Socially-responsible Investing

Over the last decade, there has been an enormous rise in the popularity of socially responsible investment, and driving advancements in research. The principal objective is to visually elucidate the concept of Socially Responsible Investment (SRI) through the presentation of an intellectual framework. In this regard, studies are relatively scarce. This study aims to map the knowledge structure of SRI in Asian countries. It scrutinizes academic literature published between 2013 and 2023, comprising 189 articles indexed in Scopus employing performance analysis, scientific mapping, and network analysis methodologies. This study represents a preliminary exploration into the bibliometric surrounding socially responsible investment, with a particular focus on Asian countries.It uses Biblioshiny and VOSviewer, to identify prominent publications, institutions, nations, and authors, along with the evolution over time. During the period of 2013-2023, 189 publications on Socially Responsible Investment (SRI) were published. Leading authors, including Lean HH, Liu X, and Nakai M, have contributed significantly. Key topics such as 'Socially responsible investment,' 'Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR),' and 'ESG' are essential to current and future discussions. In addition, the study reveals that the growing alignment of CSR and SRI is transforming market dynamics, promoting ethical investment practices, and leveraging performance insights to foster resilience and ensure long-term success. However, given that SRIs align with Sustainable development goals and represent a specialized area of investment, this study holds particular relevance and potential for generating significant outcomes based on existing literature.

Purpose -The present study examines the factors that have an impact on "customer satisfaction" in the context of private utility companies. The main purpose of the study is accomplished through the development and the empirical testing of a conceptual framework (research model). The proposed framework includes six dimensions (research factors): (a) tangibles, (b) reliability, (c) responsiveness, (d) assurance, (e) empathy, and (f) customer satisfaction. Design/methodology/approach -The present study adopted the SERVQUAL approach (model), only after analytically testing its suitability for use within the investigated area. In that direction, the focus group methodology was used. Finally, the proposed conceptual framework was tested on a random sample of gas consumers residing in the area of Thessaloniki, Greece. The final sample consisted of 437 adult consumers. The reliability and the validity of the questionnaire were thoroughly examined. Empirical data were analysed using the "Structural Equation Modelling" (SEM) technique. The present study is empirical, explanatory, deductive and, mainly, quantitative. Findings -Empirical results indicate that "reliability" has the highest impact on "customer satisfaction", while "empathy" has no impact at all. More specifically, the impact of "reliability" on "customer satisfaction" is indirect, mediated through three other dimensions of the conceptual framework (namely, "tangibles", "responsiveness" and "empathy"). Research limitations/implications -A limitation stemming from the implemented methodology is the use of self-reported scales for the measurement of the six research factors. Moreover, the paper lacks a longitudinal approach. Finally, the empirical research (survey) is focused on one organisation and, therefore, offers relatively limited generalizability. Originality/value -Very few studies have utilised the SERVQUAL approach in the context of an explanatory research. This approach offers a unique understanding of the relationship that exist between its five dimensions (factors) (tangibles, reliability, responsiveness, assurance, empathy). Such an approach has very rarely been attempted in the relevant literature.

Purpose – The present study examines the factors that have an impact on "customer satisfaction" in the context of private utility companies. The main purpose of the study is accomplished through the development and the empirical testing of a conceptual frame-work (research model). The proposed framework includes six dimensions (research factors): (a) tangibles, (b) reliability, (c) responsiveness, (d) assurance, (e) empathy, and (f) customer satisfaction. Design/methodology/approach – The present study adopted the SERVQUAL approach (model), only after analytically testing its suitability for use within the investigated area. In that direction, the focus group methodology was used. Finally, the proposed con-ceptual framework was tested on a random sample of gas consumers residing in the area of Thessaloniki, Greece. The final sample consisted of 437 adult consumers. The reliability and the validity of the questionnaire were thoroughly examined. Empirical data were analysed ...

This paper aims to analyze the role of financial institutions as shareholders of non financial listed firms. After revising the main characteristics of the two-types of financial systems (market and bank oriented) and presenting the theoretical framework of the benefits and costs of financial stockholdings, the paper describes the actual situation. Banks and savings institutions are active and qualified investors. They act more as significant shareholders than as main shareholders. Savings institutions, themselves or through their corporations have a more diversify portfolio. They invest in more non financial firms than banks. During 2006, banks have disinvested in several companies.

