Smoking Prevalence

Objective: Among workers in dusty occupations, tobacco use is particularly detrimental to health because of the potential synergistic effects of occupational exposures (for example, asbestos) in causing disease. This study explored the prevalence of smoking and the reported smoking cessation discussion with a primary healthcare provider (HCP) among a representative sample of currently employed US worker groups. Methods: Pooled data from the 1997-2003 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) were used to estimate occupation specific smoking rates (n = 135 412). The 2000 NHIS Cancer Control Module was used to determine (among employed smokers with HCP visits) the prevalence of being advised to quit smoking by occupation (n = 3454). Results: The average annual prevalence of current smoking was 25% in all workers. In 2000, 84% of smokers reported visiting an HCP during the past 12 months; 53% reported being advised by their physician to quit smoking (range 42%-66% among 30 occupations). However, an estimated 10.5 million smokers were not advised to quit smoking by their HCP. Workers with potentially increased occupational exposure to dusty work environments (including asbestos, silica, particulates, etc), at high risk for occupational lung disease and with high smoking prevalence, had relatively low reported discussions with an HCP about smoking cessation, including farm workers (30% overall smoking prevalence; 42% told to quit), construction and extractive trades (39%; 46%), and machine operators/tenderers (34%; 44%). The relatively low reported prevalence of HCP initiated smoking cessation discussion, particularly among currently employed workers with potentially synergistic occupational exposures and high current smoking prevalence, needs to be addressed through educational campaigns targeting physicians and other HCPs.

INTRODUCTION Tobacco consumption is a significant risk factor for many chronic non-communicable diseases. In addition, tobacco use imposes a huge economic burden on countries including Nigeria. This study estimated the economic burden of tobacco consumption in Nigeria from 2013-2020. METHODS The study combined data from the WHO Global Health Observatory and Global Health Expenditure databases, the World Bank, Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS 2018), and the literature. Using an attributable risk strategy, the study estimated the direct cost as well as the economic burden of morbidity and mortality attributable to tobacco use. RESULTS Of the total economic burden of non-communicable diseases, 0.07% was attributable to smoked tobacco and 0.004% was attributable to smokeless tobacco use among males, while for females the values were 0.005% for smoked tobacco and 0.002% for smokeless tobacco use. Between 2013 and 2020, the total direct cost (US$) attributable to smoked tobacco use for the current health expenditure category was $9.37 billion, while for smokeless tobacco it was $749.66 million. Combined, the economic burden of tobacco use between 2013 and 2020 was $9.45 billion. On average, the economic burden attributable to tobacco use accounted for 0.28% of total GPD between 2013 and 2020 in the country. CONLUSIONS Considering the enormous economic burden of tobacco use that is evident in this study, the Nigerian economy as well as public and population health will benefit from intensifying efforts to fully adopt 'best buys' policy recommendations to control tobacco use in the country.

Background: Tobacco use is projected to cause nearly 450 million deaths worldwide during the next 50 years. Health professionals can have a critical role in reducing tobacco use. Therefore, one of the strategies to reduce the number of smoking-related deaths is to encourage the involvement of health professionals in tobacco-use prevention and cessation counseling. As future health care providers, pharmacy students should consider providing assistance to others to overcome tobacco use and be involved in promoting a tobacco free future as part of their professional responsibility. This research was to determine the knowledge of tobacco/smoking policy, willingness to be involved in tobacco cessation, attitude to keeping a tobacco free environment and the smoking habit among pharmacy students at the University of Lagos. Methods: Data was collected by the use of self administered questionnaire which was aimed at assessing their smoking habit, determining their knowledge and attitude to smoking policy and willingness to be involved in smoking cessation. The population sample was all the pharmacy students in their professional years (200 to 500 Levels) at Idi-Araba Campus of the University of Lagos. Results: Out of 327 qualified participants, 297 responded to the questionnaire which was about 91% participation rate but out of these only 291 questionnaires were useful which came to 89%. There seemed to be no statistically significant difference between the smoking habits among the different levels (p > 0.05). Overall, the current smoking prevalence was 5.5% which is lower than the national prevalence rate of 8.9%. Awareness of WHO FCTC global tobacco treaty was low (9.3%) among pharmacy students but they agreed that pharmacists and pharmacy students should be involved in quit smoking program (93.1%) and they were willing to be involved in helping smokers to quit (85.9%). Majority agreed that smoking should not be permitted in pharmacies (87.9%) and at pharmacy students' events (86.9%). From this study it can be concluded that smoking prevalence is low among pharmacy students at the University of Lagos. Awareness of global policy is low but they are willing to be involved in smoking cessation and promoting a tobacco free future.

tive methods was same. There was only 9% of the illiterate workers were using while the usage compliance increased to 28%. Gender based analysis suggests that the women workers were less aware about silicosis disease and less educatedthese could be reasons for women workers for less likely use protective methods. CONCLUSIONS: Awareness is important for the health safety, but the understanding and education level of workers is key factors, these data suggest that not just the awareness, but also the education level of workers plays a significant role in compliance toward the usage of protective methods.

O tabagismo é um grave problema de saúde pública. A luta antitabágica está em grande parte alicerçada nos profissionais da área da saúde, em especial, nos médicos. O médico frente à sua comunidade é um modelo de conduta e como tal deve dar o exemplo de não fumar. Objetivo: Avaliar a magnitude e distribuição do tabagismo na população médica de Rio Grande, RS, e caracterizar o perfil do fumante. Método: Os dados foram obtidos no ano de 1999, através da aplicação e análise de questionário, elaborado segundo modelo proposto pela OMS, entre 333 médicos, sendo 213 (64%) homens e 120 (36%) mulheres. A média de idade da amostra foi de 43 (± 10,5) anos, com 65,1% no grupo de 30 a 50 anos. Resultados: Constatou-se prevalência de tabagismo atual de 18,3% (15,9% fumantes regulares + 2,4% fumantes ocasionais). A prevalência de tabagismo regular quanto ao gênero foi de 17,8% entre homens e 12,5% entre mulheres, sem diferença estatisticamente significante (p > 0,05). O consumo de cigarros foi, ...

