Specialized translation

Pour atteindre des objectifs commerciaux, les publicitaires recourent souvent à l'imaginaire collectif. Ils considèrent surtout la « culture » comme un élément essentiel à la performance discursive. En effet, quand il s'agit de commercialiser un produit/service dans des contextes culturels différents, la question du choix entre la standardisation et l'adaptation du discours publicitaire devient un enjeu de grande taille: si la standardisation assure une communication harmonieuse et une image uniforme de la marque facilitant par conséquent sa visibilité, l'adaptation permet à la fois de respecter la déontologie locale en matière de la communication publicitaire et de tenir compte des spécificités de la culture du consommateur-récepteur. Dans ce sens, nous cherchons à examiner comment les marques transnationales communiquent-elles dans des contextes culturels différents. A cette fin, nous avons analysé, à travers son double ancrage verbo-iconique, la stratégie publicitaire de Toyota-Maroc tout en mobilisant un ensemble de concepts sémiologiques. Les résultats révèlent que le discours publicitaire de ladite marque s'appuie sur des codes culturels du pays d'accueil (Maroc) sans pour autant exclure ceux du pays d'origine de la marque (Japon).

Resumen: Oncoterm es un proyecto de investigación interdisciplinar sobre terminología médica cuyo objetivo principal es la elaboración de un sistema de información sobre el subdominio biomédico de la oncología en el que los conceptos están vinculados a una ontología. Dicha estructura conceptual subyace a los demás componentes del sistema y constituye el vínculo entre términos en diferentes lenguas (inglés, español y alemán). Asimismo, la identificación de un marco conceptual facilita la comprensión de textos sobre el cáncer en diferentes lenguas, no sólo por parte de los profesionales de la salud, sino también por parte de los traductores, los periodistas y los pacientes.

تتطلب الترجمة أكثر من مجرد نقل النصوص بين لغتين، فهي عملية معقدة تتعلق بفهم اللغة المتخصصة التي تحمل معلومات دقيقة في مجالات معينة، مثل القانونية أو الاقتصادية. وترتبط التحديات التي تواجه الترجمة أساسًا بخصوصية المصطلحات المتخصصة التي تتشابك مع حقول معرفية أخرى، مما يجعل ترجمتها صعبة وتحتاج إلى دقة عالية. هناك حاجة إلى فهم ثقافي مشترك بين العالمين العربي والغربي، حيث تتطلب عملية الترجمة تواصلاً متبادلاً يعزز المعرفة المتخصصة ويثري العلوم. وتلعب المصطلحات دورًا حيويًا في تشكيل المعرفة، وتتأثر بتاريخ تطورها والمجالات التي تستخدم فيها. ونتيجة لذلك، قد تتعرض المصطلحات لتغييرات دلالية، مثل الضمور أو التضخم، مما قد يؤدي إلى فقدان معناها الأصلي. كما تتشكل المعرفة أيضًا من خلال التفاعل بين الحضارات والثقافات المختلفة، مما يستدعي مراجعة نقدية للمنظومة الاصطلاحية العربية لتصبح أكثر تجانسًا وتوافقًا مع متطلبات العلوم الحديثة. وعليه يسعى هذا البحث إلى التعمق في دلالات المصطلحات، كونها أدوات رئيسية لإنتاج المعرفة، ويدرس تأثيرها في تشكيل الفكر الإنساني عبر الحضارات. كلمات مفتاحية: الترجمة، اللغة المتخصصة، المصطلحات العلمية، الفهم الثقافي المشترك، التغيرات الدلالية. Abstract: Translation involves more than simply transferring texts between languages; it requires understanding specialized language in fields like law or economics. The main challenge lies in translating specific terminology that intersects with other areas of knowledge, making it a complex task that demands high accuracy. A shared cultural understanding between the Arab and Western worlds is crucial, as translation enhances specialized knowledge and enriches the sciences. Terminology plays a key role in shaping knowledge, influenced by historical development and usage in various fields. Terms often undergo changes in meaning, which can lead to a loss of their original sense. This research focuses on the semantics of terminology and its impact on shaping human thought across civilizations. Keywords: Translation ; Specialized language ; Scientific terminology ; Shared cultural understanding ; Semantic changes.

Specialised translation includes technical and scientific translation as research fields in their own right, on account of method, text type, purpose of translating and degree of specialisation. Being a borderline case between technical and scientific translation, medical translation requires a multidisciplinary approach. Admittedly, the paper focuses on shedding light on the complexity of medical translation, the medical translator facing as main challenges a vast range of texts and formats (even within the same sub-field of medicine), non-standardised terminology (continuing to evolve as aligned to new scientific discoveries), a lack of relevant resources (most importantly, multilingual medical databases) and the different expectations of the intended users of translation.

