Social Experiments

oreen Massey’s essay “Places and their pasts” published 1995 highly influenced geographic thought on places by foregrounding the co-production of local histories and global processes, establishing a foundational framework for understanding places as contested, relational, and temporally layered. This anthology brings together the experimental research projects emerging from a 2025 master seminar at the Technical University of Berlin, each of which re engages Massey’s conceptual thoughts. By deploying small scale spatial interventions in Berlin’s contested sites—Görlitzer Park, the new Tacheles, and Holzmarkt—the projects reveal how local histories intertwine with places, producing dynamic, contested meanings of urban space. The volume demonstrates the methodological promise of “small experiments” for testing and extending Massey’s theory. Ultimately, it offers contemporary planning a nuanced, practice oriented perspective on how places can be understood, contested, and reshaped through iterative, participatory research.

L'approche socio-spatiale par le biais du concept de la pluriactivité, constitue une clé de lecture pertinente des nouvelles dynamiques agricoles, rurales et territoriales. L'application de cette approche sur les espaces ruraux de la Basse-vallée de la Mejerda en Tunisie septentrionale, affirme l'existence d'une tendance lourde d'évolution vers des campagnes pluriactives,poly-fonctionnelles,trans-sectorelles et trans-spatiales.Le renouvellement de la vision du développement rural nécessite donc la rupture avec les thèses déterministes,technocratiques et idéologiques et la prise en considération de la dimension socio-spatiale et territoriale du développement

The impact of academic research on socio-ecological practice remains elusive. In this paper we assess outcomes of a National Science Foundation-funded project (iUTAH: innovative Urban Transitions in Aridregion Hydro-sustainability) that applied social and engineering water science to increase urban water system sustainability in Utah, the USA. We combined an assessment of published papers and semi-structured interviews with participants to explore the degree to which this effort generated outcomes associated with successful transdisciplinary projects: providing useful products, enhancing the capacity of water system managers, strengthening social and professional networks, and changing water management structures or decisions. Results suggest that efforts to translate published scientific results in more accessible formats, incorporating stakeholders and decision-makers early and throughout the research process, and cultivating personal and professional social ties between researchers and non-academics are all important ways to ensure that research is relevant and impactful on society. The paper ends with a discussion on the need to further bridge gaps between social and engineering water sciences, and how to make science more actionable for socio-ecological problems through socio-scientific practice.

Polls show a strong decline in public trust of traditional news outlets; however, social media offers new avenues for receiving news content. This experiment used the Facebook API to manipulate whether a news story appeared to have been posted on Facebook by one of the respondent's real-life Facebook friends. Results show that social media recommendations improve levels of media trust, and also make people want to follow more news from that particular media outlet in the future. Moreover, these effects are amplified when the real-life friend sharing the story on social media is perceived as an opinion leader. Implications for democracy and the news business are discussed.

Increasing calls for reform to welfare provision have seen growing support for basic income (BI) -the unconditional provision of cash transfers to all. As a result, recent years have seen an exponential increase in the number of pilot experiments of BI, across all parts of the world. However, to date, there has been little discussion of the ethical considerations of such experiments. This paper is the outcome of a workshop whereby BI piloters came together to discuss such ethical considerations, share case studies, and begin to formulate general principles to guide ethical BI experiments. The paper discusses the ethical considerations relevant to the various stages of a pilot experiment and concludes with some general principles: to do-no-harm, maintain respect, dignity, and agency; mitigate power inequalities, promote trust and transparency, and ensure substantive unconditionality. The paper hopes to stimulate discussions towards an ethical protocol for better practice in BI experiments and provide a useful resource to those working on, or interested in, BI research.

FR : La sobriété, pierre angulaire de nombreux discours écologiques, se définit par une réduction active de sa consommation. Parce que les personnes en situation de pauvreté ont des marges de manoeuvre réduites, il leur est difficile de se conformer à l’impératif de sobriété, largement diffusé par les médias et les pouvoirs publics. Pourtant, loin d’être inactives et de subir des normes prescrites, les personnes en situation de pauvreté ont des capacités d’appropriation et d’arrangement souvent sous-estimées. En prenant pour objet d’étude le glanage alimentaire, activité de récupération des déchets alimentaires, cet article s’attache à montrer que certaines personnes à faibles revenus déploient au quotidien des initiatives économiques et domestiques leur permettant de reprendre en main leur consommation (alimentaire) et de se défaire d’une représentation négative de la pauvreté. À l’appui d’une enquête ethnographique, on montrera que le glanage constitue une des « mille manières de braconner » au quotidien (Certeau, 1990 : XXXVI), car il offre un approvisionnement alternatif en marge des prescriptions consuméristes ou de sobriété.


EN : Sobriety, the cornerstone of many ecological discourses, is defined by an active reduction in consumption. Because people living in poverty have little room for maneuver, it is difficult for them to comply with the sobriety imperative, widely disseminated by the media and public authorities. Yet, far from being inactive and subject to prescribed norms, people living in poverty have a capacity for appropriation and arrangement that is often underestimated. Using gleaning of food waste as an object of study, this article sets out to show that certain low-income people deploy economic and domestic initiatives on a daily basis, enabling them to take their (food) consumption back into their own hands and shake off a negative representation of poverty. Based on an ethnographic survey, we will show that gleaning constitutes one of the “thousand ways of poaching” on a daily basis (Certeau, 1990 : XXXVI), as it offers an alternative supply on the bangs of consumerist or sobriety prescriptions.

