysis.

El fallo de segunda instancia confirma una sentencia que reconoció la vocación hereditaria de la demandante, ordenó rehacer la partición de bienes realizada en una sucesión notarial previa en la que no participó, y dispuso la cancelación de los registros derivados de esa adjudicación.

La apelación se basó en la existencia de un contrato denominado de transacción, mediante el cual la demandante habría recibido una suma de dinero por sus eventuales derechos herenciales. El Tribunal concluyó que dicho documento no configuraba una verdadera transacción, sino una cesión de derechos herenciales que, por ley, requiere escritura pública. Al omitirse esta formalidad esencial, el acto es nulo de manera absoluta y no produce efectos jurídicos, por lo que no genera cosa juzgada.

En consecuencia, se mantuvo íntegramente la decisión de primera instancia y se impusieron costas a los apelantes.

La sentenza 27792/2024 della Cassazione ha dichiarato la nullità parziale di un fondo patrimoniale. Nonostante non sia particolarmente innovativa, la decisione della Corte tratta insieme due temi altrimenti lontani tra loro: la funzione del fondo patrimoniale e la nullità parziale. La decisione è conforme a numerosi precedenti nei quali vengono definiti la funzione del fondo patrimoniale, il concetto di famiglia, l’essenzialità della clausola nulla e la rilevabilità d’ufficio della stessa.

La concentrazione di questi istituti rende quindi la sentenza un terreno fertile per discutere più in generale una serie di questioni teoriche e pratiche relative alle ipotesi di nullità dell’atto costitutivo di fondo patrimoniale, alla applicabilità della nullità parziale e della conversione al fondo patrimoniale.

Con questo studio s’intende affermare che la funzione economica protettiva dei bisogni della famiglia potrebbe, invero, essere assicurata, ad avviso dello scrivente, dall’art. 167 c.c. – per mezzo di lettura sistematica, costituzionalmente orientata, funzionale e non formalistica – non solo limitatamente alla famiglia nucleare ma anche estesa, stante l’eadem ratio protettiva meritevole di tutela, alla famiglia parentale senza dover necessariamente ricorrere al più flessibile strumento negoziale della destinazione patrimoniale di cui all’art. 2645-ter c.c.

Mwaka 2025, kupitia GN No. 428, Jaji Mkuu wa Tanzania alitunga Sheria Ndogo za Mahakama za Mwanzo (Usimamizi wa Mali za Marehemu) (Marekebisho), 2025 chini ya Kifungu cha 71 cha Sheria ya Mahakama za Mahakimu (Cap 11 R.E 2023). Sheria hizi zimeleta mabadiliko ya msingi katika utaratibu wa usimamizi wa mirathi kwenye Mahakama za Mwanzo, zikilenga kuimarisha uwazi, kupunguza mianya ya rushwa, na kurahisisha upatikanaji wa haki.

Mabadiliko hayo ni pamoja na kuanzishwa kwa Akaunti Maalum ya Mirathi benki, kupunguzwa kwa muda wa kufungua mirathi kutoka miaka mitatu hadi miezi kumi na mbili (12), na kupunguzwa kwa muda wa kuwasilisha hesabu za mirathi (Fomu 6) kutoka miezi minne hadi mitatu. Aidha, mabadiliko ya namba za fomu kutoka Kirumi hadi tarakimu za kawaida yamelenga kurahisisha matumizi, huku ada za mirathi zikipunguzwa kwa kiwango cha kati ya TZS 5,000 hadi 10,000.

Pia, mchakato wa maombi umeboreshwa kwa kuruhusu mawasilisho kwa njia mbalimbali — ikiwa ni pamoja na maombi ya mdomo, barua au nyaraka rasmi. Uboreshaji huu unaonyesha hatua ya kuelekea kwenye mifumo jumuishi, inayojali usawa wa upatikanaji wa haki kwa wananchi wote bila kujali kiwango cha elimu au uwezo wa kifedha.

