Sports Injuries

This study examined the effect of the handball warm-up program (HWP) on dynamic balance among elite adolescent handball players. In this case, 24 handball players were randomly assigned into experimental warm-up and control groups. The HWP was performed over 8 weeks (3 times per week). Dynamic balance before and after the intervention training programs were measured by the Biodex Balance System (BBS) and Y Balance test for the dominant (DL) and non-dominant legs (non-DL). After HWP training, BBS scores significantly improved in the overall (OSI) (30.4% and 31.1%), anterior-posterior (APSI) (44.6% and 35.2%), and medial-lateral stability indexes (MLSI) (38.8% and 43%) for both DL and non-DL. Post-training, the Y Balance test exhibited significant improvements in OSI (13.2% and 10.6%), anterior (17.2% and 12.6%), posteriolateral (12.8% and 11.3%), and posteriomedial stability indexes (9.2% and 7.9%) with DL and non-DL, respectively. In conclusion, dynamic balance improved overall afte...

As lesões esportivas apresentam-se como verdadeiro obstáculo para os atletas de alto rendimento. Além da limitação física, desencadeiam uma série de emoções, tais como ansiedade, depressão, medo e frustrações. Sendo assim, durante o processo de reabilitação e volta às quadras, o trabalho de uma equipe multidisciplinar é de fundamental importância, assim como as intervenções da Psicologia. Dessa forma, o presente guia de orientação com base no modelo ADDIE, tem como objetivo orientar os profissionais no desenvolvimento de habilidades psicológicas no processo de reabilitação dos atletas de alto rendimento visto a relevância dos aspectos psicossociais presentes neste contexto.

Objective: The aim of the study was to identify the effect and comparison of the therapeutic doses of radial Extracorporeal Shockwave Therapy (rESWT) on the incidence of Patellar Tendinosis (Jumper's knee), Materials and Methods: researcher used the experimental method of the control and experimental groups, The study sample was selected from six elite athletes with Patellar Tendinosis (Jumper's knee), Results: the most important results are that the therapeutic doses of (rESWT) used for both groups have a positive effect in reducing the thickness of tendon and pain as well as improve the function.

Far fewer injury surveillance systems exist within community sport than elite sport. As a result, most epidemiological data on sports injuries have limited relevance to community-level sporting populations. There is potential for data from community club-based injury surveillance systems to provide a better understanding of community sports injuries. This study aimed to describe the incidence and profile of community-level Australian football injuries reported using a club-based injury surveillance system. Prospective, epidemiological study. Sports trainers from five community-level Australian football leagues recorded injury data during two football seasons using the club-based system. An online surveillance tool developed by Sports Medicine Australia ('Sports Injury Tracker') was used for data collection. The injury incidence, profile and match injury rate were reported. Injury data for 1205 players were recorded in season one and for 823 players in season two. There was s...

The main objectives of this study were to evaluate the short-term effects of resisted sprint and plyometric training on sprint performance together with lower limb physiological and functional performance in collegiate football players. Ninety collegiate football players participated in this three-arm, parallel-group randomized controlled trial study. Participants were randomly divided into a control group and two experimental groups: resisted sprint training (RST) (n = 30), plyometric training (PT) (n = 30), and a control group (n = 30). Participants received their respective training program for six weeks on alternate days. The primary outcome measures were a knee extensor strength test (measured by an ISOMOVE dynamometer), a sprint test, and a single leg triple hop test. Measurements were taken at baseline and after 6 weeks post-training. Participants, caregivers, and those assigning the outcomes were blinded to the group assignment. A mixed-design analysis of variance was used to compare between groups, within-group, and the interaction between time and group. A within-group analysis revealed a significant difference (p < 0.05) when compared to the baseline with the 6 weeks post-intervention scores for all the outcomes including STN (RST: d = 1.63; PT: d = 2.38; Control: d = 2.26), ST (RST: d = 1.21; PT: d = 1.36; Control: d = 0.38), and SLTHT (RST: d = 0.76; PT: d = 0.61; Control: d = 0.18). A sub-group analysis demonstrated an increase in strength in the plyometric training group (95% CI 14.73 to 15.09, p = 0.00), an increase in the single-leg triple hop test in the resisted sprint training group (95% CI 516.41 to 538.4, p = 0.05), and the sprint test was also improved in both experimental groups (95% CI 8.54 to 8.82, p = 0.00). Our findings suggest that, during a short-term training period, RST or PT training are equally capable of enhancing the neuromechanical capacities of collegiate football players. No adverse events were reported by the participants.

Balance is an important element of almost all sports activities and activity daily living (ADL). Balance can be measured based on individual postural control which consisted of static, semi-dynamic and dynamic. These aspects were controlled by neuromuscular and reduction in the neuromuscular ability due to injury such as patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS) may alter the postural control ability. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of neuromuscular control training on athletes with PFPS. In this study, there were 27 athletes with PFPS (male = 22, female = 5; mean age = 14.59 ± 1.28 years, height = 161.96 ± 7.85 cm, weight = 54.93 ± 11.42 kg and Body Mass Index (BMI = 20.65 ± 2.20) voluntarily took part in 8-week of computerized neuromuscular control training (CNCT) program. The Y-Balance Test was used for assessment of athlete’s dynamic postural control (DPC). A doubly multivariate analysis of variance was performed on two measures of the test (pre and post-test) over three (3) dynamic postural control (DPC) characteristics between groups. This analysis was performed in order to identify the interaction and main effects of the intervention (CNCT) to participant’s dynamic postural control (DPC). An 8-week of computerized neuromuscular control training (CNCT) program resulted significant changes in all aspects of dynamic postural control (DPC). It showed that CNCT program significantly enhanced athlete with PFPS’s DPC ability in terms of anterior (F(1,25) = 14.037, p = .001, ή = .260), posteriolateral direction (F(1,25) = 13.774, p =.001, ή =.355) and posteriomedial direction (F(1,25) = 11.318, p =.002, ή =.312). This study suggested the physician and coaches should emphasize more on neuromuscular training for athlete’s with PFPS since the PFPS may reduce the athlete’s performance especially in sports that require dynamic postural control.