Universal Basic Income—a permanent, unconditional, and universal cash payment provided to all individuals—has garnered increasing attention from policymakers, scholars, and the general public. Simultaneously, urban-scale policies are gaining traction on political agendas due to their capacity for rapid design, flexibility, and adaptability in addressing pressing global challenges. Within this context, this article critically assesses the feasibility of implementing a city-scale basic income policy. By examining six key challenges commonly associated with such a policy, the article employs both conceptual and empirical counterarguments derived from existing national- and city-level basic income experiments, as well as related policy initiatives. Also drawing on data from Barcelona—a city at the forefront of innovative urban policies, particularly in the realm of UBI—the study aims to elucidate the most significant constraints and potential benefits of this proposal. Furthermore, the article explores two case studies where city-scale basic income has been trialed or implemented as a comprehensive policy (Barcelona in Catalonia, and Maricá in Brazil), highlighting their main economic and socio-political impacts. The article concludes by suggesting six recommendations to advance the discourse on the potential implementation of a city-scale basic income, providing valuable insights for future research and policy formulation.

Dans un contexte de crise economique et sociale, les situations de pluriactivite constituent une option de plus en plus souvent envisagee par des actifs de zones rurales pour travailler. Les politiques de soutien a la creation d'activites sont hesitantes vis-a-vis de ces formes de travail qualifiees d'atypiques, au regard de l'emploi salarie a temps plein et a duree determinee, et parfois jugees de precaires. L'objectif de la communication est de montrer en quoi la pluriactivite peut etre source d'integration professionnelle ou au contraire de precarite. Pour analyser les relations entre pluriactivite et precarite, nous avons mis en perspective une etude des points de vue d'acteurs travaillant dans 30 organisations d'appui a la creation d'activite, et une etude des points de vue de 23 pluriactifs sur leur situation professionnelle. La precarite du travail est analysee sous 2 angles: la securite materielle et les satisfactions apportees par les activit...

Dans un contexte de crise economique et sociale, la pluriactivite constitue une option de plus en plus souvent envisagee par les actifs des zones rurales pour developper leur activite. Les politiques de soutien a la creation d'activites sont hesitantes vis-a-vis de ces formes de travail qualifiees d'atypiques, au regard de l'emploi salarie a temps plein et a duree determinee, et parfois jugees precaires. Cet article relate le cheminement ayant permis aux chercheurs et aux acteurs du projet PSDR Intersama de se saisir de la question de la precarite des situations de travail pluriactif, posee en dehors de ses cadres d'analyse courants. S'appuyant sur la mise en evidence de divergences parmi ceux qui accompagnent les pluriactifs et des pluriactifs eux-memes, il montre que la pluriactivite est un lieu de construction d'une norme de l'emploi de l' " entre deux ", et interroge les formes d'accompagnements de la pluriactivite pertinentes.

Abstract:[fr] Cette thèse porte sur l'analyse ethnographique et sociologique du mode d'usage de l'agriculture «dans le social». Deux actions communales japonaise et belge sont ainsi mises en parallèle: le Centre pour la Création de la Vie agri-rurale (Nô-Life Sôsei Center en japonais) lancé en 2004 à Toyota au Japon, qui vise à la fois la revalorisation de friches agricoles et la promotion d'activités à but d'«Ikigai (sens de la vie)» auprès de la population locale vieillissante; l'Entreprise de Formation par le Travail Ferme Delsamme lancée en ...

Este artículo estudia el efecto de la experiencia, la estrategia intertemporal y el tamaño del grupo como posibles explicaciones a los mayores niveles de contribución al equilibrio en un juego de bienes públicos. En conjunto estas variables permiten capturar el efecto de la pertenencia al grupo, entendido este como el hecho de que a mayor información sobre el comportamiento de los integrantes de él se tenga, mayores serán los niveles de contribución. Para esto se implementó un tratamiento en el que los sujetos interactúan en un grupo con integrantes fijos (socios), y otro en el que el grupo cambia de forma aleatoria en cada ronda (extraños). Adicionalmente, se realizaron los tratamientos cruzados, donde la condición de socios o extraños en una primera etapa se cambia sorpresivamente en una segunda etapa del experimento. Para analizar el efecto del tamaño del grupo se consideraron grupos de cuatro y cinco integrantes. Los resultados muestran que la contribución promedio es positiva y...