This book is dedicated with optimism about our future to my newborn, Lara Catrina Seligman use your highest strengths and talents more effectively. Finally, optimism is invaluable for the meaningful life. With a firm belief in a positive future you can throw yourself into the service of that which is larger than you are. Wynnewood, Pennsylvania July 15, 2005 all the B students, for instance; measure their self-esteem and then come back in June. If self-esteem causes grades to change, the B students with high self-esteem will tend to go up toward A's, and the B students with low self-esteem will go down toward C's. There is nothing of this sort to be found in the literature. Self-esteem seems only to be a symptom, a correlate, of how well a person is doing in the world. Until January 1996, I believed that self-esteem was merely a meter with little, if any, causal efficacy. The lead article in the Psychological Review convinced me that I was wrong, and that self-esteem is causal: Roy Baumeister and his colleagues (1996) 3 reviewed the literature on genocidal killers, on hit men, on gang leaders, and on violent criminals. They argued that these perpetrators have high self-esteem, and that their unwarranted self-esteem causes violence. Baumeister's work suggests that if you teach unwarrantedly high self-esteem to children, problems will ensue. A sub-group of these children will also have a mean streak in them. When these children confront the real world, and it tells them they are not as great as they have been taught, they will lash out with violence. So it is possible that the twin epidemics among young people in the United States today, depression and violence, both come from this misbegotten concern: valuing how our young people feel about themselves more highly than how we value how well they are doing in the world. If boosting self-esteem is not the answer to curbing the epidemic of depression, what can be done? Since the first edition of Learned Optimism was published, my colleagues 4 and I have been doing two sets of projects at the University of Pennsylvania: one with young adults, Penn freshman; and the second with children right before puberty. Our logic is to take young people at risk for depression, teach them the skills of learned optimism that you will read about in Chapters 11-13 of this book, and ask if we can thereby prevent depressive and anxiety disorders. Starting in the spring of 1991, when students accepted their admissions to the University of Pennsylvania, they then got a letter from me by return mail. It asked them to take a questionnaire, a version of which is included in Chapter 3. Most of them sent the questionnaire back filled out. We scored it, and then students in the bottom quarter of pessimism got another letter from me saying that when they arrived in September, we were going to be running workshops about how to cope with this unfamiliar new environment; if they were willing, they would be randomized either into a control group or into one of these workshops. So for the last several years, the most pessimistic quarter of Penn's freshman class has been in these workshops, or has been in our assessment-only control group. We teach two sets of skills in the workshop, conducted in groups of ten by Penn's talented clinical psychology graduate students: We teach people the skills detailed in Chapters 11-13, and an additional set of behavioral skills, including assertive training, graded task assignment, and stress management. After eighteen months of follow-up, I can report our first results with 119 people in the control group, and 106 who took the 16-hour learnedoptimism workshop. Every six months each person had a complete diagnostic interview, and we looked at moderate and severe episodes of depression and anxiety. Thirty-two percent of the students in the control group had a moderate to severe episode of depression, in contrast to 22 percent of the group that was in the preventive workshop. Similar results were obtained for generalized anxiety disorder: 15 percent of the controls had an episode of generalized anxiety disorder, versus only 7 percent of people who took the workshop. We also found that it was the change from pessimism to optimism that caused the prevention of depression and anxiety. My colleagues and I have recently launched the parallel learnedoptimism program with schoolchildren of various ages. 5 Five studies teach ten-to twelve-year-old children the cognitive and behavioral antidepression skills from Chapters 11-13 in this book. In these studies we select children for two risk factors: one is mild symptoms of depression, and the other is their parents' fighting a lot. Each of these factors predicts depression in young children. If a child scores high on either of these, the child is then eligible for our training program. Anti-depression skills are taught to groups of ten children after school, using skits, cartoons, role playing, and lots of refreshments. (You will find the methods outlined in Chapter 13, and detailed in The Optimistic Child.) I will tell you about only one study here, the one with longest followup. It was done in Abington Township, near Philadelphia (Jaycox, Reivich, Gillham and Seligman, 1994; Gillham, Reivich, Jaycox, and Seligman, 1996). 6 The findings of the Abington study revealed the following: 1. Over the two-year follow-up, the overall percentage of children who show symptoms in the moderate to severe range of depression is shockingly high (between 20 percent and 45 percent). 2. The children who took the optimism workshop had only about half the rate of moderate or severe depressive symptoms as the control group. 3. Immediately after the workshop, the untreated group had significantly more depressive symptoms than the group that took the optimism workshop. 4. The benefits of learned optimism grow over time. As the children in the control group went through puberty, got their first social and sexual rejections, and moved from top dog in middle school to the bottom of the heap in high school, they got more and more depressed when compared to children in the optimism group. At twenty-four months forty-four percent of them had moderate to severe depressive symptoms, whereas only twenty two percent of the optimism group have moderate or severe symptoms. Teaching children learned optimism before puberty, but late enough in childhood so that they are metacognitive (capable of thinking about thinking), is a fruitful strategy. When the immunized children use these skills to cope with the first rejections of puberty, they get better and better at using these skills. Our analysis shows that the change from pessimism to optimism is at least partly responsible for the prevention of depressive symptoms. As you read this book, you will see that there is an epidemic of depression among adults and among children in the United States today. As Chapters 6-10 document, depression is not just about mental suffering; it is also about lowered productivity and worsened physical health. If this epidemic continues, I believe that America's place in the world will be in jeopardy. America will lose its economic place to less pessimistic nations than ours, and this pessimism will sap our will to bring about social justice in our own country. This problem will not be ended by Prozac. We are not going to give anti-depressant drugs to an entire generation. Anti-depressant drugs are ineffective before puberty, and there are grave moral dangers to making an entire generation dependent on drugs for their mood and their productivity. We are also not going to do therapy with an entire generation, because there are simply not enough good therapists to go around. What we can do is to take the skills that you will learn in this book and translate them into an educative mode. In the schools and homes of America, we can teach them to all young people at risk for depression, thereby overcoming depression in our own lives, and in the lives of our children.

I. ORIGEN DEL PRINCIPIO Y EVOLUCIÓN. 1. Del Informe Olivencia al Código de Buen Gobierno de las sociedades cotizadas. 2. Asistencia, participación e implicación del accionista. 2.1. Superar la apatía racional y el absentismo en la junta general. 2.2. La participación del accionista como medio de revitalización de la junta. 2.3. La participación de los accionistas no es suficiente sin un mayor nivel de asistencia. 2.4. Algo más que asistencia o participación: la implicación del accionista. II. UBICACIÓN SISTEMÁTICA DEL PRINCIPIO. 1. Relaciones sistemáticas internas. 1.1. Política de prima de asistencia como política de la junta general. 1.2. Política de prima de asistencia como política del consejo de administración. 1.3. Política de prima de asistencia y la regla cumplir o explicar. 2. Relaciones sistemáticas externas. III. LA POLÍTICA DE PRIMA DE ASISTENCIA COMO PROPIA DEL MODELO ESPAÑOL DE GOBIERNO CORPORATIVO 1. La prima de asistencia como instrumento de la práctica societaria. 1.1. Algunas referencias normativas. 1.2. La cuestión de la posible modalización de la prima de asistencia. 2. Pago de primas de asistencia y buen gobierno corporativo. 3. Consecuencias de la conexión entre prima de asistencia y derecho de asistencia. 3.1. Beneficiarios de la prima de asistencia. 3.2. Procedencia de la prima de asistencia en supuestos especiales. 4. El consejo de administración ante la prima de asistencia a la junta general. 4.1. La política de prima de asistencia a la junta general como facultad del consejo. 4.2. Pervivencia de dos sistemas: primas de asistencia singulares y políticas de prima de asistencia. Autorregulación y motivación.