Each year, tobacco use is responsible for approximately 8 million deaths worldwide, including 7 million deaths among persons who use tobacco and 1.2 million deaths among nonsmokers exposed to secondhand smoke (SHS) (1). Approximately 80% of the 1.1 billion persons who smoke tobacco worldwide reside in low-and middle-income countries (2,3). The World Health Organization's (WHO's) Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) provides the foundation for countries to implement and manage tobacco control through the MPOWER policy package,* which includes monitoring tobacco use, protecting persons from SHS, warning them about the danger of tobacco, and enforcing bans on tobacco advertising, promotion, or sponsorship (tobacco advertising) (4). CDC analyzed data from 11 countries that completed two or more rounds of the Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS) during 2008-2017. Tobacco use and tobaccorelated behaviors that were assessed included current tobacco use, SHS exposure, thinking about quitting because of warning labels, and exposure to tobacco advertising. Across the assessed countries, the estimated percentage change in tobacco use from the first round to the most recent round ranged from -21.5% in Russia to 1.1% in Turkey. Estimated percentage change in SHS exposure ranged from -71.5% in Turkey to 72.9% in Thailand. Estimated percentage change in thinking about quitting because of warning labels ranged from 77.4% in India to -33.0% in Turkey. Estimated percentage change in exposure to tobacco advertising ranged from -66.1% in Russia to 44.2% in Thailand. Continued implementation and enforcement of proven tobacco control interventions and strategies at the country level, as outlined in MPOWER, can help reduce tobacco-related morbidity and mortality worldwide . GATS is a nationally representative household survey of noninstitutionalized adults aged ≥15 years that uses a standard core questionnaire, sample design, and data collection methods. † GATS data were analyzed from 11 countries with at least two rounds of data collection during 2008-2017. Sample sizes in the first round ranged from 5,581 (Uruguay) to 69,296 (India) and in the most recent round, from 4,966 (Uruguay) to 74,037 * The six components of MPOWER are "monitor" tobacco use and prevention policies; "protect" persons from tobacco smoke; "offer" help to quit tobacco use; "warn" about the dangers of tobacco; "enforce" bans on tobacco advertising, promotion, and sponsorship; and "raise" taxes on tobacco.

Background: Although a decline in smoking prevalence is seen in most developed countries, smoking during pregnancy remains an important public health concern, affecting both the mothers' own health as well as that of her unborn child. The objective was to study several aspects of smoking habits among pregnant women in Norway since 1999. Firstly, to assess changes and secular trends in smoking habits during pregnancy in the period 1999-2004. Secondly, to biochemically assess the validity of self-reported smoking habits in the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study (MoBa). The third objective was to explore if women born with low birth weight more often end up as smokers as adults compared to women born with higher birth weight. The fourth aim was to assess the risk of small for gestational age (SGA) in 2 nd pregnancy according to smoking habits in two successive pregnancies.

Introduction: chronic consumption of tobacco today constitutes a social phenomenon that affects indistinctly to each sector of the population. Objective: to prove that the design and implementation of an educative strategy increases the level of knowledge and the tries to quit smoking in patients from the office 37 (Hermanos Cruz Neighborhood). Material y method: quasi-experimental research with preand pro-test design with just one group carried out from August 6, 2012 to April 30, 2013. The target group consisted of the 101 smoking patients in that area, while the sample was made up by the 75 patients fulfilling the inclusion criteria. Chi-square test was applied to see the results of the variables before and after. Results: early in the strategy’s implementation, 77.3% of the patients had an adequate level of knowledge about the damages caused by smoking, this number increased to 100% after the research. 47.7% made tries to quit smoking early in the strategy’s implementation, and ...

A cross-sectional study was carried out in Bann Leuk and Nongree Sub-district, Ratchhaburi province, Thailand in March, 2011. The main purposes of this study were to identify the prevalence of smoking and to identify the association between demographic characteristics, level of knowledge, level of attitudes and practices of smoking of adult Myanmar migrant workers aged between 18 to 59 years who lived in Ratchaburi province, Thailand. This study was conducted with 385 samples by using a structured interview questionnaire. The overall prevalence of cigarette smoking was 40% with the prevalence of males was 55.3% and of females was 9.4%. Among respondents, 39.7% had high level of knowledge about cigarette smoking and its harmful health consequences while 30.4% had moderate level of knowledge. For attitude toward smoking, 59% of respondents had high level of positive attitude towards risks and prohibition of cigarette smoking and 37.4% had moderate level. Smoking behavior was high significant difference with age (<0.001), gender (<0.001) and duration of staying in Thailand (<0.001). There was an association between knowledge of smoking and cigarette smoking behavior (<0.001) while there was also statistical different between attitude towards smoking and cigarette smoking behavior (<0.001). This study was done with the expectation that the information obtained from this study can be used as a baseline data for further studies. Interventions are needed to be considered for behavioral change and to conduct prevention and control measures of smoking among adult Myanmar migrant workers in Thailand.

Background Tobacco control policies have potential to be an effective strategy for the reduction of smoking prevalence and secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure in tertiary educational settings worldwide. The aims of this study were to collect baseline data among staff and students, to measure smoking behaviours and attitudes towards introduction of campus-wide tobacco control policies within a UK higher education setting. Methods Cross-sectional study using data collected by web-based questionnaire administered to employed staff and enrolled students (undergraduate/postgraduate) at the University of Birmingham from May 2016 to April 2017. Information was obtained regarding demographic characteristics, tobacco usage patterns and attitudes towards a revised campus tobacco control policy using a 21-item survey tool. Logistic regression analyses were used to explore associations between participant characteristics and support for smoke-free or tobacco-free campus policy options, evaluated by...

ABSTRACTThis is about a descriptive, longitudinal epidemiological study, from quantitative approach, aiming at estimating the prevalence of smoking among professionals of Health Family Units at Camaragibe, Pernambuco (PE) - Brazil, for the implementation of the Tobacco Use Control Program. The population was from 370 health professionals, from 37 Health Family Units, and a team of the Program of Health Community Agents, and the sample from 315 professionals corresponded to 85,0% of this population. A questionnaire self-applicable was used to gather data, which were organized, analyzed and discussed according to literature. Results showed that there was predominance of female genre practitioners, that of the higher level are those that most smoking 32,7%; half of the nurses smoke less than 20 cigarettes a day, 50,0% of doctors smoke 20 cigarettes or more ones; 100% of assistant nursing smoke less than 20 cigarettes a day, 53,0% of health community agents smoke less than 20 cigarettes...

