Sociology of the Senses

Psicóloga (UCV), investigadora, activista feminista, defensora de los derechos de las mujeres, niños, niñas y adolescentes y de las personas de la diversidad sexual. En Venezuela, la interrupción voluntaria del embarazo (IVE) está penalizada y solo se permite cuando el embarazo pone en peligro la vida de la gestante. Esto es un verdadero drama para las mujeres que no desean ser madres, que quieren decidir cuándo serlo y escoger cuántos hijos/as tener. Sin embargo, aunque esté penalizado, las mujeres lo realizan por diversos motivos que las hace transitar en clandestinidad y se enfrentan a contextos hostiles, de estafa, especulación, violencia en hospitales, que impacta negativa y significativamente en la salud mental, provocando estrés postraumático, altos niveles de angustia, ansiedad y miedo. La decisión de interrumpir un embarazo no se toma a la ligera, sino que constituye un proceso de evaluación de las condiciones personales, familiares, factores socioeconómicos, psicosociales y de recursos. Es una experiencia significativa atravesada por aspectos psicoemocionales, significados, estigmas, culpa, el factor sorpresa de un embarazo no esperado, las ambivalencias, miedos y tristeza, pero también el alivio de haber logrado la interrupción y vivir para contarlo. Es por ello que, desde la mirada feminista se pretender visibilizar estas experiencias y dar a conocer la manifestación de autonomía, sororidad, empoderamiento y libertad frente a la heteronomia patriarcal.

Horst G.W. Gleiss’s ten-volume work Breslauer Apokalypse 1945. Dokumentarchronik vom Todeskampf und Untergang einer deutschen Stadt und Festung am Ende des zweiten Weltkrieges: unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der internationalen Presseforschung, persönlicher Erlebnisber-ichte von Augenzeugen und eigenen Tagebuchaufzeichnungen was published in the years 1986–1997. For its 12,183 pages, the author collected 14,517 documents as well as quotations showing the history of Wrocław and the surrounding vicinity in the year 1945.In the article, the strengths and weaknesses of Breslauer Apokalypse 1945... are briefly presented along with an outline of how to use it, and attention is drawn to publications that supplement the content of the source collection under discussion. Additionally, the most significant problems and errors of researchers dealing with the history of Festung Breslau (the Siege of Breslau) are pointed out. The most important of these include the omission of Gleiss’s work or its inaccurate usage, as well as faulty bibliographic entries. The text also draws attention to the scholarly and non-scholarly role of the analysed collection, which was to strengthen the communal experience of the Germans who were former inhabitants of Wrocław

Based on the idea that the “logic of care” is sensitive to context, this article gives empirical consistency to the experimental attitude that is characteristic of person-centred approaches in psychogeriatric nursing homes. It begins by describing the style of care deployed in the case studied, in particular the way in which it provides a place for the sensing subject. It then sets out to characterise the three forms of professional enquiry to which this style of care gives rise, and their specific tests. Particular attention is paid to the different ways in which the problematic experiences of residents are transformed (manipulation, adjustment, fabrication), to the roles played by observation - and therefore the eye - in the conduct of these processes, and to the different arts of doing, or practical knowledge, involved.

Revue d'anthropologie des connaissances 19-1 | 2025 Modalités sensibles du connaître dans le care Dossier thématique Vers une approche ethnographique des modalités sensibles du connaître dans les activités de care Towards an ethnography of sensible modalities of knowing in care activities Hacia una etnografía de las modalidades sensibles del conocimiento en las actividades asistenciales Auf dem Weg zu einer Ethnographie der sinnlichen Modalitäten der Kenntnis in Care-Tätigkeiten

The paper discusses the role of the phantasia motiva in Albert the Great and of the vis cogitativa sive ratio particularis in Thomas Aquinas. It argues that by introducing these capabilities, Albert and Thomas propose important clarifications of Aristotle's theory of practical reason (phronesis), relying on Avicenna's account of the inner senses. The respective theories of both authors are cornerstones for their ethical theories which give much weight to doing justice to particular factors of any singular action.

El presente capítulo tiene como objetivo central reflexionar sobre el potencial del método biográfico para el análisis empírico de las emociones. Para lograrlo, me apoyo principalmente en mi experiencia de investigación utilizando relatos de vida de pescadores, en la utilicé relatos de vida para analizar la experiencia vinculada al trabajo de la pesca industrial del camarón en el puerto de Mazatlán . La exploración del entramado emocional me permitió comprender cómo los pescadores vivían, actuaban y se adaptaban frente a los cambios tecnológicos, ambientales, organizacionales y políticos que reestructuran el mercado laboral de la industria de la pesquera.

On behalf of Betina Wuttig and Ellen Thuma, Marburg University:

The conference will focus on the question if and how the late-capitalist, Western modular and hierarchical understanding of the senses as (intertwined) expression of ocular-, logo-, andro- and anthropo-centrism (cf. Howes 2006; Mraczny 2012; Kwek/Seyfert 2016; Hubermann 2023) entails a hierarchical pre-structuring of the democratic political field. Visual culture, for
example, produces “specific practices, discourses, and ways of speaking that encompass various fields and privilege them before others” (Marzny 2012, 197).