Cette étude analyse la mise en œuvre de la Responsabilité Sociétale des Entreprises (RSE) au sein des PME de Bukavu.
Elle présente le cadre conceptuel de la RSE, identifie les pratiques observées (Gouvernance, Environnement, Social, Parties prenantes) et discutées avantages et limites des PME locales. À partir d'un travail académique réalisé dans le cadre du cours de Marketing à l'U.C.B.(année 2024-2025), le document propose des pistes d'amélioration réalistes pour renforcer l'impact social et la compétitivité des entreprises.

Since the publication of "The Myth of Mental Illness" in 1960, there has been an ongoing debate about Thomas Szasz's ideas concerning mental illness. In this pap~ Szasz's views are summarized, as are the views of Szasz's critics. SpecificaUy, the following areas are addressed: Szasz's definition of disease, his notions regarding the unconscious and rationality, his beliefs regarding culpability, his proposed differences between psychiatry and other branches of medicine, the uses of the term "mental illness," and the possibility of implicating physical lesions in some mental iUnesses. With this discussion as a backdrop, the importance of these issues to mental health practitioners is addressed.

Traditional risk metrics such as Value-at-Risk (VaR) and the Sharpe ratio provide valuable insights but often present an incomplete picture of asset performance. They primarily emphasize either downside risk or average risk-adjusted returns, neglecting the integration of drawdown severity, upside asymmetry, and conditional forward return expectations. This paper introduces Risk and Upside Profiling (RUP), a unified framework that synthesizes three analytical engines: (1) a Drawdown Engine, which quantifies maximum drawdown, recovery duration, and consecutive losses; (2) an Upside Engine, which measures asymmetry in return distributions through gain/loss ratios, Sortino ratio, and Upside Potential Ratio (UPR); and (3) a Forward Expectation Engine, which evaluates conditional forward returns following significant price declines. Using empirical evidence from developed (AAPL, U.S.) and emerging (BBNI, Indonesia) equity markets, RUP provides a more holistic perspective on asset evaluation. Results indicate that RUP offers richer decision-making insights than conventional single-metric approaches, making it highly relevant for both academic research and portfolio management practice.

Este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar a relação entre emprego e renda nas cidades produtoras e não produtoras de café arábica nos estados do Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais e São Paulo. A escolha deste tema se justifica pela significativa importância da produção de café para a economia brasileira e por consequência, foram selecionados os três principais estados produtores do grão no Brasil. O principal foco da pesquisa é investigar a influência socioeconômica da atividade cafeeira, especialmente como ela impacta o emprego e a salário nas regiões produtoras. Para atingir esse objetivo, realizou-se uma pesquisa bibliográfica sobre a produção de café no Brasil, abordando temas como relação de emprego e influência no salário. Além disso, conduziu-se uma pesquisa quantitativa com dados secundários provenientes de fontes governamentais oficiais e institutos especializados em agropecuária brasileira. Os indicadores analisados incluem a quantidade de café arábica produzida (em toneladas), valor da produção, área colhida em hectares, rendimento médio, estoque celetista geral e agropecuário, saldo celetista e média salarial per capita, abrangendo o período de 2017 a 2021. Pode-se afirmar que a produção cafeeira tem um impacto positivo e significativo na maioria dos indicadores econômicos e sociais nas cidades produtoras nos estados de Minas Gerais, Espírito Santo e São Paulo.

This study investigated the interactions of 72 children (ages 7 to 15) with Sony's robotic dog AIBO in comparison to a live Australian Shepherd dog. Results showed that more children conceptualized the live dog, as compared to AIBO, as having physical essences, mental states, sociality, and moral standing. Based on behavioral analyses, children also spent more time touching and within arms distance of the live dog, as compared to AIBO. That said, a surprising majority of children conceptualized and interacted with AIBO in ways that were like a live dog. Discussion focuses on two questions. First, is it possible that a new technological genre is emerging in HCI that challenges traditional ontological categories (e.g., between animate and inanimate)? Second, are pervasive interactions with a wide array of "robotic others" -increasingly sophisticated personified computational artifacts that mimic biological forms and pull psychologically in mental, social, and moral ways -a good thing for human beings?

In 2025, multinational corporations (MNCs) operate amid unprecedented global regulatory scrutiny, driving a transformative shift in corporate governance frameworks. This article systematically analyzes the complex web of regulatory demands affecting MNC governance, focusing on mandatory sustainability reporting regimes, ESG integration, board structure reforms, and compliance challenges arising from diverse international jurisdictions. Drawing on global governance codes, regulatory updates including the IFRS Sustainability Disclosure Standards and the EU's Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive and authoritative guidelines from the OECD and G20, this article critically evaluates how MNCs can enhance governance resilience, ensure compliance, and align stakeholder interests in a rapidly evolving environment. Comprehensive insights guide practitioners in harmonizing regulatory obligations with strategic corporate governance and operational agility, promoting long-term value and accountability.