The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) has opened new avenues for economic and cultural exchanges between China and Pakistan. With Hebei Province actively participating in this initiative, the demand for language services has surged to enable effective communication across various sectors. This study examines the current status and future requirements of language services in Hebei Province within the context of the CPEC. Using fieldwork and survey methods, we have gathered data from Hebei-based enterprises involved in CPEC projects to assess their language service needs and evaluate the quality and scope of existing provisions. The findings reveal that Hebei enterprises engaged in CPEC-related projects predominantly require language services in infrastructure, energy, and agriculture. Additionally, the study highlights that language services offered by Hebei organizations are generally of high quality, particularly in addressing technical and specialized translation tasks. To further enhance Hebei’s language service capabilities, the study recommends establishing specialized language service centers, advancing service specialization, training bilingual and trilingual professionals, fostering the development of translation and interpretation technologies, and creating collaborative networks among language service providers. By addressing these recommendations, Hebei’s language services can play a pivotal role in supporting the success of the CPEC, contributing to deeper economic and cultural integration between China and Pakistan.

PRÉSENTATION DU PROJET
Ce projet de recherche en traductologie vise à traduire l'œuvre classique évangélique "All of
Grace" de Charles Haddon Spurgeon (1834-1892) de l'anglais vers le Fon, langue Gbe
parlée principalement au Bénin. Cette initiative répond à un double objectif : produire une
ressource théologique accessible à la communauté évangélique Fon et documenter
scientifiquement les défis traductologiques spécifiques à la terminologie religieuse
chrétienne en contexte africain

In the research area of metaphor translation, it is necessary to move towards a more target-oriented approach that focuses on the target text, as well as the social, cultural, and historical context in which metaphor is embedded. To address this need, this paper proposes an approach to the study of metaphor in translation based on the Extended Conceptual Metaphor Theory. This recent approach presents a more pragmatic view of metaphor in which contextual factors play a determinant role. Although there have been studies that have advocated a descriptive and context-based approach to metaphor in translation, this area of research needs to be further explored. The application of the main foundations of the Extended Conceptual Metaphor Theory to the study of translation highlights different metaphor-related issues that have not yet received sufficient attention, as in the case of Languages for Specific Purposes. To illustrate this approach, this research focuses on business translation.

Análisis contrastivo de la terminología en textos técnicos sobre la energía eólica en lengua francesa y española P Pr re es se en nt ta ad do o p po or r C Cr ri is st ti in na a S Sá án nc ch he ez z B Bu us st ta am ma an nt te e T Tu ut te el la ad do o p po or r C Cr ri is st ti in na a A Ad dr ra ad da a R Ra af fa ae el l S So or ri ia a, , 2 20 01 13 3 Este trabajo no podría haberse realizado sin los conocimientos y nociones adquiridos en el presente Máster, sin los cuales no hubiese podido llevar a cabo este estudio. Me gustaría expresar mi agradecimiento a mi tutora, Cristina Adrada Rafael, a quien le agradezco su paciencia y dedicación, la atenta lectura de este trabajo y todas las orientaciones y sugerencias que me ha dado. A D. Antonio Eolo González García, por la ayuda que tan amablemente me ha prestado. Y por supuesto, a mi familia y amigos, por apoyarme durante todo este tiempo y confiar en mí. En ambos casos encontramos que el español ha naturalizado los préstamos, mientras que en francés el término permanece fiel a la grafía original. c c) ) S Si ig gl la ac ci ió ón n Dada la cercanía lingüística existente entre las lenguas española y francesa, las siglas de nuestro corpus suelen coincidir en la forma.

Le texte seul est utilisable sous licence CC BY-NC-ND 4.0. Les autres éléments (illustrations, fichiers annexes importés) sont « Tous droits réservés », sauf mention contraire. Le manuel se propose donc de présenter un projet refondé et unifié pour une discipline à laquelle on ne reconnaît pas aujourd'hui de contours précis, mais qu'il faut en fait reconstituer. Parmi les ingrédients inclus dans la proposition de Prandi pour cette reconstitution, il y a naturellement les figures, qui sont traitées de manière extensive,

1 Enhancing reflexivity and technology in Translation Learning Case study on the use of ePortfolio as a training Environment Célia Tavares (ctavares@iscap.ipp.pt) Alexandra Albuquerque,(alexalb @iscap.ipp.pt) Manuel Silva (mdasilva@iscap.ipp.pt) ISCAP – IPP, Portugal ...