Aim To investigate whether the association between exposure to smoking in movies and smoking among youth is independent of cultural context. Method Cross-sectional survey of 16 551 pupils recruited in Germany, Iceland, Italy, the Netherlands, Poland and Scotland with a mean age of 13.4 years (SD¼1.18) and an equal gender distribution. Schoolbased surveys were conducted between November 2009 and June 2010. Using previously validated methods, exposure to movie smoking was estimated from the 250 top-grossing movies of each country (years 2004e2009) and related to ever smoking. Results Overall, 29% of the sample had tried smoking. The sample quartile (Q) of movie smoking exposure was significantly associated with the prevalence of ever smoking: 14% of adolescents in Q1 had tried smoking, 21% in Q2, 29% in Q3 and 36% in Q4. After controlling for age, gender, family affluence, school performance, television screen time, number of movies seen, sensation seeking and rebelliousness and smoking within the social environment (peers, parents and siblings), the adjusted ORs for having tried smoking in the entire sample were 1.3 (95% CI 1.1 to 1.5) for adolescents in Q2, 1.6 (95% CI 1.4 to 1.9) for Q3 and 1.7 (95% CI 1.4 to 2.0) for Q4 compared with Q1. The adjusted relationship between ever smoking and higher movie smoking exposure levels was significant in all countries with a non-linear association in Italy and Poland. Conclusions The link between smoking in movies and adolescent smoking is robust and transcends different cultural contexts. Limiting young people's exposure to movie smoking could have important public health implications.

BACKGROUND: Tobacco use is a significant risk factor for cardiovascular diseases in women. Tobacco use in adolescent years is a major predictor of tobacco use in adulthood. Identification of predictors of the onset of tobacco use in adolescence can reduce subsequent CVC risk factors in adulthood. OBJECTIVE: In light of social norms being influential on smoking behavior among adolescents, this current study examines the influence of social norms on smoking prevalence at baseline and upon high school graduation. This current study explores the influence of norms over time among a cohort of adolescent girls, whose behavior may be paricularly susceptible to the influences of peer behavior. METHODS: Data is from the Acadiana Coalition of Teens against Tobacco (ACTT), a school environment tobacco prevention program consisting of a randomized controlled panel of 20 schools in South Central Louisiana over a four year period. The panel was defined as all students enrolled in the 9th grade of participating schools at the time of base-line measurement (N4763). Using hierarchical regression, social smoking norms and attitudes on smoking were regressed on 30-day smoking prevalence, while controlling for demographics and other confounders. RESULTS: Findings indicate that social norms are more influential in the earlier adolescent years for girls, and that social norms have differential effects on White and non-White populations. CONCLUSION: Interventions based on social norms to prevent smoking onset among adolescent girls should be delivered earlier in the adolescent years.

Background: Factors associated with tobacco smoking are useful in designing tobacco control programs. Objectives: To estimate the prevalence of and factors associated with tobacco smoking among long-distance drivers. Methods: A cross-sectional study. Stratified cluster sampling approach was used to select drivers based on if they received annual health screening (AHS) or not (non-AHS). We used a structured questionnaire to obtain information and weighted the resulting observations to derive population based estimates. Association between tobacco smoking and socio-demographic factors was explored in multivariate models. Results: A total of 414 male drivers, with a mean age of 43.6 (standard error 0.6) years were studied. Population weighted prevalence of current smoking was 18.9% (95% CI: 14.3-23.4) all drivers, 6.5% (95% CI: 2.6-10.4) of AHS drivers and 19.5 (95% CI: 14.7-24.2) of non-AHS drivers (p<0.001). In multivariate models, having close friends that smoked (OR= 6.36, 95% CI= 2.49 -16.20) cargo driving (OR= 2.58, 95% CI= 1.29 -5.15) and lower education levels (OR for post-secondary education vs. Primary education or less= 0.17, 95% CI= 0.04 -0.81) were associated with current smoking. Conclusion: Prevalence of tobacco smoking is higher among non-AHS compared to AHS drivers. Having close friends that smoked, cargo driving, and lower education levels were associated with current smoking.

At the core of the NIHS is the alliance between the Mid-Western Health Board (MWHB) and the University of Limerick (UL), formally launched in 2003. This alliance is bridging the gap between the academic world and the various professions in the health care sector, adopting a partnership approach to developing a thriving research culture. The NIHS promotes and facilitates advances in health-related post-graduate education and research, and provides information resources to support research. The NIHS invites all MWHB staff members to acquaint themselves with its resources and activities. Membership of the NIHS e-library is open to all MWHB staff. The NIHS looks forward to assisting in the continuing consolidation of the research culture of this region. iii 'Health research plays a crucial role in the ongoing development and provision of quality healthcare that best meets the needs of individuals and the population.' Thus quotes the National Health Information Strategy (NHIS), launched in July 2004. Its release completes the suite of reports that address the Health Service Reform Programme's six frameworks for change. This strategy formalises government's commitment to the modernisation of our health information framework, away from a state of fragmentation, under-resourcing, and under-utilisation, to the provision of complete, comprehensive, accurate, timely and standardised information, that serves the ultimate goal of evidence-based decision-making and high-quality care. Its importance for the achievement of the four goals of the Health Strategy, Quality and Fairness (2001) -better health for everyone, fair access, responsive and appropriate care and high performance-cannot be overemphasised. Researchers are a key stakeholder group. This publication is significant in realising the vision behind the Health Research Strategy, Making Knowledge Work for Health (2000), where it is acknowledged that researchers need access to high quality information and information systems, to sophisticated databases and biological banks, to libraries and to information technology. Issues of vital significance to the research community are addressed: capturing and dissemination of high quality and standardised health-related data, unique identification, implementation of the electronic healthcare record, access to world-class bibliographic databases, access to statistical data and databases via a Health Information Portal, the establishment of a health services data model and a national population health observatory, issuing of a Health Information Bill and governance codes of practice and multi-annual information and ICT planning. The NHIS explicitly commits to the technological and organisational infrastructure, processes and governance framework necessary to support the research and development function as set out in the Health Research Strategy. It also commits to sufficient specialist analytical, interpretive and information services expertise. Significant challenges lie ahead in implementing this strategy: unravelling the legislative complications behind unique identification, creating a robust information governance framework, addressing unprecedented management, cultural, and organisational challenges and ensuring significant and sustained investment in the human and technological infrastructure. As part of the research community, we support the significant developments heralded in this strategy. We acknowledge the challenges, pledge our contribution to its success, and look forward to seeing the immense benefits its implementation will deliver.

Ozet Amac. Calisma Cumhuriyet Universitesi Saglik Bilimleri Fakultesi Ebelik Bolumu&#39;nde &quot;Sigarasiz Bolum Projesi&quot; dahilinde ogrencilerin sigara icme ve birakma durumlarini saptamak amaciyla 2006-2007 ogretim yilinin birinci doneminde tanimlayici olarak yapildi. Yontem. Calismaya ogrencilerin tamami (131 kiz ogrenci) alindi. Ogrencilerden 19 soru iceren anket formunu isim yazmadan doldurmalari istendi. Cevaplama orani %100 oldu. Bulgular. Calisma sonucuna gore 131 Ebelik ogrencisinin %13&#39;u (17 ogrenci) halen sigara icmektedir. Her gun sigara icenlerin orani %7,6 iken, ara sira sigara icenlerin orani %5,4&#39;tur. Sigarayi birakmis bir ogrenci (%0,7) bulunurken, sigara icmemis olanlarin orani %86,3 olarak bulunmustur. Birakma orani dusuktur (%5,6). Sigara icenlerin orani, birinci siniflarda %2,5, ikinci siniflarda %16, ucuncu siniflarda %16,1, dorduncu siniflarda ise %20&#39;dir. Birinci sinifta sigara icme orani sonraki siniflara gore onemli olcude dusuk bulunmustur...

