Sport Management & Marketing

Hurricane Katrina devastated the city of New Orleans in late August 2005, and debates are now underway across the country concerning strategies for reconstructing the City. Both of New Orleans's professional sports teams, the National Football League Saints and the National Basketball Association Hornets, left the city in the wake of the storm, and the question of what the city should provide in the way of financial accommodation to encourage them to return should be considered in devising a reconstruction plan. New Orleans has hosted a disproportionate share of mega-sports events in the United States given its size and demographics. An important question concerns whether these events have contributed enough to the New Orleans economy to justify reinvestment in infrastructure to restore New Orleans's place as a leading host of professional sports and mega-events in the United States. This paper examines the economic impact of professional sports on the New Orleans economy and concludes that the redevelopment efforts of New Orleans are better directed at first providing infrastructure that will encourage the return of its middle class citizenry and the restoration of its culture. Playing host to professional sports and mega-events does have symbolic significance, but it is arguable that the city cannot afford to invite guests until it has the means to accommodate them.

This inquiry explores the history and potential of blending grounded theory and ethnography for conducting qualitative research in education and the social sciences. We argue that grounded theory ethnography can be an effective strategy for bridging the research-to-practice gap particularly in practitioner-based fields such as adult education.

The research mainly aims to find out the extent to which there is an effect on the income and budget elements of the research sample company through the decline in business results and financial position due to its exposure to the risks of Covid 19 and the results of uncertainty resulting from those risks. Modern clothing is one of the industrial sector companies listed in the Iraqi Stock Exchange, and the research concluded that the risks of Covid 19 greatly affected the income and budget components of the modern clothing company between the decrease represented by the loss and the increase represented by incurring other additional costs to reduce these risks, and the researcher recommends that a Activate the risk management and analysis policy in each company to limit or reduce the effects of any future risks

This study examined three Australian newspapers and their coverage of female and male tennis players competing in the centennial Australian Open Tennis Championships. Content analysis was used to compare the amount and prominence of the coverage devoted to ...

Food has always been an important factor in human life for the efficient performance of all activities and at the same time enabling the normal development of the human body and the performance of natural human processes in the body itself. It is an important factor because its observance allows a person to perform certain activities with maximum performance performed by his body and it contributes to achieving all the goals set by him either in sports or in other areas of life. Food itself not only allows to achieve or perform certain activities can be called sports
activities but also recovery of the body after the activities in order to prepare for the next training session or activities that will be performed to allow the practitioner to achieve the same or higher results and this will already be manifested in a successful sports career and it is normal the individual to have a healthy mind and body that are important for everyone to have a better and healthier life. We should all observe what we take into our body because it does not mean that all kinds of food and drinks should be taken because in the long run it can manifest itself with various chronic diseases, injuries and even a decrease in immunity in our body that will reduce and our opportunities and potential that are important for achieving great sporting success and awards. Just as in everyday life, as an example of motor vehicles, good fuel is needed to increase the life of the engine, so it is important for people to eat quality and healthy food in order to contribute to protection against various chronic and infectious diseases or injuries that would prevent him from achieving the set goals and performing the planned daily activities.

ABSTRACTThe present work addressed the relationships between organizational culture, corporate governance and knowledge management in sports organizations, highlighting how these dimensions are articulated in practice and interfere in the institutional capacity toevolve consistently. Throughout the analysis, it was observed that organizational culture works as a symbolic foundation that guides behaviors and decisions, but it can also become an obstacle  when  it  reinforces  traditional  patterns  that  resist  professionalization  and innovation  processes.  Examples  of  clubs  and  federations  that  tried  to  implement governance practices, such as boards and audits, but faced limitations due to the lack of collective commitment and the lack of spaces for dialogue and learning, were discussed. In addition, it was found that knowledge management still does not occupy the strategic space  necessary  to  foster  the  circulation  of  information,  the  systematization  of experiences  and  the  development  of  more  creative  solutions  aligned  withthe  current demands of sport. The research showed that the alignment between culture, governance and knowledge does not depend only on structural changes, but on a gradual effort to transform  values  and  build  environments  that  favor  engagement  and  co-responsibility. The relevance of the theme is justified by the need to rethink practices and policies that strengthen the sustainability and legitimacy of sports organizations in a context marked by  growing  professionalization  and  the  valorization  of  sport  as an  instrument  of  social development.

ABSTRACT
The management of indoor sports facilities has become an increasingly relevant topic in Brazil, driven by the demand for spaces that integrate structural quality, financial sustainability, and social inclusion. This study explored how different management models have been implemented in these environments, highlighting achievements and weaknesses that directly impact the efficiency and relevance of these facilities in the daily lives of communities. The research gathered academic publications discussing strategic planning, the use of monitoring technologies, institutional marketing practices, preventive maintenance routines, and strategies to diversify funding sources. It became clear that, although there are positive examples characterized by professional teams and the adoption of performance indicators, the lack of integrated long-term policies remains a frequent issue, limiting modernization efforts and the consistent delivery of quality services. The findings also showed that accessibility, environmental sustainability, and social participation are important challenges still faced by managers. By addressing these aspects, the study contributes to broadening the discussion on how to prepare indoor sports.

