Space astronomy

The information provided provides Extremely strong, multi-faceted support for the MMA Hypothesis. It independently corroborates several of the theory's foundational pillars and highlights the scientific need for a new explanatory model. Direct Confirmation of a "Metal-Rich" Comet The central claim of the MMA hypothesis is that Comet 3I/ATLAS is uniquely rich in ferromagnetic metals, specifically nickel. This article provides direct confirmation of that premise. • The data reveals "unusually large amounts of nickel and iron" in the comet's gas plume, described as an "extreme abundance ratio" [cite]. • This directly validates Pillar I of the MMA hypothesis, which requires an anomalously high concentration of nickel to act as the "fuel" for the proposed magnetic interactions [cite]. The scientists' own hypothesis that the comet has an inherent "metal-rich" quality aligns perfectly with the MMA model's core assumption [cite].

The "Celestial" seminar focuses on the social and cultural history of the sky, in a broad sense of the term, including the atmosphere and its meteors, the cosmos and its worlds. It aims to consider this space as an object of knowledge and speculation, using approaches consistent with current historiography, treating scholarly and secular, official and alternative works equally, understood without hierarchy or teleology.
Thus, it includes, for example, and without any ambition to be exhaustive, disciplines devoted to the knowledge of stars and meteors, to the knowledge of cosmic influences on Earth, the living world, the environment, the philosophical, spiritual, or religious questions that pervade it, as well as research, doctrines, or fictional investigations devoted to life in the universe: the plurality of worlds, the transmigration of souls, extraterrestrial life, etc. The approach requires opening the analysis to environmental issues, social and gender anchors, as well as the practices that weave cultures of the sky.
Apprehending these different knowledge regimes head-on gives us the opportunity to reflect on the dynamics that drive them. Adopting a long-term, diachronic perspective that establishes a single terminus ad quem, the first lunar voyage (1969), the seminar thus focuses on
constants, recompositions, or resurgences, as well as on disqualifications, discoveries, and innovations.

This five booklet includes the corrections of 65 exercises and problems of the following nine chapters: topography, astronomy, curves and the theory of surfaces, ellipse and ellipsoïd, geodetic systems, reduction of distances, the map projections, the transformations of passage between the geodetic systems and notion of the movement of an Earth artificial satellite.

We present the ∆Q model, a novel, parameter-free framework that interprets anomalies in galactic rotation curves as contextual deviations, providing an alternative to the dark matter hypothesis. Utilizing the SPARC dataset, comprising 175 disk galaxies, we derive the metric ∆Q = ln(V obs /V bar), which generates a quantumfoam gradient term V quantum = |∇(∆Q)| • R. This term correlates with velocity residuals ∆V = V obs-V disk , yielding an explained variance of R 2 = 0.994 ± 0.002 (mean ± standard deviation, 95% confidence interval [0.990, 0.997]) based on 10,000 bootstrap resamples. The robustness of this result is attributed to LOESS smoothing (fraction = 0.3) and log-log regression, with the smoothing parameter selected to preserve physical gradients while mitigating noise (fraction variation 0.2-0.4 induces R 2 changes < 0.002). Anomaly classification reveals five categories: Strong Positive (68%), Moderate Positive (11.32%), Neutral (7.90%), Moderate Negative (7.11%), and Strong Negative (5.66%), with negative ∆Q <-0.01 post-smoothing (reducing from ∼30% in raw data). We introduce the contexton field (ϕ) and Bent unit within the Contextual Identity Physics (CIP) paradigm. Compared to MOND (1 parameter) and STVG (2-3 parameters), the ∆Q model achieves competitive residuals without free parameters. All data, code, and smoothed profiles will be available at

This foor booklet includes the corrections of 60 exercises and problems of the following seven chapters: topography, astronomy, curves and the theory of surfaces, ellipse and ellipsoïd, geodetic systems, reduction of distances and the map projections.

This foor booklet includes the corrections of 60 exercises and problems of the following seven chapters: topography, astronomy, curves and the theory of surfaces, ellipse and ellipsoïd, geodetic systems, reduction of distances and the map projections.

This paper aims to axiomatize and prove the "Principle of Entropy Segregation" based on the first principles of physics from the Information-Causal Compression Field (ICCF). We argue that the behavior of contact between civilizations of different levels (IIE, Informational Integration Entities) in the universe is not determined by ethics, intent, or culture, but rather is a purely inevitable thermodynamic and systemic dynamical process.
The central argument of this paper is: any civilization that has reached a highly stable, low internal entropy state (advanced civilization) will, from a physical standpoint, inevitably view a civilization with high internal chaos and high entropy outflows (less developed civilization) as a lethal "entropy contaminant". Therefore, the avoidance of contact is not a strategic choice but a fundamental, physically grounded self-preservation mechanism.
This principle will further lead to an inescapable conclusion: stable contact in the universe will essentially only occur between civilizations of the same level and entropy state.