US General Educational Diploma (GED) * recipients have the highest smoking prevalence of any education level. This paper describes demographic characteristics and tobacco use patterns and examines effect modification and confounding as potential explanations for higher crude prevalence of smoking. Methods.-The study population included adults aged 25 and older in the 2013 National Health Interview Study. We estimated adjusted prevalence ratios and 95% CIs for smoking and quitting behaviors using weighted multivariable logistic regression. Results.-Among females with a GED, adjusted prevalence of ever use (58.7%) and smoking (32.4%) was 1.50 and 1.52 times the prevalence than for high school dropouts (39.1%, 21.3%). Female GED recipients had a significantly higher prevalence of ever smoking compared to dropouts. We found no significant educational differences in smoking prevalence among males or quit behaviors for either sex. Conclusions.-More research is needed to identify targeted interventions to prevent smoking in this disparate population. * Diplomas in U.S. GED programs certify that the recipient has high-school-level academic skills. They are earned by passing four tests through a program of the American Council on Education. These diplomas function (loosely) as high school diplomas do.

Background: Tobacco smoking is one of the most important avoidable causes of mortality from non-communicable diseases (NCDs). This study aimed to report the crude and standardized prevalence of current, ever, and secondhand smoking at national and provincial levels. Methods: This study was performed through an analysis of the results of the STEPs survey 2016, which was conducted as a cross-sectional national study. The samples were selected via multistage cluster sampling and they were representative of general population aged ≥18 years in all provinces of Iran. All the data were analyzed via survey analysis while considering population weights. Age-standardized prevalence was also calculated for the Iranian national population in 2016 and the World Health Organization (WHO) Population 2000-2025. Results: A total of 29 963 subjects aged ≥18 years from all provinces of Iran, except for Qom, participated in this study. The age standardized prevalence of current tobacco smoking among adult males and females were 24.4% (95% CI: 23.6%-25.1%) and 3.8% (95% CI: 3.5%-4.1%), respectively. Among the participants, the majority of the current smokers were among those aged 45-54 years (14.5%; 95% CI: 13.6%-15.5%). With increase in age, the prevalence of secondhand smoking decreased to 34.8% (95% CI: 33.3%-36.7%) among people aged 18-24 years and to 22•6% (95% CI: 21.0%-24.3%) among subjects over 70 years. The result of the study can be used to inform policy makers about the status of smoking and help them to design policies for setting rules on and limiting the import of cigarettes and their components to the country.

More than one million people die every year in India due to tobacco use and in Australia it accounts for more than 8% of total disease and injury Considering the huge death, disease and injury burden of tobacco, the global community, under the auspices of the World Health Organization (WHO), adopted the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC). Both the Indian and Australian Governments played constructive and leading roles in FCTC negotiations, supporting a strong and robust Treaty that incorporated effective evidence based tobacco control measures for reducing demand and supply of tobacco. Following the adoption of the Treaty, both India and Australia adopted stronger tobacco control regulations, but there are numerous instances where the tobacco industry posed hindrances in implementing effective and evidence-based tobacco control measures. These included violation of advertising bans and using tobacco packages as parallel marketing strategies. In order to alleviate tobacco industry interference and reduce the promotional function of packaging, several countries including New Zealand, Canada and the United Kingdom discussed, debated and planned introduction of plain packaging of tobacco products. However, Australia led the world by introducing plain packaging of tobacco products in 2011 -under legislation that prohibits the use of logos, colours, brand images or promotional information on tobacco product packaging. India occupies a unique position in tobacco control as the second largest producer and consumer of tobacco products in the world. The huge burden of tobacco use in India, aggressive marketing of tobacco products targeted to youth, and a delay in the introduction of large and strong pictorial health warnings merit advocacy for plain packaging of tobacco products in India as well. In recognition of this, the Australia India Institute (AII) supported the constitution of a Taskforce to examine the feasibility of introducing plain packaging in India. The Taskforce, comprising of many key tobacco control experts from both countries, has been instrumental in compiling the latest evidence and existing legislative and policy frameworks to support adoption of this strong tobacco control measure in India. It has been invaluable to have this joint Australia-India Taskforce to utilise the expertise and experience from Australia in plain packaging. In India we are confident that we have the key partners involved in facilitating this process and developing a policy that is appropriate and effective in this context. This Policy Document, developed by the Taskforce over a period of six months, includes comprehensive literature on plain packaging and highlights the challenges faced by Australia in introducing and standing firm on implementation of plain packaging. It aims to allay the concerns and myths about plain packaging, especially related to international and bilateral trade agreements. To substantiate the policy recommendations and future pathways on adoption of plain packaging in India, the AII also commissioned market research that lends substantial support, across demographic groups and key stakeholders, in favour of the plain packaging of tobacco products in India.

Background: Population data on tobacco use and its determinants require continuous monitoring and careful inter-country comparison. We aimed to provide the most up-to-date estimates on tobacco smoking from a large cross-sectional survey, conducted in selected European countries. Methods: Within the TackSHS Project, a face-to-face survey on smoking was conducted in 2017-2018 in 12 countries: Bulgaria,

Objectives This study aimed to assess trends in the prevalence of alcohol use depending on smoking behaviours and that of smoking depending on drinking behaviours among Japanese adolescents. Design This was a retrospective study using Japanese school-based nationwide surveys conducted between 1996 and 2017. Setting Surveyed schools, both junior and senior high schools, considered representative of the entire Japanese population, were sampled randomly. Participants We enrolled 11 584-64 152 students from 179 to 103 schools yearly. They completed a self-reported and anonymous questionnaire on smoking and drinking behaviour. Results Since 1996, the prevalence of alcohol use and smoking among adolescents decreased in each survey (p<0.01). The prevalence of alcohol use in the non-smokers group was 29.0% in 1996 and 4.0% in 2017, and in the smokers group, it was 73.3% in 1996 and 57.4% in 2017. The reduction rate (the difference in prevalence between 1996 and 2017 divided by the prevalence in 1996) was 0.86 in the non-smokers group and 0.22 in the smokers group. The prevalence of smoking in the non-drinkers group was 6.7% in 1996 and 0.7% in 2017, while that in the drinkers group was 32.5% in 1996 and 18.9% in 2017. The reduction rate was 0.90 in the non-drinkers group and 0.42 in the drinkers group. Therefore, downward trends differed among the groups. In a subanalysis of senior high school students, we divided students into three groups according to their intention to pursue further education. Between 1996 and 2017, there was a consistent difference in the prevalence of alcohol use and smoking among these groups. Conclusions Alcohol use and smoking among Japanese adolescents seem to have reduced. However, certain groups showed poor improvements, and health risk behaviour disparity exists, which may widen further. We need to focus on high-risk groups and implement appropriate measures or interventions accordingly.