PurposeThe aim of this paper is to provide a systematic and sound framework for addressing and measuring business social responsibility (BSR) in small and micro enterprises with specific focus on the African context.Design/methodology/approachThe paper is theoretical but has practical applications. The approach was to use principles of BSR from the literature to create a framework for addressing BSR issues in smaller ventures that operate in the African environment. Developing the framework involved operationalizing the linguistic meaning of BSR into observable indicators for it to be measurable. This involved the breaking down of the concept of BSR into dimensions and eventually into measurable elements.FindingsThe framework identifies customer‐, employee‐, and community‐related issues as the key BSR activities of African small businesses. Environmentalism is not a major concern for most of these businesses because they are mostly retail and services in nature; hence their impact o...

Bangladesh is probably among the nation's most at risk from climate change worldwide. Bangladesh is constantly experiencing the effects of climate change, including backwater, coastline erosion, storm surges, and tropical cyclones. Furthermore, a study of 119 years' worth of cyclone data shows that climate change is to blame for the increasing cyclone frequency that Bangladesh is now experiencing in the Bay of Bengal, which is located south of the country. It has been noted recently that climate change has grown to be a signi icant problem impacting the agricultural industry. Climate change's effects on agriculture are a worldwide issue, but for Bangladesh, where agriculture is the foundation of lives and livelihoods, it is becoming a danger to the country's food security. This assumption is based on the fact that crop agriculture is the main driver of the national economy. One of the world's biggest deltas, Bangladesh is particularly susceptible to natural disasters due to its geographic position, low-lying, lat terrain, population density, poverty, illiteracy, lack of institutional structure, and other factors. To put it another way, Bangladesh's physical, social, and

In studies on transnationalism, mobile phones have gained prominent attention as tools that maintain relationships in the event of migration. They have transformed transnational sociality from procedural to a daily event all at the control of the actors who, for example, no longer relies on the post office for letters. Mobile phones provide avenues for social closeness and intimacy, impact social identities, facilitate participation in events dis-embedded from a locality, and help in the expression of belonging and solidarity across national borders. Despite these positive facets, the technology could become a source of discomfort as seen in this contribution, which revolves around the unmet expectations of utilising the device to sustain transnational social closeness. Drawn from a multi-sited study conducted among Cameroonians in Germany and Cameroon, the article demonstrates how the consciousness of the possibilities of direct communication negatively influences an actors’ interp...

Corporate Social Responsibility plays important roles in poverty reduction and in ensuring prosperity of the community surrounding its endeavors. This study uses desktop and library methodology to explore and present the Tanzanian context existing literature and actual facts on the role of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in community development. The paper reveals that between 2001 and 2005 the mining Transnational Corporations (TNCs) along spent about US$ 20.94 million for various community development projects through CSR. It further reveals that in two years 2008 and 2009 different companies across industries spent about US$ 23.8 million for CSR initiatives 48.4% being on health, welfare and education in addition of cumulative amount US$ 6.7 million incurred by five selected companies for five years. It further divulges that the most activities for which substantial Corporate Social responsibility expenditure is incurred are education, healthcare, education, infrastructure (roads) while relative low expenditure is incurred on microfinance, electricity, Youth and HIV AIDS programs. The results imply that that poverty reduction and sustainable development will not be achieved through government actions alone. It requires helpful hands from all stakeholders including the business entities through the CSR initiatives and the like. With this reality countries, developing in particular, should work closely and institute friendly environment(Policy inclusive) that encourage the CSR activities among corporations.

The current debt and growth crisis in Europe has led in Spain to policies of austerity with cutbacks in public spending and private-sector deleveraging. This has made it harder to secure funding in areas such as scientific research and development, where there have been major cuts in both direct funding and government subsidies. Altruistic movements have emerged as a way of offsetting the shortfall. This paper analyses the current situation as regards savings and collective saving instruments in Spain, with the aim of designing alternative ways of channelling socially responsible investing towards scientific R&D.

Research on individuals' attitudes toward corporate social responsibility (CSR) from a micro level has increasingly emerged in recent years, yet the role of spiritual values and principles has been ignored as its antecedents in extant literature. To fill the research gap, we examine the relationship between spirituality and individual CSR attitudes and further analyze this relationship by revealing the mediating role of idealism and the moderating role of relativism. Data were gathered from a two-wave survey conducted in Pakistan and 147 questionnaires were collected. The results indicate that spirituality is positively related to CSR attitudes, and this relationship is mediated by idealism. Relativism strengthens not only the positive relationship between spirituality and idealism but also the indirect relationship between spirituality and CSR attitudes via idealism. The findings contribute to the research on the microfoundations of CSR by taking spirituality into account. Theoretical and practical implications for future research are also discussed.

The purpose of this paper is to explicate the notion of stakeholder engagement and, in doing so, to dispel the common assumption that stakeholder engagement is necessarily a morally responsible practice. Stakeholder engagement is traditionally seen as corporate responsibility in action. Indeed, in some literature there exists an assumption that the more an organisation engages with its stakeholders, the more it is responsible. This simple 'more is better' view of stakeholder engagement belies the true complexity of the relationship between engagement and corporate responsibility. Stakeholder engagement may be understood in a variety of different ways and from a variety of different theoretical perspectives. Engagement based relationships may or may not involve a moral dimension. Hence, from even from an ethical point of view, engagement is not necessarily a moral practice. It is therefore argued that stakeholder engagement must be seen as separate from, but related to, corpo...

This paper discusses the stakes, opportunities and methods appropriate for developing a strategy of corporate social responsibility within the aluminium industry companies in Europe, drawing on institutional and documentary analysis as well as results from empirical work testing participatory procedures for development of corporate social responsibility strategies and performance indicators carried out at three industrial sites in France. Section one presents arguments justifying to develop a pro-active strategy of CSR for European aluminium enterprises. Section two outlines the distinct models of social responsibility that might be adopted by European aluminium companies as a function of differences in institutional, geographical and other contextual variables. Empirical findings from the work on pilot sites in France reinforce our recommendations based on institutional and theoretical considerations that the 'extended stakeholder participation' model is an appropriate one for European aluminium companies to follow. The participatory approach unites 'top-down' and 'bottom-up' styles of management, and provides flexibility for innovation in response to emerging problems and new challenges.