Introduction: Traumatic atlanto-axial rotational subluxations (AARS) represent a serious condition that is associated with neurological complications, and should be considered among jūdō sports injuries involving the neck.
Case presentation: A 6-year-old Caucasian girl with approximately 1 year of recreational jūdō experience presented with neck and shoulder pain while holding her head in a “Cock-robin” sideways tilted position. During a children’s jūdō class while seated on “all fours” she had been subjected to an improperly executed turnover performed by a boy of similar age, body mass and experience. Because of increasing torticollis symptoms after class she was taken by her parents to a local hospital’s emergency department where X-rays showed a mid-clavicular fracture. It was not until 7 weeks post-accident that a CT scan was ordered and a type-III traumatic acute AARS causing her clinical symptoms was recognized.
Differential diagnosis: Congenital cervical spine anomalies, Grisel’s syndrome, Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, Odontoid fracture without atlanto-axial dislocation.
Treatment: A halo crown traction brace connected to a cervical traction pulley with gradual increased weight (+0.5 kg every half day to a maximum of 6.5 kg) was used for reduction over a 17-day period, followed by 6 weeks of ambulant immobilization with a halo vest, and 8 weeks of wearing a stiff neck brace. The girl fully recovered but was advised not to return to practicing contact sports until achieving skeletal maturity.
Uniqueness of the study: AARS has not previously been described in association with jūdō practice in children.
Conclusion: Traumatic AARS should be considered as a potential diagnosis in jūdōka, especially those of very young age and of female gender, when presenting with torticollis following mechanical impact or severe pressure on the head if blocked in a tilted position. Prompt diagnosis is crucial, preferably by open-mouth X-rays and CT scan, to ensure proper management and prevent neurological complications.

“‘You’re not a human being, you’re a number, a product, an asset as long as you can perform. If you can’t perform, then you’re a liability and they’ll drop you.’”

Professional athletes suffer tremendous damage to their bodies over the course of their careers. Some literally lose years from their lives because of their injuries. Why do athletes sacrifice themselves? Is it the price of being a professional? Is it all for the fans, or the money? What’s clear is that the physical and emotional tolls of being a professional athlete may not be worthwhile. In Game Misconduct, Nathan Kalman-Lamb takes us into the world of professional hockey players to illustrate how money, consumerism and fandom contribute to the life-altering injuries of professional athletes.

Unlike many critical takes on professional sports, Kalman-Lamb illustrates how the harm suffered by the athlete is a necessary part of what makes professional sport a desirable commodity for the consuming fan. In an economic system — capitalism — that deprives people of meaning because of its inherent drive to turn everyone into individuals and everything into commodities, sports fandom produces a feeling of community. But there is a cost to producing this meaning and community, and it is paid through the sacrifice of the athlete’s body.

Drawing on extensive interviews with fans and former professional hockey players, Kalman-Lamb reveals the troubling dynamics and dangerous costs associated with the world of professional and semi-professional sport.

Kalman-Lamb’s book lends a very important perspective into the microcosm that is sports and what it may be saying about humanity.

— Royce White, NCAA, NBA and NBLC player

Bringing high theory to the hockey rink, Nathan Kalman-Lamb has done what few other critical sports scholars have: write a book that is both scholarly rigorous and accessible to the everyday sports fan. Game Misconduct shines the flood lights on the dark corners of the sports industry. Is another world of sports possible, one free of exploitation, alienation, and the sacrifice of athletic bodies? Read this book and find out for yourself.

— Simon Black, former NCAA athlete and sports columnist for Canadian Dimension magazine

At the heart of professional sports, insists Nathan Kalman-Lamb, is the sacrifice of the athletic body. Wading through a battlefield of injured players, obsessed fans, and profit-hungry owners, Game Misconduct reveals ugly secrets of the sports business. After reading this incisive analysis, none of us will ever watch a sports event in quite the same way—nor should we.

— David McNally, author of Global Slump

Kalman-Lamb’s brilliant, quite moving study of hockey, injury, and identity gives us a model for critical sports studies at their very best.

— Orin Starn, author of The Passion of Tiger Woods: An Anthropologist Reports on Golf, Race, and Celebrity Scandal

A path-breaking book that invites readers into radical analysis by way of the absorbing stories of professional athletes and their fans.

— Alan Sears, author of The Next New Left

Nathan Kalman-Lamb’s eloquent and well-researched book Game Misconduct has has moved the discussion of sport and social inequality to a new terrain.

