Service Economy

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank the members of my dissertation committee for their time and support. In addition, I would like to thank a few of my colleagues and friends for generously reading this novella and offering their criticism and suggestions: Dr. Stephen Slimp of the University of West Alabama; Cindy Slimp of Mississippi State, Meridian; and James Robison of the University of Southern Mississippi. Finally, I want to thank my wonderful wife, Leah, who has been an invaluable help along the way. ! ! iii! TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .

Several Technological, Structural, Behavioral, Trade and Preference Changes since the 80s have accelerated the move of the U.S. towards the Service Economy Era and made it easier for the end of the 20th century and the current 21st century to become an ‘ Era of the Leisure and Hospitality Industry ’.
However, it’s relevant to be aware that the ‘ Era of the Leisure and Hospitality Industry ’  could be victimed of its own success due to the mismatch within the growing demand of the leisure and hospitality goods and services and the supply of the required labor force. In fact, the ‘ Leisure and Hospitality Industry ’ is facing a significant shortage of labor force that could prevent the U.S. from capturing the maximum of opportunities it’s offering.
Unfortunately, regarding the driving forces of the ‘ Leisure and Hospitality Industry’, the shortage of labor force could amplify in the future.
As a result and regarding the characteristics of the  Leisure and Hospitality Industry, the increase of the demand of leisure and hospitality goods and services and the fixation of the staffing shortage could increase the demand of  Low-wage and Low-skilled Workers and make it easier for  the U.S. and Europe to remain ‘ Nations of Low-wage and Low-skilled Workers’ in the future. In fact, several studies have focused recently on the characteristics of the ‘ Leisure and Hospitality Industry’. Accordingly and among others, Ewart Keep and Ken Mayhew (2019) found that employment in leisure has a number of characteristics :
- It’s dominated by small employers and micro-businesses.
- Business representation is highly fragmented , relatively weak and extremely complex.
- The workforce is predominantly young, part-time, female and lowly qualified.
They also found that employment in the leisure sector is characterised by :
- Unsocial working hours and patterns of work.
- Weak equal opportunities policies.
- Poor or non-existent career structures.
- Informal recruitment systems.
- A lack of any significant trade union presence.
- High levels of labor turnover.
Since then, if we extend those characteristics to the whole Leisure and Hospitality Industry, it becomes evident that despite the current transformation of the U.S. into the ‘ Most Powerful High-income and Upstream Economy’ of the world, the predominance of the  Leisure and Hospitality Industry and its associated characteristics could make it easier for the U.S. to be and remain a ‘ Country of Low-wage and Low-skilled Workers ’  where the  Leisure and Hospitality Industry massively employed ‘ Young, Part-time, Female, Foreigners and Lowly Qualified Workforce’ .
Unfortunately, their lasting and structural vulnerability could be amplified over time with the weak and small presence of union on the one hand and their relatively stagnant and declining productivity growth associated not only with mechanisms such as Skill-biased Technological Change and the sector’s poor record on training ( Ewart Keep and Ken Mayhew, 2019). However, beside the case of the U.S., Europe also is caught into the same “ Structural Paradox ” .
In so doing and in aggregate terms, the shift away of the U.S. and Europe from the Routinized Industrial Economies to the Service-oriented, Knowledge-intensive and Advanced Manufacturing Economies that has been accelerated since the 80s have transformed both them into ‘ Nations of Low-wage and Low-skilled Workers’.

Key Words: Several Technological, Structural, Behavioral, Trade and Preference Changes; Service Economy Era;  Era of the Leisure and Hospitality Industry ; Shortage of Labor; Low-wage and Low-skilled Workers; Nations of Low-wage and Low-skilled Workers;  Structural Paradox.

This paper analyses the effect of locally bounded knowledge spillovers on regional differences in growth. A model will be developed that allows spillovers to take place across regions. Certain conditions determine the amount of spillovers a region receives. By use of simulations (with randomised parameter constellations), it is possible to examine the general behaviour of the model. It is found that certain patterns in the gaps of the knowledge stocks appear repeatedly. The inclusion of geographical distance in a technology gap model leads to the observation that when differences (in parameters such as the learning capability or the exogenous rate of knowledge generation) increase across regions, the disparity in terms of GDP per capita between them decreases. This counterintuitive result is a direct effect from the inclusion of geographical distance in the model.