At the same time, it becomes apparent that an understanding of democracy that considers the logos as superior to the sensus, excludes the articulation of somatic-affective discomfort from the democratic sensorium. The non-human Other is thus all but silenced. Equally little research has been done on the sensual-somatic basis of the animation of collective affects in both human and non-human contexts. The question arises how these affects produce a sensorium in a possibly discriminating way and how they are involved in sensorial-sensual processes of ordering and dividing (Slaby 2019; Ahmed 2004, 2014; Bucher 2017, 2018; Beer 2017).

For this reason, the conference will focus on the analysis of the hegemonic use of the senses, particularly the visual sense. It aims to explore avenues toward a democratization of the senses through the irritation of the visual sense by the deployment of other senses.
Based on our assumption that political emancipation hinges less on marginalized groups’ lack of knowledge than on their lack of opportunity to gain diverse experiences (cf. Rancière 2016), the conference also aims to open an egalitarian space of speech and experience. Equality is understood in terms of “enabling the juxtaposition of two voices” (Ranciere 2008, 11) and as the “fact of mutual understanding” (ibid., 14).

The conference will provide hierarchically-different sensorial spaces and situations, thus creating, as we hope, a condition for political emancipation. This arrangement enables the sensorial perception in bodily interiors and interstices as a political public where sensorial inequality is collectively negotiated. We ask, how can we come to terms with the sensually and
socially hierarchical distinction between meaning and the senses, as well as with the production of diverse sensual situations (not only) among humans And how can strategies toward achieving a sensually accessible emancipation be developed?

Globally, there are calls to increase physical activity levels in relatively sedentary populations, including via physical activity programs, often targeted at those body-selves deemed at risk of “sedentariness.” Despite the salience of sensory pleasures and displeasures in engagement with (and abandonment of) these programs, the sensory, embodied experiences of participation remain under-researched. Here, we draw on findings from a two-year ethnographic study of a national program in Wales, which used the aesthetic attractions of “natural” outdoor environments to encourage and sustain physical activity. Employing insights from phenomenological sociology, we explore the program participants’ (n = 146) lived experiences, analyzed via a phenomenological lens, cohering around a panoply of sensory pleasures and displeasures, and somatic learning that is shaped and reshaped by weather encounters.

The scientific research on olfaction back then was only beginning in earnest. As such I relied more on historical and anthropological research to consider the assumptions and cultural framework that existed about olfaction and consciousness. Since, olfaction research has expanded as scientists and cultural phenomenologists and anthropologists attempt to understand how the body assimilates, processes and is affected by aromas. A 2022 book by Britta Ager, The Scent of Ancient Magic, is one such work that scours ancient literature, poetry, and music in Egyptian, Greek and Roman history as a way to understand the link between aroma, magic and myths in these cultures-and by implication how it is relevant today especially with challenging our understanding about what constitutes magic, what defines a witch and how smell is evident in our current assumptions about evil, immigrants, criminals, saints, gods, and all that is good. The scientific research on olfaction continues to enhance our awareness, adding additional insights which reminds us how categories of thought, assumptions, ways of thinking and problem solving can be enhanced by better understanding how olfaction works physically and emotionally on the body. Aromas defy categories and barriers and by considering their nature requires the individual, community and society to revisit existing mechanistic and computer-type metaphors and suggests adding metaphors that have greater nuance, flexibility, and fluidity (olfaction, terroir, ecological). The level of olfaction research, and its relationship with consciousness remains in its infancy but there is growing interest as we slowly become conscious about how this new awareness influences perceptions, ways of thinking, problem solving and understanding the self in relation to the modern world. 1

The scientific research on olfaction back then was only beginning in earnest. As such I relied more on historical and anthropological research to consider the assumptions and cultural framework that existed about olfaction and consciousness. Since, olfaction research has expanded as scientists and cultural phenomenologists and anthropologists attempt to understand how the body assimilates, processes and is affected by aromas. A 2022 book by Britta Ager, The Scent of Ancient Magic, is one such work that scours ancient literature, poetry, and music in Egyptian, Greek and Roman history as a way to understand the link between aroma, magic and myths in these cultures-and by implication how it is relevant today especially with challenging our understanding about what constitutes magic, what defines a witch and how smell is evident in our current assumptions about evil, immigrants, criminals, saints, gods, and all that is good. The scientific research on olfaction continues to enhance our awareness, adding additional insights which reminds us how categories of thought, assumptions, ways of thinking and problem solving can be enhanced by better understanding how olfaction works physically and emotionally on the body. Aromas defy categories and barriers and by considering their nature requires the individual, community and society to revisit existing mechanistic and computer-type metaphors and suggests adding metaphors that have greater nuance, flexibility, and fluidity (olfaction, terroir, ecological). The level of olfaction research, and its relationship with consciousness remains in its infancy but there is growing interest as we slowly become conscious about how this new awareness influences perceptions, ways of thinking, problem solving and understanding the self in relation to the modern world. 1

el presente capítulo aborda dos aspectos centrales. El pri- mero, las implicaciones específicas que tiene trabajar y vivir en un espacio laboral como el barco pesquero, con las conexiones y relaciones que perma- necen, aún, en los lugares de residencia: mostrar las implicaciones de habi- tar entre mar y tierra. A su vez, lo anterior permite reflexionar y cuestionar las clasificaciones de lo “propiamente” marítimo, rural, urbano, laboral, etc. Segundo, se exponen las formas de habitar en el barco en medio del Océa- no Pacífico. Para ello, se recuperan las percepciones de riesgo que se viven durante el tiempo de pesca; aspectos que se consideran una entrada para comprender el papel del cuerpo generizado, sus emociones y sentires en la constitución del espacio marítimo con sus propias temporalidades (Latour, 1993) y sensibilidades (Cervio, 2022).