— Gamal Abdel-Shehid, York University

Background Hamstring injuries are among the most common non-contact injuries in sports. The Nordic hamstring (NH) exercise has been shown to decrease risk by increasing eccentric hamstring strength. Objective The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to investigate the effectiveness of the injury prevention programs that included the NH exercise on reducing hamstring injury rates while factoring in athlete workload. Methods Two researchers independently searched for eligible studies using the following databases: the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials via OvidSP, AMED (Allied and Complementary Medicine) via OvidSP, EMBASE, PubMed, MEDLINE, SPORTDiscus, Web of Science, CINAHL and AusSportMed, from inception to December 2015. The keyword domains used during the search were Nordic, hamstring, injury prevention programs, sports and variations of these keywords. The initial search resulted in 3242 articles which were filtered to five articles that met the inclusion criteria. The main inclusion criteria were randomized controlled trials or interventional studies on use of an injury prevention program that included the NH exercise while the primary outcome was hamstring injury rate. Extracted data were subjected to meta-analysis using a random effects model. ResultsThe pooled results based on total injuries per 1000 h of exposure showed that programs that included the NH exercise had a statistically significant reduction in hamstring injury risk ratio [IRR] of 0.490 (95 % confidence interval [CI] 0.291–0.827, p = 0.008). Teams using injury prevention programs that included the NH exercise reduced hamstring injury rates up to 51 % in the long term compared with the teams that did not use any injury prevention measures. Conclusions This systematic review and meta-analysis demonstrates that injury prevention programs that include NH exercises decrease the risk of hamstring injuries among soccer players. A protocol was registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews, PROSPERO (CRD42015019912).

Brain injuries are common in professional American football players. Finding effective rehabilitation strategies can have widespread implications not only for retired players but also for patients with traumatic brain injury and substance abuse problems. An open label pragmatic clinical intervention was conducted in an outpatient neuropsychiatric clinic with 30 retired NFL players who demonstrated brain damage and cognitive impairment. The study included weight loss (if appropriate); fish oil (5.6 grams a day); a high-potency multiple vitamin; and a formulated brain enhancement supplement that included nutrients to enhance blood flow (ginkgo and vinpocetine), acetylcholine (acetyl-l-carnitine and huperzine A), and antioxidant activity (alpha-lipoic acid and n-acetyl-cysteine). The trial average was six months. Outcome measures were Microcog Assessment of Cognitive Functioning and brain SPECT imaging. In the retest situation, corrected for practice effect, there were statistically significant increases in scores of attention, memory, reasoning, information processing speed and accuracy on the Microcog. The brain SPECT scans, as a group, showed increased brain perfusion, especially in the prefrontal cortex, parietal lobes, occipital lobes, anterior cingulate gyrus and cerebellum. This study demonstrates that cognitive and cerebral blood flow improvements are possible in this group with multiple interventions.

Background and objective: The aim of this research is to study the behaviour of a human head during the event of an impact of a cricket ball. While many recent incidents were reported in relation to head injuries caused by the impact of cricket balls, there is no clear information available in the published literature about the possible threat levels and the protection level of the current protective equipment. This research investigates the effects of an impact of a cricket ball on a human head and the level of protection offered by the existing standard cricket helmet. Method: An experimental program was carried out to measure the localised pressure caused by the impact of standard cricket balls. The balls were directed at a speed of 110 km/h on a 3D printed head model, with and without a standard cricket helmet. Numerical simulations were carried out using advanced finite element package LS-DYNA to validate the experimental results. Results: The experimental and numerical results showed approximately a 60% reduction in the pressure on the head model when the helmet was used. Both frontal and side impact resulted in head acceleration values in the range of 225-250 g at a ball speed of 110 km/h. There was a 36% reduction observed in the peak acceleration of the brain when wearing a helmet. Furthermore, numerical simulations showed a 67% reduction in the force on the skull and a 95% reduction in the skull internal energy when introducing the helmet. Conclusions: (1) Upon impact, high localised pressure could cause concussion for a player without helmet. (2) When a helmet was used, the acceleration of the brain observed in the numerical results was at non-critical levels according to existing standards. (3) A significant increase in the threat levels was observed for a player without helmet, based on force, pressure, acceleration and energy criteria, which resulted in recommending the compulsory use of the cricket helmet. (4) Numerical results showed a good correlation with experimental results and hence, the numerical technique used in this study can be recommended for future applications.

Objective: The objective of this study is to investigate the epidemiology of skiing injuries in Kayseri Erciyes Ski Centre.
Material and Methods: This research was conducted using data that were recorded in the Erciyes Ski Centre Injury Surveillance System from 2012 to 2016 by ski patrols. We calculated the number of skiers from sold lift cards and tickets. A total of 616 cases of skiing injuries were recorded over the four seasons.
Results: The calculated injury rate was 2.6 per 1000 skiers in the period of  2012-­2016.
A total of 372 (60.4%) patients were males and 244 were  (39.6%) females and their mean ages were 27.2 ± 9.8 (range 7-­‐65) years. The most common mechanisms of injuries were falling (82.3%) followed by collision (11.5%). Skiing injuries occurred mostly at the lower extremities (52.6%), followed by upper extremities (20.4%).The most frequently seen cases were contusions (59.7%) and sprains (12.5%).
Conclusion:  The rate of injury was compatible with reference ranges (2-­‐4‰) for Erciyes Ski Centre during all seasons. Injuries were seen mostly in adults. The most frequent injuries were at the lower extremities, which were falling-­‐related and contusions. There were no substantial proportional changes in terms of the variables between the seasons.

