Strategic Human Resources

يحلل تقرير "استشراف مستقبل إفريقيا" (2025-2030م) موقع القارة في ظل تحولات اقتصادية ومناخية وجيوسياسية متسارعة، مبرزًا ما تملكه من إمكانات ديموغرافية وموارد استراتيجية. ويركّز التقرير على التحديات والفرص التي ستحدد مسار إفريقيا خلال السنوات المقبلة، خاصة مع اقتراب أهداف التنمية المستدامة 2030م. كما يوضح أن استقرار وتنمية إفريقيا يمثلان أولوية عالمية بالنظر إلى تأثيرهما المباشر على الأمن والازدهار الدولي.

Organisational Citizenship Behaviour (OCB) and Strategic Human Resource Development (SHRD) have been increasingly recognised in management scholarship as mutually reinforcing constructs that significantly contribute to organisational effectiveness (OE). OCB, encompassing discretionary and extra-role behaviours beyond formal job prescriptions, reflects employees’ intrinsic motivation and social exchange mechanisms that underpin organisational functioning. Strategic HRD, on the other hand, constitutes a systemic and future-oriented approach to developing human capital, aligning learning and development interventions with long-term organisational goals. Theoretically, OCB aligns with social exchange theory and organisational support theory, while Strategic HRD is grounded in the resource-based view (RBV) and human capital theory, collectively offering a multidimensional framework for achieving OE. This paper synthesises extant literature to contextualise the OCB–HRD nexus in developing countries, where institutional voids, resource constraints, and evolving organisational landscapes necessitate innovative approaches to workforce development. The analysis underscores that cultivating OCB through strategically designed HRD mechanisms enhances organisational adaptability, resilience, and sustainable performance, thereby reinforcing the centrality of human agency in driving effectiveness in resource-constrained contexts.

Competition has not been an easy task in the field of insurance. Despite the fact that in the recent decades there has been some regulatory changes, and regulators’ approach tends toward more competition and prudential regulation, the regulatory approach to insurance markets from around the world has led to engendering barriers for competition. In this paper, we shall try to examine various elements and factors which could improve or reduce competition in the insurance market; accordingly, we attempt to show that the insurance market is not excluded from competition and antitrust laws. Furthermore, to improve the efficiency and quality of services in the market, it should be directed to a more competitive insurance market through cooperation and integration at various levels and to a certain extent, reducing barriers to entry, reforming discriminatory regulations, reducing government intervention, increasing the role of the Competition Council and paving the way for the entry of foreign companies.

Information and Communication technology plays an integral role in learning in the learning of Business education. Therefore, this study examined the influence of Information and Communication Technology on effective learning of Business Education among pre-service Business Educators in Lagos State, Nigeria. Specifically, the study sought to examine the relevance of ICTs in the learning of ICTs as perceived by pre-service Business educators, the constraints militating against effective utilization of ICTs in the learning of Business Education as perceived by pre-service Business educators and how the effective utilization of ICTs for effective learning of Business education can be promoted. The study adopted the descriptive survey method, and questionnaire was the instrument for data collection. The sample of the study was selected using random sampling technique. Hence, a total of Two Hundred and Twelve (212) pre-service Business educators responded to the questionnaire, which was a researcher-designed questionnaire tagged Influence of Information and Communication Technology on Effective Learning of Business Education Questionnaire (IICTELBEQ)". The instrument was validated by experts and it yielded a reliability coefficient of 0.75. The analysis of the data collected was done using both descriptive and inferential statistics of frequency count and percentage. The findings indicated that Information and Communication Technology is highly relevant to learning of Business Education courses among pre-service Business Educators in Lagos State, Nigeria. Also, the identified constraints affecting the effective utilization of ICTs for learning of Business education in Lagos State include ICT equipment include poor implementation of ICT related courses, poor electricity supply, high cost of ICT facilities in Business Education laboratory., inadequate funding of Business education by the stakeholders, lack of experience of the lecturers teaching ICT, and a host of others, while the strategies for promoting the utilization of ICTs in the effective learning of Business Education in Lagos State, include employment of adequate qualified ICT compliance business educator lecturers by the stakeholders, adequate funding of ICT facilities by the stakeholders. The study recommended among others that, pre-service Business Educators should be trained and retrained on how to harness the diverse relevance of Information and Communication Technology to improve their learning of Business Education in Universities in Lagos State, and adequate funding should be provided by stakeholders in the University system in Lagos State to help lecturers and students make the best use of ICT resources.