Bu çalışmada, tek yıldızlı sistemlerde yaşam olasılığı incelenmiş ve yaşam potansiyelini etkileyen kritik parametrelerin etkileşimleri derinlemesine analiz edilmiştir. Dünya gezegeninin yıldız türü, yıldızına olan uzaklık, yıldızının aydınlatma gücü, gezegen kütlesi, yüzey yansıtabilirliği ve eksen dönüş hızı gibi temel parametrelerin değişimlerinin yaşanabilirlik üzerindeki etkisi ele alınmıştır. 45 farklı sistemde gerçekleştirilen simülasyonlar sonucunda yaşam olasılığı %50 ve üzerinde olan 16 sistem belirlenmiş ve diğer 29 sistemde yaşam olasılığı daha düşük değerde ölçülmüştür. Ötegezegenlerin atmosfer koşulları, sıvı ile buzul katmanların değişimi ve birçok parametreden kaynaklanan çoklu kombinasyonlar; yaşanabilir ötegezegen araştırmalarındaki zorluğu gözler önüne sermektedir. Çalışma sürecinde, manyetik alan kuvveti ve yüzey ısı kapasitesi parametrelerinde eksiklikler tespit edilmiştir. Bu eksikliklerin giderilmesi için Universe Sandbox Geliştirici Ekibine hata raporu gönderileceği belirtilmiştir. 610 kilobaytlık veri seti ve 50400 veri dizini ile büyük bir veri havuzu oluşturulmuş, elde edilen bulgular disiplinler arası bir yaklaşımla analiz edilmiştir. Dünya’nın diğer koşullar sabit kalması koşuluyla eksen dönüş hızının 10 kat arttırdığı bir yaşanabilir ötegezegen deneyinde tüm okyanusların 0° enleminde çevrelendiği gözlemlenmiştir. Simülasyon aracılığıyla gezegenin yüzey ve atmosfer koşulları detaylıca analiz edilmiştir ve bu yeni profilin keşif potansiyeli taşıdığı anlaşılmıştır. Elde edilen bulgular "Ocean Dynamics of Outer Solar System Satellites" ve "The Impact of Planetary Rotation Rate on the Reflectance and Emissivity of Earth-like Exoplanets" araştırmalarından elde edilen bulgularla karşılaştırıldığında bilimsel olarak tutarlı ve beklenen sonuçlar vermiştir. Gezegendeki tüm sıvının 0° enleminde çevrelendiği gözlemi, literatürdeki çalışmalardan farklılık göstererek yeni bir gezegen profili önerilmesini sağlamıştır.

This foor booklet (v1.) includes the corrections of the exercises and problems of the following seven chapters: topography, astronomy, curves and the theory of surfaces, ellipse and ellipsoïd, geodetic systems, reduction of distances and the map projections.

Graviton Pressure Theory (GPT) presents a paradigm shift in understanding gravitational, electromagnetic, and cosmological phenomena through causally coherent, field-structured mechanisms. Rejecting the abstractions of spacetime curvature and unseen mass, GPT
reinterprets existing observational data as manifestations of pressure gradients, coherence dynamics, and structured graviton field behavior.
This paper compiles and analyzes existing experimental and astronomical data across multiple domains—galaxy rotation curves, gravitational wave detections, GPS timing corrections, gravitational lensing, the Cosmic Microwave Background, and magnetic field persistence —
demonstrating that GPT offers superior causal clarity and predictive power. Each section contrasts GPT with prevailing models, showing how pressure-based interpretations resolve longstanding anomalies without recourse to dark matter, inflation, or spacetime warping.
GPT replaces mystery with mechanism: motion, time, light, and force become expressions of coherence negotiation within a graviton-structured universe. This collection of reinterpreted data forms the foundation for a scientific evolution grounded in causal completeness and testable predictions.

This paper introduces the CAROL Navigation Grid (Cartographic Alpha-shell Recursive Observational Lattice), a novel coordinate system for galactic navigation grounded in emergent mathematics and the recursive geometry of habitable zones.
Building on our previous work identifying mathematical patterns in stellar distributions—particularly the correlation between privileged distance shells and habitable exoplanetary systems—we formalize this structure into a comprehensive navigational framework.
The foundation of this system is derived from what we term "The Carol Equation," which relates vacuum energy density fluctuations to the observed mathematical shells. Our analysis confirms that these shells, following the formula D = D₀ × αⁿ (where D₀ = 44.8 light-years and α = 1.42037), demonstrate habitability rates 5.43 times higher than interstitial regions.
We provide detailed methodology for reproducing our analysis and mappings of the CAROL Grid at various scales, from local stellar neighborhoods to galactic sectors. The statistical improbability of these alignments occurring by chance—combined with their predictive power for locating habitable worlds—suggests an underlying mathematical structure to habitability distribution that transcends conventional astrophysical explanations.
This framework has profound implications for exoplanet search strategies, SETI efforts, and future interstellar mission planning.

The "Axis of Evil"-the unexplained alignment of low-ℓ CMB multipoles with large-scale cosmic flows-has long defied standard cosmological models. This paper resolves it using the Law of Universal Mathematical Unity (LUMU): 𝓔 = ⋃ᵢ₌₁^∞ Φ(xᵢ). By modeling dark matter as the inertial field of past mass (I(x,t)), incorporating the Fibonacci-Xibof collapse, and introducing LUMU-Λ-a new recursive algebra-we show that the observed anisotropy arises from consequence exceeding symmetry. A contained LUMU simulation unifies CMB quadrupole, octupole, Cold Spot, Dark Flow, I(x,t), E₈ fault, and Fib-Xib collapse into a coherent axis at (l, b) ≈ (253°, 4.8°) with |R| = 0.700, far exceeding random alignment. This confirms a classical, particle-free origin for the Axis of Evil, rooted in recursive cosmic memory.