The practice and procedure relating to probate and the administration of estates in Tanzania has undergone a significant transformation following the enactment of the Probate (Amendment) Rules, 2025. These Rules amend the existing framework under the Probate and Administration of Estates (Forms and Rules), G.N. No. 369 of 1963, made under the Probate and Administration of Estates Act [Cap. 352 R.E. 2023]. The amendments aim to modernize the probate process, promote efficiency, and address long-standing procedural gaps in the administration of estates.

The bona caduca were those portions of inheritance or those legacies denied to heirs or legatees who were deemed celibates by the lex Iulia de maritandis ordinibus (18 bce). With the approval of the lex Papia Poppaea (9 ce), these penalties were partially extended to the orbi. Under the sole enforcement of the lex Iulia, the bona caduca increased the portions of other heirs and were claimed by the treasury (aerarium) only if the inheritance was “vacant.” However, due to a provision in the lex Papia, they were henceforth instead primarily assigned to the patres and secondarily to the treasury.

el cesionario total como el parcial están facultados para promover el juicio sucesorio. El cedente obviamente conserva este derecho (…) aun en la cesión total, aunque ello no signifique nada positivo económicamente". (4) CNCiv., Sala G, 22/11/2023, "Cuello, Carmen (Expte. Nro.

The principle of primogeniture is an age long tradition enshrined in customary concepts of rights to succession in land. This principle is practised in some parts of Africa including Nigeria and Uganda. It recognises the rights of the first male child to inherit property belonging to his father. Primogeniture stems from the predominant belief in the patriarchal system which asserts that promotion of women's rights could interfere with traditions and norms. Its application therefore subjugates the rights of the female gender. Despite various pronouncements of the courts on the discriminatory effects of this rule in both Nigeria and Uganda, elements of the practice still exist in these jurisdictions, and this restricts the rights of women to own property. This paper therefore comparatively examines the application of primogeniture rule in Nigeria and Uganda. It adopts a desk-based research approach to trace the evolution of the principle over the years and how the courts in both jurisdictions have interpreted its meaning. The paper finds that in Nigeria, the effect of primogeniture rule has been relaxed through judicial activism, thus enabling female children inherit property belonging to their fathers, however, elements of the tradition still exist due to the strong influence of culture and patriarchal belief system. In Uganda however, the practice of primogeniture was encouraged by the legislative enactments in the Succession Act until the recent enactment of the Succession (Amendment) Act 2022 which removed discriminatory aspects of rights to property in Uganda. The paper concludes that the primogeniture rule is a subjugation of women's' rights and runs contrary to global best practices on women's rights.

International Law TA4D: Governing Global Relations
This "International Law" (சர்வதேசச் சட்டம் TA4D) syllabus introduces the fundamental principles governing relations between states and other international actors. Unit 1 provides an Introduction to International Law (சர்வதேசச் சட்டம்: அறிமுகம்), covering its definition, basis (அடிப்படை), nature and weaknesses (இயல்பு மற்றும் பலவீனம்), and the differences between Public and Private International Law (பொது சர்வதேசச் சட்டத்திற்கும் தனிப்பட்ட சர்வதேசச் சட்டத்திற்கும் இடையிலான வேறுபாடுகள்), along with its codification (தொகுப்பு).

Unit 2 explores the Sources of International Law (சர்வதேச சட்டத்தின் மூலங்கள்), followed by Unit 3, which delves into the intricate Relationship between International Law and Municipal Law (சர்வதேச சட்டம் மற்றும் நகராட்சி சட்டம் - உறவு). Unit 4 identifies the Subjects of International Law (சர்வதேச சட்டத்தின் கருப்பொருள்), primarily States (நாடு ஒரு கருப்பொருளாக), their rights and duties, and the increasing recognition of Individuals as Subjects (சர்வதேச சட்டத்தின் கருப்பொருளாக ஒரு தனிநபர்).