Assessment of the effectiveness of school tobacco policies (STPs) in reducing adolescent smoking remains inconclusive. Previous studies took insufficient account of different dimensions of STPs, the different views of students and staff, and policy changes over time. This study assessed how a multidimensional STP, as perceived by students and staff, was associated with adolescent smoking over time in six European cities. The SILNE and SILNE-R surveys were conducted among students (n = 18,502) and staff (n = 438) in 38 schools in 2013 and 2016. Three dimensions (comprehensiveness, enforcement, and communication) were assessed and we calculated total STP scores. Multilevel logistic regressions estimated associations of STPs with adolescent smoking on and just outside school premises and with weekly smoking. Further analyses estimated associations between 2013 and 2016 STP changes and smoking outcomes in 2016, controlling for STP and smoking prevalence in 2013. On average, there were few increases in STP scores over time. Greater STP enforcement, as perceived by students, was associated with lower odds of weekly smoking (OR:0.93, 95%CI:0.89-0.97) and of smoking on school premises (OR:0.80, 95%CI:0.72-0.90). Higher total STP scores were associated with lower odds of smoking on school premises (OR:0.76, 95%CI:0.67-0.86), but not of smoking just outside premises or smoking weekly. Greater increases in STP scores over time were associated with lower odds of smoking on school premises in 2016 (OR:0.65, 95%CI:0.47-0.89). Well-enforced STPs may help reduce adolescent smoking at school. Schools should be supported in adopting comprehensive policies that also extend to the surroundings of their premises.

UNLABELLED Tobacco smoking is the cause of more than half million deaths/year in the European Union (EU). Monitoring smoking prevalence is an important tool to evaluate the epidemic and its evolution and to assess the effectiveness of preventive measures. The comparison between countries may help us identify good control practices. OBJECTIVE To describe the current state and evolution of the smoking epidemic in several EU countries, and to characterize the Portuguese situation in comparison with those countries. METHODS To characterize smoking habits and their evolution in the population over 15 years old, several Eurobarometer reports from 1995 to 2007 were used. The characterization of School Aged Children&#39;s smoking habits was based on the Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children data of 1993-4 and 2002. The Portuguese situation also used the information available from the National Health Surveys of 1987 up to 2005/06. RESULTS The global prevalence of smoking in adult populati...

Objective-To analyse the dynamics of smoking prevalence, initiation, and cessation in relation to sex, age, birth cohort, study year, and educational level. Design-Six independent cross-sectional population surveys repeated every five years between 1972 and 1997. Setting-The provinces of North Karelia and Kuopio in eastern Finland. Subjects-Independent random samples of 18 088 men and 19 200 women aged 25-64 years. Those comprising the oldest birth cohort were born in 1913-17 and those in the youngest were born in 1968-72. Results-Among men the prevalence of smoking decreased over time, but the cohort eVect observed in smoking initiation was obscured by the changes in smoking cessation. DiVerences between the educational categories were small. Among women the prevalence of smoking increased during the study period. This was mainly caused by the less highly educated, in whom smoking initiation clearly increased in successive birth cohorts, but a more moderate cohort eVect was also present among the more highly educated women. Conclusions-In men decreased initiation and increased cessation contributed to the downward trend in smoking prevalence, whereas among women, changes in smoking were mostly caused by augmented initiation in successive birth cohorts. During the study period educational inequalities in smoking widened, as the less highly educated came increasingly to form the smoking population.

From 1965 to 1990, the prevalence of cigarette smoking among US adults (aged >18 years) fell steadily and substantially. Data for the 1990s suggest that the smoking initiation rate is increasing and that the decline in the prevalence of smoking may have stalled, raising the fear that the historical 25-year decline will not continue. The authors used a new dynamic forecasting model to show that although the decline may slow down, the demographics of smoking imply that prevalence will inexorably continue to decline over the next several decades, even without any intensified efforts aimed at tobacco control. The authors estimated and validated the model using historical data collected by the National Health Interview Surveys on the prevalence of smoking among adults. Their results indicate that the current increase in the smoking initiation rate partially explains the fact that the prevalence of smoking has apparently leveled off, but even if the most grim assumptions about future initiation rates are used, the prevalence of smoking among adults will continue to decline for several more decades. The authors predict that if current initiation and cessation behaviors persist, the prevalence of smoking among adults will automatically decline from its current level of 25% to 15-16% by the second quarter of the next century. Even so, smoking will remain the nation's leading cause of premature death.

The current study team sought to understand smokeless tobacco (SLT) usage trends among youth, using nationally representative data collected as part of the Canadian Youth Smoking Survey (YSS) between 2004 and 2008. Methods: Descriptive analyses of SLT ever use among respondents in grades 6 to 9 were examined according to year of data collection (2008, n=31,249; 2006, n=34,050; and 2004, n=23,362). Using the 2008 data from respondents in grades 6 to 12 (n=51,922), logistic regression models were used to examine characteristics associated with SLT ever use and current use. Results: Between 2004 and 2008, the prevalence of youth in grades 6 to 9 reporting they have ever tried SLT significantly decreased by 30.8%. In 2008, male students were more likely than females to have tried SLT (OR 4.87, 95% CI 4.34-5.45) or to currently use SLT (OR 4.96, 95% CI 4.12-5.96). There are regional differences in prevalence of SLT use across Canada, with the highest rates in western provinces and the lowest in Quebec. Current smokers were also more likely to use SLT (OR 11.86, 95% CI 10.22-13.76) compared to non-smokers. Older students are more likely to report ever use or current use of SLT. The findings from this study demonstrate that in Canada, adolescent SLT use is primarily an issue with males and there are significant regional differences. Ongoing monitoring of SLT is encouraged considering the tobacco industry's recent investments and product development and increased use in countries like the United States.