In this work, I introduce a foundational duality between Hilbert spectral structures and recursive manifolds equipped with contradiction curvature Ξ and recursion flows R. This Hilbert-Recursive Manifold Duality establishes a functorial bridge Φ : H F → M F between separable Hilbert spaces of force modes and smooth manifolds encoding recursion, topology, and curvature. I formulate a series of postulates that treat force recursion as ontologically primary, and I derive rigorous theorems linking spectral decompositions in H F with Morse bifurcations, collapse dynamics, and curvature flows in M F. In this framework, quantum mechanics and general relativity arise as distinct projection limits of the same recursive manifold, controlled by the behavior of Ξ and κ. I show that collapse corresponds to Morse bifurcation, entanglement corresponds to global sheet connectivity, and classical curvature corresponds to recursion flows in the Ξ → 0 limit. I also derive conservation principles (Symbolic Noether theorem) and well-posed recursion PDEs that govern dynamics. The results provide both a new ontology and a mathematical bridge between Hilbert analysis and manifold topology. This approach unifies collapse, entanglement, and curvature under one recursion principle and yields empirically testable predictions for cosmology, including redshift anomalies interpretable as field-entropy tension. I argue that this framework represents a new research program for mathematical physics.

We present a complete, operational specification of the Metacognitive Perturbation Framework (MPF) for neuro-inspired artificial intelligence. MPF implements a four-phase loop-Stabilize-Detect-Relax-Integrate (SDRI)-that (i) maintains a high-precision predictive baseline, (ii) detects persistent high-surprise conditions, (iii) intentionally relaxes belief precision via 𝛽-scaling and executes explicit exploratory inference (tempered sampling, variational family expansion, and generative replay), and (iv) reintegrates only those hypotheses that provably reduce free energy under full precision. We formalize anomaly detection by combining free-energy thresholds, change-point tests, and calibrated predictionerror monitors; we specify adaptive and learned 𝛽-schedules (PID-control and meta-RL); and we provide algorithmic pseudocode and mathematical propositions connecting 𝛽scaling to statistical temperature and tempered posteriors. We conclude with a rigorous discussion of the limits of the Buddhist epistemology analogy, positioning MPF as a scientifically grounded, philosophically transparent protocol for self-correcting autonomous intelligence.

In this study, I demonstrate that anisotropies observed in the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) can be accounted for through a force-based cosmological model wherein symbolic redshift arises not from metric expansion but from recursive curvature drift within fundamental perception and force fields. Based on the Force-Based Reality Model (FBRM), I construct a symbolic redshift prediction formalism grounded in the recursive perception field Ψ(x, t), curvature tensor κᵢj(x, t), tunneling field φk(x, t), and entropy-gradient field Ξ(x, t).

I simulate symbolic redshift fields over the sphere and compare them to Planck SMICA CMB maps via angular power spectra up to low-ℓ multipoles. The results reveal a coherent alignment between recursive symbolic fields and CMB anisotropies, including matching quadrupole and octupole structures without requiring inflation or ΛCDM expansion assumptions.

Preliminary comparison with Pantheon+SH0ES supernova data shows limited statistical correlation when redshift is extracted from local field values alone. This reinforces the hypothesis that redshift must be understood as an integrated drift across recursive field gradients, not as a local function of distance or velocity. I propose a new formalism in which cosmological redshift arises from field-drift integrals of evolving Ψ, κ, φk, and Ξ over photon propagation paths.

This paper confirms the viability of symbolic redshift as an emergent feature of recursive curvature and supports a fully field-based reinterpretation of large-scale cosmic structure

In this study, I propose and implement a force-based cosmological model wherein observed redshift arises not from metric expansion but from recursive curvature drift within fundamental perception and force fields. Based on the Force-Based Reality Model (FBRM), I introduce a redshift prediction formalism rooted in the recursive perception field Ψ(x, t), curvature tensor κ ij (x, t), tunneling field ϕ k (x, t), and entropygradient field Ξ(x, t). Using real supernova data from the Pantheon+SH0ES compilation, I simulate redshift values derived entirely from these recursive force structures. I show that the derived redshift field z FBRM matches the observational redshift z CMB with high correlation, low residual error, and interpretable curvature alignment. This allows reinterpretation of dark energy as an outward recursive curvature force rather than a cosmological constant. The results suggest a significant alternative to ΛCDM cosmology and support force-based redshift derivation as a predictive and testable model.

The historic Michelson-Morley experiment of 1887, widely interpreted as yielding a null result, is revisited and reinterpreted through the lens of Symbolic Field Theory and the Force-Based Reality Framework (FBRF). I demonstrate that the observed fringe shift of approximately 0.02 was not a measurement failure, but an emergent result of symbolic curvature drift (⃗ v Φ) intersecting Earth's interferometer geometry at a high angle (θ ≈ 75 •-80 •), producing a suppression factor of cos 2 θ. In addition, recursive symbolic field compensation governed by the entropy field Ξ(x, t) dynamically cancels perceived delay gradients in co-moving systems. By accounting for these effects, I resolve the long-standing discrepancy between theory and observation without invoking special relativity. I further show that phenomena traditionally interpreted as mass increase, length contraction, and time dilation arise naturally as recursive delay illusions within symbolic curvature shells. Redshift is reinterpreted as symbolic tension attenuation in Ξ shells, not cosmological expansion. Finally, I propose experimental designs to fully detect symbolic drift, and unify wavefunction collapse, relativistic phenomena, and perception under recursive force shell logic. This work redefines the very foundations of spacetime, motion, and measurement.