Apart from the book as a traditional medium for printed texts, there are other types of media, including newspapers, films, and television programs, which are also important in the transmission of texts of a different nature. On the other hand, it is also a fact that English today has become the most important language in the world of communications. Taking these considerations into account, the aim of this paper is to establish a relationship between mass media and the academic world, in order to see how the (re)productions of English language texts by several media can also provide important research and educational material for English language departments. However, the exploration of the many possibilities that media texts have in the acquisition of the English language and culture, requires an adequate development of alternative modes of text analysis as well as methodological principles on the part of researchers and instructors. Palabras clave: medios de comunicación, lengua y cultura, componente verbal y visual, textos audiovisuales, desarrollo de destrezas En un principio, cualquier clase de texto es susceptible de considerarse "mediático", dado que necesita de un medio de transmisión para llegar de un Estudios de lingüística inglesa aplicada brought to you by CORE View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk

En este artículo presentamos una propuesta provisional de un modelo de competencia profesional docente (CPD) para los Estudios de Traducción (ET) en España. Para elaborar dicha propuesta, analizamos y sintetizamos la literatura sobre el estudio de la CPD en la Educación Superior en España y sobre la CPD en los ET. Nuestra propuesta de modelo de competencia profesional docente en traducción (CPDT) integra los principales aspectos presentes en la literatura con otros aspectos también relevantes que no han recibido nin-guna atención, o no la suficiente, en los modelos de CPD y CPDT existentes. La descripción de los componentes de este modelo de CPDT se está utilizando en una investigación en curso como herramienta de diagnóstico para analizar el estado de desarrollo actual de la CPDT del profesorado de asignaturas de traducción en los grados en Traducción de España. Es decir, para identificar las posibles fortalezas, debilidades y carencias en la formación docente actual.

Активні процеси інтеграції України у європейський економічний, суспільно-політичний, освітній простори формують нові тенденції у різних сферах життя кожного громадянина держави та сприяють зорієнтованості особистості на розширення міжкультурної комунікації та партнерства. Основними агентами впливу та актуалізації такого співробітництва виступають, насамперед, представники освітянської сфери, а саме, науковці та дослідники, які здійснюють компаративні дослідження

espanolLa microbiologia ha contribuido a la sostenibilidad mediante el estudio de los microorganismos y su posible utilizacion para resolver problemas ambientales. No obstante, no existen estudios que traten los problemas, conceptos y ambitos de la microbiologia relevantes cuando se analiza un corpus de estudios de sostenibilidad relacionados con la microbiologia. En esta investigacion se analizaron los microcontextos de investigaciones que versan sobre este tema. Se describieron los problemas de la microbiologia, usos de los microorganismos, conceptos de microbiologia y el significado que, para los investigadores, tiene el concepto de sostenibilidad. El presente trabajo aporta un insumo para formar microbiologos. EnglishMicrobiology has contributed to sustainability through the study of microorganisms and their possible use in solving environmental problems. However, no studies have been reported that explore the problems, concepts, and branches of microbiology that are relevant wh...

Tools assisting professional translators memorise translated sentences but provide limited functionality for the identification of terms and their translation equivalents in translated texts. In this paper, we propose a word alignment approach aiming to improve efficiency and usability of this functionality, through identification of cognates and exploitation of linguistic knowledge, such as lemmas in bilingual glossaries and dictionaries. Our approach focuses on content words, is applicable to parallel texts of various sizes, and minimises the need for user parameter tuning and preprocessing steps. The method, implemented as the FragmALex system, tackles certain types of divergences between source and target text by creating and grouping links between fragments (word parts, words and word groups). The system output consists of fragment links in their original context. We performed a case study of Dutch and French medical articles, using a medical glossary and a general-purpose dictionary of restricted size. Comparison of the output with a gold standard shows that the addition of the dictionary to the system accounts for a higher increase in recall (completeness of alignment) than the addition of the glossary, while the decrease in precision remains low with either resource.

The current dynamic, rapidly changing labour market is influenced by the constant development of new technologies, globalisation, the changing nature of the economy, and changed demands on employees. In this context, university graduates are expected to be flexible, dynamic, and able to adapt effectively to new, rapidly changing conditions in the labour market, changes in individual job positions, and the changes and challenges that 21st-century society is undergoing. These circumstances force universities to respond to the situation as employers point to the disconnect between students' university training and practice. According to them, students come unprepared to a contemporary working environment, their skills and knowledge not corresponding with the needs of practice. The field of study of philology is no exception in this regard. The position of the translator (in the near future) will be different, their tasks will be more diverse, and they will be required to have different competencies and skills. The translator will have to interact with other experts or participants in the translation process and will have to be a team player who is proficient in using IT. This paper focuses on the role of interpersonal skills in the development of translation competence. The first part defines key terms: knowledge, skills, and interpersonal skills; in the second one, a teaching model for specialised translation is introduced. This model also enables the monitoring of the development of interpersonal skills in the process of acquiring translation competence, while also revealing a change in the paradigm of teacher-student interaction.