Further units address key aspects of state interaction. Unit 5 covers State Succession and Liability (நாட்டு வாரிசுரிமை மற்றும் பொறுப்பு), while Unit 6 examines State Territory and Territorial Sovereignty (நாட்டின்‌ ஆள்‌ நிலம் மற்றும் ஆள்நில ஆதிக்கம்), including modes of acquisition and loss of territory (நாட்டைப் பெறுதல் மற்றும் இழத்தல் முறைமைகள்), jurisdiction (அதிகாரவரம்பு), and specialized areas like the Law of the Sea (கடல்சார் சட்டம்) and Law of the Air (ஆகாயச் சட்டம்). Unit 7 explores Extradition and Asylum (மீட்டொப்படைத்தல்‌ மற்றும் அடைக்கலம்‌), Nationality acquisition and loss (நாட்டினம் பெறுதல் மற்றும் இழத்தலின் சிக்கல்கள்), Refugees (அகதிகள்‌), and disarmament.

Unit 8 focuses on Diplomatic Agents and Consular Missions (தூதரக முகவர்கள் மற்றும் தூதரகப் பணிகள்)—their position, privileges, and immunities. Unit 9 details International Treaties (சர்வதேச ஒப்பந்தங்கள்), covering their negotiation, conclusion, various stages, reservations, observance, interpretation, suspension, and termination. Finally, Unit 10 introduces major International Organizations (சர்வதேச அமைப்புகள்), including the United Nations Organization (UNO) (ஐக்கிய நாடுகள் அமைப்பு), its General Assembly (பொதுப் பேரவை), Security Council (பாதுகாப்புச் சபை), International Court of Justice (சர்வதேச நீதிமன்றம்‌), and other International Tribunals.

Family Law 2 TA2D: Inheritance, Succession, and Estates
This "Family Law 2 TA2D" (குடும்பச் சட்டம் 2 TA2D) syllabus delves into the complex areas of inheritance and succession under various personal laws in India. We begin by clarifying the core Concepts of Inheritance (இறங்குரிமை), Succession (வாரிசுரிமை), and Survivorship (எஞ்சுநர்‌ உரிமை), providing a foundational understanding of how property passes after death.

The course then examines the Management of Joint Family Property (கூட்டு குடும்ப சொத்துக்களின் மேலாண்மை), including the unique Marumakkathayam Law (மருமக்கத்தாயம் சட்டம்) and the impact of modern legislation on the Hindu Joint Family System. We explore the Law of Stridhana (சீதனச் சட்டம்) and its legislative changes. A significant focus is placed on Inheritance Laws in Hinduism (இந்து மதத்தில் உள்ள இறங்குரிமைச் சட்டங்கள்), contrasting the Mitakshara and Dayabhaga Schools (மிதக்ஷரா பள்ளி, தாயபாகம் பள்ளி) and noting the changes brought by modern legislation.

The syllabus also covers Mohammedan Law of Inheritance (முஸ்லிம் இறங்குரிமைச் சட்டம்), with special reference to Shia and Sunni schools. Wills (உயில்) under Hindu and Muslim law, along with relevant portions of the Indian Succession Act, are discussed. We also touch upon Intestate succession for Christians (கிறிஸ்துவர்களின் இல்வழி வாரிசுரிமை), Charitable and Religious Endowments (அறப்பயனுக்கான மற்றும் சமய அறக்கட்டளை), Wakfs (வக்ஃபுகள்), Gifts and Preemption (கொடைகளும் முன்னுரிமையும்), and the Administration of Estates in Mohammedan Law (முகமதிய சட்டத்தில் சொத்து நிர்வாகம்). This comprehensive approach provides an in-depth understanding of diverse inheritance and property management frameworks within Indian family law.

for their helpful comments. We are especially grateful to Barbara Banoff for extensive criticisms and suggestions throughout the course of this project. 1. ADAM SMITH, LECTU ES ON JURISPRUDENCE 467 (R.L. Meek et al. eds., 1978) (ms. 1762-66).