RESUMO

O estudo explorou como a gestão de eventos esportivos vem se consolidando no Brasil como uma estratégia de engajamento institucional, geração de valor simbólico e fortalecimento de marcas. A análise reuniu contribuições de autores nacionais que abordam práticas de planejamento, ativação de  patrocínios,  sustentabilidade  e  construção  de  legados  em  competições  de  diferentes  portes. Observou-se  que  a  adoção  de  metodologias  estruturadas,  combinadas  com  a  flexibilidade operacional, tem potencializado resultados eproporcionado experiências significativas a públicos diversos. Também se verificou que a dimensão emocional do esporte exerce influência decisiva na  percepção  social  sobre  as  iniciativas,  criando  oportunidades  para  empresas  associarem  suas marcas a valores positivos, como superação e pertencimento coletivo. Ao mesmo tempo, persistem desafios ligados à transparência na gestão dos recursos, à avaliação de impactos de longo prazo e ao estímulo ao uso democrático das infraestruturas criadas. O trabalho destacou que o sucesso de um evento depende de uma combinação equilibrada entre profissionalismo, inovação tecnológica e atenção genuína às demandas sociais. Foi constatado que mesmo projetos com menor orçamento podem gerar mudanças relevantes quando articulam objetivos claros e estratégias de comunicação que dialoguem com os interesses da comunidade. A discussão revelou ainda que a credibilidade institucional  é  fortalecida  quando  práticas  de  sustentabilidade  e  responsabilidade  social  são integradas ao planejamento e à execução das ações. A construção de legados duradouros requer que as organizações desenvolvam visão sistêmica e cultivem relações baseadas na confiança e no compromisso  ético.  Esses  fatores,  aliados  ao  investimento  contínuo  na  formação  de  equipes capacitadas,  representam  caminhos  possíveis  para  que  o  esporte  se  afirme  como  motor  de desenvolvimento cultural e econômico.

Palavras-chave: Gestão  esportiva.  Marketing  esportivo.  Sustentabilidade.  Engajamento institucional. Legado.

Purpose: The main focus of this research is to identify the dimensions and advancements of artificial intelligence in the sports goods market.
Methodology: This research is applied in nature; in terms of strategy, it is qualitative and of the thematic analysis type. The data have been examined using inductive coding and line-by-line analysis. This method helps discover meaningful patterns and relationships in the data, providing a deeper understanding of the subject. This research used an inductive approach, extensive literature review, and semi-structured qualitative interviews with 15 sports industry and technology experts through purposive sampling.
Findings: The results showed that artificial intelligence components in the sports goods market include nine main dimensions and 35 sub-dimensions in the artificial intelligence model theme. The most critical identified components are routine artificial intelligence for intensive tasks, software development related to sports goods, value proposition, smart sports equipment, training and development, market research and analysis, human resources management, development of improvement strategies, and business intelligence.
Originality: This Advancements in artificial intelligence have far-reaching impacts on the sports goods market. This research identifies artificial intelligence's dimensions, components, and advancements in the sports goods market, contributing to new knowledge and insights. Using qualitative analysis and semi-structured interviews, new findings are presented, showing how artificial intelligence can improve various processes in the sports goods market and focus on market share. Additionally, the challenges of automation for routine jobs and the need to transition individuals to new roles are examined. This research provides a practical and comprehensive artificial intelligence model that aids strategic decision-making in the sports goods market, emphasizing these advancements' social and ethical implications.

Football events are by far one of the most preferred leisure activities amongst fans around the world, namely when it involves their favorite team. The measurement of sponsorship results is seen as a research priority, however, some results found are not consistent, in which mediation is seen as a research priority. This research intends to: (i) determine fan identification effect on perceived congruency between sponsor and sponsored team, and on intentions towards buying sponsor's products, and; (ii) determine the mediation role of perceived congruence. In total, 1399 fans from a top three Portuguese professional football team were considered for analysis. For statistical analysis, Structural Equation Modeling was used. Results show that higher levels of fans' team identification lead to higher intention to buy sponsor's products, and the most innovative result was the relevant mediating role of the perceived congruence in the formation of the purchase intention on sponsor's products.

PurposeThis study aims to explore the indirect and direct effect of perceived congruence between fans' identification with a team and the intention to buy sponsor's products. The level of perceived congruence between the sponsor and the sports team, as well as fans' attitude toward the sponsor and their purchase intention toward products from the sponsoring company are analyzed.Design/methodology/approachA sample of 2,647 football fans who support two well-known Portuguese professional football teams completed a questionnaire. Structural equation modeling with multigroup analysis was carried out to test the model and the hypotheses.FindingsTeam identification has an effect on perceived congruence, on attitude toward sponsors and on intention to buy. The results also show the positive direct and indirect effects of both perceived congruence on attitude toward the sponsoring company and on purchase intention of sponsors' products. However, neither congruence nor attitu...

Sport education curriculum model (SEM) is a curriculum, unit, or method of teaching used in physical education programs, and has three major goals for students to become competent, literate, and enthusiastic players (Siedentop, Hastie, & van der Mars, 2020). Alexander and Luckman (2001) described that the SEM offers an extended season, persisting groups, less direct teaching, and more responsibility for students which can create meaning, purpose, and enjoyment for students in physical education. Self-confidence is recognized as vital to both development and performance enhancement (Weinberg & Williams, 1993;. The term self-confidence refers to one's belief that he or she can successfully execute a desired behavior. Self-esteem is the extent to which an individual likes, values, and accepts the self and is related to self-confidence, and pertains to one's personal judgement of worthiness. Compared with people with low self-esteem, those with high self-esteem tend to live happier and healthier lives, cope better with stress, and be more likely persist at difficult tasks .

