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Outline

Title
Abstract
FAQs
Figures
Literature Review
Introduction to Maximal Oxygen Consumption Testing
Limitations of Lactate Sampling
Time Motion Analysis of Combat Sports
Limitations of Time Motion Analysis
Workload Assessment Methods
Introduction
Hypotheses
Protocols
Statistical Analysis
Results
Discussion
Hypothesis
Methods
Participants
Materials
Video Based Time Motion Analysis
Raw Data Organisation
Descriptive Statistics
Time Motion Analysis
Conclusion
Further Study
Limitations
References
All Topics
Engineering

The Workload Demands of Mixed Martial Arts

Profile image of Christopher KirkChristopher Kirk

2014

Abstract

Purpose: The current study was structured in two separate stages: study one aimed to determine the reliability of the Catapult Minimax x3 accelerometer in the assessment of isolated mixed martial arts (MMA) specific techniques; study two aimed to measure the workload demands of simulated MMA bouts. Study One: Eight male MMA trained participants (age = 25.5 ± 4.5 yrs) performed a series of 10 standing striking techniques (5 occurrences of each), 6 ground striking techniques (5 occurrences of each) and 2 takedown techniques (5 occurrences of each) whilst wearing a Minimax x3 accelerometer. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) (reliability threshold ≥ .700) found that all techniques showed intra-unit reliability for player load (PL) (ICC = .700-.970) and accumulated player load (PL ACC) (ICC = .794-.984) with the exception of PL for left knee (ICC = .476) and right knee (ICC = .667). Offensive double leg takedowns caused the greatest PL ACC (1.36 ± 0.40 au) whilst the greatest PL was caused by defending single leg takedowns (2.90 ± 1.46 au). Amongst the standing strikes, the cross punching technique caused the greatest PL (3.40 ± 0.53 au) and left body kick resulted in the greatest PL ACC (0.69 ± 0.12 au) whilst right elbow caused the greatest PL ACC (0.65 ± 0.15 au) and PL (3.89 ± 0.82 au) within the ground strikes. In terms of cardinal plane accelerations, all techniques with the exception of defending double leg and single leg takedowns displayed least acceleration in the Y axis (0.40 ± 0.29-2.45 ± 1.96 au) and the greatest acceleration in the X axis (0.99 ± 0.31-6.56 ± 0.73 au). Paired samples t-tests (p≤ .05) found the only techniques that demonstrated differences in PL between the left and right sides of the body was ground punches (t (14) =-4.201; p= .001). No other significant differences were found. Study Two: Six male MMA trained participants (age = 26.17 ± 5.04 yrs) took part in a single MMA sparring bout each (3 rounds of 5 minutes, 1 minute rest between rounds) whilst wearing a Minimax x3. The bouts were recorded in their entirety and time motion analysis (TMA) was completed through Longomatch 0.18. Capillary lactate samples were taken prior to warm up, post warm up, upon completion of each round and 5 minutes after the completion of the bout. Mean PL was recorded for each technique used in the bouts whilst mean PL ACC and mean accumulated player load per minute (PL ACC .min-1) was calculated for each round and for the bouts in total. It was found that MMA participants had a PL ACC of 224.32 ± 26.59 au and a PL ACC .min-1 of 14.91 ± 1.78 au. Three techniques used during the sparring bouts were found to have significantly different PL (p< .05) than the same techniques in isolation according to paired samples t tests, however seven techniques displayed moderate to large effect sizes (Cohen"s d). The participants had a mean post bout lactate of 9.25 ± 2.96 Mmol.L and a delta lactate (ΔLac) of 3.87 ± 0.85 Mmol.L and MMA sparring causes a significant change in blood lactate concentration according to one-way ANOVA (F (5, 30) = 5.774, p= .001). PL ACC (r=-.952, p= .198) and PL ACC .min-1 (r=-.939, p= .223) displayed direct negative correlations to lactate prodcution by round according to Pearson"s correlation (p≤ 0.05). The group was found to have a work to rest ratio (W:R) of 1.01:1 whilst a significant difference was found between bout winners and bout losers in terms of the amount of succesful takedowns according to paired samples t tests (t (2) = 5.196, p= .035). Conclusion: Study one confirmed the Minimax x3 is a reliable tool for measuring PL and PL ACC in some MMA techniques whilst also revealing the sensitivity of the unit in highlighting the loss or changes of correct technique. Study two showed that the Minimax x3 is sensitive enough to monitor fatigue of the athletes during bouts whilst also giving a clear picture of how a competitor changes their technique or movement v CONTENTS Page STUDENT DECLARATION ii ABSTRACT iii LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES ix TERMS AND DEFINITIONS x ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS xii CHAPTER 1-INTRODUCTION  1.1 Background of Mixed Martial Arts 1 1 CHAPTER 2-LITERATURE REVIEW  2.1 Physiological and Anthropometric Characteristics of Mixed Martial Arts Competitors 5 5  2.2 Quantifying the Physical and Physiological Demands of Performance 7 o 2.2.1 Introduction to Maximal Oxygen Consumption Testing 7 xi measured in millimoles per litre (Mmol.L). Leg Kick The technique of a fighter kicking an opponent to the thigh. Maximal Oxygen Uptake (V o 2 max) The maximum amount of oxygen that can be consumed and used every minute. It is expressed as either litres per minute (L.min-1) (absolute) or millilitres per kilogram per minute (ml.kg.min-1) (relative). Mount A position within BJJ whereby one competitor assumes a dominant position by sitting on the torso of the opponent with their legs either side of the opponent"s body. Muay Thai A striking sport of SouthEast Asian origin in which the competitors strike each other with their fists, elbows, feet and knees in standing positions only. xii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to give my heartfelt thanks to the following people who have supported and assisted me throughout my research: My supervisory team, in particular Dr Howard Hurst, who has provided endless support, guidance and teaching over the course of my studies. My family and girlfriend, whose belief has spurred me on during the most difficult stages of this process. All the MMA coaches and fighters who gave up their free time and facilities to take part in the study. To my employer for the provision of funding and time that has enabled me to take this path. And finally, to everyone who has had a hand in creating, nurturing and developing this amazing sport through to its current potential and beyond.