James Michael WALKER (2025) found that the shift away of the U.S. from the Routinized Industrial Economy to the Service-oriented, Knowledge-intensive and Advanced Manufacturing Economy has locked the country into a ‘ Structural Paradox’. In fact, while the transformation of the  U.S. into ‘ The Most Powerful High-income and Upstream Economy ’ of  the World should have made it easier for the ‘ Capital Owners and Highly-Skilled and High-income Workforce’  to become the ‘ Majority of the U.S. Workforce ’ , ‘ Structural, Behavioral, Technological and Trade Changes’ since the 80s to now have made it easier for the U.S. to become the ‘ Country of  Low-wage and Low-skilled Workers’. In fact, the ‘ Low-wage and Lower-middle-income Workforce ’ now accounts for 70% of the workforce while they should have been the minority of the workforce.
In so doing, this ‘ Structural Paradox’ has led to the ‘ Polarization of Income Structure’ in the U.S. Service Economy. In fact, while the 70% of the ‘ Low-wage and Lower-middle-income Workforce ’ was employed in the ‘ Low-added and Middle-added Services’, the 30% of the Upper-middle-income and Highly-skilled and High-income Workforce have allocated their labor force to the ‘ High-added Services Activities’.
As a result, this ‘ Structural Paradox’  has put the U.S. at the great risk of Polarization of  Income and Wealth.
Since then, it becomes relevant to use an ‘ Input-Output and the Demand-Supply Analyses ’  to identify the components of the U.S. Service Economy that are accountable for this ‘ Structural Paradox’. Accordingly, several studies have revealed that the growing importance of the ‘ Leisure, Travel, Tourism and Hospitality Sectors ’  which is traditionally intensive in ‘ Low-wage and Lower-middle-income Workforce’ are accountable for the transformation of the U.S. into a country of  ‘ Low-wage and Lower-middle-income Workforce’. In fact, several studies have shown that despite the growing importance of Business Services and Services associated with the High-tech Industries in the U.S. Services Economy during the 80s and 90s, the fast-growing nature of the  Leisure, Travel, Tourism and Hospitality Sectors has helped them become the leading  sectors of the  U.S. Services Economy.
This growing importance of the Travel and Tourism in the U.S. economy started since the 80s and has continued until despite a dramatic decline in 2020 due to the 2020 COVID-19 Pandemic with its associated lockdowns.
In so doing and in aggregate terms, the performance of travel and tourism has strengthened the one of the ‘ Leisure and Hospitality Sector’ from 1980 to now. Furthermore and compared to the uncertainties associated with the 2020 COVID-19 Pandemic, the performance of the U.S. Leisure and Hospitality Sector is now improving the resilience of the U.S. economy despite the uncertainty associated with the Trump Trade War.
Fortunately, this resilience of the U.S. Labor Market has relied on the performance of the U.S. Leisure and Hospitality Sector. However this optimism needs to be tempered. In fact, Suzanne Rowan Kelleher (2025) found that while tourism is booming across the rest of the world, the U.S. is a notable loser this year as tens of millions of international visitors are choosing to travel elsewhere, costing the U.S. economy up to $29 billion and risking millions of jobs. Furthermore, the growing importance of the Leisure and Hospitality Sector in the coming decades could guarantee the sustained existence of the U.S. Structural Paradox.
Doing so could amplify the Polarization of Income and Wealth in the U.S. and make it easier for the U.S. to remain the ‘ Country of  Low-wage and Low-skilled Workers ’ despite the  rise of the AI Age with its associated development of AI-related Technologies, Innovations and Economy and increase demand of ‘ Capital Owners and High-income and Highly-Skilled Workforce’.

Key Words:  Structural Paradox;  Country of  Low-wage and Low-skilled Workers; Low-added and Middle-added Services;  Leisure, Travel, Tourism and Hospitality Sectors; U.S. Services Economy; 2020 COVID-19 Pandemic; Trump Trade War.