Evidence suggests that participation in high quality early childhood education supports the school readiness of young children. Therefore, it is important to understand whether children from different geographic regions, such as urban and rural neighborhoods, have comparable access to high quality programs. This study explores whether neighborhood (that is, census tract) characteristics are associated with the quality rating scores of early childhood education sites in North Carolina, after site-level characteristics are controlled for. The results suggest that neighborhood characteristics are only weakly associated with the quality rating scores. Results also indicate that the number of early childhood education sites within a neighborhood or adjacent neighborhood does not predict a site's quality rating scores, nor does the distance between a site and the nearest postsecondary institution with degree or certificate programs in early childhood education. Why this study? Participating in higher quality early childhood education is associated with better school readiness among young children, particularly children of economically disadvantaged backgrounds (Burchinal et al., 2010; Sabol & Pianta, 2015). In North Carolina, as in most states, opportunities for early childhood education for children ages 3-5 are provided through a patchwork of federally supported, state-supported, and privately funded child care, preschool, and prekindergarten programs. For example, North Carolina has a state-funded prekindergarten program, Title I-funded public school-based prekindergarten, Head Start centers, private child care centers, and family child care homes. North Carolina has been at the vanguard of supporting high quality early childhood education by working consistently on improving the quality of its varied early childhood education programs. In particular, North Carolina, again like many other states, has invested in the quality of both means-tested programs for families based on household income or other risk status and programs that are open to all children, such as private fee-for-service child care. North Carolina has demonstrated its commitment to supporting high quality across all types of early childhood education and care programs through its Quality Rating and Improvement System (QRIS), which has been a part of the Star Rated License state licensing program since 1999 (see box 1 for definitions of key terms). The QRIS allocates points to participating early childhood education sites (licensed early childhood education schools and centers and family child care homes). Points are awarded in two key areas: the educational credentials and experience of the teaching and administrative personnel (Education Standards) and program-related standards that include aspects of the physical space and interactions of teaching personnel with children (Program Standards). Sites earn points under the Education Standards based on the percentages of teachers and administrators who have earned higher education degrees and credentials; points are also earned based on teachers' number of years of relevant work experience. Sites earn points under the Program Standards based on the site's average score on a standardized early childhood environment rating scale, staff-child ratios, and other programmatic standards. Criteria differ slightly between center-and school-based sites and family child care home sites. Although participation in the Star Rated License process is voluntary for some types of early childhood education sites (for example, sites managed by For additional information, including technical methods, access the report appendix at https:// go.usa.gov/xGMch. REL 2021-034 faith-based providers that receive an exemption to the licensure rules), most early childhood education sites in the state (90 percent of them as of December 2017) participate (Child Care Services Association, n.d.). Box 1. Key terms Census tract. A geographic designation used by the U.S. government to report data from the census and from similar annual household surveys. An intermediate level within the hierarchy of geographic designations, it is designed to have an average of 4,000 and no more than 8,000 people. Census tracts are subdivisions within a county and are typically geographically smaller than a county. Census tract boundaries are based on population size as well as geography, whereas county borders do not represent population size. North Carolina has more than 2,000 census tracts but just 100 counties. This report uses census tracts to represent the neighborhood of an early childhood education site. Census tract and neighborhood are used interchangeably in the report. Center-based early childhood education site. A site that provides early education and child care in a school or similar educational setting, such as a private child care center building. Centers accounted for 67 percent of the analytic sample (3,542 of 5,254 sites). Counts of early childhood education sites. The study used two different count variables, total count and adjacent count. Total count is the number of identified sites within a neighborhood (census tract) that offer early education or child care services. Adjacent count is the number of early childhood education sites in all census tracts that are adjacent to the tract for each site included in the study. Adjacent and total counts represented sites that were included in the study sample along with other early childhood education sites that did not meet the inclusion criteria (see box 2 and appendix A) but that were conceptually considered possible competitors to the study sites. Early childhood education site. Any of the different types of early childhood education sites included in the North Carolina quality rating system. These sites include child care centers, Head Start centers, preschool/prekindergarten programs within public elementary schools or private schools, and family child care homes. Education Standards. A subcomponent score within the North Carolina Star Rated License system based on the educational credentials and years of experience of the teaching and administrative personnel within an early childhood education site. Education Standard scores range from a minimum of 1 point to a maximum of 7 points. Family child care home. An early child education site in which a licensed provider provides professional child care to unrelated children within the provider's home. Family child care homes accounted for 33 percent of the analytic sample (1,712 of 5,254 sites). Neighborhood. Used interchangeably with census tract in the report to represent the neighborhood of an early childhood education site. Neighborhood characteristics. The neighborhood characteristics analyzed in this study are described in the variables section of box 2. Postsecondary institutions. Public or private institutions that grant higher education degrees or state-recognized professional certificates. To be counted in this study, an institution had to be within North Carolina or within 50 miles of the border in an adjacent state and had to offer a certificate or degree in early childhood education, elementary education, or similar education major such as early childhood special education. Program Standards. A subcomponent score within the North Carolina Star Rated License system based on policies, physical space, activities, instructional programming, staff-child ratio, and environmental rating scales for a preschool or child care site. Program Standard scores range from a minimum of 1 point to a maximum of 7 points. Quality Rating Improvement System (QRIS). A system of quality ratings applied to individual early childhood education sites, such as a state-funded prekindergarten program or a countywide program. In this report the QRIS ratings are designated at the state level as part of the licensing system for early childhood education sites in North Carolina known as a Star Rated License.