This study examines the mediating effect of academic attitude on the relationship between sport participation and academic achievement of student athletes in Saudi Arabia. A total of 102 subjects comprising of undergraduate student athletes from Saudi Arabia were randomly selected as the sample of this study. Participation in competitive sport is measured as frequency of the students’ participation in sports activities in a week (Wicker, Hallmann, Breuer, 2013) and whether the students are active members of sport university teams (Lindner & Kerr, 2000) or sport clubs (Dollman& Lewis, 2010). Academic achievement is measured by the formal academic report from the student athletes’ respective university. Survey of Study Habits & Attitudes (SSHA) by Brown and Holtzman (1956) was adapted to measure academic attitude. Result indicates a positive significant relationship between participation in competitive sport and academic achievement. Results also showed a partial mediation of academic...

Women whose interest in sports and football increase day by day maintain their interest both as active and passive participants (Acosta and Kartepender, 2014). This interest has not been limited merely to watching sports. It has gone so far as women working professionally in the media (Performance Communications, 2016). Thus, it is believed that it will not be wrong to say that the male dominant structure in sports and the sports industry has begun to display differences with the professional participation of women in the sports media (reporter, presenter, author, editor etc.) The power of television is a fact that should be taken into consideration in the developing and changing world. Gender studies on sports media demonstrates that women sports are not taken seriously and does not get the respect it deserves in the media (Cooky, Mesner and Hextrum, 2013). Thus, the place of women in sports programmes and the perception this creates in Turkish society has become an important subject that should be studied. The aim of this study is to find out how female presenters in football programmes are perceived by viewers. For this purpose, the interview technique which is a qualitative research method has been used to get more detailed and in-depth data. The data from the interviews has been analyzed using the content analysis method and coded under appropriate themes. Research results are divided into two as positive and negative thoughts. The thoughts of the participants were evaluated in two categories as 'the perception of women on screen and program content. The findings of the study show that the presence of women in football programmes is generally viewed positively. In addition, it can be said that women on football screen is perceived as 'beneficial', 'necessary' and 'beautiful'.

n his first book, part of a trilogy on the emperor Nero, Alberto Angela (a famous history communicator in Italy) hypothesizes that, during the first century AD, a sestertius corresponded to approximately six euro.1 The estimate is based on the price lists found on the walls of Pompeii, thanks to which it was possible to establish the purchasing power of some Roman coins. In regards to the subsequent period, namely the time of Trajan (98/117 AD), according to the estimates contained in the same book, a sestertius must have been worth approximately two euro. Subsequently, the calculation becomes more complex, given that, with the Antonine plague, a period of economic crisis began with a consequent increase in inflation. Despite this, however, one could still try to hypothesize a comparison between the salary offered by Tiberius (hypothesis of exchange of the time: 1 sesterce = 6 euro), with that of modern sports idols. Searching online, you can find that LeBron James, a sports star of the Los Angeles Lakers, in the 2019/2020 season received a salary of 36 million dollars (sponsorships excluded), playing all 82 games (a record in the NBA). As for the world of football, however, in the same season the champion Cristiano Ronaldo had a salary of 31 million euros (excluding sponsorships), playing approximately 60 matches between league and cups. In the following table, the salaries of the most famous top players of today are compared with those of the two ex-gladiators hired by Tiberius. It should be remembered that this is a hypothesis based on the little data available. The salaries are written in euros (€), dollars ($) and sesterces (HS), while the euro/ dollar exchange rate is at 1,1237 (June 30, 2020), a little before the 2019/20 season ended.2

Purpose: Maintaining strong customer relationships is essential for organizational success in today's competitive sports industry. Effective Customer Relationship Management (CRM) systems have become vital tools for enhancing customer satisfaction, loyalty, and profitability. This research aims to identify and analyze the key drivers that influence the success of CRM in the sports industry, gain expert consensus on these drivers, and understand how CRM practices can adapt to the evolving landscape of the sports sector. Methodology: This qualitative study engaged 13 experts chosen through purposive sampling from an initial pool of 38 potential participants. Data collection and analysis were conducted using the Delphi method, which involved multiple surveys to reach a consensus among the experts on the critical drivers of CRM success. To demonstrate the structural modeling of the identified drivers, we utilized a combined approach of the "Matrix of Crossed Impact Multiplications Applied to a Classification" (MICMAC) analysis and the Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) method, categorizing the drivers based on their driving and dependence power. Originality: Overall, the study's findings and recommendations can inform the development and implementation of effective CRM strategies, ultimately contributing to the success of organizations in the sports industry.

health marketing is an approach that supports health care practices by facilitating the relationship between providers and patients. This study was conducted with the aim of presenting a health marketing model based on social marketing in the pharmaceutical industry. In terms of the purpose of this research, it is an applied-developmental research, and from the point of view of the data collection method, it is a survey-cross-sectional research. The community of participants in the qualitative section includes 23 managers of Iran Food and Drug Organization. In the quantitative part, 143 managers and experts of the pharmaceutical industry were randomly selected using the rule. The data collection tools are semi-structured interviews and researcher-made questionnaires. The grounded theory method was used in the qualitative part and the partial least squares method was used in the quantitative part. In the open coding stage, 256 codes were identified and finally, 6 selective codes, 11 central codes and 61 basic codes were obtained through axial coding. The mixture of health marketing, corporate social responsibility, internal marketing and relational marketing have an effect on health marketing. On the other hand, the infrastructure of the health sector provides background conditions and legal requirements are also an interfering factor. With social marketing strategy, it is possible to achieve customer satisfaction (individuals), improve marketing performance (organization) and quality of health services (society)