The shift away of the U.S. and most of the Western’s Productive Structures from the  Routinized Industrial Economy to the Service-oriented, Knowledge-intensive, Green, Clean, Smart, Connected, Advanced Manufacturing, Productivity-driven and Innovation-led Economy has increased the demand for  ‘ STEM, ICT, Data Science, Data Analytics, Glocal Management, Green, Soft , Social, Green and Higher-Order Skills’. Furthermore, Service-providing Industries have been more resilient in the face of Uncertainty.
This has been the case during the current period of the Trump’s Trade War where Job Growth in Leisure and Hospitality Sectors has minimized the risk of economic recession traditionally associated with Trade War.
However, while the demand for Skills continued to grow  mainly due to the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic, the  massive retirement of the baby boomers, the Great Resignation that has taken more than 50 million Americans out of the labor market since the COVID-19 pandemic, the acceleration of  ‘ Digitalization’ mainly associated with the rise of the AI Age and the move towards Sustainability of corporates,  the obsolescence of the Newtonian Sciences Inspired Routinized Industrial Educational Model (NSIRIEM) has put many countries of the North at the greater risk of ‘ Skills Gap and Mismatch’ that has led to the shortage of Green, STEM, ICTs, Data Science, Data Analytics, Glocal Management, Green, Soft, Social and Higher-Order Skills and Competencies (James Michael WALKER, 2024 and 2025).
Several factors can explain this obsolescence. In fact, for the past four centuries,  NSIRIEM has been shaped, structured and supported by the ‘ Theory of Human Capital ’.
Doing so has helped the NSIRIEM become  ‘ Degree-centered Educational Model ’ .
Unfortunately and in the same time, there has been a significant shift on the labor market that has increased the obsolescence of the  ‘ Degree-centered Educational Model ’ . In fact, employers are now prioritizing the ‘  Skills-driven Hiring Strategy’ instead of  Degree-based Hiring one.
Since then, instead of grasping to the traditional and obsolete ‘ Degree-centered Educational Model ’  which is unable to build the require skills and competencies of the 21st century, it has becoming relevant for the Educational System’ to focus on the ‘ Theory of Signals ’  in order to become ‘ Skill-centered Educational Model ’ and meet the needs of the labor market.
The Educational System will also need to take into account the ‘ Biological Difference’ in STEM Subjects, Learning and Education (James Michael WALKER, 2023 and 2024) in order to meet the above goal mainly when it comes to the fixation of the shortage of  STEM, ICTs, Data Science, Data Analytics and Green Skills. In fact , James Michael WALKER (2023 and 2024) found that the NSIRIEM has been unable to take into account the ‘ Gender Brain’s Differences’ in  STEM Subjects, Learning and Education that makes it easier for Male to perform in the STEM subjects than Female.
Unfortunately, doing so has increased the risk of shortage of STEM competencies on the one hand and in the context where STEM Competencies are the Core ones of the Market-based Economy has increased the vulnerability and poverty of female and build the Male-dominant Society where the ‘ Theory of Gender Role’ continues to prevail on the second hand. In fact, the ‘ Gender Brain’s Differences’ in  STEM Subjects, Learning and Education has made it easier for Male to perform in the STEM subjects than Female (said it above) and occupy most of the Core and High-paid Jobs of our Market-based Economy while the Female have occupied the Peripheral and Low-paid and Middle-paid Jobs.Since then, there has been an increase ‘ Gender Income and Wealth Gap’ that has made it easier for female to face significant ‘ Socioeconomic Inequalities in Health, Education, Jobs, Income, Wealth and Residential Goods and Services compared to male.
This has mainly been the case for the Female-Single-parents in the Service Sector that are living in the ‘ Low-income and Middle-income Places’.

Key Words: Western’s Productive Structures; Routinized Industrial Economy; Service-oriented, Knowledge-intensive, Green, Clean, Smart, Connected, Advanced Manufacturing, Productivity-driven and Innovation-led Economy;  STEM, ICT, Data Science, Data Analytics, Glocal Management, Green, Soft , Social, Green and Higher-Order Skills; Service-providing Industries; Leisure and Hospitality Sectors; Digitalization; 2020 COVID-19 Pandemic; Newtonian Sciences Inspired Routinized Industrial Educational Model (NSIRIEM); Skills Gap and Mismatch; Theory of Human Capital; Degree-centered Educational Model; Skills-driven Hiring Strategy; Degree-based Hiring Strategy; Theory of Signals; Skill-centered Educational Model;  Male-dominant Society; Theory of Gender Role; Gender Brain’s Differences’ in  STEM Subjects ; Socioeconomic Inequalities.