The relationship between companies and society has been questioned for a long time. However, the effect of the motives behind CSR regarding the companies’ actual engagement with CSR has received little attention, especially in emerging markets. This paper tackles this issue for the first time using a sample of Jordanian companies. We explore the effect of two types of motives on the level of engagement in CSR: extrinsic motive (financial) and intrinsic motives (ethical and altruistic). The relationship between the company’s actual financial performance and CSR is also investigated. Primary data were collected using a questionnaire, distributed to Jordanian company’s managers in five sectors: pharmaceutical, technology and telecommunication, construction, farming, and financial services. Multiple regression analysis was conducted to depict the relationships. Results show that the intrinsic motives have a significant effect on CSR, while the extrinsic motive has none. When intrinsic m...

This conceptual paper examines the issue of integrating CSR at the start-up level with the aim of increasing the firm's ability to identify new opportunities. Both a constraint and an occasion to strengthen the company's legitimacy and competitive advantage, CSR principles and practices are a key vehicle for opportunity identification and implementation. Historically, SMEs have contributed significantly to the improvement of existing products and services, and the creation of new ones. Grounding CSR in the strategy of enterprises at the start-up level is increasingly examined as an effective management tool with multiple benefits for opportunity identification. CSR may be promoted as a means of nurturing creativity and innovation at the start-up level and beyond, through pushing entrepreneurs to imagine new business models, to discover new raw materials, as well as to create new products and services so as to respond to both economic and social expectations.

The purpose of this study was to examine whether children with Asperger Syndrome and children with autism exhibit difference sensory profiles. The Sensory Profile , completed on 86 individuals with Asperger Syndrome and 86 persons with autism matched for age, revealed differences in three of 23 areas evaluated: (a) Emotional/Social Responses, (b) Emotional Reactivity, and (c) Inattention/Distractibility. Implications regarding these similarities and differences in profile are discussed.

The purpose of this research is to develop a model for measuring the efficiency of the TTO incubation process performance to accelerate the commercialization of research results in universities. The method of analyzing the efficiency used in this research is the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) method based on Banker, Charnes, and Cooper (BCC), which is output-oriented. The software used in analyzing the efficiency of TTO performance is MaxDEA 8. The output of this research is a mathematical model tool for measuring the efficiency of TTO performance by DEA, which considered 17 parameters and proposed recommendations for TTO performance strategies. The limitation of this research is the object of research in one university that has succeeded in the commercialization of research. This research implies that the performance efficiency measurement model is an alternative predictive way to increase the acceleration of commercialization. The practical implications of this research are that ...

Environmental protection is widely perceived as a state responsibility, but market-based solutions such as green investing have emerged in the financial sector. Little research has addressed whether green investing can affect corporate environmental performance and how the state would moderate such an impact. Using an institutional logics perspective, we extend the literature on institutional complexity by exploring the factors leading to compatibility of logics and practices. We theorize that the success of green investing as a novel hybrid practice combining financial means and environmental goals depends on the legitimacy it achieves as an appropriate solution to the stated goal, and this legitimacy can be boosted or dampened by other hybrid practices in the field. Analyzing a panel dataset of 3,706 firms from 20 countries between 2002 and 2013, we find a positive relationship between the relative size of green investment in the economy and firm-level environmental performance in that country. This relationship is moderated by state policies: a strong environmental protection policy weakens the positive relationship between green investing and corporate environmental performance, and a strong shareholder protection policy strengthens the relationship. We contribute to research on institutional complexity, logic compatibility, and public-private cooperation in pursuing the common good.

Socially responsible investing (SRI) is gaining traction in the financial sector, but it is unclear whether the dominant financial logic complements or competes with the social logic in the founding of SRI funds. Based on insights we gained from observation at an Asian SRI industry association, interviews with SRI professionals in the U.S. and Europe, and other fieldwork, we questioned explanations for SRI’s conflicted relationship with the financial logic. Our observations prompted us to build a panel database of SRI fund foundings from 1970 to 2014 in 19 countries so that we could examine how a dominant logic interacts with alternative logics to promote or stifle institutional change. We decomposed the financial logic into interdependent dimensions as the provider of means (resources, practices, and knowledge) for novel financial ventures to be founded and the enforcer of profit-maximizing ends that constrain such foundings. Our theory suggests a paradoxical role for the financial...

Introduction. The relevance of this article lies in the fact that the modern stock market is
a dynamic and constantly evolving system that reacts swiftly to changes in the external
environment. In recent years, global events have significantly heightened unpredictability and
volatility in development processes, profoundly influencing the growth of socially responsible
investing within this market segment.
Materials and methods. The research materials included scientific publications and articles,
particularly studies and reviews from journals in the fields of economics, finance, and
sustainable development, with a focus on socially responsible investing (SRI) and ESG factors.
The methodological foundation of the study was based on general scientific methods such
as analysis and synthesis, and the integration of historical and logical approaches, as well
as specific evaluative techniques, including the observation of key indicators and expert
assessments.
Results. The dynamics of the global socially responsible investment (SRI) market are examined,
with particular attention given to the primary forms of state support for SRI in foreign countries,
which represent a key component of the effective functioning of the SRI ecosystem. The
main challenges facing the SRI market at the current stage are also identified. A critical issue
in the development of the SRI market today is the absence of a universally accepted and
integrated methodology, along with standardized frameworks and evaluation methods
for tracking the allocation of securities and the use of proceeds in alignment with ESG
objectives. This gap complicates the assessment of SRI effectiveness, increases the risk of
greenwashing, and undermines investor confidence in SRI instruments. The development of a
unified approach to evaluating the effectiveness of SRI – together with the establishment of
standardized criteria and principles for responsible investment – will help improve social welfare,
address environmental challenges, and support more effective and sustainable economic
development globally.
Conclusion. At the current stage, the socially responsible investment (SRI) market is not
merely emerging as a new segment of the broader investment landscape; it also reflects a
fundamental transformation in the model of interaction between business, society, and the
state. SRI is increasingly functioning as a kind of “auto-calibration tool” that facilitates the
attainment of a new, stable equilibrium within national economic systems, aligned with global
dynamics. This, in turn, contributes to addressing environmental and social challenges and
supports the more effective and sustainable economic development of individual countries.