The diversification of income sources (referred to as pluriactivity) through secondary activities is based on the strategies used to compensate for the low level of income, particularly in rural areas. Its strategies are not always effective because they offer only palliative and precarious
solutions.
The study covers a sample of 20,800 actives who live in rural areas extracted from the EMICoV 2011 database. From the descriptive and explanatory analyzes, the present study focused on the explanatory factors associated with the practice of pluriactivity in rural Benin. Through descriptive analyzes the level of pluriactivity for all rural areas in Benin is 17.91%. In addition, the results of the explicative analyzes show that the level of education, the possession of cultivable land, the living standard of household are all significant factors in the explanation of pluriactivity in rural areas. Thus, rural pluriactivity is characterized by a predominance of actives whose household has arable land, a predominance of actives low-educated (primary and secondary level), and those who devote little time to their main activity and who have low income in the main job. In addition, it appears that people living in households with a low standard of living are those who mostly exercise in the pluriactivity in rural areas of Benin. Thus, the low standard of living is a favorable factor for the practice of pluriactivity. However, household’s size and active’s age do not explain the status of rural pluriactivity in Benin.
Keywords: Pluriactivity, rural areas, explanatory factor, Benin

Heterogeneous Treatment and Self-Selection in a Wage Subsidy Experiment The Self-Sufficiency Project (SSP) is a research and demonstration project that offered a generous time-limited income supplement to randomly selected welfare applicants under two conditions. The first, the eligibility condition, required that they remain on welfare for at least twelve months. The second, the qualification condition, required that they find a full-time job within twelve months after establishing eligibility. In this paper we focus on a neglected and important feature of the program, namely that the financial reward for becoming qualified is inversely related to the expected wage rate. Under very simple assumptions we show that those who have a low expected wage rate have a clear incentive to establish eligibility. Empirical non-parametric evidence strongly suggests that individuals self-select into eligibility. We jointly estimate a participation equation and a wage equation that are correlated through individual random effects. Our results show that the omission of self-selectivity into qualification translates into slightly overestimated treatment effects.

This article investigates the relevant hands-on challenges creating a supportive learning environment when projects in the area of sustainable urban renewal are used for educational activities. The focus of this article is the Malmö Innovation Platform, which brings together municipal, business, academic and community actors to build a joint innovation capacity in the renovation of existing apartment buildings in Southeast Malmö in Sweden. The Malmö Innovation Platform provides diverse real-time learning environments in a local context, by combining physical and virtual spaces, allowing students to experience that moving towards urban sustainability is an iterative process and there are few straightforward solutions. In the Malmö Innovation Platform, the main learning processes are learning-by-discovering, learning-by-interacting, and learning-by-experimenting.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to open up a discussion about the roles and responsibilities of universities in society.Design/methodology/approachThe vision of the Regional Centre of Expertise (RCE) Skane a leading example on how to develop new knowledge about education for sustainable development (ESD) at all levels. The paper poses the question “Why do universities involve in this process?”. Lund University as the old, traditional university and the ten‐year old university of Malmö on the other hand was formed on the bases of a vision about a university for all people.FindingsThe paper finds that two universities have been active in creating RCE Skane, together with three political organizations. The vision has developed to include issues like capacity for cross‐boundary action, knowledge‐sharing and civic education, all important parts in learning for a sustainable future.Practical implicationsThe paper discusses the processes at these universities that led up to working tog...

Racial and economic segregation have long endured as systemic challenges in U.S. metropolitan areas. To combat the inequalities of segregation, two broad policy approaches have emerged: (1) preservation stresses investment in low-income neighborhoods, and (2) mobility stresses moving households in low-income areas to more affluent areas.2 Our recent study reveals some possible unintended consequences of the latter approach, particularly for adolescents. We find that moving during adolescence is associated with decreased odds of graduating from high school, even when moving to significantly higher income neighborhoods.

This article investigates the relevant hands-on challenges creating a supportive learning environment when projects in the area of sustainable urban renewal are used for educational activities. The focus of this article is the Malmö Innovation Platform, which brings together municipal, business, academic and community actors to build a joint innovation capacity in the renovation of existing apartment buildings in Southeast Malmö in Sweden. The Malmö Innovation Platform provides diverse real-time learning environments in a local context, by combining physical and virtual spaces, allowing students to experience that moving towards urban sustainability is an iterative process and there are few straightforward solutions. In the Malmö Innovation Platform, the main learning processes are learning-by-discovering, learning-by-interacting, and learning-by-experimenting.