Introduction-The year 2014 marked the 50th Anniversary of the first Surgeon General's Report. This paper estimates the effect of tobacco control policies in the U.S. after the 1964 Report using the SimSmoke tobacco control simulation model. -SimSmoke uses National Health Interview Survey data from 1965 through 2012 on smoking prevalence, initiation, and -cessation rates, and incorporates policies implemented since 1965. The model projects smoking prevalence and smoking-attributable deaths (SADs) from 1965 through 2065 and is validated against National Health Interview Survey data. Counterfactual scenarios with policies constant since 1965 and with individual policies are estimated. Analysis was conducted in February 2014. Results-SimSmoke generally validated well over the time period 1965 through 2012. As a result of all policies, smoking prevalence is estimated to have fallen by almost 55% by 2014 with a total of 2 million SADs s averted from 1965 through 2014, increasing to 20.1 million SADs by 2065. The Fairness Doctrine is estimated to have reduced adult smoking prevalence by about 24% by 2014 and averted 10.4 million SADs by 2065, while price increases reduced smoking prevalence by 24% by 2014 and averted 7.3 million SADs by 2065. Smoke-free air laws, cessation treatment, and tobacco control spending individually reduced smoking rates by 3%-5.5% by 2014. Conclusions-By 2014, SimSmoke predicts a 53% reduction in smoking rates and almost 2 million SADs averted due to polices implemented since the 1964 Surgeon General's Report, with most of the health benefit still to occur in future years.

Introduction-Mexico was the first Latin American country to ratify the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) in 2004, after which it implemented some key FCTC policies (e.g., taxes, smoke-free, pictorial warnings, ad bans). This study assessed trends in the prevalence of current, daily, and nondaily smoking in Mexico before and after the implementation of key FCTC policies. Methods-Data were analyzed from two comparable, nationally representative surveys (i.e., The National Survey of Addictions 2002, 2011, and 2016 and the Global Adult Tobacco Survey 2009 and 2015). The pooled sample comprised 100,302 persons aged 15 to 65 years old. Changes in the prevalence of current, daily, and nondaily smoking were assessed. 2002 to 2016, the prevalence of current smoking fell 11% (from 21.5% to 19.0%). The decrease was registered between 2002 and 2009, and after that, a slight increase was observed (from 16.5% to 2009 to 19% in 2016). The prevalence of daily smoking decreased by about 50% between 2002 to 2016 (from 13.5% to 7.0%) with most of the decrease occurring by 2009. Conversely, the prevalence of nondaily smoking increased by 35% between 2009 to 2016 (from 8.8% to 11.9%). Conclusions-Full implementation of the FCTC is necessary to further reduce smoking. Specific interventions may be needed to target nondaily smokers, who now comprise more than half of current smokers in Mexico.

To develop a simulation model to predict the effects of tax policies on smoking prevalence rates and smoking attributable deaths. Methods: Using data from Taiwan, a simulation model is developed that projects population using birth and death rate data, future smoking rates using initiation, cessation and relapse data, and smoking attributable deaths using smoking prevalence and relative risk estimates. The model projects the number of smokers and smoking related deaths from a baseline year forward. The effects of taxes of different sizes, indexed and unindexed, and temporary versus sustained are modelled using elasticities based on published studies of demand. Results: The model predicts that sustained tax increases have the potential to substantially reduce the number of smokers and the number of premature deaths, with the effects growing over time. Indexing taxes to inflation stems erosion of the tax effect. In our model, when the tax increases by 10 times (NT$50) over the recent tax increase (NT$5) and taxes are indexed to inflation, the smoking prevalence rate falls by over 15% soon after the tax increase, and by about 30% in relative terms by the year 2040, resulting in 4500 lives saved per year. Conclusions: Tax rises have the ability to substantially affect smoking rates in Taiwan. These effects grow over time and lead to substantial savings in lives and health care costs.

Objectives: To develop a simulation model to predict the effects of different smoking treatment policies on quit rates, smoking rates, and smoking attributable deaths. Methods: We first develop a decision theoretic model of quitting behaviour, which incorporates the decision to quit and the choice of treatment. A model of policies to cover the costs of different combinations of treatments and to require health care provider intervention is then incorporated into the quit model. The policy model allows for the smoker to substitute between treatments and for policies to reduce treatment effectiveness. The SimSmoke computer simulation model is then used to examine policy effects on smoking rates and smoking attributable deaths. Results: The model of quit behaviour predicts a population quit rate of 4.3% in 1993, which subsequently falls and then increases in recent years to 4.5%. The policy model suggests a 25% increase in quit rates from a policy that mandates brief interventions and the coverage of all proven treatments. Smaller effects are predicted from policies that mandate more restricted coverage of treatments, especially those limited to behavioural treatment. These policies translate into small reductions in the smoking rate at first, but increase to as much as a 5% reduction in smoking rates. They also lead to substantial savings in lives. Conclusions: Tobacco treatment policies, especially those with broad and flexible coverage, have the potential to increase smoking cessation substantially and decrease smoking rates in the short term, with fairly immediate reductions in deaths.

Introduction: Public health surveillance of smoking prevalence is essential in gauging the magnitude of the problem, identifying groups most affected, and evaluating polices. However, little attention has focused on how prevalence is measured, particularly in low-and middle-income countries, where smoking patterns may not mirror those in high-income countries and where the burden of tobacco use is rapidly growing. Mexico provides a unique opportunity to gauge how the questions used to define established smokers can affect prevalence estimates. This study assesses how using the 100-cigarette lifetime question to define smoking status affects estimates of smoking prevalence. We consider data from four nationally representative surveys in Mexico, from 2002 to 2016. These surveys ask about current smoking even for adults who do not indicate having smoked 100 cigarettes in their lifetime. We compare estimates of daily and nondaily smoking prevalence by age and gender with and without the 100-cigarette screen. The relative difference in prevalence estimates with and without the screen was greater for nondaily than daily smoking and for females than males. The difference was especially pronounced for nondaily smokers aged 15-24, where there was a 50%-75% relative difference in estimates, albeit smaller discrepancies (20-49% relative difference) were also found among older smokers. In recent years, the relative difference was greatest at lower levels of educational attainment.