In the current context of rapid and constant evolution of global communication
and specialised discourses, the need for devising methods for ensuring both
high quality levels of specialised translation and successful translation training
is becoming a true challenge. Steady renewal in knowledge paradigms leads to
an increase in term coinage, modifications in lexical and phraseological
patterns, and accommodations in discourse conventions. This situation
requires teachers in specialised translation to train future translators to
develop the skills meant to help them adapt rapidly to change. The tools
brought by corpus linguistics offer access to the language-in-the-making and
continuously emerging knowledge fields. However, methods for their efficient
exploitation in translation classes can still be improved. In the current study,
we present the translation-teaching framework devised specifically for such
contexts. It is based on corpus linguistics, terminology management,
collaboration with experts, and the quantitative analysis of the quality of
finished translations, which can then, in turn, be used to improve the overall
framework and to provide research material on specialised translation
problems.

De la culture pour stimuler : manipuler dans le discours publicitaire Résumé La publicité est devenue une partie intégrante de notre quotidien. Presque aucune journée ne s'écoule sans que nos yeux soient inondés par des messages publicitaires affichés sur nos Smart phones, nos édifices, nos moyens du transport, etc. Par ailleurs, pour stimuler la subconscience du récepteur et modifier ses attitudes en fixant, au sens de Goffman, des cadres de référence, les publicitaires exploitent plusieurs mécanismes relevant de différents aspects de mode de vie de la cible, à savoir son entourage socioculturel. Hormis ses implications commerciales, la publicité est un phénomène culturel. Elle se sert des codes culturels pour orienter la motivation du récepteur vis-à-vis le produit promu. En mobilisant un ensemble d'outils de la sémiologie, nous examinerons, à travers son double ancrage verbo-iconique, les enjeux de la mobilisation des indices culturels dans le discours publicitaire des multinationales tout en partant d'un cas concret tiré du contexte marocain.

Le problème de la signification, de ses niveaux et modes de manifestation a constitué un perpétuel défi pour la langue. Le caractère ambigu des mots et leur rapport avec la réalité, incitent à déceler, en dehors de leurs apparences immédiates, les traits fondant leur réalité extérieure et leur inscription dans ʻla normeʼ qui régule les sociétés humaines. Autrement dit, les mots s'attribuent un pouvoir langagier : c'est bien le cas du sel -objet de cet article-qui tient tantôt à une dimension objective, tantôt subjective, et qui dépasse la signification linguistique à une signification représentative pour construire de nouvelles réalités sociales dans différents espaces dialogiques et culturels.

La Comprensión de Programas (CP) es una disciplina de la Ingeniería del Software cuyo objetivo es facilitar el entendimiento de los sistemas. Esta disciplina está influenciada en gran medida por el tamaño de los mismos. Es decir, mientras más grande es el código del sistema, más complejo se hace su entendimiento. Comprender un sistema de manera correcta y rápida disminuye claramente el costo de actividades tales como: mantenimiento, reingeniería, evolución; lo cual representa una de las características más importantes de esta disciplina. Entre los principales desafíos en la CP se destaca lo siguiente: lograr reconstruir la relación entre el Dominio del Problema y el Dominio del Programa. El primero hace referencia a la salida del sistema y el segundo a las componentes utilizadas para producir dicha salida.

Language varieties refer to the different forms of language used by various groups of people based on factors such as region, social class, and profession. These variations exist due to historical, cultural, and functional reasons. This document explores the historical background, key definitions, features, and types of language varieties, focusing on Jargon, Slang, Argot, and Style.

This article discusses the benefits of translanguaging pedagogy in teaching foreign languages, particularly in Colombian rural schools. Translanguaging aims to generate confidence in learners, break down barriers, and reduce learning gaps in rural contexts. The research provides a characterization of the teaching task, epistemological reflection, and cognitive development in students, generating possibilities for applying translanguaging in learning English. The proposal is based on low Saber tests, which show that 87% of students in rural areas have low levels compared to 70% in urban schools. The study uses a qualitative research paradigm with a population sample of fifth and seventh graders, teaching translanguaging using the Integrated Learning of Contents and Foreign Languages (CLIL) methodology. The results show that translanguaging is an excellent option for supporting the learning of a second language in the classroom, as the linguistic resources used cannot be discarded.