Ce document regroupe deux textes qui s'interrogent sur les déterminants des formes d'emploi et sur le rôle respectif que jouent secteurs et territoires dans la transformation actuelle des formes de socialisation des activités et de l'emploi. Le premier texte, Secteur, territoires, rapport social d'activité, invite à s'émanciper d'une vision trop réductrice du rapport salarial qui est à la fois focalisée sur les secteurs et sur l'analyse du travail salarié et structurée par une représentation des relations salariales héritée de l'analyse de la période fordiste. La notion de « rapport social d'activité » est proposée comme catégorie analytique nouvelle pour réintégrer dans l'analyse des fractions de population et des formes d'activités qui ont été souvent délaissées dans les études du rapport salarial et tenir compte de contradictions nouvelles entre objectifs du développement sectoriel et territorial. Le deuxième texte, Combinaison d'activités professionnelles et multifonctionnalité de l'agriculture, présente les résultats d'une recherche conduite dans la région Rhône-Alpes à partir d'hypothèses contre-factuelles visant à confirmer l'existence de formes nouvelles de soutien à la pluriactivité, dès lors que l'activité agricole se voyait assignée des objectifs nouveaux en matière de développement territorial. L'analyse des modèles d'emploi qui soustendent les dispositifs d'accompagnement montre que les logiques de régulation diffèrent selon les institutions. L'attention dont bénéficient les pluriactifs ne se traduit pas par l'émergence d'un nouveau type de statut professionnel qui serait une référence commune à divers secteurs d'activité. On n'observe pas non plus l'émergence d'un niveau de régulation territorial, intersectoriel, où seraient débattues les contradictions actuelles des interventions visant à soutenir les diverses formes d'activité.

Ce document regroupe deux textes qui s'interrogent sur les déterminants des formes d'emploi et sur le rôle respectif que jouent secteurs et territoires dans la transformation actuelle des formes de socialisation des activités et de l'emploi. Le premier texte, Secteur, territoires, rapport social d'activité, invite à s'émanciper d'une vision trop réductrice du rapport salarial qui est à la fois focalisée sur les secteurs et sur l'analyse du travail salarié et structurée par une représentation des relations salariales héritée de l'analyse de la période fordiste. La notion de « rapport social d'activité » est proposée comme catégorie analytique nouvelle pour réintégrer dans l'analyse des fractions de population et des formes d'activités qui ont été souvent délaissées dans les études du rapport salarial et tenir compte de contradictions nouvelles entre objectifs du développement sectoriel et territorial. Le deuxième texte, Combinaison d'activités professionnelles et multifonctionnalité de l'agriculture, présente les résultats d'une recherche conduite dans la région Rhône-Alpes à partir d'hypothèses contre-factuelles visant à confirmer l'existence de formes nouvelles de soutien à la pluriactivité, dès lors que l'activité agricole se voyait assignée des objectifs nouveaux en matière de développement territorial. L'analyse des modèles d'emploi qui soustendent les dispositifs d'accompagnement montre que les logiques de régulation diffèrent selon les institutions. L'attention dont bénéficient les pluriactifs ne se traduit pas par l'émergence d'un nouveau type de statut professionnel qui serait une référence commune à divers secteurs d'activité. On n'observe pas non plus l'émergence d'un niveau de régulation territorial, intersectoriel, où seraient débattues les contradictions actuelles des interventions visant à soutenir les diverses formes d'activité.

Proposals for geoengineering the Earth's climate are prime examples of emerging or 'upstream' technologies, because many aspects of their effectiveness, cost and risks are yet to be researched, and in many cases are highly uncertain. This paper contributes to the emerging debate about the social acceptability of geoengineering technologies by presenting preliminary evidence on public responses to geoengineering from two of the very first UK studies of public perceptions and responses. The discussion draws upon two datasets: qualitative data (from an interview study conducted in 42 households in 2009), and quantitative data (from a subsequent nationwide survey (n = 1822) of British public opinion). Unsurprisingly, baseline awareness of geoengineering was extremely low in both cases. The data from the survey indicate that, when briefly explained to people, carbon dioxide removal approaches were preferred to solar radiation management, while significant positive correlations were also found between concern about climate change and support for different geoengineering approaches. We discuss some of the wider considerations that are likely to shape public perceptions of geoengineering as it enters the media and public sphere, and conclude that, aside from technical considerations, public perceptions are likely to prove a key element influencing the debate over questions of the acceptability of geoengineering proposals.

As the window of opportunity for mitigating dangerous climate change grows ever smaller, proposals to use large scale technologies to control the earth"s climateknown collectively as geoengineeringhave started to be taken seriously by scientists and policy makers in the UK and elsewhere. During early 2010, the first series of major UK public engagement events on geoengineering took placeand were described in a report titled "Experiment Earth?" The events were designed to provide an opportunity for members of the public to engage with these emerging technologies at a very early stage. More specifically, they aimed to gauge the public"s views on the future of research into geoengineering. This working paper reflects on the framing, process, methods and findings of the public dialogue, and offers a set of recommendations for future public engagement on this topic.

HAL is a multidisciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L'archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d'enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.

La littérature scientifique et technique est très abondante concernant la création d'activités et d'emplois. Pourtant, les termes de "création d'emplois" et de "création d'activités" sont rarement définis et recouvrent des objets flous. De plus, les chercheurs se sont appropriés la problématique de façon diversifiée au sein de cadres disciplinaires peu spécifiques voire interdisciplinaires. De même, la littérature scientifique et technique dans ce domaine s'intéresse peu aux facteurs qui peuvent favoriser l'émergence d'activités et préfère ceux qui caractérisent leur développement. Cette communication identifie, par une revue de littérature, l'approche des différentes disciplines de recherche sur le sujet de la création d'activités et d'emplois en milieu rural, ainsi que les questionnements qui regroupent et mobilisent les chercheurs et les techniciens à la création d'activités. Elle souligne les questionnements et les apports disciplinaires dominants, éclaire les zones d'ombre et met à jour le manque de travaux de recherche sur la question fondamentale de l'émergence d'activités et d'emplois en milieu rural. Dans ce cadre, elle propose également de présenter la création via un triptyque en jeu dans le processus de création ainsi qu'une représentation systémique des facteurs d'émergence à la création d'activités et d'emplois qui préfigure un modèle d'analyse de l'émergence d'activités nouvelles au sein des territoires.