O ver the last forty years, teams have come to be considered as a central element in the functioning of organizations. This has been facilitated, at least partly, by a series of studies reporting the positive relations between team-based working and the quality of products and services offered by an organization . However, it has been the pressures deriving from the need to develop new business models in dynamic, uncertain and complex environments and the need for innovation that have led to a demand to adapt work structures traditionally revolving around individuals and to adopt organizational designs geared to change and based on teams . And indeed, this trend has been observed in all types of employment context, both private and public, including in the military . Teams provide diversity in knowledge, attitudes, skills and experience, whose integration makes it possible to offer rapid, flexible and innovative responses to problems and challenges, promoting performance and improving the satisfaction of those making up the team. This is the result of what has been called the wisdom of crowds: increased capacity for achieving various types of performance made possible by the interaction of team members . Thus, the success of organizations and the overall production of knowledge depend to a large extent on the effectiveness of teams (Wuchty, Jones & Uzzi, 2007). However, teams do not always act in this way, and sometimes fail to achieve the high performance expected of them (Sims, Salas & Burke, 2005). In fact, everyday experience tells us that in many cases teams, far from being mechanisms for capitalizing effectively and satisfactorily on collective effort, turn into black holes that relentlessly consume the physical, mental and emotional energies of their members. This tends to involve their wasting a great deal of effort to attain their goals -if indeed those goals are even met at all. Therefore, the challenge for research and intervention involves the effective integration of the contributions of The original Spanish version of this paper has been previously published in

This study evaluated an assessment of the implementation of Eko Excel in teaching and learning at the basic school level in Lagos State, Nigeria, which included teachers who had received Eko Excel training and were utilizing tablets in their classrooms. The research population included all teachers from five public primary schools in the Kosofe Local Government Education Authority (LGEA) who received Eko Excel training and used the tablet for teaching and learning in their classrooms. The sample comprises five schools in the Kosofe Local Government Education Authority (LGEA) in Lagos State, and the sampling methodology employed is purposive sampling. A random method was employed to pick 100 teachers. The study is a descriptive survey using structured questionnaire forms. Data from the study were analyzed using tables, basic percentages, and bar charts. The study found that teachers appreciated the government's innovation because it reduces the stress of writing notes, aids in the assessment of the implementation of Eko Excel in teaching and learning at the basic school level in Lagos State, promotes self-thinking, and exposes students to global events. The research also found that the tablet is teacher-centered.

The dictionary meaning of the term "Education" is the process of teaching or learning especially in a school or college or knowledge gained from a source of study. This being the case accepted and accredited learning centers around the world have formatted their own curriculum structures and methodologies to impart learning. However the most important question that needs to be answered here is whether or not this learning that students achieve in the learning centers are truly contributing effectively to them being placed in suitable positions. More often than not it has been noted that this is not the case. In a country like Oman where the process of education has of a sure certainty picked up its pace, the actual placement levels of the Omani graduates in suitable placements has not been really up-to the mark. This is because the gap between education and employability which is a continuing problem in Oman. This study aims at trying to find reasons why this is the case and what measures or methods need to be adopted to try change the existing scenario.

The challenges before humanity are, and always have been, to uphold the sanctity of life in equal form without any discrimination, whether based on race, religion, nationality, color, or gender. This paper investigates one such practice affecting half of the world's population: the presence of a gender gap in employment. Social and religious practices are barriers that women need to overcome to reduce the gender gap. Liberal societies have fewer barriers and a lower gender gap but still face problems of sexual harassment in varying magnitudes, depending on the prevailing social and psychological stigmas in those societies. The current research discusses how Islamic and developing countries can benefit from women's employment and how their contribution can boost GDP, especially by exploring opportunities in developing countries. It also elaborates on how the fear of sexual harassment affects socio-religious cohesion and contributes to the gender gap.

The dictionary meaning of the term „Education‟ is the process of teaching or learning especially in a school or college or knowledge gained from a source of study. This being the case accepted and accredited learning centers around the world have formatted their own curriculum structures and methodologies to impart learning. However the most important question that needs to be answered here is whether or not this learning that students achieve in the learning centers are truly contributing effectively to them being placed in suitable positions. More often than not it has been noted that this is not the case. In a country like Oman where the process of education has of a sure certainty picked up its pace, the actual placement levels of the Omani graduates in suitable placements has not been really up-to the mark. This is because the gap between education and employability which is a continuing problem in Oman. This study aims at trying to find reasons why this is the case and what me...

This paper seeks to examine the status of homeworkers and teleworkers, and their protection in international, comparative and Serbian labour law. The author shows that work at home and telework challenge traditional model of work in many ways. Most of all, they challenge the concept of legal subordination (employee’s autonomy at work, lack of employer’s direct control of work), as well as the idea of the clear separation of professional and private life. In spite of that, homeworkerѕ and teleworkerѕ maintain employee status and should suffer no infavorable treatment due to their specific place of work or specific way to perform a job. Therefore, it is possible to use the existing labour legislation for regulating work at home and telework, trying to adapt its provisions to the changed organization and performance of work. It has been argued that the next step in regulation of working at (from) home should be the elimination of obstacles which may limit consistent use of principle of equal treatment, and the special protection of homeworkers and teleworkers (i.e. making conditions for the effective exercise of their collective labour rights and rights to limited working hours, to safe and healthy working conditions and to protection of private life).