Este trabajo se encuadra en el proyecto de investigación “Sistemas pictográficos y elementos visuales para comprender el patrimonio. Traducción intersemiótica a lectura fácil. VISUALECT” del Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación de España. Concretamente, se presenta la compilación y composición de un corpus textual de textos turísticos en lectura fácil (LF), concepto que se ubica previamente como una modalidad de traducción intralingüística para la accesibilidad, que no cuenta aún con un marco teórico sólido en los Estudios de Traducción. Habida cuenta de lo incipiente que es esta modalidad, se ha elaborado una base de datos de textos origen y meta que sirva para analizar las estrategias traductoras y el nivel de variabilidad entre diferentes géneros y traductores. Los resultados que se obtienen entre 250 textos arrojan un repertorio de trece géneros textuales, así como un reparto muy desigual en la distribución geográfica. Se incluyen reflexiones sobre la dificultad de recuperación de los textos originales y la elevada variabilidad en las estrategias macrotextuales y en los elementos paratextuales.

This systematic review explores the emerging role of translation within the established fields of disaster studies and crisis communication-areas where translation has been largely overlooked until recently. As research increasingly investigates translation as an essential tool in crisis communication, this review aims to document current progress, ongoing efforts, and future research needs in crisis translation. Understanding how translation can bridge linguistic and cultural gaps during crises is crucial for ensuring effective communication, equitable response, and inclusive recovery efforts. The study addresses the central question: what critical issues must be addressed to optimize the role of translation in crises? The review positions crisis translation at the intersection of disaster studies and crisis communication and provides an overview of relevant topics that have gained recent attention, including ethics, training, modalities, technological issues, and public policy. It identifies the pivotal role of volunteers in crisis response and highlights the ethical challenges they face. It underscores the transformative potential of translation technology in enhancing communication during crises, while also acknowledging the technical and practical barriers that limit its effectiveness. It also reveals a significant gap in the integration of translation into emergency public policies and emphasizes the need for comprehensive frameworks to address this issue.

This theoretical paper snaps a picture of contemporary language simplification tendency easy to spot in various texts, in specialized discourses included. The omnipresent low-maintenance operations on both style and wordstock of specialized discourses text have been termed as plain language policy, and, on top of that, the observed results of such “hand-change” language get into the wide circulation of specialized terminology among all types of users: specialists and laymen. Translation of specialized text carrying novel-looking technical terminology and a tailor-made syntax according to the plain language principles is demanding and difficult at the same time; also, the paper outlines chief plain language themes traceable in the present-day specialized discourses.

O capítulo aborda a importância dos paratextos na Teoria Funcionalista da Tradução, explorando sua função interpretativa no processo tradutório. Inicialmente, os autores retomam a concepção de paratextualidade sistematizada por Genette (1987, 2009), que distingue os elementos peritextuais (como títulos, prefácios, notas explicativas) e epitextuais (entrevistas, correspondências), os quais cercam e legitimam o texto. Posteriormente, o conceito é expandido pela teoria da paratradução, proposta por Yuste Frías (2010, 2014), que enfatiza o papel dos paratextos na recepção e mediação cultural da tradução.

Ao analisar textos traduzidos, os autores destacam como os elementos paratextuais influenciam a interpretação do leitor e a naturalização do texto na cultura de chegada. As ilustrações, notas e intertítulos, por exemplo, exercem um papel intersemiótico, auxiliando na contextualização e recepção da obra traduzida. No processo tradutório, a decisão de incluir ou omitir paratextos impacta diretamente a fidelidade ao original e a adaptação ao público-alvo.

Por fim, o capítulo reafirma que a tradução não se restringe à transposição linguística, mas é um fenômeno cultural e histórico. O tradutor é visto como um paratradutor, ocupando um espaço intermediário entre as culturas e sendo responsável por escolhas que garantam a acessibilidade e a eficácia comunicativa do texto traduzido.

The book demonstrates that American slang is translatable into Polish and receivers of the target texts grasp not only the context in which particular slang items or phrases appear, but also the entire movie plot; however, TV corporations broadcasting movies and their translations must respect the local legal regulations concerning promotion of vulgarity in language. Today, slang is becoming an effective means of communication. Short, economic and vivid language has a rosy future; for this reason, translation theoreticians should cooperate with the practitioners to create a collection of translation procedures applicable to such texts.