En nous appuyant sur le programme de recherche CreActE qui s'intéresse à la création d'activités nouvelles et d'emplois, nous proposons d'éclairer la situation et les dynamiques de création d'activités de services par les retraités. En effet, la localisation et le profil de ces retraités-créateurs de services âgés, est mal connu et relativement sous estimé. Nous avons réalisé, en partenariat avec le RSI, une enquête postale auprès des retraités créateurs de service sur 8 départements des régions Rhône-Alpes et Auvergne. Avec un taux de réponse supérieur à 15%, l'enquête postale, permet d'identifier les caractéristiques de ces retraités qui créent ou reprennent une activité à leur retraite, les motivations qui les poussent à créer, ainsi que les facteurs ayant freiné ou favorisé leur création. Nous mettons notamment en évidence deux profils distincts de retraités-créateurs : le retraité-créateur autochtone urbain et le retraité-créateur migrant rural, qui peuvent constituer des opportunités de développement économique pour les territoires.

Retraités et développement des territoires ruraux En sciences économiques : Consommation locale de revenus d'origine externe (touristes, retraités, migrants alternants) constitue un puissant levier de développement local (Vollet, Callois et Roussel, 2007). Différentes approches Territoires : faire des retraités des acteurs clé de la politique de développement (« grey power »).

Sustainability science is being developed in constructive tension between a descriptive-analytical and a transformational mode. The first is concerned with analyzing problems in coupled human-environment systems, whereas the second conducts research on practical solutions to those problems. Transformational sustainability research is confronted with the challenges of generating actionable knowledge, incorporating knowledge from outside academia, and dealing with different values and political interests. This study approaches the theory and promise of sustainability science through a comparative appraisal of five empirical sustainability science projects. We exemplarily appraise in how far sustainability science succeeds and fails in yielding solution options for sustainability problems based on an evaluative framework (that accounts for the particularities of sustainability science). The selected sustainability projects cover a range of topics (water, bioenergy, land use, solar energy, urban development), regions (from coastal to mountainous, from rural to urban areas, in several countries in Africa, Europe, and South and North America), spatial levels (from village to country levels), and research approaches. The comparative results indicate accomplishments regarding problem focus and basic transformational research methodology, but also highlight deficits regarding stakeholder participation, actionable results, and larger impacts. We conclude with suggestions on how to fully realize the potential of sustainability science as a solution-oriented endeavor, including advanced collaborative research settings, advances in transformational research methodologies, cross-case generalization, as well as reducing institutional barriers.

Pluriactivity is a widespread phenomenon that has been credited for helping the survival as well as the demise of the rural farm. Given the prevalence of poverty in rural areas, farmers have always relied on non-farm income to survive. But the recent shrinking of rural areas has also raised the question of whether pluriactivity has helped the disappearance of farms. This paper explores four main determinants of pluriactivity and extends prior work by considering their relation to the neoclassical and portfolio theories. The context is that of a developing country as the existing literature has so far largely neglected this phenomenon within developing countries. We empirically test a set of four hypotheses drawn both from theory and prior empirical work.

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Increasing interest in climate engineering in recent years has led to calls by the international research community for international research collaboration as well as global public engagement. But making such collaboration a reality is challenging. Here, we report the summary of a 2016 workshop on the significance and challenges of international collaboration on climate engineering research with a focus on the Asia-Pacific region. Because of the Climatic Change

Due to the fear of the consequences of climate change, many scientists today advocate the research intobut not deployment of-geoengineering, large-scale technological control of the global climate, to reduce the uncertainty around its efficacy and harms. Scientists propose in particular initiating field trials of stratospheric aerosol injection (SAI). This paper examines how the meanings of geoengineering experimentation, specifically SAI field trials, are reconfigured in the deliberation of the lay public. To this end, we conducted focus groups with Japanese citizens in June 2015 on the geoengineering concept and SAI field trials. Our main findings are as follows: the 'climate emergency' framing compelled the lay public to accept, either willingly or reluctantly, the need for 'geoengineering research'; however, public discourse on SAI field trials was ambiguous and ambivalent, involving both tensions and dilemmas in understanding what the SAI field trial is for and about. Our results exhibit how the lay public wrestles with understanding the social, political, and ethical implications of SAI field trials in multiple dimensions, namely, accountability, controllability, predictability, and desirability. The paper argues that more clarity in the term 'geoengineering research' is needed to facilitate inclusive and pluralistic debates on geoengineering experimentation and not to preemptively arrive at a consensus that 'we need more research.' We conclude that ambivalence about both the pros and cons of geoengineering experimentation seems to be enduring; thus, instead of ignoring or repressing it, embracing ambivalence is required to keep the geoengineering debate democratic and inclusive.