W artykule omówiono prawa i obowiązki procesowe tłumacza w postępowaniu cywilnym.  Ustalono, że tłumacz pełni bardzo ważną rolę w postępowaniu cywilnym, co oznacza, że niezbędne jest ustalenie – w sposób niebudzący wątpliwości – jego praw i obowiązków procesowych.

This article addresses the legal treatment of the Surrogatum (substitute asset) as the subject-matter of the hereditary petition-claim (Erbschaftsklage) under Article 1872(1) of the Greek Civil Code (gr.CC). Within the broader context of the heir’s position as a universal successor, Greek law empowers the heir to bring a claim against the possessor of the estate’s assets, not only for the original hereditary items but also for property that has replaced them through conveyance-acts by the possessor. The author articulates and analyses the three cumulative conditions under which a surrogatum may constitute the object of a hereditary claim, namely: (i) A juridical act of disposition by the possessor of the estate property, which need not be directly related to the inheritance itself. (ii)Use of hereditary assets (latu sensu) in acquiring the new asset, including proceeds from the sale or other derivatives of the original estate property. (iii) Acquisition of the surrogatum by the possessor, meaning that the surrogatum must have entered his patrimony, regardless of whether wholly or partially acquired with assets from the estate. Numerous examples of surrogata are discussed, including proceeds from sales, subsequent acquisitions financed with estate funds (Kettensurogation). The article further elaborates on exceptional or borderline cases, such as non-transferable rights (e.g., usufruct), or mixed acquisitions using both personal and estate funds. A central doctrinal issue the article tackles is the legal nature of substitution in this context: unlike German law and Swiss law, where the so-called Surrogation is characterized as real (dingliche), Greek law treats it differently, namely it does not operate in rem. Thus, the heir acquires only a personal claim (creance, Anspruch)  against the possessor, not a direct real right to the surrogatum. The possessor is therefore obliged to transfer the asset or its value, but ownership does not vest ipso jure to the heir. In its comparative analysis, the article highlights the systemic divergence of Greek law from legal systems that recognize inheritance as a separate legal patrimony (universitas juris), capable of supporting automatic substitution. Greek law does not regard the patrimony (estate) as a separate proprety (Sondernvermögen), which constitutes a universitas juris, but only as universitas factii. The Greek framework lacks a general principle of real subrogation and limits its application to cases explicitly provided by statute.

Family-owned businesses (FOBs) constitute a significant portion of the global economy, yet they face complex challenges in succession planning due to legal, financial, and relational intricacies. Effective succession planning ensures business continuity and protects family wealth across generations. This paper explores the legal challenges involved in succession planning for FOBs, with a particular focus on inheritance law, shareholder agreements, and tax implications. Drawing from pre-2023 literature, the paper synthesizes insights into how legal frameworks and financial regulations influence intergenerational transfers, governance structures, and family cohesion. The study also provides recommendations for mitigating legal and financial risks through structured agreements and strategic planning.

La pubblicazione di articoli e note proposti alla Rivista è subordinata alla valutazione positiva espressa su di essi (rispettando l'anonimato dell'autore e in forma anonima) da due lettori scelti dal Direttore in primo luogo tra i componenti del Comitato scientifico internazionale. Ciò in adesione al comune indirizzo delle Riviste romanistiche italiane (AG., RISG., BIDR., AUPA., SDHI., Iura, Index, Roma e America, IAH., Quaderni Lupiensi, Diritto@storia, TSDP.), in seguito alle indicazioni del gruppo di lavoro promosso dal Consorzio interuniversitario Gérard Boulvert e a conseguenti delibere del CUN e del CNR. Gli autori sono invitati a inviare alla Rivista insieme con il testo da pubblicare un abstract in lingua diversa da quella del contributo e «parole chiave» nelle due lingue.