The strength and conditioning pratice targeted specifically for basketball players is a complex task. It is necessary to understand the bioenergetic, morphofunctional, and biomechanical aspects involved in the prescription of different types of training in order to improve the athletic performance of the players. However, the modern problems of sports preparation (competitive schedule, travels, injuries, different philosophies of team work, etc.) make your work more difficult. The monitoring of training loads has become a crucial tool for the fitness coach, as the large amount of competitions in the season and reduced time to train, causes unexpected fluctuations in peak performance and increased risk of injury to athletes.  Success in monitoring loads depends on selecting the correct variables to be controlled, feedback to know how to interpret them and appropriate decision making.
Finally, the modern fitness coach in basketball lives a dilemma of building an appropriate training program for his players in an unfavorable calendar, recovering them from the loads and, at the same time, managing a database that, if well deciphered , will allow to optimize the team's performance.
Keywords: strength and conditioning, basketball, sports training

My presentation arguing about specific conditioning for basketball.The basic characteristics of basketball and bioenergetic demand are discussed. Anthropometric profile of male and female players are compared by tactical function. Biomotor capabilities are detailed in conjunction with study results. Injury management, incidence pattern and preventive strategies are discussed. Periodization models (selective loads and blocks) are compared.Notions of biomechanics applied to basketball (jump shoot) are exposed. Finally, topics such as fatigue, detraining, nutrition, and recuperative methods are presented.

Objective
To carry out a systematic review to update the scientific evidence on the incidence and prevalence of injuries in the swimming discipline, as well as the location, type, and mechanism of the injuries, and to assess whether studies are meeting methodological recommendations for data collection and injury surveillance.

Type
Analytical‐Systematic review.

Literature Survey
The databases of PubMed and Sportdiscus were used to search for studies that describe the epidemiology of injuries in adult swimmers between 2010 and March 2020.

Methodology
Of the 864 articles identified, 14 studies were finally included in this review. The methodological quality of the studies was analyzed with the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) scale and Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were followed.

Synthesis
The results showed a high prevalence of shoulder, knee, and lower back injuries among swimmers due to overuse. These injuries were mainly short‐term tendon muscles; there were reported data differences between genders.

Conclusions
Despite the publication of an injury surveillance single and multisport events document and a consensus on data collection and injury surveillance in swimming, there are huge methodological limitations that do not allow firm conclusions. As such, more epidemiological studies following guidelines for data collection and injury surveillance are needed to establish differences by gender, age group, and swimming stroke.

Concussions in tennis are rare, but they do occur. As recent case reports have highlighted, players who sustain concussions in tennis can be affected for much longer than expected. This article, written for the coach, outlines the signs of concussion, concussion awareness in tennis, and the coach’s role in mitigating risk and managing concussions in their players.

The human body will have numerous physiological and psychological responses to injuries. In sport, injuries can occur at any time with unpredictable effects which can severely impact an athlete’s career. It is important for athletes to have these responses to injury as they will help an athlete throughout their career.

Purpose: the aim of this article was to review the clinical approach of quadriceps strengthening programmes. Methods: a literature search was carried out from 1980 up to September 2011. Eligible studies were those that: (1) evaluated the patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome (not healthy or asymptomatic subjects) (2) examined the effect of kinetic chain exercises (3) examined the effect of weight-bearing exercises (4) compared the effect of the combined exercises programme in the treatment of patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome.

Abstract

The present study explored professional rugby players’ lived experiences of career ending injuries through a loss perspective. Participants comprised of 10 males between the ages of 23 and 35 who had retired from professional rugby due to injury. Using an Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis approach, face-to-face interviews were undertaken, audio-recorded and subjected to IPA analysis. Participants reported a number of losses associated with their experience with the most salient being that of identity. Participants utilised a range of coping strategies throughout the transition, including the use of pre-retirement planning, social support and pursuing a new focus that provided them with a renewed purpose. The majority reported using techniques such as social comparisons and cognitive re-appraisal in order to find some benefit from the experience. Some participants reported that they were able to use their loss experience as an opportunity for growth. The findings have important implications for both athletes and clubs.

Keywords: premature career termination, injury, loss, coping, growth

Background: Plyometric training is an effective method to prevent knee injuries in female athletes, however the effects of plyometric training on jump performance in female athletes is unclear.
Objective: The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to determine the effectiveness of plyometric training on vertical jump performance of amateur, collegiate and elite female athletes.
Methods Six electronic databases were searched (PubMed, MEDLINE, ERIC, Google Scholar, SCIndex and ScienceDirect).  The included studies were coded for the following criteria: training status, training modality and type of outcome measures. The methodological quality of each study was assessed using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale. The effects of plyometric training on vertical jump performance were based on the following standardised pre-post testing effect size (ES) thresholds: trivial (<0.20), small (0.21-0.60), moderate (0.61-1.20), large (1.21-2.00), very large (2.01-4.00) and extremely large (>4.00).
Results: A total of 16 studies met the inclusion criteria. The meta-analysis revealed that plyometric training had a most likely moderate effect on countermovement jump (CMJ) height performance (ES = 1.09; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.57 to 1.61; I2 = 75.60%). Plyometric training interventions of less than 10 weeks in duration had a most likely small effect on CMJ height performance (ES = 0.58; 95% CI 0.25 to 0.91). In contrast, plyometric training durations greater than 10 weeks had a most likely large effect on CMJ height (ES = 1.87; 95% CI 0.73 to 3.01). The effect of plyometric training on concentric-only squat jump (SJ) height was likely small (ES = 0.44; 95% CI -0.09 to 0.97). Similar effects were observed on SJ height after 6 weeks of plyometric training in amateur (ES = 0.35) and young (ES = 0.49) athletes, respectively. The effect of plyometric training on CMJ height with the arm swing was likely large (ES = 1.31; 95% CI -0.04 to 2.65). The largest plyometric training effects were observed in drop jump (DJ) height performance (ES = 3.59; 95% CI -3.04 to 10.23). Most likely extremely large plyometric training effects on DJ height performance (ES = 7.07; 95% CI 4.71 to 9.43) were observed following 12 weeks of plyometric training. In contrast, a possibly small positive training effect (ES = 0.30; 95% CI –0.63 to 1.23) was observed following 6 weeks of plyometric training.
Conclusion: Plyometric training is an effective form of training to improve vertical jump performance (e.g. CMJ, SJ and DJ) in female athletes. The benefits of plyometric training on vertical jump performance are greater for interventions of longer duration (≥10 weeks).