Interest in climate engineering research has grown rapidly owing to the slow progress of international climate negotiations. As some scientists are proposing to expand research and conduct field tests, there is an emerging debate about whether and how it should proceed. It is widely accepted both by the supporters and critics that public engagement from the early stage of research is necessary. Nonetheless, most, if not all, of existing research projects of climate engineering were designed predominantly by experts. To produce socially relevant knowledge, and hence, pursue transdisciplinary research that integrates interdisciplinary research and public engagement, it is desirable for scientists to decide together with the public on what kind of research should be done. In this paper, we both as Japanese scientists and stakeholders collaboratively identify 40 socially relevant research questions on climate engineering with a particular emphasis on stratospheric aerosol injection, using a method Handled by Braden Allenby, Arizona State University, USA.

Small-world studies were introduced by Milgram and others in the 1960s and 1970s. These studies, and a majority of variants conducted by others, display a number of methodological weaknesses that bias their results. While no explicit methodological standard exists for these studies, here I derive a number of best-practice criteria for small-world studies by pointing out mistakes of previous studies, and by applying methodological standards from other empirical research areas. Improving the methodology of letter referral studies is important, because such studies could still be useful in a number of contexts today, especially for the exploration of factors affecting targeted search processes.

It is widely acknowledged that the sustainability challenges facing the world require new approaches to teaching and learning. At the community level, however, sustainability priorities are context specific, so prescriptions of what and how to teach for sustainability are limiting. In higher education, one innovative approach to sustainability education that acknowledges the limits of conventional coursework involves courses based on "shared action learning" - a process in which students, faculty, and community sponsors share learning experiences while working on sustainability projects for a specific community. Shared Action Learning can be applied in any community context near or far from campus ranging from the very local campus community to distant settlements across the globe. This paper describes the processes, opportunities and challenges of shared action learning through five stages: (1) project impetus, (2) contextual research and project planning, (3) community e...

Les travaux de recherche que nous menons sont, le plus souvent, des monographies, des études de cas. Ils s'attachent à mettre en évidence la diversité des situations et la complexité des cas particuliers. Ils ne présentent souvent aucun caractère de représentativité, qui permettrait une inférence statistique. Pour généraliser ces études de cas, il est nécessaire de se référer à des schémas théoriques pour comparer les situations observées. On se sert alors d'inférence logique et de modèles. Les chorèmes sont des outils théoriques performants pour une démarche de généralisation à partir de monographies locales. L'application des chorèmes des géographes au domaine d'intérêt des agronomes: l'activité agricole et la gestion de l'espace rural, s'est traduite par l'élaboration de modèles propres. Une grille chorématique est proposée. Elle est adaptée à ces préoccupations et présente la synthèse des réflexions qu'a occasionnée la réalisation de ce numéro spécial de Mappemonde (fig. 1). Les chorèmes s'avèrent des outils de communication pédagogiques dans la démarche de modélisation.

Abstract:[fr] Cette thèse porte sur l'analyse ethnographique et sociologique du mode d'usage de l'agriculture «dans le social». Deux actions communales japonaise et belge sont ainsi mises en parallèle: le Centre pour la Création de la Vie agri-rurale (Nô-Life Sôsei Center en japonais) lancé en 2004 à Toyota au Japon, qui vise à la fois la revalorisation de friches agricoles et la promotion d'activités à but d'«Ikigai (sens de la vie)» auprès de la population locale vieillissante; l'Entreprise de Formation par le Travail Ferme Delsamme lancée en ...

Este artículo estudia el efecto de la experiencia, la estrategia intertemporal y el tamaño del grupo como posibles explicaciones a los mayores niveles de contribución al equilibrio en un juego de bienes públicos. En conjunto estas variables permiten capturar el efecto de la pertenencia al grupo, entendido este como el hecho de que a mayor información sobre el comportamiento de los integrantes de él se tenga, mayores serán los niveles de contribución. Para esto se implementó un tratamiento en el que los sujetos interactúan en un grupo con integrantes fijos (socios), y otro en el que el grupo cambia de forma aleatoria en cada ronda (extraños). Adicionalmente, se realizaron los tratamientos cruzados, donde la condición de socios o extraños en una primera etapa se cambia sorpresivamente en una segunda etapa del experimento. Para analizar el efecto del tamaño del grupo se consideraron grupos de cuatro y cinco integrantes. Los resultados muestran que la contribución promedio es positiva y...