more attentive ways of eating (Hayes-Conroy & Martin, 2010; Bentia, 2014; see also chapter by Voß et al. in this volume). These cases may count as examples of aesthetics and politics becoming entangled in processes of innovating collective orders, but there are also cases where they combine in the governing of collective orders. Take, for a start, when in 2015 then US president Barack Obama sang "Amazing Grace," a song written by a rueful slave trader, and was openly moved to tears at a public obsequy for victims of a massacre at a Black church, thus performing a caring and responsible state in connection with racism (Mondada et al., 2016; Kloppers, 2020). There are many more examples of aesthetics involved in governmental strategies if we look at the campaigning of political parties, the staging of summits, conventions, negotiations, and at governmental public relations (

Este artículo presenta hallazgos y reflexiones sobre la relación entre trabajo docente universitario y cuidados en el marco de la pandemia COVID 19 que forman parte de mi tesis de Maestría en Estudios Culturales, denominada “La facu en casa. Conflictos y conciliaciones entre trabajo remunerado y trabajo de cuidados. Experiencias y relatos de docentes universitarias durante la pandemia COVID-19”. El trabajo de investigación realizado se centró en indagar las tensiones generadas en torno al trabajo doméstico y las tareas de cuidado y su relación con la vida laboral en docentes universitarias en un contexto de convivencia entre la institucionalización de luchas y discursividades feministas con una alteración significativa de las rutinas cotidianas por las políticas de aislamiento social obligatorio dispuestas para evitar la propagación del coronavirus. A partir de un contrapunto entre epistemologías feministas, estudios culturales y conceptos provenientes de autores enmarcados dentro del “giro afectivo”, en esta presentación compartimos un mapeo que sintetiza configuraciones de sentido en torno a los cuidados presentes en los relatos de las entrevistadas

Background Georg Simmel (1858-1918) was a major contributor to social science thought whose work offers important insights on the social construction of space. Born in Berlin, he studied history and philosophy at the University of Berlin, but also studied with some of the preeminent professors in psychology, anthropology, and sociology. After receiving his Ph.D. in 1881, Simmel decided to remain at the university as an unpaid lecturer, living on student fees and a substantial inheritance. During his 15 years, his courses in sociology, philosophy, history, ethics, and cultural criticism were popular with students and were respected in academic circles. His own university, however, refused to promote him to an academic post. His status as an outsider may have contributed to his wide range of interests and innovative thought. He published more than 200 articles and over a dozen books in several social science fields. As a generalist, Simmel did not inspire a particular school of thought or methodology. Many social scientists, however, looked to Simmel as a source of insight for their work. His writings on the sociology of space are a case study of Simmel's contributions to social science concepts.

Among Gierowski's research, an important place was occupied by works on the past of Silesia. He started Silesian studies that fit into socioeconomic history. He also published syntheses and source editions devoted to the history of Silesia. His research was continued by Józef Leszczyński and Krystyn Matwijowski. Leszczyński continued and developed his reflection on the social and legal history of Silesia. Among them, he examined the problems of peasant revolts, the situation of the poorest in Silesia during the Thirty Years' War and after its end. He studied Polish-Silesian relations in the 17th and 18th centuries. Matwijowski conducted research on the history of Pietism and the history of everyday life in Silesia and works devoted to the past of Lower Silesian towns. Gierowski's research is inspired by Jerzy Maroń, the author of a book devoted to the Thirty Years' War in Silesia, Leszek Ziątkowski, authors part of the history of Wrocław and books about the past of Jews in Silesia. Jacek Dębicki deals with the history of culture in Silesia. Daniel Wojtucki develops studies on socio-cultural phenomena in Silesia and Lusatia.

How should we read and understand Georg Simmel’s famous essay, “How Is Society Possible?” How and how well does Simmel answer his main question? What bearing, if any, does the essay have on the study of forms of interaction, in his own work or in modern scholarship? The exchange below addresses such questions in the form of an article, extended commentary, and response. With the support of the editors of Simmel Studies, we present the trio of items as a single unit to illustrate to fellow Simmel scholars the possibilities of divergent readings and critiques. The exchange began when Lechner sent a draft of his paper “How Is Society Possible?” to Silver, who responded with detailed comments. It occurred to us that rather than simply submitting a paper revised in light of those comments, or letting further revision occur behind the scenes through peer review, it might be worthwhile to make our contrasting views public as a stimulus to further reflection on a classic essay. Since we have both been inspired by the work and thought of the great Simmel scholar Donald Levine, we also offer this joint effort as an instance of the dialogical approach to theory he advocated.