The paper presents a discourse analysis of the various International Petroleum Agreements. It highlights the main features and clauses of these IPAs. This literature review paper seeks to evaluate and compare different types of IPAs in different countries.It concludes that most developed oil producing countries prefer the concession whiles less developed oil producing countries favour the Petroleum Sharing Agreement. The study also found that there is no one generally accepted method used to evaluate and compare different types of contracts in different countries. The attractiveness of the fiscal terms in a country does not depend on the fiscal regime or its specific provisions but a combined effect of its fiscal terms. From the evaluation, it was concluded that there is a lacuna between discounted and non-discounted calculations and simulations. This means that the project itself is on the red line and the host country can get more revenue by imposing taxes, bonuses and other fees on the contractor, including where the contractor is almost running into negative figures. To overcome the defect of this indicator to reflect the combination of the fiscal terms realistically based on the evaluation and proportion of the host country's take, front-loading index of the contractor can be used to reflect the effect of the time sequence differences of the host country on the project and the contractor's profit.The study is the first of its kind and the lessons are expected to guide the way forward in achieving balanced benefits to host countries and investors in the petroleum sector.

Background: Many workers with disabilities face negative stereotypical attitudes, pay gaps, and a lack of respect in the workplace, contributing to substantially lower job satisfaction compared to people without disabilities. Work from home may help to increase job satisfaction for people with disabilities. Objective: This study analyzes how different measures of job satisfaction vary between people with and without disabilities, and the extent to which working from home moderates the relationship between disability and job satisfaction. Methods: We use multivariable regression analysis to examine if the ability to work from home moderates the relationship between disability and indicators related to job satisfaction. The dataset draws on a novel survey of healthcare professionals. Results: Results show that people with disabilities have relatively greater turnover intentions, lower sense of organizational commitment and support, weaker perceptions of openness and inclusion in the workplace, and worse relations with management and coworkers. Regressions indicate that working from home helps to improve most perceptions of work experiences but does so more for people without disabilities than for people with disabilities. Conclusions: The findings suggest that (a) some accommodations typically viewed as exceptions to meet the needs of people with disabilities have even greater benefits for the workforce at large and (b) because workers without disabilities also benefit from remote work, we cannot expect this accommodation to close job satisfaction gaps caused by inequities.

Purpose: This paper examines the extent to which job satisfaction, requests for accommodations, and the likelihood of a request being granted vary by disability status. We further analyze whether being granted workplace accommodations moderates the relationship between work satisfaction and disability.
Methods: We use a novel survey of healthcare workers centered on disability status, perceptions of work experiences, and the provision of accommodations. The data are used in a descriptive analysis and multiple regressions to examine the moderating effect of accommodations on the relationship between disability and indicators related to job satisfaction.
Results: Results show that people with disabilities have more negative perceptions of their work experiences than people without disabilities. Although people with disabilities are more likely to request accommodations than people without disabilities, they are equally likely to have their requests wholly or partly granted. Regression results indicate that the negative relationships between disability status and most measures of work experience are largely eliminated when accounting for the disposition of accommodation requests. The main exception is turnover intentions, in which the adverse relationship with having a disability does not change even when an accommodation is granted. Partly granting accommodations is helpful only for some metrics of job experience.
Conclusion: Our paper shows that fully granting accommodations can go a long way to closing the disability gap in job satisfaction between people with and without disabilities.