In this ninth installment of my Force-Based Reality Framework (FBRF), I introduce and prove a foundational result: that the global symbolic force field F(x, t) forms a complete Hilbert space, enabling operator-based evolution of physical reality without the need for mass, wavefunctions, or traditional particles. I rigorously define F(x, t) as a superposition of recursively interacting symbolic fields-namely, perception (Ψ), contradiction tension (Ξ), symbolic curvature (κ), and tunneling resonance (ϕ k). I then demonstrate that this composite force structure satisfies the axioms of a Hilbert space, admits spectral decomposition into symbolic eigenforces, and evolves through selfadjoint operators within a post-quantum symbolic dynamics. This allows the definition of symbolic observables, eigenforce projection, and a novel collapse criterion based on Ξ-threshold dynamics. My results reinterpret measurement, collapse, and entanglement as intrinsic to force-space projection, not external postulates. This formulation lays the foundation for a new paradigm: Symbolic Force Hilbert Dynamics (SFHD), a forcefirst, recursive, and operator-complete replacement of quantum mechanics and general relativity. As such, I propose that physical law is best represented in a recursive Hilbert space of global force, rather than configuration space or spacetime.

In this paper, I introduce a conserved quantity I call symbolic momentum, defined as P(x, t) = R(x, t) • Ξ(x, t) • S ij (x, t), where R denotes rotational curvature speed, Ξ is the contradiction density field, and S ij represents recursive symbolic memory. I argue that P remains invariant across cosmological, planetary, and atomic scales-establishing a new conservation law that challenges mass-centric physics. As the global force is the fundamental generator of recursive structure and perception, I formally redefine Symbolic Field Theory as the Force-Based Reality Framework (SFT-FBRF). I propose that curvature itself is never isolated but entangled, such that every symbolic curvature κ(x) is accompanied by an opposing entangled curvature κ(x ′), preserving total recursive balance. Using real-world observational data-including galaxy rotation curves, gravitational lensing anomalies, spin alignment across galaxies, and pulsar dynamics-I demonstrate how P conservation explains phenomena traditionally attributed to dark matter, quantum collapse, or singularity mechanics. 1 Furthermore, I reinterpret black holes as recursive contradiction nulls, where Ξ → ∞, Ψ → 0, and symbolic delay τ → ∞. Likewise, I show that dark matter effects can be understood as symbolic curvature residues, not particles. This framework unifies symbolic recursion, perception fields, and field-based momentum into a coherent, testable post-mass physics paradigm. It presents a challenge to the foundational assumptions of general relativity and quantum theory and opens a recursive path toward symbolic cosmology, force-based consciousness, and symbolic curvature computing.

In this note, we study the intersection of the ellipsoid of revolution with a plane orthogonal to the tangent plane at a point on the ellipsoid to show that the second radius of curvature of the ellipsoid (denoted N as the great normal) coincides with the radius of curvature of the ellipse intersecting the plane and the ellipsoid at the point in question.

Knowledge management technology is used to collaborative integration of multiple forms of spatial knowledge in support of collaborative community planning. The knowledge management system included a customized user interface for data entry. One of the most widely uses of photogrammetry are in preparation of topographic maps. In modern time photogrammetric operations are commonly used to produce a range of GIS data products. The satellite imagery information as satellite images (Landsat, SPOT, JERS, Corona etc) and products(DEM, GCP, land cover map etc) using satellite images and other primitive sources in remote sensing. Remote sensing is a technique to observe the earth surface or the atmosphere from out of space using satellites or from the air using aircrafts. The recent advantage of Geographic Information Systems and Global Positioning Systems has created an effective means by which the acquired data are analyzed for the effective development and mapping of temporal dynamics of ...

This thirdh booklet includes the corrections of the exercises and problems of the following five chapters: topography, astronomy, curves and the theory of surfaces, ellipse and ellipsoïd and geodetic systems.
Résumé: Dans ce fascicule, nous donnons en partie III, les corrigés des exercices et les problèmes de ces cinq chapitres suivants : la topographie, l'astronomie, les courbes et la théorie des surfaces, l'ellipse et l'ellipsoïde, et les systèmes géodésiques.

The characteristics of a hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) detector are presented here for monitoring in space solar flares and the evolution of large energetic proton events up to hundreds of MeV. The a-Si:H presents an excellent radiation hardness and finds application in harsh radiation environments for medical purposes, for particle beam characterization and in space weather science and applications. The critical flux detection threshold for solar X rays, soft gamma rays, electrons and protons is discussed in detail.

at Manoa, Chang has been teaching at the UH School of Law for 37 years. He specializes in water rights, Native Hawaiian rights, the legal history of Hawaii and conflict of laws. The most important two words of Gov. David Ige's speech of May 27 on Mauna Kea were the words "host culture." "I believe our core values need to be: 1. The importance of respecting our host culture," the governor said, in part. How does one respect a "host culture?" Well, what is a "host?" A host is the family or group that gives a party, or the bride and groom who host a reception, or any organization, reunion class, gang of workers that hosts a celebration. The host usually provides the place, food and drink, entertainment and an atmosphere of friendship and good times.