This article explores the potential of experiential education for students in the field of information culture. Specifically, it investigates experiences using information for learning and knowledge building, focusing on the materiality and sensory/sensitive dimensions of these experiences: giving equal attention to things, objects, materials, and sensory experiences (Thrift, 2008; Savolainen, 2020). In this view, information is understood in a broad sense, as "related to becoming informed": something is information if it is informative (Bukland, 1991). The idea is that students are not disembodied cognitive beings (Bruner, 1986: 5), they are active beings who learn through action and experiences (Dewey, 1925), active agents in the historical process of constructing their own world (Bruner, 1986); and that in this process, the body has an active, productive and sensuous role, throughout the information activities: each object, each material constitutes a path towards knowledge, each gesture expresses a becoming in service to its construction (Ingold, 2018). Field experience is inductive, it is both a voyage of world discovery and of self-discovery. In this perspective, referring to an active self, articulating the sensitive and the social (Laplantine, 2009), the experience is creative. From primary experience, in its subjective version, a way of experiencing the world, to secondary experience, more reflective, which clarifies it by organizing it, experience is formative and transformative, it participates in the creation of useful knowledge (Dewey, 1925). Knowledge is thus constructed in the flow of experiences, with phases of self-reflection and distancing; it is not a linear and mechanical process. Culture-like information culture as "culture"-is alive, context sensitive and emergent (Bruner, 1986). It is these different relationships to materials, objects and information, involved in the learning process and knowledge construction, that we propose to investigate and question here: by considering how knowledge is informed by experience, putting the body and the mind on alert in a same movement; and from an anthropo-social perspective, by focusing on the dynamics that emerge, paying attention to the ordinary, the banal, as well as to the unexpected or the event, to what "happens and becomes" (Laplantine, 2022).

Autonomous Sensory Meridian Response (ASMR) is described as the experience of pleasurable static-like sensations triggered by audiovisual stimuli (Barratt & Davis, 2015). Since it was first introduced as a distinct sensory experience in 2009, ASMR has sparked a series of debates about the legitimacy and implications of this form of sensory and affective experience. While scientific researchers have tried to identify ASMR's therapeutic affordances as well as its psychological, neurological, and physiological determinants, government and corporate bodies have responded with censorship, regulation, standardization, or commercialization of ASMR content and practices. By analyzing these responses and understandings of ASMR, I argue that current accounts of it fail to grasp the complexity and importance of the experience. More specifically, I argue that ASMR is socially disruptive and analytically elusive because it posits bodies and sensing subjects that are radically incompatible with dominant understandings of embodiment and sensory experience. I expand on this by drawing on Jacques Rancière's work on aesthetics, concluding that mixed reactions to ASMR are due to its dissensual aesthetic character and the way it reveals inegalitarian logics informing how bodies are defined and regulated in social settings.

The reflection on socio-affective relations and the construction of social order in public transport originated in the thought of Georg Simmel. This
theme has been deepened by the French tradition of urban studies studying the role of emotional exchanges between public users in the construction
of the social order of New York and Paris subways. However, when observing transport systems of this type in Latin America, there are other populations that, by using the subway for commercial purposes, influence the construction of the socio-affective order in the subway. These cases allow us
to relate other Simmelian reflections on socio-affective relations, such as the notion of the poor and the stranger. Based on this, the article proposes
to move towards a general and inclusive reflection on the importance of socio-affective relations in the construction of social order in subways.

Excursus on the Stranger" in the Context of Simmel's Sociology of Space. "Excursus on the Stranger" by Georg Simmel is a popular classical sociological text, whereas the stranger as a social type is one of the best known concepts of classical sociology. This paper claims that common sociological interpretations of this concept greatly ignore the context of Simmel's text and his thoughts, thus missing the essence of his idea. This is due to the fact that Simmel wrote about the stranger in the context of his sociology of space, which is a relatively unknown feature of his thought. We discuss significant features of Simmel's sociology of space, and present a reconceptualization of the stranger within this context.

The Routledge International Handbook of Sensory Ethnography reviews and expands the field and scope of sensory ethnography by fostering new links amongst sensory, affective, more-than-human, non-representational, and multimodal sensory research traditions and composition styles. From writing and film to performance and sonic documentation, the handbook re-imagines the boundaries of sensory ethnography and posits new possibilities for scholarship conducted through the senses and for the senses.

Sensory ethnography is a trans-disciplinary research methodology focused on the significance of all the senses in perceiving, creating, and conveying meaning. Drawing from a wide variety of strategies that involve the senses as a means of inquiry, objects of study, and forms of expression, sensory ethnography has played a fundamental role in the contemporary evolution of ethnography writ large as a reflexive, embodied, situated, and multimodal form of scholarship. The handbook dwells on subjects like the genealogy of sensory ethnography, the implications of race in ethnographic inquiry, opening up ethnographic practice to simulate the future, using participatory sensory ethnography for disability studies, the untapped potential of digital touch, and much more.

This is the most definitive reference text available on the market, and is intended for advanced undergraduates, graduate students, and researchers in anthropology, sociology and the social sciences, and will serve as a state-of-the-art resource for sensory ethnographers worldwide.