A presentation about the jumping and landing movements that basketball players use.Some important biomechanical characteristics are shown, as well as research results.Among them, we can mention: impact force landing, reactive strength index, hip mechanics on landing, injury risk, plyometric training, motor learning, and others.

INTRODUCTION:: Prophylactic taping is commonly used to prevent ankle injuries during sports. However unnatural constraint of the ankle joint may increase the risk of injury to proximal joints such as the knee. The association between ankle taping and knee joint loading during open sporting tasks has not been quantified. This research aimed to measure changes in knee and ankle kinetics and kinematics during dynamic athletic activities undertaken with and without ankle taping

METHODS:: A kinematic and inverse dynamics model was used to determine ankle and knee joint motion and loading in 22 healthy male participants undertaking running and sidestepping tasks. Both tasks were randomized to planned and unplanned conditions, and undertaken with and without the use of ankle tape.

RESULTS:: At the knee, internal rotation moments (p=<0.001) and varus moments (p<0.05) were reduced for all tasks. Internal rotation impulse (p<0.001) was reduced for sidestepping tasks. Varus impulse during unplanned sidestepping maneuvers (p=0.04) was reduced with the use of ankle tape. However there was a trend toward increased valgus moments and impulse for planned sidestepping trials undertaken with ankle tape (p=0.056). Taping reduced the range of motion at the ankle in all three planes (p<0.05). Peak inversion (p<0.001) was reduced for running trials only. Average eversion and peak dorsiflexion moments were significantly reduced in sidestepping tasks by use of taping.

CONCLUSION:: By limiting motion at the ankle, taping increased mechanical stability at this joint. Ankle taping also provided protective benefits to the knee via reduced internal rotation moments and varus impulses during both planned and unplanned maneuvers. Medial collateral and anterior cruciate ligament injuries may, however, occur through increased valgus impulse during sidestepping undertaken with ankle tape.

Purpose: To identify the effect of modifying sidestep cutting technique on knee loads and predict what impact such change would have on the risk of noncontact anterior cruciate ligament injury.

Methods: A force platform and motion-analysis system were used to record ground-reaction forces and track the trajectories of markers on 15 healthy males performing sidestep cutting tasks using their normal technique and nine different imposed techniques. A kinematic and inverse dynamic model was used to calculate the three-dimensional knee postures and moments.

Results: The imposed techniques of foot wide and torso leaning in the opposite direction to the cut resulted in increased peak valgus moments experienced in weight acceptance. Higher peak internal rotation moments were found for the foot wide and torso rotation in the opposite direction to the cut techniques. The foot rotated in technique resulted in lower mean flexion/extension moments, whereas the foot wide condition resulted in higher mean flexion/extension moments. The flexed knee, torso rotated in the opposite direction to the cut and torso leaning in the same direction as the cut techniques had significantly more knee flexion at heel strike.

Conclusion: Sidestep cutting technique had a significant effect on loads experienced at the knee. The techniques that produced higher valgus and internal rotation moments at the knee, such as foot wide, torso leaning in the opposite direction to the cut and torso rotating in the opposite direction to the cut, may place an athlete at higher risk of injury because these knee loads have been shown to increase the strain on the anterior cruciate ligament. Training athletes to avoid such body positions may result in a reduced risk of noncontact anterior cruciate ligament injures.

Objectives: The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the injury location, injury diagnosis, injury risk factors and injury prevention among practitioners of different combat sports. News: This review was conducted using databases of MEDLINE (via Pubmed), Science Direct, Scopus and Google Scholar. The studies concerned were classified according to the nature of the combat sports and the type of the injury by three authors using the titles, abstracts and full texts if available. Data from different observational studies suggest that there is a significant injury problem in combat sport in general because the main goal of the practitioners is to strike and/or to project opponent with maximal power and speed in order to win. This exposes them to permanent risk of injuries, which limit usually training effects, provoke disability conditions with competitiveness loss and often ruin their careers. However, it varies considerably across different styles. Researchers used retrospective and prospective method to explore specificity of injury but little is known about the actual severity of injuries in combat sports. Prospects and projects: Future studies are highly encouraged to adopt stronger methodologies. The long-term consequences of injuries, a detailed balance sheet by nature of injury and specific preventive strategies are needed to support the findings presented in this review. Conclusion: In this review, a preliminary injury profiles in combat sports was established containing location and types of injuries. Compared to other sports, combat sports are no more dangerous especially for beginner practitioners.