The employment of specialised translation for teaching English has attracted significant attention. Modern research has proven that specialised translation is operative in ESP lessons. This paper investigates academic publications based on the study of translation's effects on ESP learners. Inductive Thematic analysis was used to investigate a corpus of 30 research articles. The academic publications under investigation were selected through systematic literature research from different academic platforms such as Google Scholar, Zenodo, Academia, Researchgate, Clarivate, Elsevier and others. The inductive thematic analysis aided in uncovering themes associated with the teaching practices, translation activities and the learner's level, designing courses, administrative and academic instructions, enhancing language accuracy, and the communicative role of translation, enlarging the learners' lexical repertoire and consolidating comprehension skills. Integrating translation activities in ESP classes significantly enhances the four skills and allows translation to become a Fifth skill. The findings of this paper indicate that implementing specialised translation in ESP lessons is a fundamental matter that EFL professionals must consider.

Texto de la conferencia pronunciada en el Departamento de Lengua Española de la Dirección General de Traducción de la Comisión Europea (Bruselas y Luxemburgo) los días 25 y 26 de octubre de 2010. Se analiza el incipiente proceso de usurpación del término «libertad» por parte de la extrema derecha.

Linguistic and cultural aspects of film translation

The dissertation is devoted to Polish-Russian translation issues of selected Polish feature films. The presented research has been conducted using descriptive research methods applied in contemporary translation studies and communicative linguistics based on the assumption of perceiving linguistic phenomena from the perspective of cross-cultural communication.
The first chapter presents the theoretical foundations of audiovisual translation. It also attempts to determine its typology and further clarifies a definition of this term. This led to the conclusion that the term audiovisual translation is superior to the term film translation. Additionally, the existing main classifications and translation techniques (subtitling, voice-over, dubbing and commentary) are discussed in this chapter.
The second chapter is devoted to the genre specificity of the feature film and its translation. Particular focus is put on the film dialogue seen here as a kind of text since it is a crucial object of interest in creating a new language version of the film. As well as this, the chapter shows the evolution of dialogues functions in contemporary cinematography.
The analytical part of the dissertation focuses on linguistic issues affecting the description of film characters. A subject of particular interest in this study is multilingualism in the film dialogues and the occurrence of substandard language in this type of text. These factors have been analysed regarding of their influence on film viewers and their perception of film characters.
The conducted research allows us to conclude that appropriate use of systemic differences between the confronted languages at different levels can be a source contributing to the humour in the dialogues. Such a solution allows the translator to provide information, for example, on characters’ nationality or place of action, and it also constitutes an essential element of linguistic reality in the world featured in a film. As for substandard language phenomena, a significant role in film dialogues is played by elements of informality – informal lexis, vulgar language or regional language varieties.
Film dialogue does not only provide information related only to film characters, but it is also a carrier of plot threads. This can be achieved, for example, by using address forms. Translation transformations may lead to modifications of the source text in a way which can disrupt the consistency of the film image and its accompanying dialogues. Translated text sometimes happens to be more detailed than an original text or, the other way round, contains less information than its original dialogue. These two factors impact viewers’ perception of the film’s plot. While creating a new language version, the audiovisual translator frequently needs to shorten or simplify a text, which often results from technical limitations. Thus, taking into account the functions of specific components of the film dialogue and the information explicitly and implicitly carried by them plays an essential role in this process.
A particular challenge encountered by translators is posed by linguistic and visual plays, i.e. dialogues whose form or meaning are closely related to the visual component. Therefore, this type of dialogues requires close attention also on the part of the translator since the relationship between dialogues and accompanying film images is a crucial issue in working on a film script.
The analysis of cultural phenomena in film dialogues also emphasises functions of religious lexis that occur not only in conversations related to religion and religious belief but also informs of the time setting of the film plot and its accompanying circumstances. In this context, the role of topographical names is stressed since their mistranslations can disrupt the consistency of described events.
The analysis of the factographic research material also focused on the dialogues containing intertextual references as they pose a potential problem for the translator as he cannot use footnotes for such text fragments. Consequently, a film viewer faces the problem of their identification of a quoted text and associating it with an appropriate classical text. Interpreting this type of dialogues requires competencies (prior knowledge) that foreign viewers might not possess. This refers in particular to the films whose plot is deeply rooted in the Polish reality and culture, and such types of film productions constituted a focus of the dissertation research.