Universities must strategically communicate agricultural science to effectively reach millennials skeptical of agricultural innovations and constantly assessing the credibility of online information. Universities are trusted information sources and must maintain credibility on social media platforms such as Twitter, used by millennials to receive and share information. Source credibility seeks to understand message source and recipient characteristics that influence recipients' perceptions of a source's expertise and trustworthiness. The purpose of this study was to explore differences in engagement when specific factors affecting source credibility were emphasized when communicating with millennials about agricultural science on Twitter. The purpose was accomplished by describing the level of engagement and the differences in engagement observed between perceived gender, race, and age of university scientists. Over seven months, researchers wrote press releases about published journal articles authored by two or more diverse, university-affiliated scientists. They published multiple tweets about each release, with the only difference being the scientists' headshots. Scientists were categorized as perceived male versus female, White versus Non-White, and older versus younger. Descriptive analysis of engagement metrics from 32 tweets found those with females performed better than those with males. Non-White scientist tweets performed better with the exception of engagement rate. Tweets featuring younger scientists received more engagement than older. The exploratory results implied tweets featuring young, Non-White females may elicit higher engagement. Future studies should examine if engagement metrics are correlated with source credibility dimensions. Strategically featuring diverse scientists in research communication may be utilized to build engagement in universities' social media.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between sports product consumers' individual innovativeness and shopping behavior patterns. The survey also has found that sports consumers are more likely to be concerned about their age, gender, marital status, education level, occupational status, whether they regularly play sports, whether they prefer to do other activities instead of sports, what they pay attention to in sports activities, monthly shopping spending, whether there are any significant differences in personal information, such as whether they use imitations of branded products in sporting goods. A total of 585 sports product consumers, 346 men, and 239 women, voluntarily participated in the research conducted in the provinces and districts of Muğla (Ortaca, Köyceğiz, Dalaman). In order to collect data in the survey, a questionnaire consisting of five sections was used. In the first part of the questionnaire, demographic characteristics form 11 questions prepared in accordance with the purpose of this research, individual innovation scale in the second part, scale of purchasing behaviors of sports consumers in the third part, scale to determine the dimensions of purchasing behavior with shopping ambition in the fourth part, In the section, a scale was used to determine the dimensions of purchasing behavior. When the results obtained from the research are evaluated, it is seen that as the level of

The aim of this study is to examine the correlation between the future perceptions of the students of the sports management department and their time management behavior. For this purpose, Gazi, Selçuk, Muğla and Fırat University Sports Sciences Faculty, Sports Management students (n = 770) participated in the questionnaire voluntarily. The socio-demographic information form of the volunteers was applied to the future time perception scale developed by and the Time Management Behavior Scale developed by . The obtained data was recorded with the package program "IBM SPSS 22". Mann Whitney U, Kruskal Wallis, Spearman Correlation Analysis for the Correlation between future time sense and time management behavior were applied as a statistical process. As a result, there was a significant Correlation between gender, university and class, time management behaviors, gender, university and class variables. Furthermore, a too weak Correlation was found between the future time sense and the time management behavior on the positive side. This may be due to the students' personal development, social circles, socioeconomic status difference and the missions and visions of the students differ.

As it is known, economical products are divided into two main components (goods/services). The developing technology has restructured its geographical position. The storage capability of sporting products makes it necessary to define the concept of "visual product". In our study, the general scanning model, which is one of the descriptive research methods, is used (Karasar 2009). In the frame of this descriptive scanning method, a theoretical-analytical method has been used focusing on writing the relevant field. Descriptive studies are usually carried out to enlighten a given situation, to make assessments in line with standards, and to reveal relationships between events (Çepni, 2007). The concept is an abstract design that covers common features of objects and events and collects under a common name. A concept thus becomes a general and abstract representation of an object, state or phenomenon. The concepts are divided into a priori and posterior. The part to be studied in the study is posterior. Because the concept of "visual product" can be achieved by means of induction using observation and experience. In this procedure, the multiplicity is first searched, compared and then focused on similarities, differences, and variables so that the subject can be objectified. In the last stage, the concept of "visual product" is obtained by abstraction by discarding variables, differences. The continuity of the sporting products necessitates the requirement of defining them. The visual product is conceptualized as "an economic activity, action, performance, social event or effort" that is sustained with communication technology, although it is consumed where it is produced. Taking into consideration the product descriptions of classical economic theorists and the ability of developing technology to transform the nature offered to human beings after a "visual product" has Abdurrahman Kepoğlu CONSIDERATION OF "VISUAL PRODUCT" AS A NEW PRODUCT EXCEPT FROM ECONOMIC AND GOOD QUALITY IN THE RESPONSIBILITY OF SPORTING PRODUCTS

The article analyses players' satisfaction with their football agents and factors that influence differences in level of satisfaction. To analyse the performance relationship between player and agent, their relationship is based on the principal-agent theory. The explorative study includes a dataset from professional German football players (n = 336). A logistic regression model was used to determine relevant factors influencing differences in a player's satisfaction with an agent. Across all leagues, agents generally perform 'classic' transfer and contract-related tasks. It is less common for agents to be delegated tasks requiring expert knowledge in areas such as taxation. Players' level of satisfaction with their agents appears to be rather ambivalent. However, this is significantly influenced by implicit and explicit factors, such as the scope of services and a personal relationship or screening agents in advance, respectively.