ABSTRACT
The purpose of this study was to find out the Effect of specific Football Training on Selected Motor Fitness Components, Physiological Variables and Football Skill Performances of Sub - Junior School Students. The research was carried out on a sample of 40 sub junior school students. The pretests were conducted for all subjects on all selected variables to collect data. All subjects were divided randomly in to two groups as experimental group (20) samples and as control group(20).  Experimental group was involved in specific football training for ten weeks and control groupwas out of specific training for ten weeks. The training program was performed 70-90 minutes per day, 3 days per week for a period of ten weeks. All selected physiological variables were assessed by standard  tests;  Vo2 Max by cooper test, resting heart rate; by  counting heart rate at radial artery , recovery heart rate by counting heart rate at radial artery, breathing hold capacity through nose clip test. All selected motor fitness components were also through for speed by 30 m dash, agility by Illinois agility test, explosive strength through standing broad jump, and The selected football skills were also assessed dribbling, dribbling consisted of five cones, shooting by accuracy of shooting,  juggling through juggling consisted of cones.  The ten week specific football training was conducted followed by post-test for all selected variables. The results of one way analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) indicated that the experimental group had shown significant improvement in all selected variables except speed, resting heart rate and recovery heart rate.Hence, the specific football training program appears to be an effective way of improving motor fitness components, physiological variables and soccer skills performance of sub junior school students. So soccer coaches and physical education teachers as well as others involved in coaching one or other game can make use of this information in the process of planning their training program.

Keywords; motor fitness components, physiological variables, football skills, soccer, sub junior school students

My presentation about physical preparation in handball. They are discussed themes that influence the improvement of performance of the handball players such as: anthropometry, physiological characteristics, game density, athletic condition, types of training, biomotor capabilities, fitness assessment, injuries, injury by body segment, nutrition, etc.

It is now well established that strenuous engagement in aerobic endurance sports may cause menstrual' problems and hypoestrogenemia·related phenomena, such as osteoporosis. The present study was. designed to assess whether the competitive practice of female judoists produces specific physiological changes in menstruation and bone and muscle metabolism. A test group of 17 white female judoists (mean VO2 max, 50.9 ± 2.8 mL/kg•min; mean percent body fat. 16.3 ± 3.3%). a reference group of oarswomen, and a group of sedentary. women participated in this study. Specific metabolic parameters were deter-mined before and after a heavy 5-week pre-Olympic training period. With regard to anthropometrical characteristics;. after a period of intensive training, female judoists significantly differed (P < 0.05) from their pretraining values for percent body fat (-2.2%) and number of oligomenorrheic individuals (+28.4%). Mean baseline post-training luteal phase plasma levels of estrone (78 ± 26 pmol/L), estradiol (85 ± 70 pmol/L), LH (7.6 ± 2.8 IU/L),and progesterone (13.4 ± 3.1 nmol/L) were significantly lower than those in both reference groups, although pretraining values did not significantly differ from ...

Sports medicine is an area of medical practice concerned with the treatment of injuries resulting from athletic activities. A physician practicing sports medicine focuses on sports-related medical services. This may include preventative measures such as conditioning and injury prevention, as well as treatments such as osteopathic manipulation, rehabilitation, or injections. Sports medicine physicians will often treat athletes with back pain due to strain and injury placed on the back from various sports including bicycling, weight lifting, running, and golf. In the field of physical education and sports, the fields of various sub-disciplines of sports medicine are utilize. Without the knowledge of scope of sports medicine, it is difficult to carry a sportsperson performance at apex level.

In sports, the fun, recreation and muscle injuries are two side of a coin. Depending on the frequency of physical a ctivities and their nature in sports, different kinds of muscle injury do exist. The main objective of the present work is to know the physiotherapeutic mo dalities utilization in Quadriceps injury. Before understanding the therapeutics usage, the author focused on anatomical structure of quadriceps muscles, its origin, insertion and any alteration in course of muscle, with special emphasis on subcrures muscles. Furthermore, the presentation h ighlighted the architectural design, muscle morphology, muscle tendon dynamics along with several aspects of muscle biomechanics. Moreover, in present review the efforts made to discuss the muscle metabolism such as activity of creatine phosphate, adenosine triphosphate, temp erature and so on. After thorough discussion on Anatomy, the scholar discussed about the types of injuries on quadriceps muscles such as tendinitis, sprain and strain, partial or complete rupture of fibers, soreness, fatigue, cramp, contusion, compartment syndromes and related issues. Several interesting causes of the injuries and related syndromes are presented in it. Recently, literature reported several interesting views regarding therapeutic modalities for quadriceps treatment and rehabilitation such as effects of different type of exercises and stretches, electrotherapy equipments-high frequency as lazers, diathermies, ultra sounds; low frequencies-as vibrators, shockwave therapy; and other modalities as hot therapy, cold therapy and contrast therapy. Massage benefit on quadriceps discussed in the last phase of the article.

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture is a serious and debilitating injury that usually results in an athlete undergoing reconstructive surgery and remaining out of sport for an extended period.  Therefore the incidence of this injury although only moderate (approximately one per professional Australian football team per year) when considered from a social and sporting cost perspectives is of serious concern.  However, the non-contact nature of the majority of occurrences of this injury indicates that it may be possible to reduce the incidence with interventions aimed at modifying the movement and/or physical characteristics of individual athletes.  Previous research aimed at reducing the risk of non-contact ACL injury has focused on improving support of general knee loads, particularly valgus and internal rotation moments, which are known to load the ACL, during sporting tasks through the utilisation of balance and plyometric training.  While technique cues have been included in a number of these training programs there has been no research that has investigated training to change isolated aspects of sidestep cutting and landing techniques and their effect on valgus and internal rotation moments at the knee, the moments thought to cause non-contact ACL injury.  This was the overarching theme of this thesis.