Recipe videos are among the most viral genres of videos on social media. Yet, little research has been done on their aesthetic and formal attributes, especially on how they operate within the frameworks of the attention economy and embodied interaction specific to social media interfaces. This paper examines recipe videos published on Tasty, one of the most popular Facebook pages in the world. We analyze these videos through a three-dimensional model that integrates their semiotic characteristics (visual, auditory, and textual), their interactive and haptic qualities, and their invitation to perceptual engagement and sensorimotor response. We conclude that Facebook recipe videos are exemplary of a broader category of social media videos which we call hyper-sensory videos: these create heightened multisensory experiences that take precedence over informational use or narrative involvement. Hyper-sensory videos present a cultural response to broader questions regarding materiality, presence, and embodied relations within a highly mediated social reality.

i Acknowledgements ii Chapter 1: Introduction 1 Mixed Martial Arts (MMA): brief introduction 3 MMA and the sociological imagination 7 Embodying sociology: re-connecting with lived-experience 13 Sociology of sport and embodiment: issues and developments 16 Structure of the thesis 20 Chapter 2: A Phenomenologically Informed Journey into Embodied ways of Knowing 26 Introduction 26 The Phenomenology of Merleau-Ponty 27 Embodiment and lived experience 29 Primacy of perception and sensory media 30 Intentionality and motility: Understanding our capacity for learning and innovation 33 The spatial and social situatedness of being in the world 35 Ways of knowing: Making sense of embodied practice and experience 38 Knowing skill 41 Knowing pain 46 Knowing injury 50 Concluding thoughts 54 Chapter 3 – Methodology: Foundations, practices and reflections 55 Introduction 55 The foundations: participant observation in the study of experience, practice and embodiment in MMA 56 The fieldwork process a...

In sports studies, the body of research focussing on combat sports has developed, but so far few studies regarding the experience of starting a fight. In order to comprehend the process of starting a fight, this study aims to investigate and describe it through both a comparative and phenomenological approach of Brazilian karate, capoeira and mixed martial arts (MMA) practitioners (n = 11, 7, 11, respectively). Semi-structured interviews were conducted and in the analysis we used a phenomenological perspective. Most of the karatekas described the distance adjustment and bowing to their opponent as the beginning of the combat. Capoeiristas highlighted the sound of music and the roda, referring to the way they organize themselves to start fighting. MMA athletes commonly described the beginning of the fight as when they start the camp, from the weigh-in or the octagon entrance. Using the phenomenology of Merleau-Ponty, the process of beginning a fight can be understood as a relationshi...

Tracing the thematization of culture and the body across modern, postmodern, and neo-modern sociological thought, this chapter explores the possibility of developing a meaning-centered, strong cultural sociology of the body and embodiment, one that approaches body and embodiment as constituting a uniquely hermeneutic situation—a fusion of subject and object, ideality and materiality—structured by cultural codes and dependent upon interpretation for getting itself out into the social world. The development of a Strong Program cultural sociological perspective on the body is, author Anne Marie Champagne argues, uniquely suited to ferreting out and reconstructing the personal and collective representations, senses and sensibilities, and myths and motifs through which the physical body comes to embody self, society, and world.

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NOTE: This is a post-peer review, pre-edited version of a chapter published in Interpreting the Body: Between Meaning and Matter (Bristol University Press, 2023), edited by Anne Marie Champagne and Asia Friedman. It differs from the definitive publisher-authenticated version cited below.

Definitive publisher version: Champagne, A. M. (2023). "1: Toward a Strong Cultural Sociology of the Body and Embodiment". In Interpreting the Body. Bristol, UK: Bristol University Press. Retrieved Mar 17, 2024, from https://doi.org/10.51952/9781529211580.ch001

Tesis de maestría. La pregunta general que guía esta investigación es la siguiente: ¿cómo es la relación entre la experiencia del aborto voluntario y las emociones, y los sentidos del cuerpo de las mujeres bajacalifornianas entrevistadas?

La tesis está dividida en cinco capítulos y un apartado de conclusiones. En el primer capítulo expongo la caracterización del estado de Baja California, espacio geográfico donde se desarrolla la investigación. En el segundo capítulo planteo las bases teóricas de la investigación, partiendo del concepto de género para establecer puentes y conexiones entre la sensorialidad y la emocionalidad en la experiencia del aborto voluntario. El tercer capítulo presento la estrategia metodológica de la investigación y reflexiono sobre algunos aspectos fundamentales sobre la delimitación y la construcción del campo, a la par de que recupero algunas reflexiones sobre aspectos fundamentales de la metodología cualitativa y la orientación etnográfica. El capítulo cuarto y quinto son los apartados analíticos en este estudio. El cuarto capítulo remite a los aspectos sociales en la experiencia del aborto; desde las nociones que existen sobre esta práctica asociadas al estigma social que repercuten en la vivencia de las participantes, los contextos emergentes consecuentes de la pandemia relacionados con el aborto, así como la participación de diversos actores sociales en la interrupción voluntaria del embarazo. Por último, el quinto capítulo concentra el análisis de las narrativas de la experiencia emocional y sensible del aborto voluntario de las mujeres entrevistadas, así como las re-concepciones de esta experiencia a través del tiempo.