This study examines the mediating effect of academic attitude on the relationship between sport participation and academic achievement of student athletes in Saudi Arabia. A total of 102 subjects comprising of undergraduate student athletes from Saudi Arabia were randomly selected as the sample of this study. Participation in competitive sport is measured as frequency of the students’ participation in sports activities in a week (Wicker, Hallmann, Breuer, 2013) and whether the students are active members of sport university teams (Lindner & Kerr, 2000) or sport clubs (Dollman& Lewis, 2010). Academic achievement is measured by the formal academic report from the student athletes’ respective university. Survey of Study Habits & Attitudes (SSHA) by Brown and Holtzman (1956) was adapted to measure academic attitude. Result indicates a positive significant relationship between participation in competitive sport and academic achievement. Results also showed a partial mediation of academic...

Background & Purpose: According to role of the physical education to grow  and prepare students for future, this study analyzed the content of the new teaching guide book of physical education in sixth grade in Academic year (2012) with educational goals approach.
Methodology: The content analysis research methods by William Roman, Shannon entropy is used with content-based physical education book. The population and sample means is 136 pages of the book. After normalizing the data set and activating categories, informational load, Coefficient and the percentage importance each domain, educational indicators were calculated.
Results: In the Cognitive domain of the book Familiarity with a variety of games and sports is of the most important &  maintain equipment and sports facilities as the least important factor, in the Psychomotor domain, physical fitness and preparation for school sports skills are most importance & Prepared on a combined application of basic movements in the game have the least importance; in the Affective domain, tendency to develop basic movement skills and social and emotional principles are the most important factors & The desire to maintain health, is of the least importance. The content analysis of the book for students in sixth grade is active based on William Roman.
Discussion: Informational load and importance coefficient of domains from highest to lowest in the book are as follows: Affective domain, psychomotor domain & Cognitive domain. Thus, relative index for each educational area in the book has not been considered.

This study aimed to reveal the sports consumption behavior intentions of the spectators of two football teams competing in Turkish Super League, in order to examine whether this behavior changes in cases of success and failure. Besides, the study also attempted to detect any difference between the consumption behaviors of the spectators of the two teams and to reveal the reasons of these differences. Spectators of two different teams competing in Turkish Super League participated in the study on voluntary basis. Totally 678 sports spectators attended the study: 54.30% (N=368) of these spectators supported Eskisehirspor while 45.70% (N=310) supported Bursaspor. To this end, the Sports Consumption Behavior Scale which was developed by Kim et al. (2011) and the validity and reliability of the Turkish version of which was tested by Kiremitci et al. (2014) was used in the scope of the study. In conclusion, this study examined the consumer behavior intentions of the spectators of two team...

Resumo: O perfil do administrador esportivo tem sido pouco estudado no país (MEDALHA, 1982; BARHUM, 2001). O presente estudo teve como objetivo caracterizar o gestor esportivo de clubes de grande porte da cidade de São Paulo, para contribuir para o aperfeiçoamento da formação de futuros profissionais. Um questionário foi aplicado aos gestores das atividades esportivas de 7 clubes. Verificou-se que o gestor tem formação específica em Educação Física, com especialização, é do sexo masculino, casado, tem ...

Talent acquisition for start-up businesses is a crucial concept that can lead to several significant problems such as market share decline if overlooked. The situation worsens when start-up businesses decide to keep pace with digital developments and start incorporating digitalization into their talent acquisition strategies. For this purpose, the current research sought to provide a framework for talent acquisition in start-up
businesses, focusing on talent recruitment, selection, and onboarding in the digital platform.

The aim of this study is to examine the correlation between the future perceptions of the students of the sports management department and their time management behavior. For this purpose, Gazi, Selçuk, Muğla and Fırat University Sports Sciences Faculty, Sports Management students (n = 770) participated in the questionnaire voluntarily. The socio-demographic information form of the volunteers was applied to the future time perception scale developed by and the Time Management Behavior Scale developed by . The obtained data was recorded with the package program "IBM SPSS 22". Mann Whitney U, Kruskal Wallis, Spearman Correlation Analysis for the Correlation between future time sense and time management behavior were applied as a statistical process. As a result, there was a significant Correlation between gender, university and class, time management behaviors, gender, university and class variables. Furthermore, a too weak Correlation was found between the future time sense and the time management behavior on the positive side. This may be due to the students' personal development, social circles, socioeconomic status difference and the missions and visions of the students differ.

This study is the first to disentangle influencer-and brand engagement and to explore their interplay in shaping consumer purchases, while considering the mediating role of the strength of parasocial relationships (PSRs) between consumers and influencers. The results reveal that while influencer-and brand engagement independently enhance purchases, high brand engagement can diminish influencer engagement's purchase-enhancing effect through weakened PSRs (representing a "reverse vampire effect"). This negative interplay between influencer-and brand engagement is particularly prominent among the followers of mega influencers, who have millions of followers. High brand engagement can weaken PSRs, particularly with mega influencers, as they may be viewed as manipulative. This research thus provides novel insights into influencer marketing effectiveness, emphasizing the role of PSRs and the need to exercise caution in influencer-brand collaborations, particularly with mega influencers. Overall, this study provides a more realistic understanding of the trade-offs between the benefits and risks of influencer marketing.

The Golden Ball Award is given to the best soccer player in every FIFA World Cup tournament. Although disagreements will inevitably arise when any award winner is selected, we propose that an analytic hierarchical process (AHP) approach, which is taken from the toolbox of multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA), be used for the purpose of selecting the Golden Ball winner. A review of the use of MCDA approaches within the sports management literature brought us to the conclusion that their use is still incipient in the scholarship within this community. AHP is proposed for the development of award evaluations because it is intuitive, accurate, and provides decision transparency to the public. The method is applied to the 2014 FIFA Golden Ball selection for illustration purposes and potential 2014 World Cup winners are suggested based on attack, defence, and fair play performance. Most importantly, the use of this proposed approach can be extended to the assessment of other sports awards.