Introduction: Driving a train is one of the high demand job due to high vigilance task requiring the ability to long periods monitor surrounding environment and recognizing signals. The aim of this study was to assess train drivers' mental workload using heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV) indices. Material and Method: An experimental design was conducted among 12 well-trained subjects to induce two different levels of mental demands in a metro simulator and to monitor mental workload levels while driving the train. The HR and HRV parameters were recorded and analysis using ECG signals. Result: The HRV parameters including SDNNIX (p-value=0.01), RMSSD (p-value=0.00), %PNN50 (p-value=0.01), SDNN (p-value=0.07) and LF/HF Ratio (p-value=0.04) were significantly reduced in a normal operation task comparing to the abnormal one. Conclusion: The HR and HRV (SDNN, SDNNIX, RMSSD, %PNN50 and LF/HF Ratio) were found to be sensitive to mental workload in metro train driving .It is recommended to include the HRV parameters for mental workload assessment of train drivers.

Purpose: Since the economic cycle of any country depends on the continuity and survival of the reporting units of that country, this research aims to provide a comprehensive model to predict the bankruptcy of the reporting units with the aim of timely warning to prevent its occurrence.Methodology: The current research is qualitative. The data was analyzed and weighted by analyzing the content of the results of previous researches obtained through the Delphi-Fuzzy method. The statistical population of the present study also includes 17 university professors and financial managers of the reporting units, who were selected by the purposeful and theoretical sampling method and by the snowball technique.Results: The results show that among the four identified factors, the characteristics of the reporting units are the best criteria in determining the bankruptcy of the reporting units. Also, from the sub-factors of financial ratios, the ratio of net profit to sales; Among the characteristic sub-factors of the reporting units, the management system; Among the sub-factors of the environmental factor, the way of financing, and among the sub-factors of individual characteristics, the expertise of managers are considered as the best factors in determining the bankruptcy of the reporting units.Originality / Value: Considering the lack of convergence of the results of previous researches, in the current research, an attempt has been made to look for the convergence of the existing factors based on the cases identified in the field of bankruptcy, in order to identify the factors that have more weight in determining bankruptcy, with more comprehensiveness and the least amount of error in the results. Obtained more reliable. The results of this research can provide the basis for managers and investors to pay attention to the key factors affecting the occurrence of bankruptcy.

This study examined Social Studies teachers' integration of e-learning instructional approach in classroom instructions for students' maximum learning, entrepreneurship, viable economy and global competitiveness. Descriptive survey research design was adopted for the study. Three research questions and one null hypothesis (at 0.05 level of significance) guided the study. The population of the study comprised 94 public junior secondary school Social Studies teachers in Aguata, Anambra State. Census sampling was employed. A 40-item Questionnaire instrument titled "Teachers' Integration of E-learning Instructional Approach in Classrooms Instructions (TIELIAICI)" was used for data collection. The instrument was face validated by two Social Studies experts and one Measurement and Evaluation expert from Faculty of Education, University of Nigeria, Nsukka and was found to have the overall reliability coefficient of 0.74 using cronbach alpha statistical tool. Data collected were analysed using mean and standard deviation to answer the research questions while t-test statistical tool was used to test the null hypothesis at 0.05 level of significance.

This paper gives account on socio-cultural changes, the territorial dispute and the different conceptions of the good life that we find among the indigenous peoples Tojolabal, Tseltal and tsotsil who live and have colonized Selva-Chiapas border region.

Article type: Research Article The success of organizations in achieving their strategies and goals requires alignment of HR systems, behaviors, and practices with business strategies, and this principle will be achieved in the beam of human resources architecture. Human resources architecture aims to draw major and minor directions of human resource management and Presentation of the integrated images from HRM performance. This study examined the architecture of human resource management in Saipa insurance broker company and its suitability of the desired state using the Lepak & snell (2002) model and also explained the typology of existing positions based on this model. This study was conducted by using the method of case study. The statistical population of the study is Saipa Insurance Broker Company in Tehran. The targeted Sampling method was used, a data collection tool was a questionnaire and descriptive statistics were used for data analysis. The results of this study show that, unlike the Lepak and Snell (2002) four-part model, most jobs in Saipa insurance broker companies are placed in two parts of the matrix that are contractual and commitment strategies. In other words, there is a difference between the ideal and the existing situation of human resource management systems in the company. Finally; Based on Job conditions, prescriptions of the subsystems in human resources were presented.

1- INTRODUCTION
The current research aims to investigate the effect of strategic leadership on the ability to create sustainable competitive advantage. Moreover, it examines the mediating role of human capital and innovation ambidexterity. The target population of the research is enterprises operating in the growth center of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad.

2- THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
Strategic leadership is the process of directing strategic plans and ensuring their satisfactory implementation, the objective of which is to succeed the organization in the long term. Leadership is considered one of the most important duties and roles of a manager. The importance of this task is high such that some scholars relate a manager's success to their ability to direct human resources. Human capital is a set of management skills such as creativity, problem-solving ability, and leadership embedded in the organization's employees. Human capital is a constitution of all potential and actual capabilities of employees that can be strengthened with proper investment. The ability of an organization to simultaneously discover innovative opportunities and implement innovation is a contradiction called innovation ambidexterity. Sustainable competitive advantage is defined as higher-than-normal returns associated with the performance and expectations of the capital market.

3- METHODOLOGY
The current research is a positivist study in terms of paradigm, inductive in terms of approach, practical in terms of purpose, descriptive-analytical in terms of method, and quantitative in terms of data and research design. The target population of this research is comprised of 110 enterprises at the growth center of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, from which 86 were sampled with the simple random method. Thus, its level of analysis is organizational. Needed data was collected by distributing a written questionnaire, whose reliability was affirmed using Cronbach's alpha and composite reliability coefficient. To assess the questionnaire's validity, a confirmatory factor analysis was conducted and evaluated in terms of both convergence and divergence. The collected data was analyzed by conducting a structural equation modeling in SmartPLS software.

4- RESULTS & DISCUSSION
Research results confirmed all its hypotheses and indicated that strategic leadership has a direct positive significant effect on sustainable competitive advantage. Additionally, it affects sustainable competitive advantage indirectly through human capital and innovation ambidexterity.

5- CONCLUSIONS & SUGGESTIONS
Practical and research implications are presented as follows.

It is suggested that enterprises hold a workshop for their managers to teach important points of strategic leadership and the art of influencing others. It is suggested that managers redefine the organizational goals and vision based on the current conditions of the environment, redesign the organizational structure according to new goals and conditions, organize training programs for employees to develop their human capital, design programs to improve moral values in the organization; enhance the organizational culture by arranging individual and group counseling meetings for employees and managers.
It is suggested that managers establish a research and development center, establish a closer and more organized relationship with university professors in order to use new knowledge and transform it into new technologies, and establish an industry-university liaison office. Company managers are advised to give priority to hiring and employing creative and innovative employees. Also, for any innovation presented by the employees that leads to the creation of a creative product or service, allocate a percentage of the sales profit to encourage them.
Considering the dramatic difference between the enterprises in the growth center regarding age, market size, type of activity, growth stage, number of employees, and other factors, it is suggested to approach them differently and study these enterprises in separate and more specialized categories.
Since several factors may influence the relationship between strategic leadership and sustainable competitive advantage, according to a review of the research literature as well as field observations, it is suggested to consider mediators such as knowledge capital, organizational culture, brand reputation, strategic flexibility, business intelligence, etc.
The research reached a big difference between humanities and non-humanities growth center companies (including engineering, agriculture, basic sciences, veterinary medicine, and sports sciences). Accordingly, it is suggested to conduct separate research on them for a more detailed investigation.

I would like to dedicate this book to all of the HRD professionals who have provided guidance and contributions to produce a book of this magnitude. I would also like to dedicate it to the late Eugene Hughes, Jr, who truly embodied employee engagement. Marilyn Y. Byrd I would like to dedicate this book to my family, who has been a source of love, inspiration, guidance, support, and encouragement throughout my lifetime or during my career: father, the late Luby L. Smither; mother, the late Dorothy M. Smither; son, Shannon Kyle Byrd; sisters, the late Carolyn A. Moore and the late Vickie J. Williams; nephews,

We review prior research that has examined virtuality in teams (e.g., pertaining to the use of electronic media) or the global nature of teams (e.g., national and cultural differences), demonstrating that very few scholars have examined both simultaneously. Given that the global and virtual elements often coincide in the same team, this is a critical gap in research, particularly because these two features may interact in important ways, amplifying or mitigating the effects of each other. After elaborating on potential interactions, we set forth future research directions, which incorporate both global and virtual elements of teams and in doing so, better address the complexity of working in these increasingly common collaborative forms.

Kemajuan suatu bangsa salah satunya ditentukan oleh kemampuan aparatur birokrasi dalam menjalankan tugas dan fungsinya yaitu, sebagai pelayan publik kepada masyarakat secara profesional dan akuntabel. Apabila publik dapat terlayani dengan baik oleh aparatur birokrasi, maka dengan sendirinya aparatur birokrasi mampu menempatkan posisi dan kedudukannya yaitu sebagai civil servant atau public service. Kondisi ini akan berdampak pada kinerja dari aparatur birokrasi yang sesuai dengan harapan dari masyarakat, pada akhirnya akan timbul trust kepada aparatur birokrasi tersebut. Hal inilah yang akan menjadikan negara yang maju dalam hal pelayanan kepada warganya dan melahirkan pada terwujudnya birokrasi yang bersih, akuntabel dan transparan.