Tourismus zählt weltweit zu den führenden Wirtschaftsfaktoren; seine Beschäftigungs-bereiche sind überaus vielfältig und reichen von der Reiseplanung (z. B. Reise-veranstalter, Reisebüros) über den Transport (z. B. Busunternehmen) zu Unterkunft und Verpflegung (Beherbergung und gastronomische Unternehmen), sowie Aktivitäten vor Ort (Touristeninformationszentren, Reiseleiter und Stadtführer, Animateure etc). Damit stellt der Tourismus zweifellos einen komplexen Kommunikationsbereich dar, der seitens der Akteure unterschiedliche sachliche, (fach)sprachliche, sowie (interkulturelle) kommunikative Kompetenzen erfordert. Obwohl die Kommunikation im Tourismus über durchaus erkenn- und beschreibbare sprachliche Eigenschaften verfügt, besteht bezüglich der Bewertung seiner Fachlichkeit aus der Sicht der Fachsprachenlinguistik keine Einigung. Vor diesem Hintergrund soll hier einerseits ein Beitrag zu fachsprachlichen Beschreibungsmöglichkeiten des Kommunikationsbereichs Tourismus geleistet werden, andererseits ein Vorschlag zur Didaktisierung der Experten-Laien-Kommunikation in der universitären Didaktik in Italien im Bereich Deutsche Sprach- und Übersetzungs-wissenschaft, wobei sich das Hauptaugenmerk auf kundenorientierte touristische Text-sorten richtet.

Tourism is one of the most important economic factors worldwide and offers a wide range of occupation opportunities, from travel planning (e.g. travel agencies, tour operators), transport (e.g. bus companies), to accommodation, food and beverage as well as activities at the destination (tourist information centres, tourist guides, entertainers etc.). As such, tourism is without doubt a very complex communication sector, and requires, on the part of its actors, very different factual, linguistic, technical, and (inter-cultural) communication competences. Even though communication in tourism shows distinctive and describable features, specialised language and discourse scholars do not agree about its status in this field. In this context, this article aims on the one hand to contribute to possible descriptions of the communication sector of tourism within the framework of specialised discourse, and on the other hand to describe a proposal of how the communication between experts and non-experts can be integrated in University linguistics and translation courses in Italy with German as a Foreign Language, thus focussing on typical tourism text genres aimed at (potential) tourists.

Preguntarse por la calidad del aprendizaje en Educación Superior (E.S.) no es una cuestión nada simple. Como toda apreciación de naturaleza evaluadora, fundamentalmente depende de los referentes empleados en hacerlo y del modo cómo se realiza. Ello convierte a dicha noción en un concepto complejo y controvertido debido a las distintas aproximaciones posibles sobre el mismo. Por lo tanto, preguntarse acerca de "qué calidad" y "para quién" es un punto de partida obligado. En términos de la idea de calidad que utilizamos, hay dos aspectos que son de interés, la percepción de los estudiantes sobre la misma y las pruebas 1 Este texto corresponde a una síntesis reelaborada del Proyecto:

In the framework of the DICGENETIC Project Applying Information Technologies to Designing an English-French-German-Spanish Dictionary of Genetic Terms, financed by the Regional Government of Castilla y León, the distinguished research group team Intersemiotics, Translation and New Technologies was assigned to design an online multimedia terminology dictionary to be integrated in the learning platform Moodle. The objective of this dictionary is to provide service to users of the European genetics portal Eurogene and also to the international scientific community, with a subsequent electronic version and via the Internet.

This paper presents a language independent methodology for automatically extracting bilingual lexicon entries from the web without the need of resources like parallel or comparable corpora, POS tagging, nor an initial bilingual lexicon. It is suitable for specialized domains where bilingual lexicon entries are scarce. The input for the process is a corpus in the source language to use as example of real usage of the units we need to translate. It is a two-step flow process because first we extract single-word units from the source language and then the multi-word units where the initial single units are instantiated. For each of the multi-word units, we see if they appear in texts from the web in the target language. The unit of the target language that appears more frequently across the sets of multi-word units is usually the correct translation of the initial single-word source language entry.

Controlled languages are specially defined subsets of natural language which help to create clear and concise documents, and thus insure coherent communication. In this paper we approach controlled language through the definitions of specialized terms with a view to establishing a metalanguage for the basic format of definitions. Our research focuses on a corpus of specialized terms related to tides, extracted from the Glossary of Coastal Terminology elaborated by the NOAA Coastal Services Center. The methodology used for elaborating controlled-language definitions is based on the Functional-Lexematic Model (FLM) (Martín Mingorance 1984, 1989, 1995; Faber and Mairal 1999). The conceptual structure of a domain is made explicit within definitions that are coherent in both their micro and macrostructure (Faber and Tercedor Sánchez 2001). The linguistic description of any specialized concepts should do the following: (1) make category membership explicit; (2) reflect its relations with other concepts within the same category; (3) specify its essential attributes and features (Faber et al., 2005). Our results show that the use of controlled language in the definition of terms makes their conceptual description more coherent and systematic. Controlled language increases terminological consistency, facilitates standardization, simplifies syntax, and avoids semantic ambiguities. * This research is part of the Project MARCOCOSTA: Marcos de conocimiento multilingüe en la gestión integrada de zonas costeras (P06-HUM-01489), funded by the Andalusian Regional Government.