The Golden Ball Award is given to the best soccer player in every FIFA World Cup tournament. Although disagreements will inevitably arise when any award winner is selected, we propose that an analytic hierarchical process (AHP) approach, which is taken from the toolbox of multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA), be used for the purpose of selecting the Golden Ball winner. A review of the use of MCDA approaches within the sports management literature brought us to the conclusion that their use is still incipient in the scholarship within this community. AHP is proposed for the development of award evaluations because it is intuitive, accurate, and provides decision transparency to the public. The method is applied to the 2014 FIFA Golden Ball selection for illustration purposes and potential 2014 World Cup winners are suggested based on attack, defence, and fair play performance. Most importantly, the use of this proposed approach can be extended to the assessment of other sports awards.

The figure of the influencer has generated an increase in their presence on social networks. Their ability to create content, their credibility and their identification with the consumer represent an added value in commercial communication. However, their disclosures are controversial due to the lack of transparency and differentiation between their commercial and opinion content. The absence of a clear definition of an influencer, the need to regulate their actions and the difficulty of identifying the commercial content of their publications are evidence of the concern to regulate their activity. The aim of this paper is to analyze, in the European context, the specific regulations on commercial disclosures by influencers, as well as to ascertain the point of view of the agents involved. To this end, a content analysis of the guidelines, regulations and/or laws of 24 European Union countries is carried out, complemented by an ad hoc questionnaire that brings together different aspects that can be defined and delimited. The results show a lack of unanimity in the rules and regulations governing influencers, as well as a manifest concern on the part of professionals in the sector to determine their communications. Only two countries, France and Spain, have specific legislation on the subject, limiting commercial disclosure to the existence of consideration and/or number of followers. It is clear that the existing guidelines are, in most cases, more comprehensive in terms of transparency guidelines for identifying advertising than the regulatory texts. The findings question whether the path of legislation is the right one, or whether efforts should instead focus on media and advertising literacy for both influencers and consumers.

This study evaluates how sponsorship disclosure affects users' parasocial interaction with virtual influencers (VIs). Sentiment analysis of 48,147 comments (sponsored = 20,411, non-sponsored = 27,736) indicated that users expressed more positive sentiment toward the VI's sponsorship disclosure. Topic modeling revealed that, regardless of sponsorship disclosure, users were confused about the VI's identity and expressed mixed emotions. Users also behaved differently toward the VI's sponsorship disclosure. An online experiment (N = 159) found that users who encountered nonsponsored content displayed greater likelihood for parasocial interaction and post engagement. The mediating role of persuasion knowledge was non-significant, challenging the persuasion knowledge model.

Gender justice and the realization of women's rights are important topics that have been discussed for many years, but there are still many unclear points in the Islamic approach to it, from the field of opinion to practical forms. Therefore, the present study decided to investigate this issue in the collection of Ayatollah Khamenei's statements and messages from the beginning of his leadership until 2025 with the help of Ijtihadi method and coding technique. In this method, the base code is extracted based on the examination of the types of verbal meanings of the statements, and then in the categorization stage, the ratio between the codes (absolute and restricted, general and specific, etc. , the context and the audience of the speech is examined). In the intellectual system of leadership, justice is expressed as a combination of equal rights of men and women based on human commonalities, and inequality based on gender differences; In this intellectual system, some examples of equal and different rights of women with men and examples of oppression of women and redefinition of some examples of rights and their details, as well as an examination of the ratio between different rights of women are observed. In the meantime, the right to dignity, which includes rights such as chaste life and ideal life and is in two categories, family and social, is at the top of women's rights. After going through these theoretical prerequisites in the intellectual system of leadership, the present research has extracted a political model in several dimensions of characteristics (including a model based on Islamic goals and rationality, continuous, deep and far from haste and based on an aggressive attitude towards the West and a systemic attitude). explained the main actors of realizing gender justice policy (women as the central actors), the legal priorities of women and strategies (including culture building, reforming and drafting protective and strict laws and the formation of the women's defense movement with chastity and correct slogans) Considering this model, policies related to gender justice can be reviewed, modified and formulated.