FAQs

sparkles

AI

What key findings emerged from work with the Minimax x3 in MMA?add

The study demonstrates that the Minimax x3 reliably assesses physical loads during MMA training, yielding data indicating significant variation in accelerations across techniques.

How do MMA athletes' physiological responses compare to other combat sports?add

MMA competitors exhibit mean V̇o2max values between 55.5 to 60 ml.kg -1.min -1, situating them in the upper range compared to wrestling (54.6 ml.kg -1.min -1) and judo (47.3 ml.kg -1.min -1).

What were the observed lactate levels during competitive MMA bouts?add

Lactate levels peaked at 4.90 mmol.L after rounds, with a group average increase of 3.87 ± 0.85 mmol.L over the bouts, indicating high anaerobic demands.

What differences were found in workload during sparring versus isolation training?add

Sparring bouts showed lower physical loads for striking compared to isolation techniques, while grappling efforts exhibited higher workloads due to opponent resistance.

What implications arise from the observed work-to-rest ratios in MMA?add

MMA competitors showed a 1:1 work-to-rest ratio, differing from other striking and grappling sports, potentially impacting training strategies and conditioning approaches.

Figures (36)
Figure 1.1 —- Competition Standard 142 gram MMA gloves 2D movement measurement (Bowerman et al., 2013).
Figure 1.1 —- Competition Standard 142 gram MMA gloves 2D movement measurement (Bowerman et al., 2013).
strikes when analysing the accelerometer data.
strikes when analysing the accelerometer data.
their set of TD. accelerometers were switched off and on again and the next participant completed
their set of TD. accelerometers were switched off and on again and the next participant completed
Figure 1.6 —- Output showing how each separate technique was identified
Figure 1.6 —- Output showing how each separate technique was identified
Figure 1.7 - Output showing the two separate peaks of PL during an isolated takedown the data, Acc1 and Acc2 were recorded separately.
Figure 1.7 - Output showing the two separate peaks of PL during an isolated takedown the data, Acc1 and Acc2 were recorded separately.
Table 1.1 — ICC of Isolated Standing Strikes.
Table 1.1 — ICC of Isolated Standing Strikes.
3.3.1.3 Isolation Takedowns The ICC for both TD offensive and TD defensive for the double leg and single leg lower bound values. takedowns revealed high reliability. elbow strikes had high reliability, the knee strikes showed low reliability with very low
3.3.1.3 Isolation Takedowns The ICC for both TD offensive and TD defensive for the double leg and single leg lower bound values. takedowns revealed high reliability. elbow strikes had high reliability, the knee strikes showed low reliability with very low
Table 1.4 — ICC of Standing Strikes PLacc 3.3.2.2 Isolation Ground Strikes
Table 1.4 — ICC of Standing Strikes PLacc 3.3.2.2 Isolation Ground Strikes
Table 1.5 —ICC of Ground Strikes PLacc
Table 1.5 —ICC of Ground Strikes PLacc
t indicates results were calculated from seven sets of data due to accelerometer errors Table 1.6 — ICC for Isolated Takedowns
t indicates results were calculated from seven sets of data due to accelerometer errors Table 1.6 — ICC for Isolated Takedowns
shown in Table 1.7.
shown in Table 1.7.
Table 1.8 - Mean Accelerometer Values for the Ground Isolation Strikes
Table 1.8 - Mean Accelerometer Values for the Ground Isolation Strikes
t indicates results were calculated from seven sets of data due to accelerometer errors single leg TD defensive, separated into Acc One and Acc Two