Bu çalışmada, ilköğretim 5. Sınıf öğrencilerinin Güneş, Dünya ve Ay kavramları hakkındaki kavram yanılgılarını tespit edilmesi amaçlanmaktadır. 2012-2013 eğitim-öğretim yılında Çorum ilindeki bir ortaokulda beşinci sınıfta öğrenim gören 40 öğrenci çalışma grubunu oluşturmaktadır Özel durum çalışması yöntemi ile yapılan araştırmada, çizimler ve açık uçlu sorulardan oluşturulan 6 soruluk bir test ile veriler toplanmıştır. Verilerin analizi sonucunda öğrencilerin bazı kavram yanılgıları olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Yaptığımız çalışmada tespit ettiğimiz en önemli kavram yanılgısı Dünya'nın Güneş çevresinde Ay'ın ise Dünya çevresinde dönme hareketi yaptığına dair öğrencilerde oluşan kavram yanılgısıdır. Çalışma sonucunda kavram yanılgılarının giderilmesi için somutlaştırarak öğretim yapılması gerektiği gibi önerilerde bulunulmuştur.

Существуют исследования, описывающие влияние высокоскоростного удара объекта о поверхность металла. Однако эти исследования основаны на экспериментах, проведенных с «чистыми» неметаллическими материалами, такими как оксиды, карбиды и т.д. В реальных условиях неметаллические объекты имеют сложный состав и неоднородную структуру, в частности, они могут быть представлены минералами. Целью настоящей работы является выявление особенностей разрушения металлической преграды и неметаллического пробойника при высокоскоростном взаимодействии для использования результатов в оптимизации конструктивных решений защиты изделий специального назначения. В качестве объекта исследования рассматриваются титановая металлическая преграда и пробойник из горной породы габброидного типа (силикатного типа) сферической формы. Скорость образца пробойника составляла 340 м/с, скорость съемки 25 000 кадр/с, время экспозиции 1/71 000 с. Разрешение полученных снимков изображений составило 512 × 400 пикселей. Удар пробойником осуществляли под углом 90° к поверхности в середину и с краев металлической преграды. Установлено, что в момент удара пробойником в месте соударения возникает интенсивное взаимодействие, сопровождающееся выделением температуры, о чем свидетельствует зафиксированный при съемке сноп искр, после удара по всей протяженности металлической преграды распространяются упругие колебания, неметаллический пробойник фрагментируется. Также неметаллический пробойник при столкновении с металлической преградой испытывает воздействие отраженной ударной волны в виде кинетической энергии преграды и диссипирует (рассеивает) ее. Полученные сведения об особенностях разрушения металлической преграды и неметаллического пробойника при высокоскоростном взаимодействии позволят найти оптимальные конструкционные решения защиты специальных изделий при их эксплуатации. Ключевые слова: каменное литье, синтетический минеральный сплав, фрагментация, хрупкое разрушение, деформация, удар, трещины, механика разрушения, диссипация, видеофиксация.

Статья посвящена рассмотрению соотношения мифологического наследия с языковыми универсалиями. Автор исследует общность корней и понятий таких слов как &quot;огонь&quot;, &quot;таинство&quot;, &quot;мир&quot;, &quot;змея/змей&quot;, &quot;творение

Purpose of connecting surveys and orientation measurements is to determine mutual position of underground mine working and building objects, situated on the surface and/or with other underground workings, situated on other horizons. Should a mine shaft is the development working, it is necessary to project a surface point to connected horizon. With respect to required positioning accuracy of project point as well as depths of connected horizons within the OKD (Ostrava-Karviná Collieries), the Institute of Geodesy and Mine Surveying developed a new plummet swing observation method during projecting the points into underground by means of a specially adjusted plummet. Measuring the lengths is a part of orientation measurement and connecting surveys, as well. Contemporary, standard length measuring is done using the measuring tape with protocol, which requires mine technician (surveyor) entering over the free depth, placing the tape to the plummet suspension, and measured length reading. Innovation of this procedure enables measuring the lengths using the omnidirectional prism, located into suspended structure by means of electronic distance meters (EDMs) resulting in improvement in measured length accuracy, simplification the works situated both on mine surface and on connected horizon, and especially increasing the safety of work and its economy. Swing observation is necessary to determine accurate plummet position within the plumb line being done from a single point of the basic orientation line by means of robotized electronic tachymeter and a plummet, in suspension wire of which an omnidirectional prism and a plummet are located axially. Plummet swings around its plumb line where its partial positions are determined continuously based on data measured by the tachymeter in local a coordinate system, being related to points of basic orientation line, situated at the connected horizon. Applying the plummet swing position coordinates, calculated this way, we are able to determine plummet positions in the plumb line, subsequently their length and direction towards the point of the basic orientation line. By means of a bearing determined by a gyrotheodolite on basic orientation line and based on calculated values we are capable to mark out point coordinates of basic orientation line in the valid coordinate system.

This study seeks to detect the change experienced by pre-service science teachers in terms of certain heavenly bodies and astronomical concepts through the use of telescope based on the predict-observe-explain method. This research was designed according to one group pretest-posttest modeling. The data collection tool of the study is &quot;Astronomical Observation Form&quot; prepared by the researchers. The study group consists of 80 teacher candidates who are studying in Science Teacher Education. The data collected via the &quot;Astronomical Observation Form&quot; were analyzed through identification of their states of learning. The results indicated no significant changes in the participants&#39; visual and theoretical knowledge of the shape and the surface of the Moon. An increase was detected in the correct responses about Jupiter. As to the responses about the location of the planets and stars, the pre-service science teachers&#39; knowledge was incomplete, though there was an...