Most non-contact ACL injuries occur during either sidestep cutting or landing tasks, as such, the relationship between technique and knee loads was investigated within these two tasks.  The first study presented in this thesis investigated how performing sidestep cuts with various extreme postures affected knee moments.  It was identified that peak valgus loads during the weight acceptance phase of the sidestep cut were increased when performed with either increased torso lean over the support leg or wide placement of the support leg.  Wide foot placement also resulted in increase peak internal rotation moments.  Sidestep cuts, with torso rotation towards the support leg also increased peak knee internal rotation moments.  As these postures were reflective of those observed during actual non-contact ACL injuries it was concluded that these three postures should be avoided when performing a sidestep cut.
The next study investigated the effectiveness of a six week technique modification program aimed at avoiding the three high loading techniques, identified in the first study, for reducing knee moments during sidestep cutting.  Following the intervention participants performed the sidestep cut with a foot placement closer to the midline of the body and a more upright torso.  These kinematic changes were accompanied by a reduction in the peak valgus moment occurring during the weight acceptance phase of the sidestep cut.  This intervention may then reduce at least one factor identified as being a risk for an athlete of sustaining a non-contact ACL injury.

Studies three and four investigated the relationship between technique and knee loads during landing tasks.  The first of these two studies investigated the effect of ball positioning in a functional landing task on both full body kinematics and knee moments.  When participants were required to take possession of a ball during flight that was swinging towards their support leg they demonstrated increased valgus moments compared with when the ball was swung away from the support leg.  The whole body segmental kinematics of the high loading ball movement reflected body postures observed when injury occurs in a game situation.  However, the high loading task exhibited a more flexed knee posture, contrary to the results expected from the literature.  The second of these two studies further investigated the relationship between whole body kinematics and knee moments. Intra-participant correlations were performed between all kinematics and each knee joint moment, with the intention of identifying mean correlations significantly different from zero.  Increased valgus moments were significantly correlated with increased knee flexion, hip flexion, torso lean and torso rotation towards the support leg, and foot and knee external rotation. Increase internal rotation moments were significantly correlated with reduced hip abduction and external rotation, increased ankle inversion, knee external rotation and torso lean away from the support leg.  Again these results reflected joint positions observed in injury, except for knee flexion and hip flexion angles.  It was identified that while there may be statistically significant effects for knee angle the difference in magnitude may not result in functional differences.

The final study investigated the effect of a six week technique modification program on landing tasks.  The technique modification aimed at bringing athletes’ torsos upright and forward facing, based upon the results of the previous studies.  It also aimed to increase knee flexion angle, as this is still the current literature recommendation.  Post-intervention participants displayed an increase in maximal knee flexion angles but no change in torso positioning.  This kinematic change was correlated to a significant increase in peak internal rotation moments, with no change in valgus or flexion moments.  Although, due to the angle at which the peak internal rotation moment occurred it was identified that this increase in moment may not increase the risk of non-contact ACL injury risk, due to the increased potential for muscular support and decreased transmission of the moment to the ACL.  However, it was concluded that the technique modification program may not be appropriate for reducing the risk of non-contact ACL injury, within the particular landing task chosen.

Overall this thesis identified that whole body kinematics are related to knee moments during sidestep cutting and landing.  Kinematics associated with increase valgus and internal rotation moments at the knee tended to reflect joint posture observed during actual non-contact ACL injuries.  Secondly a six week technique modification program is capable of modifying both sidestep cutting and landing technique.  Technique changes result in changed knee moments.  However, the complex nature of the relationship between technique and knee loads indicates that any potential intervention aimed at reducing the risk of non-contact ACL injury, should be tested in the laboratory utilising tools such as neuromuscular modelling and stochastic modelling to ensure the planned intervention has the potential to be successful prior to implementing the protocol in an epidemiological testing scenario.

Internal impingement as a form of PSI (posterosuperior impingement) and ASI (anterosuperior impingement) can be responsible of a shoulder pain and discomfort in athletes but also in non-athlete populations. There are often different pathological findings associated in this group of symptoms. Rest and physical therapy are the cornerstones of treatment. Indications for surgery include failure of conservative treatment with an inability to return to activities after a relatively long time of rehabilitation. Surgical approach is based on the specific examination findings under anesthesia. Furthermore, during arthroscopy the surgeon should carefully evaluate the entire shoulder and look for evidence of instability, biceps tendon, biceps anchor, labrum, capsule, subscapularis tendon and LHB pulley, and rotator cuff complex. Dynamic intraoperative examination can show PSI or ASI when present as well. Surgical intervention should be directed towards specific pathological lesions believed to correspond to the patient's symptoms or play a role in the complex pathophysiology of internal impingement; nevertheless arthroscopic surgical techniques are still evolving and controversial.

According to the stress-injury model (Williams & Andersen, 1998), personality factors predisposing athletes to elevated levels of stress may increase the risk of injury. As perfectionism has been associated with chronic stress, it may be one such personality factor. So far, however, no study has investigated the relationships between perfectionism and injury utilising a prospective design. Therefore, the present study examined perfectionistic strivings, perfectionistic concerns, and injury in 80 junior athletes from team and individual sports (mean age 17.1 years, range 16-19 years) over 10 months of active training. The results of logistic regression analyses showed that perfectionism positively predicted injury, but only perfectionistic concerns emerged as a significant positive predictor. The likelihood of sustaining an injury was increased by over 2 times for each 1 SD increase in perfectionistic concerns. The findings suggest that perfectionistic concerns may be a possible factor predisposing athletes to an increased risk of injury.