Existence of PNS become keyword from taking place an state especially in service of public. Big role which is accountability this civil servant make civil servant required by society and have to domicile strategic in life of have state and go into society. But along with the role of strategic of civil servant confronted by various problem embosoming, of low performance storey;level, and ethics of morality which not yet been woke up, low prosperity storey;level, ill defined career ladder, and reward , construction and observation . Various this problems become bureaucracy reform starting point to improve;repair performance of aparatur bureaucracies. One other primal are how to apply ashamed culture in bureaucracy. Role of humanist a leader needed especially to give example to his him. Beside that in improve;repairing performance of civil servant this is needed stages;steps, like repair of system of rekruitmen, punisment and reward the fairness, clear and coherent law, slogan civil se...

INTRODUCTION

  Information and communication technologies and their role in the economic growth of the country are one of the important concepts in sustainable development. In fact, information and communication technology are the motivation of globalization in the fields of culture, politics, economy, and society. This has a considerable effect on the advent of network society and inter-country awareness and it is the driving factor of global markets. According to the growth and development of academic research in the field of high technologies, SMEs play an important role in encouragement of entrepreneurship and economic prosperity in countries. Therefore, it is necessary to answer the question of what factors will lead to the growth and success of these companies in the field of information and communication technology.


THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

  Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is the consequence of the interaction of three distinct parts of a computer: information, communications, and telecommunications. The computer sector is considered the hardware and supplier of equipment and tools for ICT. Data and information flow as other pronouns and raw materials within the network. Telecommunication is the third part, which is responsible for establishment of communication between the other two parts. What is ultimately the combination of the three parts is called "information," which is used in different areas. Critical Success Factors (CSFs) are essential tools for identification of the set of activities that need to be done in order to achieve your business goals and missions. (CSFs) are a limited number of key factors in which achieving results guarantees the competitive performance of the organization, and if the results obtained in them are not satisfactory, the efforts of the organization in the desired period of time will not be satisfactory. The organization's strategic goals and missions focus on the goals and what needs to be achieved; CSFs, on the other hand, focus on the most important factors influencing what and how to achieve.


METHODOLIGY

  This paper discusses "success" in information and communication technology (ICT) standards setting. The Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process (FAHP) method was used to analyze data and prioritize the factors effective in the success of ICT’s companies. In this respect, 21 criteria in 5 different categories were extracted by using the expert’s opinion and previous research, and then were evaluated in the vicinity of the capital of Iran (Qom).


RESULTS & DISCUSSION

  Focusing on internal organization management and establishing cordiality atmosphere among the employees to enhance teamwork and increase trust between them are the most basic and the most important factors in critical success of a company. Broadly speaking, development from the technical, high financial income and marketing aspect is the consequence of correct organization and management of corporation and its employees that if focused, can be helpful for the business. One of the major differences between this research and the previous ones is using native effective factors and comparing them with general key factors in other countries. Results showed that in-company management factors, technological and marketing factors, financial costs, governmental policies, and native features were the most important main criteria. The employee involvement and team work, focus on the customer’s needs, the state of the economy, conflict of interest between governmental and private sectors, and industrialization of the province were chosen as the most important sub-criteria effective on the success of the ICTI’s companies.


CONCLUSIONS & SUGGESTIONS

Intra-organizational factors are more important than external ones, such as the government’s policies, rules, and native features. It is worthwhile for the managers and founders of ICT firms to consider and prioritize these factors to be able to achieve success. For future research, the effect of the components on each other can be studied using ANP, and different methods such as SAW, TOPSIS, and ELECTRE can be used to prioritize the criteria. The results could be compared with each other. Studying the effects of local factors in other provinces of the country can also lead to different results.

The study investigated teacher's job stress as a psychological predictor of senior secondary school teachers' effectiveness in the Federal Capital Territory Abuja, Nigeria. The study employed a descriptive survey design. One hundred and sixty-eight participants (principals and teachers) were drawn from the sampled schools. Two self-designed instruments namely: Teachers' Job Stress Scale (TJSS) and Principals' Assessment of Teachers Instrument (PATEI) were duly validated and tested for reliability were used to obtain information from the participants. Data collected were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics (Regression and t-test). The study revealed that teacher's effectiveness was poor and job stress low. There was negative and no significant relationship between teachers' job stress and effectiveness. Thus, increase in stress may not lead to increase in teaching effectiveness. There was also no gender difference in job effectiveness and str...