We describe the mortality currently attributable to smoking in the European Union (EU), and the change that would result if all EU countries had the smoking prevalence of Sweden. Almost 500,000 smoking-attributable deaths occur annually among men in the EU; about 200,000 would be

The prevalence of waterpipe smoking is increasing globally. The involvement of waterpipe smoking as an independent risk factor for the development of myocardial infarction is an area in need of further research. Our study examines the possible relationship between waterpipe smoking and myocardial infarction. METHODS In this incident case-control study, we enrolled 148 cases with myocardial infarction and 148 participants in the control group. Using logistic regression models, odds ratios and 95% CIs were calculated for the association between waterpipe smoking and myocardial infarction, while adjusting for possible confounders. RESULTS Myocardial infarction was associated significantly with current waterpipe smoking (OR=4.08; 95% CI: 1.37-12.10), ever waterpipe smoking (OR=3.6; 95% CI: 1.31-10.19), and exclusive waterpipe smoking (OR=10.26; 95% CI: 2.22-47.29). Exclusive cigarette smoking was also associated significantly with the development of myocardial infarction (OR=4.6; 95% CI: 1.98-11.04). CONCLUSIONS Waterpipe smoking is associated with myocardial infarction. Our findings reveal the need for targeted interventions to reduce the prevalence of this globally spreading form of tobacco smoking.

The Fourth World Conference on Family Health was held in Kalisz, Poland, on 7-9 October 2024. The conference was organized by the Institute – European Observatory of Health Inequalities at the University of Kalisz and by the Health Promotion Foundation. As for previous conferences in Kalisz, the main topic was public health, with a focus on the situation in Poland. In particular, it included sessions on public health challenges, health/risk factors/cancer, and the epidemiology of alcohol-related diseases in Poland, public health challenges associated with rising use of novel nicotine products, excess mortality due to coronavirus, and challenges of medical education.

Practice-Based Research Networks (PBRNs) and health systems may provide timely, reliable data to guide the development and distribution of public health resources to promote healthy behaviors, such as quitting smoking. The objective of this study was to determine if PBRN data could be used to make neighborhood-level estimates of smoking prevalence. We estimated the smoking prevalence in 32 greater Boston neighborhoods (population = 877,943 adults) by using the electronic health record data of adults who in 2009 visited one of 26 Partners Primary Care PBRN practices (n = 77,529). We compared PBRN-derived estimates to population-based estimates derived from 1999-2009 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) data (n = 20,475). The PBRN estimates of neighborhood smoking status ranged from 5% to 22% and averaged 11%. The 2009 neighborhood-level smoking prevalence estimates derived from the BRFSS ranged from 5% to 26% and averaged 13%. The difference in smoking prevalence between the PBRN and the BRFSS averaged -2 percentage points (standard deviation, 3 percentage points). Health behavior data collected during routine clinical care by PBRNs and health systems could supplement or be an alternative to using traditional sources of public health data.

Practice-Based Research Networks (PBRNs) and health systems may provide timely, reliable data to guide the development and distribution of public health resources to promote healthy behaviors, such as quitting smoking. The objective of this study was to determine if PBRN data could be used to make neighborhood-level estimates of smoking prevalence. We estimated the smoking prevalence in 32 greater Boston neighborhoods (population = 877,943 adults) by using the electronic health record data of adults who in 2009 visited one of 26 Partners Primary Care PBRN practices (n = 77,529). We compared PBRN-derived estimates to population-based estimates derived from 1999-2009 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) data (n = 20,475). The PBRN estimates of neighborhood smoking status ranged from 5% to 22% and averaged 11%. The 2009 neighborhood-level smoking prevalence estimates derived from the BRFSS ranged from 5% to 26% and averaged 13%. The difference in smoking prevalence between the PBRN and the BRFSS averaged -2 percentage points (standard deviation, 3 percentage points). Health behavior data collected during routine clinical care by PBRNs and health systems could supplement or be an alternative to using traditional sources of public health data.

Background: Breast cancer is the fourth leading cause of death and disability in the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR); although the incidence is lower than in the developed regions, there has been an increasing trend in recent decades. Aims: Our aim was to calculate the pooled survival rate of patients with breast cancer in the EMR. Methods: We searched electronic databases from 1946 to 19 January 2018, without language restrictions. We used a random effect model to estimate pooled 1-, 3-, 5-and 10-year survival rates for patients with breast cancer. Chi-squared and I 2 index were used to assess between-study heterogeneity. Subgroup analysis and meta-regression were used to investigate the potential source of heterogeneity. Results: We found 80 articles eligible for inclusion in our review. The pooled 1-, 3-, 5-and 10-year survival rates in women with breast cancer in the EMR were 0.95, 0.80, 0.71, and 0.56, respectively. The I 2 index indicated considerable between-study heterogeneity (all I 2 > 50%). The 5-year survival rate in the male subgroup was 0.63. The 5-year survival rate of women with breast cancer in age groups ≤ 39, 40-64, and 65+ years were 0.74, 0.76 and 0.58, respectively. There was a statistically significant association between the Human Development Index (β = 9, P = 0.01) and decade of study (β = 8.2, P = 0.04) and 5-year survival rate. Conclusions: The survival rate of women with breast cancer in those countries in the EMR which have better health care systems improved in the past decade; women aged 40-64 years had the best survival rate.

This paper projects the long term consequences of the rise in youth smoking in the 1990s by updating the state estimates for projected smoking-related deaths among youth in the U.S. using information from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) 2000 and the U.S. Census 2000. This analysis is similar to that from an earlier study published by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Office on Smoking and Health (MMWR, 45[44], November 8, 1996). The 1996 analysis used young adult smoking prevalence data from 1994 and 1995; whereas, the analysis presented here represents smoking prevalence data from 2000. The overall number of potential future smoking-attributable deaths among persons aged 0-17 years in 2000 was 6,407,119 for the U.S., up from an estimated 5 million in 1995. Compared with the 1995 estimates, every state except Arizona shows increases in projected smoking-related deaths among youth for 2000. This upsurge is attributable to both increases in smoking prevalence among young adults and population aged 0-17 years from 1995 to 2000. The increase in smoking prevalence among young adults was statistically significant in nine states including Alabama,

Objective-The primary objective of this study was to estimate current smoking among workers in the health care and social assistance sector. Methods-We analyzed the 2008 to 2012 National Health Interview Survey data for adults (age 18 years or more) working in health care and social assistance sector who reported current cigarette smoking. Results-Of the approximately 18.9 million health care and social assistance workers, 16.0% were current cigarette smokers. Smoking prevalence was highest in women (16.9%) and among workers: age 25 to 44 years (17.7%); with a high school education or less (24.4%); with income less than $35,000 (19.5%); with no health insurance (28.5%); in the nursing and residential care facilities (26.9%) industry; and in the material recording, scheduling, dispatching, and distributing (34.7%) occupations. Conclusions-These findings suggest that specific group of workers in the health care and social assistance sector might particularly benefit from cessation programs and incentives to quit smoking. Cigarette smoking is the single most preventable cause of morbidity and mortality and accounts for one in five deaths in the United States.