The present contribution uses the theoretical framework of theories of practice to examine expert wine tasting. This paper highlights a number of sociologically interesting issues that have been previously conceptualised in the literature, trying to enlighten aspects not clearly showed by other theoretical approaches. After providing a summary and analysing the main themes touched upon by sociology when dealing with the issue of tasting, the central focus of the article will be on a "practice-oriented" analysis based on data collected during empirical research, in progress since 2013, concerning the production, distribution and commercial aspects of the wine field in Italy. The approach followed is considered an enactive ethnography. In addition, the practice theories approach will be integrated with the dispositional approach, along with the theory of social fields, in order to clarify some points that would be less clear through practice theories alone.

in a training session, whereas internal load refers to the physiological response of the individual to the imposed external load [8]. Due to the combative nature of submission grappling, there are inherent difficulties in directly measuring internal and external loads of participation [9]. Proxy measures of external load such as time motion analysis (TMA) suggest that submission grappling is an intermittent activity with effort:pause ratios between 6:1 and 13:1, comprised of effort periods of 85-290 s and pauses of 5-44 s [10, 11]. More recently, however, internal load measured directly by heart rate (HR) during simulated competition revealed physiological responses to submission grappling may be relatively stable [6, 12]. Therefore, whilst specific physical actions in submission grappling may be interrmittant and acyclic, the physiological responses to these actions may not be. As such, methodological limitations inherent within TMA may limit its ability to fully elucidate the contribution of discrete movements or Original Paper

in a training session, whereas internal load refers to the physiological response of the individual to the imposed external load [8]. Due to the combative nature of submission grappling, there are inherent difficulties in directly measuring internal and external loads of participation [9]. Proxy measures of external load such as time motion analysis (TMA) suggest that submission grappling is an intermittent activity with effort:pause ratios between 6:1 and 13:1, comprised of effort periods of 85-290 s and pauses of 5-44 s [10, 11]. More recently, however, internal load measured directly by heart rate (HR) during simulated competition revealed physiological responses to submission grappling may be relatively stable [6, 12]. Therefore, whilst specific physical actions in submission grappling may be interrmittant and acyclic, the physiological responses to these actions may not be. As such, methodological limitations inherent within TMA may limit its ability to fully elucidate the contribution of discrete movements or Original Paper

hoping to be appointed to a permanent position, Georg Simmel's task was to prove himself by attracting students to his courses. By all accounts, he was rather successful in this; the majority of the articles on Simmel contained in Buch des Dankes an Georg Simmel (Gassen and Landmann, 1958), a collection put together on the 100th anniversary of Simmel's birth, are written by his former students, many of whom focus on his talents as a lecturer. Simmel's correspondence with Heinrich Rickert, published in the same collection, also documents the increasing popularity of Simmel's lecture courses at the turn of the century. 1 In a letter dated 27 January 1900, Simmel wrote: 'For my part, I have occasion to be satisfied with both work and my students, at least quantitatively speaking. I have around 315 students in my three courses' (Gassen and Landmann, 1958: 99). Moreover, Simmel did not only employ his talents as a speaker in the university sector, but extended his speaking activities in two main directions. First, as documented in the recollections of his son, Simmel often accepted invitations to speak in public, both in Berlin and in other cities throughout Europe: 'he [Simmel] greatly loved this activity of a "wandering priest". He found it exciting; on the return journey he sometimes already worked on his next lecture' (Hans Simmel, 1976: 258). 2 Second, during the First World War, Simmel became known for his addresses to the German troops, and later related the tale of the soldiers who left his lecture on 'Goethe and Love' 3 disappointed to have heard a philosophical discussion of love rather than a graphic description of Goethe's amorous conquests (Gassen and Landmann, 1958: 277).

Even though the “clitoris” is the organ homologous to the “penis,” this term may not be commonly used as the female counterpart to the penis. We conducted three studies to examine the usage of terminology for female sexual anatomy. In the first study 57 books in a university computer database for “sex instruction” were examined for the inclusion of terms such as penis, clitoris, vagina, vulva, and uterus. Penis was mentioned more often than either the clitoris or vulva in these books. In the second and third studies we investigated the terminology used by college students as well as their sexual attitudes and knowledge. Participants in the studies were Euro-American (76%/76%, Study 2/Study 3 respectively), Hispanic (18%/14%), and African American (4%/7%); students reported that they were overwhelmingly taught vagina as the female counterpart to the penis. Believing that the inner portion of the vagina is the most sexually sensitive part of the female body correlated with negative at...