Dr. Oladiran Olabode Kayode Omoniyi has been a staff of the Federal
College of Education (Special), Oyo where he imparted knowledge in the
Departments of Yoruba as well as Curriculum Studies and Educational
Technology for more than three decades. He was the Deputy Director of the World Bank Project in Nigeria christened “Science and Technology
Education Post Basic” (STEP – B) at the college. He is versatile in the use of technology to teach, train, educate and assist colleagues and students in their various assignments. Hence, the relevance of this compilation to celebrate his birthday and retirement. Technology has evolved through the stone age to the use of artificial intelligence in modern times. Its development has placed the demand of learning and re-learning on humanity in order for man to acquire relevant knowledge and skills required to keep abreast of innovations and be compliant with the mode of doing things in the present-day. Specifically, the teaching and learning environment have been heavily invested by the use of technology in virtually every aspect of classroom instruction and practical skills acquisition. Thus, the appropriateness of “Reinvigorating and Popularising Technology-Enabled Education in the 21st Century” as the title of the Book.

: The purpose of this study was to describe the role of the Regional EmploymentBoard in the implementation of recruitment Scope of Structural Officials in SouthHalmahera District Government. To explain Factors (Internal and External) thatmenpengaruhi Regional Employment Agency in peleksanaan recruitment of Civil Servants(PNS) in structural positions within the Government of South Halmahera.The method used is descriptive qualitative approach which describe answer theproblem of the role of the Regional Employment Board in the implementation of recruitment,where the collected data is processed and analyzed descriptively qualitative. The datacollection techniques done using observation, namely through direct observation in the fieldon the real conditions that occur and Interview namely through direct interviews withrespondents, informants or sources.Operationalization of recruitment normatively regulated by Government RegulationNo. 13 of 2002 on Appointment of Civil Servants (PNS) in st...

The occurrence of the financial crises and increasing concerns about existing inequalities have led to the introduction of financial stability sub-indicators by international institutions for insurance companies. The occurrence of any financial problems and the subsequent scandal, known as financial and economic bankruptcy in insurance companies, not only affects their shareholders, also affects many members of society, including insurers and other stakeholders. Since insurance industry observers need to achieve an efficient tool to study and identify the internal challenges of the country's insurance industry, and in the meantime, one-dimensional indicators do not have the necessary strength to express the effects of such challenges, the purpose of this article is to calculate the combined financial stability index for the insurance industry according to the statistics and information between 2006 to 2018 of insurance companies. The combined index of financial stability has been calculated using 27 sub-indices from the theoretical and experimental literature and the principal components method. The results show that in the long run, the insurance industry is facing a downward trend in financial stability, but in the short run, it is fluctuating. The long-term downward trend of the financial stability index indicates the critical situation of the insurance industry.

Article type: Research Article The success of organizations in achieving their strategies and goals requires alignment of HR systems, behaviors, and practices with business strategies, and this principle will be achieved in the beam of human resources architecture. Human resources architecture aims to draw major and minor directions of human resource management and Presentation of the integrated images from HRM performance. This study examined the architecture of human resource management in Saipa insurance broker company and its suitability of the desired state using the Lepak & snell (2002) model and also explained the typology of existing positions based on this model. This study was conducted by using the method of case study. The statistical population of the study is Saipa Insurance Broker Company in Tehran. The targeted Sampling method was used, a data collection tool was a questionnaire and descriptive statistics were used for data analysis. The results of this study show that, unlike the Lepak and Snell (2002) four-part model, most jobs in Saipa insurance broker companies are placed in two parts of the matrix that are contractual and commitment strategies. In other words, there is a difference between the ideal and the existing situation of human resource management systems in the company. Finally; Based on Job conditions, prescriptions of the subsystems in human resources were presented.

The objective is to shine new light on the occupational stress challenges through examining an American multinational company based in Morocco. Therefore, the key question of this study asks the way the occupational stress affects individual performance, and consequently, customer value. A qualitative methodology is adopted and a specific interview guide was developed. The main finding shows a high level of customer value creation is only possible through ensuring a non-stressful working environment, a prerequisite for employees' performance.

Quality education is one of the goals of sustainable development-ensuring quality, equitable and inclusive education for all and promoting lifelong learning opportunities for all, the Ministry of Education in the Kingdom of Bahrain has set a set of sub-goals to achieve this goal. Hence, the study aims to investigate the impact of sustainable development goals on education in Bahrain in order to identify the challenges and opportunities available to improve the quality of education, knowledge economy and develop human capital. This paper attempts to answer a major question: What is the impact of sustainable development on education in the Kingdom of Bahrain? To answer this question, the researchers will show quantitative data released by Bahrain's local government institutions and international organizations. The study is based on the hypothesis that Bahrain is among the countries that pay great attention to education and sustainable development by investing in technical and vocational education and training, and encouraging innovation and creativity. In order to test the hypothesis, the researchers preferred to use the analytical descriptive approach, by describing the quantitative data that related to education and its relationship to sustainable development. The study sought to demonstrate the impact of sustainable development goals on education in the Kingdom of Bahrain, solve the problem from which it was launched, and answer its questions, by analyzing the basic elements of the impact of sustainable development on education. As it was proven to us through testing the hypothesis, its validity, which was based on the fact that Bahrain is among the countries that pay great attention to education and sustainable development through investing in technical and vocational education and training, and encouraging innovation and creativity. The Bahraini government has taken serious steps in this direction, by focusing on improving the quality of education, developing skills, enhancing job opportunities, and promoting technical and vocational education and e-training. Moreover, Bahrain seeks to achieve a knowledge economy, by transforming the economy into a knowledge economy, developing infrastructure and investing in scientific research and technological development.