BRASÍLIA 2024 DEDICATÓRIA Dedico este trabalho à minha amada esposa e aos nossos queridos filhos, que com seu amor e apoio incondicional foram fundamentais em cada etapa deste processo. Estendo essa dedicatória às minhas irmãs e demais familiares, cujo incentivo e compreensão foram essenciais para a minha jornada. Dedico, ainda, aos amigos que fiz ao longo dos anos, cujas amizades enriqueceram minha experiência e ofereceram momentos de descontração necessários à minha saúde mental e ao meu crescimento pessoal. Não posso deixar de mencionar meus colegas no Banco Central do Brasil. Sua colaboração foi indispensável, proporcionando ideias valiosas que contribuíram significativamente para a conclusão deste trabalho. Esse esforço conjunto, repleto de aprendizado e pesquisa, mostrou o verdadeiro valor do trabalho em equipe. AGRADECIMENTOS Primeiramente, elevo meus agradecimentos ao Grande Geômetra, que é Deus, por me guiar por caminhos de novos conhecimentos e me dotar de habilidades essenciais para a realização deste trabalho. Sua presença foi um farol nas horas de incerteza e nos momentos em que pensei em desistir desta jornada, assim como um conforto nas horas de estudo intenso. À minha querida família, expresso minha mais profunda gratidão. Vocês relevaram minhas ausências em reuniões familiares e outras ocasiões especiais, sempre com paciência e compreensão, enquanto eu me dedicava a esta pesquisa. Seu apoio inabalável e amor constante foram os pilares que sustentaram minha perseverança. Estendo meus agradecimentos também aos meus colegas no Banco Central do Brasil. Vocês não apenas toleraram meus momentos de divagação e entusiasmo pelo projeto que iniciei em 2020, mas também ofereceram contribuições valiosas e suporte crítico. Em várias ocasiões, mesmo que inadvertidamente desviando o foco das nossas discussões cotidianas, vocês mostraram grande paciência e camaradagem. RESUMO Este estudo investiga o papel do Banco Central do Brasil (BCB) no incentivo ao pleno emprego, por intermédio de um estudo de caso do PIX. A dissertação explora o conceito de pleno emprego, sua importância econômica e social, e os desafios enfrentados pelo BCB para equilibrar a estabilidade monetária, o crescimento econômico sustentável e a geração de empregos. Inicialmente, contextualiza-se o papel tradicional dos bancos centrais na regulação monetária e financeira, com ênfase na autonomia e capacidades estatais dessas organizações para decisões independentes. Em seguida, o estudo de caso do PIX examina seu potencial de estimular a atividade econômica, gerar renda e criar empregos, além de analisar sua implementação e evolução no contexto das políticas do BCB e propor o Índice para a Geração de Empregos Associados ao PIX (IGE-PIX). A metodologia combina pesquisa bibliográfica e análise de dados obtidos por entrevistas, demandas de cidadãos ao BCB, documentos disponíveis e outras publicações. A abordagem é baseada no modelo de estudo de caso, utilizando múltiplas fontes de evidência e princípios éticos aplicáveis. No entanto, o estudo apresenta limitações devido à escassez de dados sobre o PIX e dificuldades em isolar seu impacto no mercado de trabalho. Conclui-se que o BCB desempenha um papel fundamental não apenas na estabilidade econômica, mas também no incentivo ao pleno emprego, através de interações complexas entre autonomia, capacidades estatais e relações com o mercado e a sociedade. Observa-se que o PIX, embora não possa ser apontado como um instrumento direto de promoção ao pleno emprego, devido à falta de estudos econométricos que só serão realizados quando da aferição do IGE-PIX ou outro indicador semelhante, revelou-se uma capacidade estatal significativa desenvolvida pelo BCB, ainda que não intencionalmente, para atender aos seus objetivos institucionais, conforme determina a Lei Complementar nº 179, de 24 de fevereiro de 2021.

The topic of sustainable finance is of growing interest for political scientists as we witness a series of new policy initiatives, regulations, and campaigns at global, supranational, and national levels. This paper aims to contribute to a better understanding of discourses and initiatives related to the promotion of sustainable finance in Germany. It sheds light on the role and actions of different stakeholders in this field, including government-led policy initiatives, the banking and insurance sector, as well as nonprofit organisations and their networks. Interviews were carried out with three mainstream banks and one asset management group on how they are responding to this new trend in finance. For a long time, Germany has not been a frontrunner in sustainable finance but latest figures show a strong upward trend. This paper argues that many initiatives from different types of stakeholders, including civil society organisations, have contributed to broadening debates and deepening discourses and, thus, have promoted the mainstreaming of sustainable finance in Germany. Initiatives at the global level and at the level of the European Union, especially the EU Action Plan on Sustainable Finance, resonate well in Germany.

Technology transfer processes expose universities to a competing logic which challenges the public nature of science and creates conflicts among faculty. By analyzing licensing performance of a sample of 144 U.S. universities drawn upon the AUTM database (Association of University Technology Managers), this paper suggests a framework to understand alternative business models which reflect how universities combines conflicting logics and organizational mechanisms. We propose that the variety of business models fosters change within Technology Transfer Offices (TTOs) and triggers sense-making as they seek to define success and failure of technology transfer in terms of value creation for society, instead of value capture for university.

This article examines the exposure to and management of carbon risks of different investor types. Considering the dual role as portfolio manager and partial owner, we analyze carbon risk for investors both in terms of exposure to portfolio values and in terms of responsibility as shareholder of carbon-intensive firms. We show that among various investor types, the preference for holding carbon-intensive stocks differs substantially, even when considering traditional investment decision parameters. In particular, it is governments whose portfolio values are most threatened by a carbon risk exposure of 49%, but at the same time, they prefer larger ownership shares in polluting firms. In contrast, individual investors, investment advisors, and mutual funds avoid holding stakes in these firms, while revealing only a moderate exposure of their assets to carbon risk. In view of the Paris Agreement, which includes the consistent steering of financial flows towards a low carbon transformation of the economy, our study provides policymakers with important implications regarding the coverage and effects of respective regulations. By identifying the ownership structures of carbon-intensive firms and respective owners' portfolio compositions, we also offer implications for further research on portfolio decarbonization and shareholders' influence of corporate carbon management.

We find that firms experiencing improvements in crowdsourced employer ratings significantly outperform firms with declines. The return effect is concentrated among reviews from current employees, stronger among early firm reviews, and also stronger when the employee works in the headquarters state. Decomposing employer ratings, we find the return effect is related to changing employee assessments of career opportunities and views of senior management. It is unrelated to work-life balance. Changing employer reviews predict contemporaneous growth in sales and profitability and help forecast one-quarter ahead earnings announcement surprises. The evidence is consistent with employee reviews revealing fundamental information about the firm. JEL Classifications: G14

This paper examines cultural and leadership variables associated with corporate social responsibility values that managers apply to their decision-making. In this longitudinal study, we analyze data from 561 firms located in 15 countries on five continents to illustrate how the cultural dimensions of institutional collectivism and power distance predict social responsibility values on the part of top management team members. CEO visionary leadership and integrity were also uniquely predictive of such values.