Purpose: The current study was structured in two separate stages: study one aimed to determine the reliability of the Catapult Minimax x3 accelerometer in the assessment of isolated mixed martial arts (MMA) specific techniques; study two aimed to measure the workload demands of simulated MMA bouts. Study One: Eight male MMA trained participants (age = 25.5 ± 4.5 yrs) performed a series of 10 standing striking techniques (5 occurrences of each), 6 ground striking techniques (5 occurrences of each) and 2 takedown techniques (5 occurrences of each) whilst wearing a Minimax x3 accelerometer. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) (reliability threshold ≥ .700) found that all techniques showed intra-unit reliability for player load (PL) (ICC = .700-.970) and accumulated player load (PL ACC) (ICC = .794-.984) with the exception of PL for left knee (ICC = .476) and right knee (ICC = .667). Offensive double leg takedowns caused the greatest PL ACC (1.36 ± 0.40 au) whilst the greatest PL was caused by defending single leg takedowns (2.90 ± 1.46 au). Amongst the standing strikes, the cross punching technique caused the greatest PL (3.40 ± 0.53 au) and left body kick resulted in the greatest PL ACC (0.69 ± 0.12 au) whilst right elbow caused the greatest PL ACC (0.65 ± 0.15 au) and PL (3.89 ± 0.82 au) within the ground strikes. In terms of cardinal plane accelerations, all techniques with the exception of defending double leg and single leg takedowns displayed least acceleration in the Y axis (0.40 ± 0.29-2.45 ± 1.96 au) and the greatest acceleration in the X axis (0.99 ± 0.31-6.56 ± 0.73 au). Paired samples t-tests (p≤ .05) found the only techniques that demonstrated differences in PL between the left and right sides of the body was ground punches (t (14) =-4.201; p= .001). No other significant differences were found. Study Two: Six male MMA trained participants (age = 26.17 ± 5.04 yrs) took part in a single MMA sparring bout each (3 rounds of 5 minutes, 1 minute rest between rounds) whilst wearing a Minimax x3. The bouts were recorded in their entirety and time motion analysis (TMA) was completed through Longomatch 0.18. Capillary lactate samples were taken prior to warm up, post warm up, upon completion of each round and 5 minutes after the completion of the bout. Mean PL was recorded for each technique used in the bouts whilst mean PL ACC and mean accumulated player load per minute (PL ACC .min-1) was calculated for each round and for the bouts in total. It was found that MMA participants had a PL ACC of 224.32 ± 26.59 au and a PL ACC .min-1 of 14.91 ± 1.78 au. Three techniques used during the sparring bouts were found to have significantly different PL (p< .05) than the same techniques in isolation according to paired samples t tests, however seven techniques displayed moderate to large effect sizes (Cohen"s d). The participants had a mean post bout lactate of 9.25 ± 2.96 Mmol.L and a delta lactate (ΔLac) of 3.87 ± 0.85 Mmol.L and MMA sparring causes a significant change in blood lactate concentration according to one-way ANOVA (F (5, 30) = 5.774, p= .001). PL ACC (r=-.952, p= .198) and PL ACC .min-1 (r=-.939, p= .223) displayed direct negative correlations to lactate prodcution by round according to Pearson"s correlation (p≤ 0.05). The group was found to have a work to rest ratio (W:R) of 1.01:1 whilst a significant difference was found between bout winners and bout losers in terms of the amount of succesful takedowns according to paired samples t tests (t (2) = 5.196, p= .035). Conclusion: Study one confirmed the Minimax x3 is a reliable tool for measuring PL and PL ACC in some MMA techniques whilst also revealing the sensitivity of the unit in highlighting the loss or changes of correct technique. Study two showed that the Minimax x3 is sensitive enough to monitor fatigue of the athletes during bouts whilst also giving a clear picture of how a competitor changes their technique or movement v CONTENTS Page STUDENT DECLARATION ii ABSTRACT iii LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES ix TERMS AND DEFINITIONS x ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS xii CHAPTER 1-INTRODUCTION  1.1 Background of Mixed Martial Arts 1 1 CHAPTER 2-LITERATURE REVIEW  2.1 Physiological and Anthropometric Characteristics of Mixed Martial Arts Competitors 5 5  2.2 Quantifying the Physical and Physiological Demands of Performance 7 o 2.2.1 Introduction to Maximal Oxygen Consumption Testing 7 xi measured in millimoles per litre (Mmol.L). Leg Kick The technique of a fighter kicking an opponent to the thigh. Maximal Oxygen Uptake (V o 2 max) The maximum amount of oxygen that can be consumed and used every minute. It is expressed as either litres per minute (L.min-1) (absolute) or millilitres per kilogram per minute (ml.kg.min-1) (relative). Mount A position within BJJ whereby one competitor assumes a dominant position by sitting on the torso of the opponent with their legs either side of the opponent"s body. Muay Thai A striking sport of SouthEast Asian origin in which the competitors strike each other with their fists, elbows, feet and knees in standing positions only. xii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to give my heartfelt thanks to the following people who have supported and assisted me throughout my research: My supervisory team, in particular Dr Howard Hurst, who has provided endless support, guidance and teaching over the course of my studies. My family and girlfriend, whose belief has spurred me on during the most difficult stages of this process. All the MMA coaches and fighters who gave up their free time and facilities to take part in the study. To my employer for the provision of funding and time that has enabled me to take this path. And finally, to everyone who has had a hand in creating, nurturing and developing this amazing sport through to its current potential and beyond.

in a training session, whereas internal load refers to the physiological response of the individual to the imposed external load [8]. Due to the combative nature of submission grappling, there are inherent difficulties in directly measuring internal and external loads of participation [9]. Proxy measures of external load such as time motion analysis (TMA) suggest that submission grappling is an intermittent activity with effort:pause ratios between 6:1 and 13:1, comprised of effort periods of 85-290 s and pauses of 5-44 s [10, 11]. More recently, however, internal load measured directly by heart rate (HR) during simulated competition revealed physiological responses to submission grappling may be relatively stable [6, 12]. Therefore, whilst specific physical actions in submission grappling may be interrmittant and acyclic, the physiological responses to these actions may not be. As such, methodological limitations inherent within TMA may limit its ability to fully elucidate the contribution of discrete movements or Original Paper