"Sports medicine has been largely neglected by historians. This article examines the devel-
opment of the role of the football trainer from 1885 to 1992, placing it in the wider context of the
shifting relationship between orthodox and unorthodox medicine. It is underpinned by two interde-
pendent arguments. First, it can be argued that the origins of football trainers can be traced to
unorthodox alternative medicine; their role developed largely outside a regulatory framework
imposed by the medical profession despite attempts to marginalise irregular healers and practitioners
of alternative medicine. Secondly, it is claimed that the treatments, practices and working conditions
of trainers were shaped by the sub-culture of professional football, and were an amalgam of the
uneven adoption of contemporary biomedical principles and scientific developments, especially in
physiotherapy, and the persistence of traditional methods. "

Subcortical cyst formation of the proximal humerus has been suggested as a potential sign of an underlying full thickness rotator cuff tear. We present a case of a 51-year-old patient with 8 weeks of shoulder pain after a fall while playing rugby. Examination was significant for markedly reduced active range of motion, weakness of external rotation, and a positive empty can test. The physical therapist ordered shoulder radiographs which revealed evidence of a subcortical cyst within the greater tuberosity. Due to these findings, the physical therapist ordered magnetic resonance imaging which confirmed a full thickness supraspinatus tear. A 51-year-old male was referred to Physical Therapy by his Family Nurse Practitioner with right anterior shoulder pain. Onset was 8 weeks prior after a fall while playing rugby. Pain was aggravated by reaching overhead and was reduced in a dependent position. No red flags were present. A comprehensive subjective and objective physical examination was performed. Right shoulder active range of motion was significant for poor quality of shoulder flexion which deviated into scaption and an inability to actively abduct past 80 degrees. Passive range of motion was full, but the patient experienced his worst pain with end range internal rotation and mild posterior shoulder pain at end range adduction. Manual muscle testing was significant for 4-/5 weakness of right shoulder external rotation as well as weakness and pain with the empty can test. Palpation was performed for shoulder structures along with provocative tests, but the patient was not point tender to the acromioclavicular joint. Radiographs can often show bony changes secondary to soft tissue pathology. Due to objective exam findings consistent with a full-thickness supraspinatus tear as well as the radiographic findings, the physical therapist ordered Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) which showed a full thickness tear of the supraspinatus tendon. Delaying surgical intervention after a traumatic rotator cuff tear has been associated with worse postoperative outcomes. Plain radiographs can frequently show secondary signs of soft tissue pathology and are therefore the initial imaging modality of choice for almost all musculoskeletal conditions. In this case, prompt diagnosis through clinical examination with radiographic findings and confirmation via MRI allowed this patient to be directed to an orthopedic surgeon only 2 days after the initial physical therapy examination. The patient ultimately underwent a supraspinatus repair 3 months after the onset of symptoms and is expected to make a full recovery.

My last presentation about injury prevention in basketball players. Aspects such as injury definition, type of injury, sports injury system, specific characteristics of basketball, intervening factors, injury studies, forms of prevention, costs, trainig loads, assessments and tests, preventive programs, regenerative resources and return to sport are discussed.

A t the beginning of the 20''' century, m a n y athletes were often told to forgo drinking water before and during exercise in fear that it would "waterlog" them and impede their performance. T h i s dogmatic edict ruled the coaching doctrine of the first 7 0 years of the 20t" century despite the fact that military research of the day indicated otherwise. However, i n the late 1960s, two key studies were published that provided the i m p e t u s for research o n fluid veplacement which changed the coaching doctrine's view of drinking fluids before and duri n g physical activity. Fluid replacement is S B~ The SpM World's Remum Leadina cenm m . s i r c . c a % hy

Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome (PFS) nei runners. Una revisione della letteratura. Abstract Scopo .Lo scopo di questo studio è valutare lo stato dell'arte degli aspetti clinici e del management terapeutico della sindrome patello-femorale (PFPS) in atleti runners tramite una revisione critica della letteratura biomedica. Metodi: Gli autori hanno effettuato una revisione della letteratura utilizzando Clinical Queries scegliendo una " BROAD STRATEGY " e utilizzando anche MeSHTerms combinati ad operatori Booleani " AND " e " OR " e " textwords " indipendenti nella banca dati biomedica PubMed, unitamente ad una ricerca per autori e " textwords " indipendenti nella banca dati scientifica Google Scholar, includendo anche estratti da monografie e studi non indicizzati in lingua inlese ed italiana. Risultati: Sono stati inclusi e visionati 102 studi relativi alla revisione in questione, ed alla applicabilità, sicurezza ed efficacia della gestione proposta. Conclusioni: Da questa nostra analisi della letteratura emerge come La sindrome patello-femorale (PFPS) nei runners ha un indirizzo terapeutico funzionale assolutamente conservativo. I fattori chiave del processo riabilitativo dovrebbero essere indirizzati verso miglioramenti della funzionalità articolare del ginocchio,, forza, flessibilità ,controllo neuromuscolare , con un attenta progressione del ritorno alla attività sportiva. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to appraise the art state of the clinical aspects and the therapeutic management of the patello-femoral syndrome (PFS) in athletes runners through a critical revision of the biomedical literature Methods: The authors have effected a revision of the literature using Clinical Queries choosing one "BROAD STRATEGY" " and also using MeSH Terms combined to operating Boolean "AND" and "OR" and "textwords" independent in the database biomedical PubMed, together with a search for authors and "textwords" independent scientific database and Google Scholar, including excerpts from monographs and studies that are not indexed in English and Italian language.