ABSTRACT: The communication between companies and their target customer groups holds a significant position within modern marketing approaches. These companies employ various channels such as advertisements, mobile applications, websites, and sponsorship activities to reach their intended customer groups. This, in turn, helps in establishing and reinforcing the brand's position in the minds of the group. Thus, the purpose of this study is to analyze the impact of sponsorship activities carried out by e-sports companies on consumers' purchasing tendencies. To model consumer perceptions, the study considers variables such as purchase intention and word of mouth and employs two decision trees to map the effects of e-sports sponsorships on consumer decisions and behaviors. The results indicate a negative relationship between consumers' purchase intention and a negative sponsor image. Furthermore, the decision tree model developed for word-of-mouth communication reveals that an increase in consumers' perception of the sponsor company's sincerity positively influences their inclination to recommend the brand to others. By utilizing the decision tree algorithm, this analysis of consumer behavior in the context of sponsorship activities fills a significant gap in the literature and provides valuable insights for future endeavors. KEYWORDS:Sponsorship, E-sports, Decision Trees, Word-of-Mouth, Purchase Intention ///// ÖZET: Modern pazarlama anlayışında firmaların hedef müşteri gruplarıyla iletişimi önemli bir yer tutmaktadır. Söz konusu firmalar hedef müşteri gruplarına ulaşmak için reklamlar, mobil uygulamalar, internet siteleri vb. yolları kullandıkları gibi sponsorluk faaliyetlerini de tercih etmektedir. Bir firma olarak spor takımları da sponsorluk faaliyetleri ile hedef müşteri grubu niteliğindeki taraftarlarına ulaşmakta ve grubun zihninde markanın konumlandırılmasına katkıda bulunmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, e-spor firmalarının yürüttüğü sponsorluk faaliyetlerinin tüketicilerin satın alma eğilimleri üzerindeki etkilerini haritalamaktır. Tüketici davranışlarının karar ağacı algoritmasıyla analizi, sponsorluk faaliyetlerinde bir yol haritası ortaya çıkarması yönüyle literatürdeki önemli bir boşluğu doldurmaktadır. Tüketici algılarını modellemek için satın alma niyeti ve ağızdan ağıza iletişim değişkenleri esas alınmış ve e-spor sponsorluklarının tüketici kararları ve davranışları üzerindeki etkisi iki karar ağacıyla haritalanmıştır. Sonuçlara bakıldığında, tüketicinin satın alma niyetinin olumsuz sponsor imajıyla negatif ilişkili olduğu görülmektedir. Ayrıca, ağızdan ağıza iletişim için oluşturulan karar modelinde ise tüketicinin sponsor firmaya dair samimiyet algısındaki artışın markayı çevresine tavsiye etme eğilimini olumlu yönde etkilediği tespit edilmiştir. ANAHTAR KELİMELER: Sponsorluk, E-spor, Karar Ağaçları, Ağızdan Ağıza İletişim, Satın Alma Niyeti

Objective: Literacy encompasses various aspects, including education, research, schools, and universities. It refers to the ability to read, write, and understand information. Achieving literacy is crucial for individual excellence, family well-being, and national progress. It also fosters meaningful connections between individuals, their families, and society. This study examines the conceptual structure of literacy-related research in the Islamic World Science Citation Database (ISC) and identifies subdomains and important dimensions of the literacy concept.
Methodology: The research employs bibliometric techniques and co-occurrence analysis of terms. The documents from the ISC Database were extracted. The extracted data over the past 25 years (from 1999 to 2023) consisted of 1137 documents. After extracting keywords, standardization and normalization of concepts were performed. For example, singular and plural words were unified, acronyms were transformed into complete phrases, and so on. Following standardization, 4514 unique keywords remained. To create a co-occurrence map, the software VOSviewer was utilized. Cluster analysis and strategic diagrams were used to visualize the conceptual structure of literacy research.
Findings: Ten clusters related to literacy were identified: Information literacy, Digital literacy, Media literacy, Health literacy, Environmental literacy, Literacy assessment tools, Health literacy, Critical thinking, Combination of information literacy and health literacy, Lifestyle and health literacy. Additionally, through content analysis of articles published during the 25-year period, emerging topics in the field of literacy were identified. The results obtained from analyzing data related to literacy indicate that a total of 1137 documents with the word “literacy” in their titles have been published. Concepts such as "health literacy", "information literacy", and "media literacy" were ranked first, second, and third in terms of frequency, respectively. The keyword “health literacy” has the highest frequency, indicating that it is a central concept in literacy-related texts. Other keywords include financial literacy and environmental literacy. The frequency of the health literacy concept is influenced by researchers’ attention to health issues in society, as well as the impact of communicable diseases such as COVID-19 and other conditions like diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, it is essential for individuals to receive education and awareness related to this topic.
Conclusion: The results of this study can contribute to a comprehensive understanding of current research domains and provide guidelines for researchers to initiate new studies. Furthermore, this research showed that health literacy has garnered the most attention and holds significant importance among researchers. Persian studies are aligned with international research in the fields of information literacy, digital literacy, and environmental literacy. However, financial literacy, despite its importance in global research, requires more attention in Persian studies.

Purpose: Sports marketing, as a unique marketing science and operation, plays a vital role in the development and progress of sports. The purpose of this research is to investigate the obstacles to the development of sports marketing in Guilan Province.
Methodology: The purpose of this research involved applied studies, and concerning the data collection method, it was a descriptive survey conducted in the field. The statistical population consisted of active sports coaches and experts from Guilan province (both male and female), and the statistical sample was determined based on the target population using Cochran's formula, totalling 278 individuals. The measurement tool was a researcher-designed questionnaire that assessed sports marketing obstacles with 28 main questions across four areas: managerial, economic, structural, and technological barriers, using a five-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (very little) to 5 (very much). Research experts confirmed the face and content validity of the questionnaire knowledgeable about the topic, and its reliability was reported based on a Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.83. The research data were analyzed at descriptive and inferential statistical levels through SPSS version 23.
Findings: The findings of the research showed that the obstacles to the development of sports marketing in Guilan province were ranked as follows using Friedman's test: 1st rank: obstacles and management problems, 2nd rank economic barriers and difficulties, 3rd rank structural obstacles and problems, and 4th rank obstacles and technological problems (P ≤ 0.001). In management, the issue of "instability of the position of managers in different sports levels of the province" was considered one of the most significant obstacles. In the economic field, the issue of the "lack of appropriate economic laws for the presence of investors" was one of the most significant obstacles. In the structural field, the issue of the "lack of suitable sports facilities for holding sports events" was considered one of the most significant obstacles. Also, in the technology field, the issue of "non-use of technologies in the development of sports marketing" was considered one of the most significant obstacles.
Originality: In this article, the researcher examined the obstacles and challenges facing sports marketing development and proposed the creation, implementation, and assessment of effective sports marketing strategies to address these issues. The findings of this research are practical and valuable for provinces aiming to enhance their sports marketing efforts.