Socjologia zmysłów jest tą subdyscypliną socjologii, której narzędzia badawcze nie są często stosowane przez badaczy nauk społecznych. Mogłoby się wydawać, że ta perspektywa badawcza wydaje się być pozornie niesocjologiczna, ale spoglądając głębiej można przekonać się, że to właśnie zmysły determinują i określają życie człowieka począwszy od jego codziennego funkcjonowania do podejmowania decyzji konsumpcyjnych, formułowania poglądów i opinii politycznych, czy też wpływania na odczucia emocjonalne innych osób. Współcześnie ludzie zaczęli bardzo dużą wagę przywiązywać do swojego ciała, zapachów, dźwięków oraz architektury wnętrz. Zmieniło się postrzeganie wcześniej "zwykłych" przestrzeni takich jak lotniska, centra handlowe, czy chociażby uniwersytety, a człowiek nastawiony jest przede wszystkim na doznania emocjonalne oraz zmysłowe w każdej przestrzeni. Dlatego w artykule chciałabym zaproponować przykład odwołania się do metod socjologii zmysłów w zakresie postrzegania przestrzeni sklepu przez jego konsumentów. Za przykład posłużył mi sklep sieci Hollister, którego celem marketingowym było oddziaływanie na wszystkie zmysły konsumentów, co stało się znakiem rozpoznawczym tej marki w całym świecie.

This article describes the sensory experiences of fighting through an ethnography of mixed martial arts (MMA). MMA is an emergent sport where competitors in a ring or cage utilize strikes (punches, kicks, elbows, and knees) as well as submission techniques to defeat opponents. This sensory ethnography involves, inter alia, the documentation of the rhythms pertaining to the cadence of drills, the flow of sparring and grappling sessions, the attunement of bodies to other bodies through touch, the beat of music accompanying training sessions, the smell of sweat and flatulence, and the throbbing pain that is registered through taste. This article relies on 45 in-depth interviews with mixed martial art fighters and participant observation over a four-year period.

Copyright © 2013 Tony Myers et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons At-tribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Background: Muay Thai is a combat sport growing in international popularity. Previous research has highlighted marked jurisdictional differences in the judging systems employed, but no studies have com-pared techniques used by fighters across geographic regions or have been on how these might be a func-tion of the different judging systems employed. This paper aimed to address this issue by examining dif-ferences in technique selection and application between Thai and UK Muay Thai fighters using notational analysis. Method: The winners of thirty-two fights involving 16 Thai and 16 UK fighters were analysed. Three multilevel Poisson regression models were used to estimate differences in technique frequency and key performance indicators ...

The nexus between emotions and identities has long been accepted. Moving away from macro categories of group-identity, the present study takes a micro-sociologist perspective in focusing on individuals’ emotion management as related to accomplishing identity tasks in interaction. Using natural talk in conversation, we propose a micro-analysis o f the unfolding of different emotion-identity strategies throughout a specific encounter. In a previous study we examined the verbal performance of young Israeli men during an offensive bargaining-episode. The present study focuses on 12 of these subjects’ retrospective accounts of this negative experience during an unstructured interview. Assuming that the in­ terview setting imposes on interviewees certain interactional rules, notably the expectation to perform emotion-exposure, we ask how these speakers abide such expectations in ac­ cordance with their broader cultural models of self. Analysis shows that without being asked specifically a...

In sports studies, the body of research focussing on combat sports has developed, but so far few studies regarding the experience of starting a fight. In order to comprehend the process of starting a fight, this study aims to investigate and describe it through both a comparative and phenomenological approach of Brazilian karate, capoeira and mixed martial arts (MMA) practitioners (n = 11, 7, 11, respectively). Semi-structured interviews were conducted and in the analysis we used a phenomenological perspective. Most of the karatekas described the distance adjustment and bowing to their opponent as the beginning of the combat. Capoeiristas highlighted the sound of music and the roda, referring to the way they organize themselves to start fighting. MMA athletes commonly described the beginning of the fight as when they start the camp, from the weigh-in or the octagon entrance. Using the phenomenology of Merleau-Ponty, the process of beginning a fight can be understood as a relationship between a bodily consciousness and the world. The findings in this paper concur with the phenomenological understanding, according to which actions are not seen as randomly executed: instead they are pre-reflexively and corporeally understood, as well as situated within a specific context; this is illustrated in the manner a fight within each modality seems to begin somewhat differently, according to the specific modality in question. These results help us comprehend the beginning of the fight in which body and world are constantly intertwined. Future directions include comprehension of the fighting experience as a whole, understanding the perception and movement of these fighters through the entire combat, and enhancing phenomenological studies regarding bodily experiences.

The nexus between emotions and identities has long been accepted. Moving away from macro categories of group-identity, the present study takes a micro-sociologist perspective in focusing on individuals’ emotion management as related to accomplishing identity tasks in interaction. Using natural talk in conversation, we propose a micro-analysis o f the unfolding of different emotion-identity strategies throughout a specific encounter. In a previous study we examined the verbal performance of young Israeli men during an offensive bargaining-episode. The present study focuses on 12 of these subjects’ retrospective accounts of this negative experience during an unstructured interview. Assuming that the in­ terview setting imposes on interviewees certain interactional rules, notably the expectation to perform emotion-exposure, we ask how these speakers abide such expectations in ac­ cordance with their broader cultural models of self. Analysis shows that without being asked specifically a...