This paper investigates the impact of Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) factors on asset pricing using a Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) estimation framework. The study aims to determine whether ESG scores are priced in financial markets, influencing risk-adjusted returns of assets. This study analyzes a panel of 100 publicly listed firms of China over a five-year period from 2019 to 2023. The firms are selected based on their availability of ESG scores from leading data providers (MSCI, Bloomberg) and financial data from widely used sources such as Compustat and CRSP. We find a significant negative relationship between ESG scores and excess returns. Specifically, firms with higher ESG ratings tend to exhibit lower excess returns, indicating that investors may accept lower returns in exchange for sustainability and reduced risk exposure. While traditional factors such as the market, size (SMB), and value (HML) continue to play significant roles in asset pricing, ESG factors are shown to influence returns in a manner consistent with risk-reduction theories. This study contributes to the growing literature on ESG investing, providing empirical evidence of ESG's role in asset pricing. The findings suggest that while ESG investing does not necessarily generate superior returns, it offers a riskreducing strategy that aligns with investor preferences for ethical and sustainable business practices. The paper concludes with implications for investors, policymakers, and future research on the integration of ESG in financial markets.

Traditionally, organisations “put their best foot forward” in hiring employees by providing only positive information. Their intention is to attract, hire, and retain the best applicants. On the other hand, applicants have their own ideas of what their prospective jobs entail. In most cases, these job applicants' expectations are unduly distorted and the practice by organisations of providing information that is all positive tend to reinforce unrealistic expectations. Real‐istic Job Preview is an attempt to “vaccinate” or make the expectations of prospective employees more congruent with real job experiences (e.g., Brancheau, 1987; Wanous, 1980). Hence, supporters of Realistic Job Previews (RJPs) claim that by giving prospective employees an accurate description of the job, those who take an appointment with the organisation will be less likely to leave the organisation voluntarily (e.g., Buhler, 1992). Furthermore, some proponents claim that in addition to bringing job applican...

The overuse of agricultural pesticides creates high costs to ecosystems and human health. One important reason for overuse is that markets in lower-income countries do not sufficiently differentiate agricultural produce based on quality aspects, making it difficult for consumers to select safe produce. Ecolabeling is a voluntary method of certification to gain consumer trust by differentiating produce based on environmental impact. Most studies have looked at consumer preferences for ecolabels, but the preferences of producers to adopt such labels have received much less attention. This paper aims to explore farmers' choice preference for ecolabels, safe pest management methods, human health, and the environment using a choice experiment. We sampled 303 vegetable farmers from three peri-urban provinces of Bangkok, Thailand, namely Ratchaburi, Nakhon Pathom and Pathum Thani provinces. Attributes of pest management methods and outcomes included farm ecosystems, human health, ecola...

Over the last decade, there has been an enormous rise in the popularity of socially responsible investment, and driving advancements in research. The principal objective is to visually elucidate the concept of Socially Responsible Investment (SRI) through the presentation of an intellectual framework. In this regard, studies are relatively scarce. This study aims to map the knowledge structure of SRI in Asian countries. It scrutinizes academic literature published between 2013 and 2023, comprising 189 articles indexed in Scopus employing performance analysis, scientific mapping, and network analysis methodologies. This study represents a preliminary exploration into the bibliometric surrounding socially responsible investment, with a particular focus on Asian countries.It uses Biblioshiny and VOSviewer, to identify prominent publications, institutions, nations, and authors, along with the evolution over time. During the period of 2013-2023, 189 publications on Socially Responsible Investment (SRI) were published. Leading authors, including Lean HH, Liu X, and Nakai M, have contributed significantly. Key topics such as 'Socially responsible investment,' 'Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR),' and 'ESG' are essential to current and future discussions. In addition, the study reveals that the growing alignment of CSR and SRI is transforming market dynamics, promoting ethical investment practices, and leveraging performance insights to foster resilience and ensure long-term success. However, given that SRIs align with Sustainable development goals and represent a specialized area of investment, this study holds particular relevance and potential for generating significant outcomes based on existing literature.

This research paper is aimed at investigating the feasibility of implementing Machine Learning in Human Resource Management (HRM) system from the organizational viewpoint in reference to the effectiveness and fairness of the model designated for predicting turnover rates among employees. From the Kaggle HR Analytics dataset, we achieved our goal by employing the Random Forest algorithm to analyze selected factors related to attrition. These works demonstrated that while growing machine learning delivers higher forecasting, it diminishes ethical factors like algorithmic bias. These implications highlight the importance of equality in the treatment of different demographic groups to expand on the concept of the ethical usage of AI in HRM. This research provides some practical suggestions for organizations that want to use AI for managing human resources and at the same time, being ethical.

Society demands that businesses, including micro, small and medium enterprises, act responsibly towards their stakeholders and operating environments. Size and nationality contexts determine how businesses understand and approach their social responsibilities. Specific to size, evidence from the academic literature shows that small businesses understand the idea of social responsibility (SR) differently from large businesses. Small businesses may engage in SR without knowing it or without referring to their actions as SR . In other words, they may act responsibly towards their stakeholders and/or operating environments without labelling

Argues that stakeholder theory may be an appropriate model to describe firm behavior and replace the dominant paradigm, the economic model of the firm. However, current conceptualizations of stakeholder theory do not meet the requirements of scientific theory. Thus, looks at the historic roots of stakeholder “theory”, critiques its current form, and suggests steps that may be taken for stakeholder theory to satisfy the conceptual requirements of theory. Specifically suggests that contractual interests may underlie stakeholder relationships just as they do the agency relationship between managers and stockholders as prescribed by traditional economic theory.

We survey the growing theoretical literature on the motives for and welfare effects of corporate greening. We show how both market and political forces are making environmental CSR profitable, and we also discuss morally-motivated or altruistic CSR. Welfare effects of CSR are subtle and situation-contingent, and there is no guarantee that CSR enhances social welfare. We identify numerous areas in which additional theoretical work is needed.