Universities are playing an increasingly central role in advancing sustainability at the local, regional and national scale through cross-sector collaborations. Accompanying the launch of Future Earth, interest is mounting in the co-design and co-production of knowledge and solutions for advancing global sustainability, particularly in urban areas. Place-based university partnerships appear as particularly significant vehicles for enacting co-design and co-production in the context of urban sustainability. However, the nature and role of these partnerships are not well understood, in part due to the absence of systematic analyses across multiple cases. To fill this gap, the objectives of this paper were to conduct a large-scale international survey focusing on university partnerships for urban sustainability in industrialised Europe, Asia and North America to (1) determine defining features such as focus areas, geographical scales, mechanisms, actors and motivations, and (2) identify commonly encountered drivers, barriers and potential impacts. Results indicate that partnerships most typically target energy, buildings, governance and social systems, unfold at local or city-scales, and involve collaborations with local or regional government. Our analysis shows that potential outcomes of university initiatives to co-design and co-produce urban sustainability are not limited to knowledge and policy. They also encompass the creation of new technological prototypes, businesses and new socio-technical systems, in addition to transformations of the built and natural environment. Findings also suggest that individual partnerships are making strong social, environmental and sustainability impacts, with less evidence of economic contributions. Strategies are required to enhance project management and ensure that projects address contrasting priorities and time horizons in academia and local government. Implications for policy include findings that targeted funding programmes can play a key role in fostering partnerships. Measures are also required to challenge academic norms and incentive structures that, in some cases, hinder university efforts to engage in place-based initiatives to co-design and co-produce urban sustainability.

Este artículo estudia el efecto de la experiencia, la estrategia intertemporal y el tamaño del grupo como posibles explicaciones a los mayores niveles de contribución al equilibrio en un juego de bienes públicos. En conjunto estas variables permiten capturar el efecto de la pertenencia al grupo, entendido este como el hecho de que a mayor información sobre el comportamiento de los integrantes de él se tenga, mayores serán los niveles de contribución. Para esto se implementó un tratamiento en el que los sujetos interactúan en un grupo con integrantes fijos (socios), y otro en el que el grupo cambia de forma aleatoria en cada ronda (extraños). Adicionalmente, se realizaron los tratamientos cruzados, donde la condición de socios o extraños en una primera etapa se cambia sorpresivamente en una segunda etapa del experimento. Para analizar el efecto del tamaño del grupo se consideraron grupos de cuatro y cinco integrantes. Los resultados muestran que la contribución promedio es positiva y...

La littérature scientifique et technique est très abondante concernant la création d'activités et d'emplois. Pourtant, les termes de "création d'emplois" et de "création d'activités" sont rarement définis et recouvrent des objets flous. De plus, les chercheurs se sont appropriés la problématique de façon diversifiée au sein de cadres disciplinaires peu spécifiques voire interdisciplinaires. De même, la littérature scientifique et technique dans ce domaine s'intéresse peu aux facteurs qui peuvent favoriser l'émergence d'activités et préfère ceux qui caractérisent leur développement. Cette communication identifie, par une revue de littérature, l'approche des différentes disciplines de recherche sur le sujet de la création d'activités et d'emplois en milieu rural, ainsi que les questionnements qui regroupent et mobilisent les chercheurs et les techniciens à la création d'activités. Elle souligne les questionnements et les apports disciplinaires dominants, éclaire les zones d'ombre et met à jour le manque de travaux de recherche sur la question fondamentale de l'émergence d'activités et d'emplois en milieu rural. Dans ce cadre, elle propose également de présenter la création via un triptyque en jeu dans le processus de création ainsi qu'une représentation systémique des facteurs d'émergence à la création d'activités et d'emplois qui préfigure un modèle d'analyse de l'émergence d'activités nouvelles au sein des territoires.

Retraités et développement des territoires ruraux En sciences économiques : Consommation locale de revenus d'origine externe (touristes, retraités, migrants alternants) constitue un puissant levier de développement local (Vollet, Callois et Roussel, 2007). Différentes approches Territoires : faire des retraités des acteurs clé de la politique de développement (« grey power »).

En nous appuyant sur le programme de recherche CreActE qui s'interesse a la creation d'activites nouvelles et d'emplois, nous proposons d'eclairer la situation et les dynamiques de creation d'activites de services par les retraites. En effet, la localisation et le profil de ces retraites-createurs de services âges, est mal connu et relativement sous estime. Nous avons realise, en partenariat avec le RSI, une enquete postale aupres des retraites createurs de service sur 8 departements des regions Rhone-Alpes et Auvergne. Avec un taux de reponse superieur a 15%, l'enquete postale, permet d'identifier les caracteristiques de ces retraites qui creent ou reprennent une activite a leur retraite, les motivations qui les poussent a creer, ainsi que les facteurs ayant freine ou favorise leur creation. Nous mettons notamment en evidence deux profils distincts de retraites-createurs : le retraite-createur autochtone urbain et le retraite-createur migrant rural, qui ...

Este artículo estudia el efecto de la experiencia, la estrategia intertemporal y el tamaño del grupo como posibles explicaciones a los mayores niveles de contribución al equilibrio en un juego de bienes públicos. En conjunto estas variables permiten capturar el efecto de la pertenencia al grupo, entendido este como el hecho de que a mayor información sobre el comportamiento de los integrantes de él se tenga, mayores serán los niveles de contribución. Para esto se implementó un tratamiento en el que los sujetos interactúan en un grupo con integrantes fijos (socios), y otro en el que el grupo cambia de forma aleatoria en cada ronda (extraños). Adicionalmente, se realizaron los tratamientos cruzados, donde la condición de socios o extraños en una primera etapa se cambia sorpresivamente en una segunda etapa del experimento. Para analizar el efecto del tamaño del grupo se consideraron grupos de cuatro y cinco integrantes. Los resultados muestran que la contribución promedio es positiva y...