t indicates results were calculated from seven sets of data due to accelerometer errors single leg TD defensive, separated into Acc One and Acc Two
Figure 1.8 — The Difference in Torso Position on Two Subsequent Right Body Kicks movement which can be displayed via the calculation of the ICC.
Figure 1.8 — The Difference in Torso Position on Two Subsequent Right Body Kicks movement which can be displayed via the calculation of the ICC.
Figure 1.9 — The Difference in Torso Position on Two Subsequent Right Hooks
Figure 1.9 — The Difference in Torso Position on Two Subsequent Right Hooks
Figure 1.10a — Knee Strike Showing Torso at 43.1° to Ground
Figure 1.10a — Knee Strike Showing Torso at 43.1° to Ground
Figure 1.11 — Left elbow strike showing little opportunity for variation of torso movement on subsequent strikes due to fixed position of pelvis and relatively low range of movement required been explored in the literature. This is discussed further in Chapter 6.
Figure 1.11 — Left elbow strike showing little opportunity for variation of torso movement on subsequent strikes due to fixed position of pelvis and relatively low range of movement required been explored in the literature. This is discussed further in Chapter 6.
Figure 1.12 — Key Accelerations of TD Double Leg
Figure 1.12 — Key Accelerations of TD Double Leg
Figure 1.13 — Diagram Showing the Direction of Movement of a Cross participant uses in a strike attempt, the higher the resulting PLacc. The same result can be seen in the ground isolation strikes, where the lowest >
Figure 1.13 — Diagram Showing the Direction of Movement of a Cross participant uses in a strike attempt, the higher the resulting PLacc. The same result can be seen in the ground isolation strikes, where the lowest >
Figure 1.14 — Key Accelerations of TD Single Leg Offensive
Figure 1.14 — Key Accelerations of TD Single Leg Offensive
Figure 1.15 — 198.5 gram MMA Sparring Glove Minimax x3 secured in harness, competition standard shorts, gum shield and either a
Figure 1.15 — 198.5 gram MMA Sparring Glove Minimax x3 secured in harness, competition standard shorts, gum shield and either a
Table 1.11 — Mean + SD PLacc and PLacc.min”™ of Each Round of the Sparring Bouts
Table 1.11 — Mean + SD PLacc and PLacc.min”™ of Each Round of the Sparring Bouts
Figure 1.16 — Relationships Between Lactate (Mmol.L), PLacc-min” (au) and PLacc (au)
Figure 1.16 — Relationships Between Lactate (Mmol.L), PLacc-min” (au) and PLacc (au)
Table 1.14 - Mean and Total Time(s) of each Time Motion Analysis Category
Table 1.14 - Mean and Total Time(s) of each Time Motion Analysis Category

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Wojciech Czarny

Frontiers in Physiology, 2021

Background: Kickboxing is a combat sport with various forms of competition. Kickboxing according to the K1 rules is one of the most interesting and quickly developing forms of kickboxing. According to the K1 rules, it is possible to use a variety of techniques with great force. The aim of this study was to investigate the physiological responses during a real sports fight and to perform a technical and tactical analysis of the kickboxing bout according to the K1 rules.Methods: This study was conducted during two cycles of the international kickboxing league according to the K1 rules in a group of 15 elite athletes. The indicators of technical and tactical training were evaluated in real sports bout. Blood lactate (LA) levels and heart rate (HR) were measured during and after the bout.Results: The efficiency of the attack was on average 59.3 ± 2.7, its effectiveness was 50.3 ± 10.01, and its activeness was 112.3 ± 29. The peak LA concentration was 14.6 ± 1.9 mmol/L. LA concentration ...