[cały tekst]

The family foundation represents a major transformation of Polish inheritance law. It is a far-reaching instrument of succession planning, enabling the transfer of assets for many generations ahead. The family foundation is presented as the functional equivalent of the institution of a trust widely used in common law systems. It is even argued that if a trust mortis causa was established in a will (made under foreign law), and the effects of the will were evaluated from the perspective of Polish law (Article 21 of Regulation 650/2012), such a trust could be considered a declaration of the establishment of a family foundation (Article 21(1) of the Family Foundations Act). At the same time, Polish inheritance law is averse to far-reaching trusts. This is manifested in the prohibitions and restrictions provided, among others, in Article 962, Article 964, and Article 981(3) of the Civil Code. An internal incon- sistency arises in this regard, since the fundamental inadmissibility of trusteeship mortis causa in the general law of succession is overridden by the family foundation, which allows for full and essentially unlimited trusteeship in succession after the death of its founder. This is particularly evident when one considers the position of other European legal systems, which, instead, seek to balance these mortis causa fiduciary institutions.
The purpose of this text is to present the most important legal problems associated with the formation of a family foundation established by a last will (testament), which arise from the interpretation of the law.

Сажeтак: У ра ду су ана ли зи ра на ме ђу на род на и над на ци о нал на пра вила о са ве сно сти у кон тек сту ре сти ту ци је кул тур них до ба ра. Ука за но је на од сту па ња од оп штих пра ви ла о са ве сно сти из угла сти ца ња пра ва сво ји не од не вла сни ка и сти ца ња пра ва сво ји не одр жа јем. Уме сто да, у ку му ла ци ји са дру гим усло ви ма, омо гу ћи сти ца ње пра ва сво ји не, са ве сност сти ца о цу укра де ног и не за ко ни то из ве зе ног кул тур ног до бра мо же да обез бе ди са мо пра во на пра вич ну на кна ду. На пу ште на је прет по став ка са ве сно сти и те рет ње ног до ка зи ва ња пре ба чен је на др жа о ца кул тур ног до бра. Исто вре ме но су по о штре ни кри те ри ју ми на осно ву ко јих се са ве сност про це њу је. У слу чаје ви ма бес те рет ног сти ца ња, са ве сност прав ног след бе ни ка je усло вље на са ве сно шћу ње го вог прав ног прет ход ни ка. На тај на чин је оне мо гу ће но да сук це сор по тра жу је пра вич ну на кна ду уко ли ко она не би при па ла ни ње говом прав ном прет ход ни ку. У ра ду је, та ко ђе, ис пи та но у ко је су из во ре и на ко ји на чин по је ди не др жа ве чла ни це Европ ске уни је ин кор по ри са ле у сво ја за ко но дав ства ре ше ња о са ве сно сти са др жа на у Ди рек ти ви 2014/60/ЕУ. На осно ву то га пре до че не су мо гућ но сти за ха р мо ни за ци ју пра ва Ре пу бли ке Ср би је са из ло же ним над на ци о нал ним пра ви ли ма. Кључ нере чи:кул тур на до бра, ре сти ту ци ја, са ве сност, те рет и на чин до ка зи ва ња, им пле мен та ци ја. Кул тур на до бра су ства ри и тво ре ви не од оп штег ин те ре са ко је, без об зи ра на сво јин ски об лик, ужи ва ју по се бан трет ман и за шти ту у скла ду са * Рад је за сно ван на ре зул та ти ма ис тра жи ва ња спро ве де ним при ли ком из ра де за вр шног ра да на ма стер сту ди ја ма под на сло вом Упо тре ба и за шти та кул тур них до ба ра -гра ђанско прав ни аспек ти од бра ње ног на Прав ном фа кул те ту Уни вер зи те та у Но вом Са ду ју на 2016. го ди не.