Exposure to cigarette smoke has had and will continue to have a huge effect on mortality. Significant differences in smoking prevalence rates by gender have contributed to varying levels and rates of improvement in mortality over the last several decades and are expected to continue to influence mortality improvement differently over the next several decades.

he prevalence of cigarette smoking among Canadians aged 15 years and older has declined dramatically in recent decades, from 50% in 1965 to 17.5% in 2009. 1,2 Public health interventions-including, promotion of indoor and outdoor smoke-free policies; enforcement of policies limiting tobacco availability; improvement and expansion of free, comprehensive and evidence-based cessation services; and increased prevention programming 3-5-have been central to this decline. However, the prevalence of smoking remains much too high and tobacco control continues to be a critical role for public health practice and policy. Most jurisdictions in Canada have well-established tobacco control strategies involving numerous organizations 6 that are diverse in mission, structure and funding. In addition to regional-level health authorities and public health units, these organizations include, among others, all levels of government departments, non-governmental and non-profit organizations, coalitions and alliances, paragovernmental agencies and resource centres. Together they provide tobacco control leadership, resources, and advocacy, and deliver programs that contribute to national and provincial goals to make Canada smoke-free. With the dramatic declines in smoking prevalence and the attendant view in some jurisdictions that the problem of smoking has been "solved", there is increasing concern 7-9 about declining political will, waning levels of institutional support and reduced public interest priority for tobacco control activities in Canada. Over the past few years, the decline in the prevalence of smoking has, in fact, stalled, 1 possibly related in part to a declining commitment to tobacco control. It is therefore becoming increasingly important to monitor the breadth and depth of tobacco control activities in chronic disease prevention (CDP) organizations across Canada, and to better understand the impact of these activities on the prevalence of smoking. However, few reports describe tobacco control activities within the provincially-mandated public health systems in Canada, 7,8,10 and there are no reports that describe the effort expended in tobacco control by the many different types of organizations that comprise these systems. This paper describes levels of tobacco control "effort" in public health organizations across provinces in Canada, and tests whether "effort" is associated with

The public health impact of nicotine vaping products (NVPs) is subject to complex transitions between NVP and cigarette use. To circumvent the data limitations and parameter instability challenges in modeling transitions, we indirectly estimate NVPs' impact on smoking prevalence and resulting smoking-attributable deaths using the SimSmoke simulation model. Methods Canada SimSmoke uses age-and sex-specific data on Canadian population, smoking prevalence and tobacco control policies. The model incorporates the impact of cigarette-oriented policies on smoking prevalence but not the explicit contribution of NVPs. The model was calibrated from 1999 to 2012, thereby projecting smoking prevalence before NVPs were widely used in Canada. The NVP impact on smoking prevalence is inferred by comparing projected 2012-2020 smoking trends absent NVPs to corresponding trends from two Canadian national surveys. We further distinguish impacts before and after NVPs became regulated in 2018 and more available. Comparing 2012-2020 survey data of post-NVP to SimSmoke projected smoking prevalence trends, one survey indicated an NVP-related relative reduction of 15% (15%) for males (females) age 15+, but 32% (52%) for those ages 15-24. The other survey indicated a 14% (19%) NVP-related smoking reduction for ages 18+, but 42% (53%) for persons ages 18-24. Much of the gain occurred since Canada relaxed NVP restrictions. NVP-related 2012-2020 smoking reductions yielded 100,000 smoking-attributable deaths averted from 2012 to 2060. Conclusion Smoking prevalence in Canada, especially among younger adults, declined more rapidly once NVPs became readily available. The emergence of NVPs into the Canadian marketplace has not slowed the decline in smoking.

We examined the effect of tobacco control policies in Mexico on smoking prevalence and smoking-related deaths using the Mexico SimSmoke model. The model is based on the previously developed SimSmoke simulation model of tobacco control policy, and uses population size, smoking rates and tobacco control policy data for Mexico. It assesses, individually, and in combination, the effect of six tobacco control policies on smoking prevalence and smoking-related deaths. Policies included: cigarette excise taxes, smoke-free laws, anti-smoking public education campaigns, marketing restrictions, access to tobacco cessation treatments and enforcement against tobacco sales youth. The model estimates that, if Mexico were to adopt strong tobacco control policies compared to current policy levels, smoking prevalence could be reduced by 30% in the next decade and by 50% by 2053; an additional 470,000 smoking-related premature deaths could be averted over the next 40 years. The greatest impact on smoking and smoking-related deaths would be achieved by raising excise taxes on cigarettes from 55% to at least 70% of the retail price, followed by strong youth access enforcement and access to cessation treatments.

The public health impact of nicotine vaping products (NVPs) is subject to a complex set of uncertain transitions between NVP and cigarette use. Instead, we apply an indirect method to gauge the impact of NVP use on smoking prevalence and smoking-attributable deaths (SADs) using the well-established SimSmoke tobacco control policy simulation model. Upon validating the model before NVPs were more widely used, we project a No-NVP (i.e., in the absence of NVPs) while controlling for the impact of cigarette-oriented policies. The net impact of NVPs on smoking prevalence is inferred by comparing the projected No-NVP smoking trends to corresponding trends from two US national surveys. Using the TUS-CPS estimates for the period 2012-2018, we estimate that adult smoking prevalence declined in relative terms by 9.7% (95% CI: 7.5-11.7%) for males and 10.7% (95% CI: 9.1-13.0%) for females. Compared to NHIS, smoking prevalence declined by 10.7% (95% CI: 6.8-14.6%) for males and 11.3% (95% CI: 7.4-15.6%) for females. These impacts were confined mainly to ages 18-44. Vaping-related reductions in smoking prevalence were projected to avert nearly 0.4 million SADs between 2012 and 2052. Our analysis indicates that NVP use is associated with substantial reductions in US smoking prevalence among younger adults.

Objective: To estimate the prevalence of smoking among the college students and to identify the factors associated with smoking. Material & Methods: This is a cross sectional study carried out on 304 college students in Kathmandu valley using purposive sampling during the months of December 2009 to January 2010. The self administrated questionnaire was adopted from Global Youth Tobacco Survey 2007 (GYTS) and data were collected after the verbal consent taken. The statistical analysis was done using descriptive statistics, univariate and binary logistic regression to measure prevalence of smoking and to identify the association between dependent and independent variables. Results: We found 7 in 10 students were currently smokers. Among currently smokers, 78% were established smokers. The mean age of smoking onset was 14.15 years (SD=2.62). The mean number of cigarettes smoked per day was 5.03(SD=3.72) and average daily expenditure was Rs. 15.18 (SD=7.87). About 90% students tried to ...