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Since the implementation of customer relationship management software (CRM) is widespread, there is always concern about which of the various CRM software providers should be selected. The aim of this study is to identify and rank the factors affecting the selection of CRM software in Iranian organizations with Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). For this purpose, important properties and criteria of CRM software were identified through the study of literature and considered during the interview with experts. Then, hierarchical analysis questionnaire was designed on the basis of agreed criteria and was completed by experts. The collected data analysis results indicate that the features of software including functional capabilities (operational, analytical, communicational), non-functional capabilities and the features of providers of CRM software are the most important factors and should be considered by organizations. Also, functional capabilities, non-functional capabilities and the features of the software providers are respectively important. In addition, weights and priorities related to the criteria in each category were calculated.

This study examined adoption of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) by agricultural science and extension teachers in Abuja, Nigeria. Specifically, the objectives are to: identify the background and demographic characteristics of agricultural science and extension teachers in the study area; examine the factors influencing adoption of ICTs by respondents and determine the challenges or constraints militating against adoption of ICTs by respondents in the study area. Data were collected from 60 purposively selected agricultural science and extension teachers in the study area. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics SPSS 19.0, Likert scale, t-test and Logit model. Ages, teachers' experience, access to ICTs were significant factors influencing adoption of ICTs by respondents at 1% probability level. Teachers' attitude, teachers' awareness significantly influences adoption of ICTs by respondents at 5% probability level. Word processors are perceived useful in setting tests and examination question papers, while, photocopy machine was perceived ease to use to make copies of teaching materials. Access to appropriate ICTs equipment and lack of infrastructure such as irregular electricity supply are the major challenges. The study recommends easy access, awareness and use of ICTs by instructors and regular supply of electricity to improve and stimulates adoption of ICTs by respondents.

In this special issue we aim to advance the theoretical, conceptual and empirical knowledge about the relationship between global teams and human resource management in international organizations. We argue that although the prevalence of global teams in international organizations is rapidly rising, simultaneously affecting the management of firms on global, regional and local levels, the response of firms and scholars alike to such changes has been slower, especially in the area of IHRM. The HR function in organizations could play a vital role in understanding, managing and leveraging the benefits of global teams to ensure that they contribute positively to the performance of firms, organizational units, and people. We demonstrate that there is still a disconnect in this respect and we highlight several areas in which the increasing use of global teams may challenge our conventional understanding of IHRM issues, and at the same time offer solutions for improvement in international organizations. The selected articles in this special issue provide both theoretical and practitioner implications by highlighting the need to explore the relationship between global teams and IHRM more generally and fully, as well as the need for HR practitioners and IHRM scholars to focus more on the 'human' and less on the 'resources' aspect. We trust that readers of this issue will agree that the articles all offer novel insights into key issues that open new avenues for further research in this nascent yet promising area.

Measuring the share of exports and imports of each factor in exports and imports of goods and services according to Heckscher-Ohlin-Vanek theorem is important, and its measurement at the micro level and at the level of economic activities is doubly important to identify the trade patterns of countries. This study examine the validation of the Heckscher-Ohlin-Vanek (HOV) theorem by examining the factor content of trade for six factors: Labor (unskilled, semi-skilled, and skilled), physical capital, research and development, and energy in the Iranian economy. Using the input-output table, the HOV hypothesis was examined by relating the relative abundance and scarcity of factors to the factor content of trade . The validation test was conducted using micro data for 78 activity sectors in agriculture, industry and services using the 2011 and 2016 input-output tables in the Iranian economy. The results show for Iran's economy in 2011 and 2016 that the factor content of trade was negative in 34.61% of activities (27 sectors) and the factors were imported. In 60.25% of the activities (47 sections), it was positive and had a relative surplus of factors, so the factors were exported. In each of the years studied, in 4 subsectors of the services sector, there was no factor trade. In addition, the results show that in 2011 the greatest influence on the production process was from unskilled labor and physical capital, while in 2016 physical capital and spending on research and development predominated.
JEL Classification: F0, F14, F20.