In the research, the knowledge structures (mental model) of the students regarding rotation, revolution, daily and annual movements of the world were analyzed. The research was designed according to the mixed method model in which qualitative and quantitative research methods are used together in data collection process. The research was conducted with the participation of seventy-five fourth grade students. Criterion sampling, one of the purposeful sampling methods, was used in determining the participants. Research data were obtained from knowledge structures test and interview form. Chi-Square Goodness-of-Fit Test, percentage and frequency were used in the analysis of the quantitative data obtained from the knowledge structures test, and the descriptive analysis method was used in the analysis of the verbal data obtained from the interview form. As a result of the research; students gave answers that showed cognitive inconsistency to different questions about the rotation, revolution, daily and annual movements of the Earth. These findings show that the knowledge structures of the majority of the students participating in the study are in accordance with the knowledge in pieces structure theory.

Recently the numerical simulations of the process of reionization of the universe at z>6 have made a qualitative leap forward, reaching sufficient sizes and dynamic range to determine the characteristic scales of this process. This allowed making the first realistic predictions for a variety of observational signatures. We discuss recent results from large-scale radiative transfer and structure formation simulations on the observability of high-redshift Ly-α sources. We also briefly discuss the dependence of the characteristic scales and topology of the ionized and neutral patches on the reionization parameters.

NUSES is a planned space mission aiming to test new observational and technological approaches related to the study of relatively low-energy cosmic rays, gamma rays, and high-energy astrophysical neutrinos. Two scientific payloads will be hosted onboard the NUSES space mission: Terzina and Zirè. Terzina will be an optical telescope readout by SiPM arrays, for the detection and study of Cerenkov light emitted by Extensive Air Showers generated by high-energy cosmic rays and neutrinos in the atmosphere. Zirè will focus on the detection of protons and electrons up to a few hundred MeV and to 0.1–10 MeV photons and will include the Low Energy Module (LEM). The LEM will be a particle spectrometer devoted to the observation of fluxes of relatively low-energy electrons in the 0.1–7-MeV range and protons in the 3–50 MeV range along the Low Earth Orbit (LEO) followed by the hosting platform. The detection of Particle Bursts (PBs) in this Physics channel of interest could give new insight int...