This is a cross-sectional, empirical study set in Spain and Colombia to examine the main motivations and attitudes towards physical and sports activity in different population groups. An empirical model is proposed which integrates two existing models that explain the behaviour of physical exercise and sports practice: the physical activity and leisure motivation scale (PALMS), and the theory of planned behaviour (TPB). The results show neither significant differences between the two countries nor any differences in other categories, such as gender or age group. The motivation to take part in sports is seen as an improvement in physical condition and mental state and as a desire for mastery in sports practice. This is one of the most complete studies carried out in two countries at the same time to examine the process of consumer behaviour regarding sports services.

İKTİSADIN TANIMI
“İKTİSAT” ya da “EKONOMİ” kavramları artık günümüzde her kesimden bireyin sıkça
kullandığı, anlamını tam olarak bilmese bile öneminin farkında olduğu kelimelerdir. İktisat ve
ekonomi aynı anlamda kullanılan özdeş kavramlardır. İktisat = Ekonomi.
Mikro İktisat = Mikro Ekonomi, Türkiye İktisadı = Türkiye Ekonomisi gibi örnekler verilebilir.

Purpose: Considering the importance and ever-increasing growth of technology in sports, this study was conducted to identify the benefits of digital marketing in sports events.
Methodology: This study employed a qualitative, exploratory approach utilizing a thematic analysis method. The study's research population consisted of experts in sports and modern technologies, and 15 individuals were purposively selected as research participants based on their expertise. Semi-structured interviews were conducted to gain a deeper understanding of the subject matter until theoretical saturation was reached.
Findings: Using thematic analysis in the interviews led to identifying 82 codes, 12 sub-themes, and four main themes. Summarizing and classifying the findings revealed that the benefits of phygital marketing in sports events included "Event brand development," "Deeper experience," "Service quality," and "Efficient interactions." Considering the growing trend of technology in sports, the findings of this research demonstrated that phygital marketing, as one of the key aspects of technology, can lead to significant benefits in sports events.
Originality: This research can be considered one of the first qualitative studies concerning the positive consequences of phygital marketing in sports events on both domestic and international scales.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of the Health Time Bank project based on sports-related issues in the elderly. The research method has a qualitative nature through grounded theory and based on the systematic analysis approach. The statistical population included faculty members, experts and specialists in sports sciences. Finally, 14 people selected by purposive sampling method were interviewed. The data collection tool was a semi-structured interview whose validity was assessed using qualitative validation methods and its reliability was 79%. The obtained data were analyzed by the approach of Strauss and Corbin (1998). After coding the data, 135 initial codes, 21 sub-categories and 6 main categories were extracted from a total of 14 interviews. Six main categories included the central phenomenon (special attitude to the elderly's Health Time Bank), causal conditions (individual factors, cultural factors and economic factors), underlying factors (planning, support and legal), intervening conditions (legal factors, socio-cultural factors, hardware factors, technology factors, environmental factors and welfare and health factors), strategies (human, staff, introductory, educational and financial) and consequences (health development, scientific-research development and communication development). According to the results of this study, the Health Time Bank is a new design and practical in increasing the quality of life and the health of the elderly.

Background and Purpose: Examining the issues related to work and employment and the relationship between the worker and the employer is one of the important issues, the necessity of which is felt today more than ever. The purpose of this article is to compensate the damages caused by labor rights by emphasizing the role of fault.
Materials and Methods: The research method is descriptive and analytical and this research is theoretical. The method that has been used .
Ethical Considerations: In this article, the originality of the texts, honesty and trustworthiness are observed.
findings: Compensation for damages caused by labor rights is done in two ways, including civil liability of the employer or the social security and insurance system. Damage compensation is through the "main" civil liability system and through the "subsidiary" social security and insurance system. And on the other hand, since full compensation for damages is not accepted in the social security and insurance systems, and they pay damages up to a certain limit, and some other damages, such as moral damages, increase in living expenses.
Result: compensation for work accidents is based on the assumption of fault and the legislator has only made exceptions in this regard. According to the first part of Article 12 of the Civil Liability Law, the basis of responsibility is based on the guarantee of the right and vicarious liability, and according to the second part of the mentioned article, the employer is presumed.

book 64 Relationship between spectator’s motivations and satisfaction in sporting events at Hochiminh City Authors: Huynh Tri Thien1 and Tran Van Mui2 Institutions: 1 Ton Duc Thang university 2 Ho Chi Minh city Department of Culture, Sport and Tourism E-mail: huynhtrithien@hotmail.com 1. Aim of paper research question. Managing sporting events has become big business in the world sports and events scene as well as in Vietnam nowadays. The economic and social benefits to the community arising from these events can be significant, with the 1992 Barcelona Olympics being an obvious (Burton, 2003). However, the special characteristics of these events can produce problems for the understanding of spectator's motivations when they participate in the event. The general research s were 1) to measure current situations of spectators’ demographics, 2) to study motivations and satisfaction of spectators at these sporting events, and (3) to determine relationships between the spectator‘s mot...

Evaluative conditioning has influenced attitude and preference formation research for nearly three decades, yet our understanding of the processes underlying these effects remains limited. The authors focus on the emotional information present in the conditioning process and provide an affect-as-information theoretical model for understanding conditioning effects. Their research provides new insights into evaluative conditioning, including the role of emotion and the differential impact of emotional information processing on conditioning effects.