La documentation est un processus capital pour la traduction et, néanmoins, elle pose de grandes difficultés pour l’étudiant en traduction. L’essor incontournable des Technologies de l’Information et de la Communication a radicalement changé la façon dont le traducteur effectue ses recherches d’information. Mais cela entraîne aussi bien des avantages que des inconvénients du fait de l’éparpillement des contenus et de la grande quantité d’information disponible sur Internet. De ce fait, et dans le cadre de la traduction économique d’un point de vue didactique dans la combinaison linguistique français-espagnol, nous pré- sentons une compilation de ressources électroniques en français appliquées à un domaine économique précis: l’entreprise. Cette compilation comprend des ressources linguistiques, conceptuelles et de réflexion traductologique.

RESUMEN: Este trabajo pretende aproximarse a la condición pragmática de las unidades léxicas usadas en los discursos ficcionales: los irrealia. Para ello, se propone clasificar dichas unidades según sus posibilidades de actualización material en relación con la realidad, caracterizarlas desde el punto de vista lingüístico y contrastarlas con las unidades léxicas del discurso especializado. Con estos objetivos en mente, realizamos un estudio teórico sobre la interrelación entre los tipos de conocimiento y su actualización discursiva en los textos, centrándonos en la caracterización pragmática del discurso ficcional. El punto de partida es la relación entre conocimiento común y conocimiento especializado como marco de estructuración del conocimiento ficcional, actualizable en el discurso ficcional, donde operan los irrealia.

ABSTRACT: This paper aims to study the pragmatic condition of the lexical units used in fictional discourse: irrealia. In order to do so, a classification of these units is proposed according to their possible material actualization in relation to reality. Further-more, a characterization of these units from a linguistic point of view will be put forward, and a contrast will be established with the lexical units of specialized discourse. Bearing these objectives in mind, a theoretical study about the interrelation between types of knowledge and its discursive actualization in texts is carried out, focusing on the pragmatic characterization of fictional dis-course. Accordingly, the work starts by establishing the relationship between common knowledge and specialized knowledge as a theoretical framework in which to include the new category of fictional knowledge. This new category of knowledge is actualized in fictional discourse, where irrealia act as units of lexical representation.

Learning a foreign language takes place step by step, during which mistakes are to be expected in all stages of learning. EFL learners are usually afraid of making mistakes which prevents them from being receptive and responsive. Overcoming fear of mistakes depends on the way mistakes are rectified. It is believed that autonomy and learner-centeredness suggest that in some settings learner's self-correction of mistakes might be more beneficial for language learning than teacher's correction. This assumption has been the subject of debates for some time. Some researchers believe that correction whether that of teacher's or on behalf of learners is effective in showing them how their current interlanguage differs from the target (Long &Robinson, 1998). Others suggest that correcting the students whether directly or through recasts are ambiguous and may be perceived by the learner as confirmation of meaning rather than feedback on form (Lyster, 1998a). This study is intended to investigate the effects of correction on Iranian intermediate EFL learners' writing composition in Payam Noor University. For this purpose, 90 English majoring students, studying at Isfahan Payam Noor University were invited to participate at the experiment. They all received a sample of TOFEL test and a total number of 60 participants whose scores were within the range of one standard deviation below and above the mean were divided into two equal groups; experimental and control. The experimental group went through some correction during the experiment while the control group remained intact and the ordinary processes of teaching went on. Each group received twelve sessions of two hour classes every week on advanced writing course in which some activities of Modern English (II) were selected. Then after the treatment both groups received an immediate test as post-test and the experimental group took the second post-test as the delayed recall test with the same design as the pre-test. In order to see whether there is a significant difference between the participants' attitudes toward correction before and after the treatment, an attitude questionnaire was administered to the experimental group and the subjects were asked to fill it. The result indicates that there is a significant difference between the groups and the participants in experimental group outperformed those in the control group.

Learning a foreign language takes place step by step, during which mistakes are to be expected in all stages of learning. EFL learners are usually afraid of making mistakes which prevents them from being receptive and responsive. Overcoming fear of mistakes depends on the way mistakes are rectified. It is believed that autonomy and learner-centeredness suggest that in some settings learner's self-correction of mistakes might be more beneficial for language learning than teacher's correction. This assumption has been the subject of debates for some time. Some researchers believe that correction whether that of teacher's or on behalf of learners is effective in showing them how their current interlanguage differs from the target (Long &Robinson, 1998). Others suggest that correcting the students whether directly or through recasts are ambiguous and may be perceived by the learner as confirmation of meaning rather than feedback on form (Lyster, 1998a). This study is intende...