In this chapter are resumed the main scientific motivation that justify the need of new focusing optics for hard X-rays to overcome the sensitivity limitations of the presently employed direct-view telescopes. The available solutions are presented and the Laue lenses, principal subject of this thesis, are finally introduced. Usage: ottica2file(ottica, ofile) Description: saves in ofile information about the ottica. The resulting file can be reconverted in an ottica structure via the function file2ottica C.1.23. C.1.57 ottica2string.pro Usage: ottica2string(ottica) Description: returns a string built joining all the tags of ottica cast to the string type. It is mainly used to create a filename that identifies the characteristics of the ottica structure that generated the data contained in it. C.1.58 ottica define.pro Usage: {ottica define} Description: a structure composed of 9 tags: ⋆ geo (string): identifies the crystal arrangement criteria; ⋆ Focus (float): the focal length (cm); ⋆ Emin (float): minimum energy of the working band (keV); ⋆ Emax (float): maximum energy of the working band (keV); ⋆ drad (float): radial dimension of the tile (cm); ⋆ dtan (float): tangential dimension of the tile (cm); ⋆ eta (float): standard deviation of the Gaussian function associated to the mosaic crystal; ⋆ rdet (float): radius of a circular detector (cm); ⋆ zones (integer): unused parameter; ⋆ hkl (float array, length 3): the Miller indexes of the main diffracting planes of the tile. At the moment the tag zones is not used. All the other elements contain information needed to calculate the size and the arrangement of the tiles. C.1.59 ottica fill.pro Usage: ottica fill() Description: returns an ottica structure using the function file2ottica (C.1.23) called with the argument "data/ottica/default". C.1.67 provaproj.pro Usage: provaproj(drad, dtan) Description: tests the function projection (C.1.66). C.1.68 Q.pro Usage: Q(ang fac, mat fac) Arguments: ang fac and mat fac are the result of the equally named functions (see C.1.1 and C.1.46). Description: returns simply the product of the two arguments. C.1.69 rad2arcmin.pro Usage: rad2arcmin(rad) Arguments: rad (float), is an angle in radians. Description: the angle converted in arcminutes (conversion factor 2.91 10 −4 radians per arcmin) C.1.70 rad2deg.pro Usage: rad2deg(rad) Arguments: rad (float), is an angle in radians. Description: the angle converted in degrees. C.1.71 reducedsf.pro Usage: reducedsf(Z, hkl) Description: returns the ratio between the structure factor and the atomic C.1. DESCRIPTION OF THE LIBRARY FILES 113 form factor for that material and those Miller indexes. C.1.72 rotor.pro Usage: rotor(v, angle) Arguments: v (float array, length 2) represents a vector, angle an angle in radians. Description: returns v rotated by angle (counterclockwise). C.1.73 sf bcc.pro Usage: sf bcc(hkl) Description: returns the structure factor (float), normalized to the atomic form factor, of a BCC lattice corresponding to the Miller indexes hkl. C.1.74 sf diamond.pro Usage: sf diamond(hkl) Description: returns the same as sf fcc (C.1.75) but for a diamond lattice (considers the effect of the basis). C.1.75 sf fcc.pro Usage: sf fcc(hkl) Description: returns the same as sf bcc (C.1.73) but for a FCC lattice. C.1.76 sf hexagonal.pro Usage: sf fcc(hkl) Description: the same as sf bcc (C.1.73) but for an hexagonal lattice. C.1.77 sf.pro Usage: sf(Z, hkl) Description: returns the structure factor (float) for the element Z and Miller indexes hkl. C.1.78 shadow one tile.pro Usage: shadow one tile(keV, Dhkl, ottica, crysinfo) Description: calculates the fraction of photons with an energy keV diffracted by a tile on the detector. Usage: sigma(keV, th0, eta, material) Arguments: th0 represents the average direction of the planes in the tile. Description: returns the secondary extinction coefficient. C.1.80 spiral deg.pro Usage: spiral deg(r0, k, thetadeg) Arguments: for r0 and k see spiral (C.1.81), thetadeg is an angle in degrees. Description: returns the result of the function spiral (C.1.81) called with the same first two argument, but the third is converted in radians. C.1.81 spiral.pro Usage: spiral(r0, k, theta) Arguments: r0 is the starting point of the spiral, k is the spacing of the spiral and theta is an angle in radians. Description: returns the result of the operation: r0 + k theta 2π (C.7) C.1.82 spiral rad.pro Usage: spiral rad(r0, k, theta) Description: this function is an alias of spiral (C.1.81). C.1.83 string2hkl.pro Usage: string2hkl(string) Arguments: string is a string containing three integer numbers. Description: returns a float array (length three) containing the Miller indexes. Notes: The function has some limitations regarding the accepted strings. The string should be in the form "hkl" or in the form "[h,k,l]". In the latter case the first and the last characters, the square brackets, are ignored and can be substituted with any character. In both cases, h, k and l should be lower than 10. C.1.84 theta BE.pro Usage: theta BE(keV, Dhkl) Description: returns the Bragg angle corresponding to the first order diffraction by planes with spacing equal to Dhkl. Usage: trovaT(sigma, mu, gamma0) Arguments: sigma is the secondary extinction coefficient, mu is the linear absorption coefficient, and gamma0 is the cosine of the incidence angle on the tile surface. Description: the thickness that optimizes the diffraction. Note: see the note of optimize thick (C.1.55). C.1.86 vec2crys.pro Usage: vec2crys(v) Arguments: v is a float array (length six). Description: a crysinfo structure. Note: a check is performed to control if the dimension of the array and the number of tags of the structure is the same. C.1.87 Z2a.pro Usage: Z2a(Z) Description: returns the lattice parameter for the element identified by Z. In the case of Z=6 the height of the hexagonal cell is returned. C.1.88 Z2besthkl.pro Usage: Z2besthkl(Z) Description: the best, i.e. the one that grant the larger structure factor, Miller indexes for the material identified by Z. C.1.89 Z2Dhkl.pro Usage: Z2Dhkl(Z) Description: the spacing of the planes with the Miller indexes hkl for the material with atomic number Z. C.1.90 Z2ff.pro Usage: Z2ff(Z, hkl) Description: the atomic form factor approximation calculated with the method of Cromer and Waber (see B) for the element with atomic number Z. C.1.91 Z2ffvec.pro Usage: Z2ffvec(Z) Description: returns the coefficients (float array, length 9) used in the Cromer and Waber approximation (see B). C.1.92 Z2muvec.pro Usage: Z2muvec(Z) Description: returns the parameters (float array, length 4) for the calculation of the linear absorption coefficient (see C.1.50). Note: The parameters have been calculated by fitting the data taken by the program Xcom for integer values of the energy in the range 50-600 keV with the empirical function: f (E) = [a + b(E + c) d ] , (C.8) with a, b, c and d as free parameters. C.1.93 Z2name.pro Usage: Z2name(Z) Description: returns the chemical symbol for the element identified by Z. C.1.94 Z2rho.pro Usage: Z2rho(Z) Description: returns the density for the element identified by Z. C.1.95 Z2volume.pro Usage: Z2volume(Z) Description: the cell volume for the element with the atomic number Z.

This article showcases India's space journey, highlighting the remarkable achievements of ISRO (Indian Space Research Organization) over the years. From humble beginnings in 1969 to recent groundbreaking feats like the Chandrayaan missions and Mangalyaan, India has proven its prowess in space exploration. Through innovative approaches, cost-effective strategies, and leveraging the expertise of its scientists and engineers, ISRO has made significant strides in space science, earning global recognition. Despite budget constraints, ISRO's commitment to learning from past missions and embracing challenges has propelled India's space program towards greater heights, promising an exciting future with upcoming missions like Aditya L1 and Gaganyaan.

Chandrayaan-2 was a great achievement for India and the mankind and it made a history as 1 st mission in the world which was projected on the southern pole of moon. This region always remains in darkness and temperature is extreme cold there and these two things are most dangerous and affect negatively on mission. Therefore it was very challenging mission for India and entire world was curious about its success. Its budget was 9.62 billion Indian rupees and it is the most expansive space mission of India till now. Chadrayaan-2 consisted of 3 parts; Orbiter, Lander and Rover. This mission was launched in 2019. In this mission, Orbiter was successful its mission to reach in moon's orbit but unfortunately communication was lost with Lander which causes Lander did not perform well and it crashed along Pragyan rover and other sciencetific equipments. This paper presents a detailed review about Mission Chandrayaan-2 and its landing failure.