More than anywhere else in the early modern world, adoption in late imperial China, Chosŏn Korea, and Tokugawa Japan was a way of life. Legally codified and socially sanctioned, the practice of adopting to acquire an heir was not simply a strategy to optimize family success; given the demographic realities pertaining at the time, it was absolutely necessary for perpetuating the family system itself, in political, economic, and spiritual terms. The reliance on adoption stemmed from a problem common across early modern East Asia: in contrast to the demographic pattern typical in preindustrial societies, in which rates of fertility and mortality tended to be high and population growth substantial, the Chinese, Korean, and Japanese populations overall between the sixteenth and late nineteenth centuries experienced relatively low fertility, moderate mortality, and low to moderate population growth. 1 At the same time, due to shared Confucian ideals, families felt compelled to practice male primogeniture in matters of succession and inheritance. These two essentially incompatible factors-strict succession rules on the one hand, and a limited pool of potential heirs on the other-made an alternative solution necessary if the family system were to survive. Adoption was that solution. However, adoption took quite different forms across East Asia, in great part because kinship, marriage, and succession practices-indeed the structure of family systems themselves-developed along distinct trajectories in each place over time. This chapter begins by briefly summarizing recent research in the historical demography of late imperial China and Chosŏn Korea with regard to adoption, and then uses those findings as the broader context in which to discuss the results

Traducción del artículo «Autonomia privata e inesecuzione del contratto: uno spazio ben circoscritto» de Edoardo Pesce (2024). En este artículo, circunscribiendo el campo de acción de los remedios al incumplimiento contractual, el autor plantea el reconocimiento a las partes de una autonomía privada remedial, es decir, de la facultad de derogar el régimen de los remedios. Partiendo de ello, formula como límites a la renuncia «ex ante» de los remedios la buena fe y los actos propios.

With the arrival of English traders and the formation of colonies on the territory of North America, it developed the need to establish a legal system. Inheritance law, along with all other branches of private law, was present in a similar form as in England. Over time, the law changed and moved away from its English predecessor. At the beginning of the nineteenth century, each state began the process of codifying inheritance law, which differed from state to state. The twentieth century marked a turning point in the adoption of a large number of laws that regulated every area of inheritance and property management. A Unified Probate Code was created in 1969, which was fully or partially adopted by more than a third of the states. In this paper, short overview of development of the inheritance law is provided. Beginning with the colonial period, the explanation of development of forms and practices of inheritance law and probate procedures is presented. In addition, this paper deals with the period of the American Revolution, the nineteenth, twentieth and twenty-first century in the same way. Many scientific methods were used in this paper and their detailed explanation will be shown in introduction.

SOMMARIO: 1. Un percorso di rilettura de La moneta (1929) a partire dal problema delle clausole monetarie. – 2. Tut-ti i debiti illiquidi sono debiti di valore? – 2.1. Il caso delle obbligazioni indicizzate (Sez. Un., 23 febbraio 2023, n. 5657). – 3. Le clausole monetarie e i “pericoli” della fuga dalla valuta statale – 3.1. I principi giuridici della moneta e il trionfo del Nominalwert. – 3.2. La «forza di resistenza» del nominalismo di pagamento. – 4. I debiti indicizzazioni sono debiti illiquidi di valuta. – 5. Nuove monete o nuove misure del valore?

Z oals gebruikelijk werden tussen kerst en nieuw een aantal wetten gepubliceerd met toch behoorlijk wat fiscale impact. We beperken ons in dit artikel tot de fiscale bepalingen van belang voor de ondernemingen. Vooreerst was er de Wet van 18 december 2016 "tot regeling van de erkenning en de afbakening van crowdfunding en houdende diverse bepalingen inzake financiën" ( 1 ). De wet bevat onder meer een aanvulling op de Programmawet van 10 augustus 2015. Deze Programmawet omvatte drie fiscale stimuli voor startende ondernemingen. Ten eerste de tax shelter voor startende ondernemingen, ten tweede een gedeeltelijke vrijstelling van de verplichting tot doorstorting van bedrijfsvoorheffing van startende ondernemingen en als laatste een vrijstelling van intresten van bepaalde leningen aan startende ondernemingen.