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Physiological responses and physical performance of advanced and novice athletes in a specific MMA test
Eduardo D O S S A N T O S Figueira Rodrigues

Physiological responses and physical performance of advanced and novice athletes in a specific MMA test, 2024

ABSTRACTInMixed Martial Arts (MMA), the evaluation of athletes' performance is carried out mostly through non-specific tests. Sofar, there is only one specific test, the Anaerobic Specific Assessment for Mixed Martial Arts (ASAMMA). Thus, the objective of the present study was to apply ASAMMAtoMMA athletes and compare their performance according to the competitive level.In the present study, 20 MMA athletes were involved, 10 advanced(ADV: 33.80±4.80 years; height 179.40±9.31 cm and 88.50±20.83 kg) and 10 novices (NOV: 34.50±5.81 years; 174.90±5.99 cm and 86.00±10.68 kg). In the first experimental session, anthropometric, resting heart rate (HR) and lactate (LA) measurements were performed. In the second session, ASAMMAwas applied. Due to the physiological demand of the evaluation, ADVathletes performed three rounds, and the NOV only performed one round. At the end of each round, the following were recorded: i) HR values, ii) blood LA concentration, iii) total number of sequences performed per round and iv) fatigue index in ASAMMA.Regarding mean HR, differences were observed between groups (ADV: 167±7.27 bpm and 89.2±11.9% of maximum HR; NOV: 179±3.8 bpm and 96.3±3, 7% of maximum HR; p<0.001). After the first round, LA concentrationwas 15.08±2.86 mmol/L in ADV and 17.15±1.36 mmol/L in NOV (p = 0.054). Among ADV, the LA increased throughout the rounds (F(2,10)= 5.81; p = 0.0111; η² = 0.39). ADV athletes performed a higher number of sequences in the first round (71.8±7.87 versus 65.6±2.87 repetitions; p=0.003). However, in the analysis of repeated measures, a reduction in the number of sequences was observed throughout the rounds (F(2,10)= 14.37; p < 0.001). Negative correlations were found between body fat percentage and ASAMMAperformance (p<0.05) and between mean HR and ASAMMAperformance (p<0.01).ASAMMAcan discriminate between advanced and novice athletes, both from a physiological (using heart rate as an indicator) and physical point of view, based on the number of sequences of movements

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Enhancing performance: unveiling the physiological impact of submaximal and supramaximal tests on mixed martial arts athletes in the −61 kg and −66 kg weight divisions
Aleksandro Ferreira Gonçalves

Frontiers in Physiology, 2024

This study delves into the intricate details of Mixed Martial Arts (MMA) by examining key variables such as maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 peak), aerobic energy (EAER), anaerobic energy (EAN), and accumulated O2 deficit (DOA). By investigating associations and comparing athletes in the -61 kg bantamweight and -66 kg featherweight weight divisions, we aim to shed light on their physiological characteristics. The sample consisted of 20 male volunteers separated into two paired groups: ten athletes in the category up to 61 kg (age: 27.7 ± 5.9 years old, height: 170.9 ± 3.4 cm, body mass: 72.8 ± 1.4 kg, fat percentage: 9.5% ± 3.0%, professional experience: 7.5 ± 7.1 years) and ten athletes up to 66 kg (age: 27.6 ± 2.9 years old, height: 176.0 ± 5.5 cm, body mass: 77.0 ± 1.5 kg, fat percentage: 7.85% ± 0.3%, professional experience: 5.5 ± 1.5 years). Remarkably, our findings revealed striking similarities between the two weight divisions. Furthermore, we discovered a negative correlation between VO2 peak and the number of MMA fights, indicating a potential impact of professional experience on aerobic capacity (r = -0.65, p < 0.01). Additionally, the number of fights exhibited negative correlations with anaerobic energy (r = -0.53, p < 0.05) and total energy cost (r = -0.54, p < 0.05). These results provide valuable insights for designing training programs in the context of MMA. While training both weight divisions together can be beneficial, it is equally crucial to incorporate specific weight-class-focused training to address each division's unique physical demands and requirements.

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