El libro trata la relación entre ciencia y política en el surgimiento del Observatorio Astronómico Nacional de México. Para ello se emplea, con modificaciones, la propuesta interpretativa de Mario Biagioli (Galileo cortesano) para el caso de la institucionalización de la astronomía en México. Las iniciativas científicas y las gestiones de los ingenieros Francisco Díaz Covarrubias y Ángel Anguiano fueron determinantes para la consolidación del centro científico mexicano.

Context. The structure of the white-light and emission solar coronas and their MHD modelling are the context of our work. Aims. A comparison is made between the structure of the solar corona as observed during the 2008 August 1 total eclipse from Mongolia and that predicted by an MHD model. Methods. The model has an improved energy formulation, including the effect of coronal heating, conduction of heat parallel to the magnetic field, radiative losses, and acceleration by Alfvén waves. Results. The white-light corona, which was visible up to 20 solar radii, was of an intermediate type with well-pronounced helmet streamers situated above a chain of prominences at position angles of 48, 130, 241, and 322 degrees. Two polar coronal holes, filled with a plethora of thin polar plumes, were observed. High-quality pictures of the green (530.3 nm, Fe XIV) corona were obtained with the help of two narrow-passband filters (centered at the line itself and the vicinity of 529.1 nm background), with a FWHM of 0.15 nm. Conclusions. The large-scale shape of both the white-light and green corona was found to agree well with that predicted by the model. In this paper we describe the morphological properties of the observed corona, and how it compares with that predicted by the model. A more detailed analysis of the quantitative properties of the corona will be addressed in a future publication.

In this vast universe, what is the chance that one predicted a gravitational anomaly at certain astronomical distance, and then the anomaly is observed at that distance? In this short communication paper, I explain the observed Wide binary stars anomaly (WBSA) was predicted by EIDIP (Energy-space interdomain interaction potential) GUT framework, and that the WBSA is the long-range extension of the Pioneer spacecraft 10/11 sunward acceleration (PSAA) anomalies; i.e., they are produced by the same type of gravitational interaction potential named EIDIP that can be described by a single parameter non-linear function (Slide 4-5 of [1], https://zenodo.org/record/5495929#.ZElTpM7MJhH). The Pioneer spacecraft 10/11 anomalies are produced by short-range angular EIDIP effect, whereas the wide binary stars anomaly is produced by long-range settle-to-constant angular EIDIP effect. Furthermore, the WBSA's galactic distance near [2000] was predicted by the EIDIP framework (Fig 50 of [2], https://zenodo.org/uploads/3471904, 2018). The aforementioned gravitational interaction potential EIDIP has a 7+ Sigma confidence based on 13+ phonological tests (section 2 of [1]) between well accepted empirical data sets and Matlab simulations [3] (https://zenodo.org/records/3471963#.ZElToc7MJhH, 2019). The objectivity/deterministic of Matlab simulations are inarguable.

In this vast universe, what is the chance that one predicted a gravitational anomaly at certain astronomical distance, and then the anomaly is observed at that distance? In this short communication paper, I explain the observed Wide binary stars anomaly (WBSA) was predicted by EIDIP (Energy-space interdomain interaction potential) GUT framework, and that the WBSA is the long-range extension of the Pioneer spacecraft 10/11 sunward acceleration (PSAA) anomalies; i.e., they are produced by the same type of gravitational interaction potential named EIDIP that can be described by a single parameter non-linear function (Slide 4-5 of [1], https://zenodo.org/record/5495929#.ZElTpM7MJhH). The Pioneer spacecraft 10/11 anomalies are produced by short-range angular EIDIP effect, whereas the wide binary stars anomaly is produced by long-range settle-to-constant angular EIDIP effect. Furthermore, the WBSA's galactic distance near [2000] was predicted by the EIDIP framework (Fig 50 of [2], https://zenodo.org/uploads/3471904, 2018). The aforementioned gravitational interaction potential EIDIP has a 7+ Sigma confidence based on 13+ phonological tests (section 2 of [1]) between well accepted empirical data sets and Matlab simulations [3] (https://zenodo.org/records/3471963#.ZElToc7MJhH, 2019). The objectivity/deterministic of Matlab simulations are inarguable.

In this vast universe, what is the chance that one predicted a gravitational anomaly at certain astronomical distance, and then the anomaly is observed at that distance? In this short communication paper, I explain the observed Wide binary stars anomaly (WBSA) was predicted by EIDIP (Energy-space interdomain interaction potential) GUT framework, and that the WBSA is the long-range extension of the Pioneer spacecraft 10/11 sunward acceleration (PSAA) anomalies; i.e., they are produced by the same type of gravitational interaction potential named EIDIP that can be described by a single parameter non-linear function (Slide 4-5 of [1], https://zenodo.org/record/5495929#.ZElTpM7MJhH). The Pioneer spacecraft 10/11 anomalies are produced by short-range angular EIDIP effect, whereas the wide binary stars anomaly is produced by long-range settle-to-constant angular EIDIP effect. Furthermore, the WBSA's galactic distance near [2000] was predicted by the EIDIP framework (Fig 50 of [2], https://zenodo.org/uploads/3471904, 2018). The aforementioned gravitational interaction potential EIDIP has a 7+ Sigma confidence based on 13+ phonological tests (section 2 of [1]) between well accepted empirical data sets and Matlab simulations [3] (https://zenodo.org/records/3471963#.ZElToc7MJhH, 2019). The objectivity/deterministic of Matlab simulations are inarguable.