Il saggio affronta la questione dell’applicabilità al negozio di ultima volontà del criterio di interpretazione conservativa di cui all’art. 1367 c.c. L’assenza di un sistema ermeneutico testamentario impone di fare ricorso all’analogia, senza che a ciò osti quanto stabilito dall’art. 1324 c.c. L’analisi di alcune disposizioni del Libro II consente di rilevare come il principio conservativo rinvenibile all’interno della disciplina testamentaria sia caratterizzato non già in senso oggettivo-efficientistico (sul modello dell’art. 1367 c.c.), bensì soggettivo. Si giunge quindi alla conclusione per cui il criterio ermeneutico dominante sia quello del favor voluntatis, e non del favor testamenti.

❱ raúl josé vega cardona ** reSumen: el presente artículo parte de la necesidad de realizar un estudio sobre el contenido del inventario y avalúo como operación particional del caudal hereditario en cuba, a raíz de las complejidades propias del instituto, las que no solo se manifiestan en el ámbito teórico-doctrinal sino también en la configuración legal que del mismo hiciera el legislador cubano. en este sentido se aporta, a partir de una exposición doctrinal sobre el tema, un diagnóstico de las principales insuficiencias que en el ámbito sustantivo inciden en la deficitaria práctica de la determinación y valuación de los bienes hereditarios, y con ello el establecimiento de las posibles pautas que permitan perfeccionar el régimen jurídico de la institución objeto de análisis. PalaBraS Clave: inventario; avalúo; operaciones particionales; herencia. * Fecha de recepción: 20 de junio de 2014. Fecha de aceptación: 8 de septiembre de 2014. Para citar el artículo: r. j. vega C., "Hacia una reconstrucción del diseño legislativo del inventario y avalúo de los bienes hereditarios en cuba", Revista de Derecho Privado, universidad externado de colombia, n.º 27, julio-diciembre de 2014, pp. 217-245.

The institution of inheritance is an old, very important institution that has continuous and frequent application in daily practice. It is the only institution that enables the transfer of property rights and obligations from the deceased to other persons. The procedure for reviewing the inherited property is an uncontested procedure and as such it is regulated by the Law on Uncontested Procedure of 2008. Northern Macedonia followed European standards by transferring non-contentious jurisprudence cases from the courts to notaries. The notary as a "trustee" of the court takes action and decides in accordance with the provisions of the Law on Uncontested Procedure and the Law on Inheritance. The notary directs and examines the inherited property only when there is no dispute over the facts or the application of the inheritance right. In the competence of notaries, among others, are the compilation of legal affairs from property inheritance issues such as legal wills, drafting of the contract for permanent maintenance, the contract for division of property, the contract for donation, etc. This study analyzes the role of the notary in the examination of inherited property, identifies the differences between the theory and its application in practice, and highlights the legal gaps that enable non-realization of inheritance law by a certain category of citizens with vulnerable positions, such as married girls of the testator, extramarital minors, etc. This study provides arguments for the introduction of the family register and further electronic digitization as a step towards the approximation of Macedonian inheritance legislation with European legislation. The positive Macedonian legislation does not provide for a public document that summarizes all personal data in one place for parents and for each child (married or illegitimate), which would facilitate the work of the notary, speed up legal circulation and increase legal certainty in property-inheritance legal relations. This paper has a theoretical-empirical approach, using these methods: descriptive-comparative, analysis of positive inheritance legislation, and surveys with notaries operating in the Republic of Northern Macedonia. This study emphasizes the need for legal reforms in the inheritance scheme, as well as giving modest suggestions regarding the measures to be taken in order to improve the legal framework and drafting new policies.