Partnership with local NGOs has become an important feature in the development sector. Therefore the management of human resources in local NGOs is crucial as it contributes to the performance and sustainability of the organizations. However many local NGOs face diverse challenges in the area of human resource management. Local NGOs have inadequate HR management procedures in the organization and this affects the employee's work experiences and overall performance at individual and organizational level. Many local NGOs due to the size of the organization and scope do not have a human resource (HR) unit or a human resource manager and therefore they appoint staff to oversee staff issues who often do not have the required human resource skills and competencies to manage the employees. Another area that is challenging local NGOs is the fact that many depend on donor funds that are tied to funding cycles that are short term in nature. This affects the NGOs human resource capacity in terms of the number and type of staff to recruit and employment duration. The mentorship of management and board members in human resource management could be one way to improve human resource competence in these organizations. This paper seeks to highlight human resource management challenges local NGOs encounter and the importance of considering HRM as a strategic process that can contribute to sustaining an organization's performance.

The study examined the impact of in-service training on the job performance of teachers in selected secondary schools in Gwagwalada Area Council, Abuja FCT. The design for the study was descriptive research survey. All secondary school teachers in the selected secondary schools who have at least once attended in-service training, formed the population of the study. The study sample was made up of twenty teachers from five selected secondary schools in the study area, giving a total number of one hundred (100) teachers. The instrument used by the researcher was structured questionnaire. The reliability of the instrument was ensured by subjecting it to test at 0.05 level of significance. Likert scale was used and the analysis was presented in percentages. Inferential statistical analysis was used to test the hypotheses while Split-Half Cronbachs Alpha coefficient method was used for the reliability test. The findings of the study clearly shown that the success of an academic programme is largely determined by the relationship between the inputs and the corresponding outputs. Inputs into the education system include in-service training and retraining programmes for teachers, supervision of instruction, computer services and provision of education resource centre services for teachers; all these will no doubt determine teachers' job productivity. These positive impacts on the teachers would definitely have a corresponding impact on the students' academic performance.

The issue of effective human resource (HR) roles performance and the effectiveness of HR operations at Bangladeshi private banking sector has grown in importance over the past few decades. The scholarly literature, however, largely lacks the empirical research examining the impact of four HR roles on HRM effectiveness. The prime objective of the current research includes testing the causal relationships between four HR roles (employee champion, strategic partner, change agent, and administrative expert) and HRM effectiveness. Data was gathered from the first-line managers employed in the private commercial banks in Bangladesh (n = 210). The hypothesized model was examined utilizing partial least squares structural equation modelling, or PLS-SEM. The findings showed that the roles of employee champion, strategic partner, change agent, and administrative expert had a positive and significant impact on HRM effectiveness. The implications regarding the findings are explained and recommendations for further research are also proposed.

Global Virtual Teams (GVTs) are a commonplace in contemporary organizations, and an already established topic of research in international management. While we have a good understanding of advantages and challenges associated with this ubiquitous form of work groups, this special issue aims to contribute to theory development by focusing on key drivers that influence the success of GVTs, along with ways for mitigating their challenges. We briefly review current knowledge on GVTs and propose a structuring framework that can help with both organizing what we know about GVTs, and with guiding the conversation on where the research on this topic might focus next. We then introduce four special issue articles that illustrate avenues for generating new empirical evidence towards uncovering key characteristics and dynamics underlying GVTs complexities, providing useful insights for both theory development and managerial practice.

This study investigated the status and management of resources for effective instructional delivery of business education programme in tertiary institutions in River State. The Stratified random sampling technique was used to select 109 lecturers that took part in the study. The study adopted descriptive survey design. An instrument titled 'Status and Management of resources for business education programme' (SMRBP) was developed. Percentage was used to analyze the research questions, while chi-square was used to test the hypothesis at 0.05 significant level. It was revealed from the study that majority of the lecturers teaching business education courses do not have the relevant certificate. The results also showed that majority of the non-human resources for business education programme are unavailable. Various measures in which resources can be properly managed was shown in the work. It was however recommended that unqualified business education lecturers be encouraged to take up programmes that will enhance their teaching quality in business education and resources should be made available by government and authorities should evolve means of properly managing the resources for achievement of business education objectives

This scholarly study is the first to compare business leadership in the Arab Gulf states in terms of the presence of female managers in various positions. It documents the status of women leaders—senior executives and managers—through a quantitative gender analysis of 2805 private and publicly listed companies in the Kingdom of Bahrain, the State of Kuwait, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, the Sultanate of Oman, the State of Qatar, and the United Arab Emirates. The study details the positions women hold within organizations and analyzes and compares these by country, business classification, company size, and ownership. The contribution to cross-cultural management is that these data on gender composition in the workforce highlight the low participation of women in business leadership as an issue. Furthermore, the study provides knowledge for cross-cultural managers about cultural attitudes toward women’s economic participation in this geographical area. The research offers helpful insi...