Il testamento olografo, nell’attuale contesto di invecchiamento della società, presenta diverse criticità legate all’autenticità della scrittura, alle difficoltà probatorie dovute all’assenza di elementi di comparazione e alle variazioni fisiologiche della grafia, alla protezione del testatore da indebite influenze esterne, all’ambiguità interpretativa derivante dall’uso di terminologia atecnica e al rischio di perdita o distruzione del documento. Lo studio propone di superare tali criticità attraverso l’introduzione di uno strumento di autotutela per il testatore, che gli consenta di imporre a sé stesso, tramite testamento pubblico, la forma notarile per ogni futura disposizione testamentaria, pena la nullità.

While the Law of Succession in Kenya provides for the distribution of a deceased's estate, certain properties are exempted from these laws. These exemptions are based on factors such as the nature of the property (e.g., trust property), the marital status of the deceased (e.g., jointly held matrimonial property), and customary law (e.g., land held under customary tenure). The application of the law can also be influenced by the presence of a valid will or the specific intentions of the deceased during their lifetime. These exemptions are crucial for protecting the interests of individuals or communities who may be affected by the rigid application of succession laws.

In de zaak C-525/12, inzake de Europese Commissie tegen de Bondrepubliek Duitsland, diende het Hof van Justitie van de Europese Unie voor het eerst de draagwijdte van het beginsel van kostenterugwinning voor waterdiensten in het kader van de Kaderrichtlijn Water (hierna KRW) te preciseren. De Europese Commissie daagde een tweetal jaren geleden Duitsland, via een inbreukprocedure, voor het Europees Hof van Justitie wegens diens vermeende tekortkomingen aan de verplichtingen uit de KRW, meer specifiek met betrekking tot de kostenterugwinning voor waterdiensten. De Europese Commissie oordeelde dat Duitsland, bij de toepassing van de kostenterugwinning uit artikel 9 KRW, ten onrechte bepaalde water-gerelateerde activiteiten uitsloot van het begrip ‘waterdiensten’ zoals omschreven in artikel 2, punt 38 van de KRW. Duitsland had watergerelateerde activiteiten zoals onder meer opstuwing van water voor energieopwekking via waterkracht, wateractiviteiten met betrekking tot navigatie of overs...

This document provides an overview of the establishment of the High Court, it's divisions and Registries, also the author has explained on the Unlimited Jurisdiction of the High Court and how various case laws has interpreted the position, and lastly tried to explain on the exclusive jurisdiction of the same Court  and power of  it to determine matters not stated in any other laws.

Historically, the advent of British colonialists served as a background for conflict of laws in Nigeria, where we have pluralism systems of law such as Customary, Islamic and English laws. However, to a certain extent, this conflict of laws had been settled, particularly the laws that govern the administration of estate of deceased in Nigeria. Shariah as an independent legal system has been, after some years, separated from customary law in Nigeria as interplay of pluralism created more controversy in the country. This study discussed the burning issues regarding the decision of Kwara State Shariah Court of Appeal, Ilorin division in the case of Mohammed v. Mohammed, which premised on the issue of law that govern the estate of a deceased Muslim whose one of his wives was married in conformance with Marriage Act.It also considered the independence of Islamic law amongst other legal systems, and the effects of marriage onsuccession or administration of Muslims' estate in Nigeria. The research adopted the doctrinal by in depth analysis on legal materials, judicial and statutory authorities, particularly the interpretation of relevant sections of laws govern the administration of deceased's estate in Kwara state. The finding of this study was the establishment of standalone system of Islamic law as regards the distribution of estate of a deceased Muslim, the need for repeal or amendment of some legislations to reflect the distinction between Islamic and Customary law, particularly those dealing with the individual's personal matters in Nigeria and the effect of statutory marriage on the administration of Muslims' estate.