Purpose –The main purpose of this study is to understand and examined the Chinese economy transformation from manufacturing and agriculture to service sector in 1983 to 2013. Design/methodology/approach–Secondary data sources are used to achieve the study objectives. We used data sources i.e.National Bureau of Statistics of China, World Bank and CIA Fact Book. Findings–The analytical results showed that Chinese economy has been changed from manufacturing, agriculture to service sector. But speed of this transformation is little slow based on some circumstances. Originality/value–No other paper has looked at these sorts of data, collected from these sources in China. Moreover, the results of this study provide a valuable reference for managers, researchers.

While processes for transition from planned to market economy vary, there is one common outcome from the transition process–more discriminating customers. Growing customer expectations increase the possibility of failing to meet those expectations. In competitive market economies service failures are accompanied by new consequences of lost customer loyalty. These potential losses to service providers that can result from service failures necessitate the implementation of service recovery. In this study researchers investigated ...

The study focuses on hotel employees and the effect of perception of nepotism on turnover intention. It also explains the moderating role of job standardization over this effect. The data used in this study were obtained from a hotel located in Antalya, Turkey, during 2017. The data were collected via questionnaire and analyses were carried out using SPSS 18 and AMOS 18 programs. 134 questionnaires were evaluated and it was understood that perception of nepotism has a positive effect on hotel employees' turnover intention. Additionally, the study has shown that work standardization plays a role in shaping the effect of nepotism on the turnover intention; in other words, it was observed that employees' perceptions of nepotism, together with the perception of job standardization, intensified their intention to leave work. All of these findings are meant to be a guide for both hotel managers and investors who consider investing in tourism sector.

Аннотация. В данной статье рассматривается использование англицизмов как инструмента для привлечения аудитории в казахстанском медийном дискурсе. На основе анализа медиатекстов 2024 года, отобранных из казахстанских новостных порталов в социальных сетях, авторами выявляются основные мотивы использования англицизмов. Результаты исследования демонстрируют направления, как англицизмы способствуют популяризации материалов и повышению их конкурентоспособности в условиях глобализации и цифровой трансформации медиа. В рамках исследования проведен социологический опрос среди 460 респондентов Казахстана, в ходе которого выявлено их отношение к использованию англицизмов в медиа. Результаты опроса показали, что большинство респондентов воспринимают англицизмы как признак современности и глобализации, однако часть участников выразила обеспокоенность их влиянием на языковую культуру и традиции. Результаты исследования демонстрируют, что причины использования англицизмов являются -придание тексту современности и актуальности, экономия языковых средств, семантическая неопределенность, отсутствие термина в языке-реципиенте, создание эмоциональной окраски, социальная функция. Результаты исследования могут быть полезны для журналистов, редакторов и специалистов в области медиа коммуникаций при разработке контента, учитывающего как глобальные тенденции, так и культурные особенности казахстанской аудитории.

In the realm of intelligent transportation, the global logistics and supply chain industry grapples with the challenges of the transportation of perishable goods. This paper advocates for the optimization of perishable goods transportation through the application of Monte Carlo Simulation, a sophisticated tool to analyse traffic patterns and refine route selection. Targeting decision-makers, the study aims to unravel the intricate relationship between traffic dynamics, route choices, and product perishability. Historical traffic data, perishability rates, and route information are the basis for simulating the impact of traffic hours on goods perishing. The model actively seeks routes that minimise perished goods, employing Monte Carlo simulation to quantitatively assess the risks and benefits of various strategies. By presenting a data-driven framework, the research enhances supply chain efficiency, curbs losses of perished goods, and encourages the adoption of sustainable and intelligent transportation methods within the industry.

Purpose -The purpose of this paper is to explore the contribution of global business services to improved productivity and economic growth of the world economy, which has gone largely unnoticed in service research. Design/Methodology/Approach -The authors draw on macroeconomic data and industry reports, and link them to the non-ownership-concept in service research and theories of the firm. -Business services explain a large share of the growth of the global service economy. The fast growth of business services coincides with shifts from domestic production towards global outsourcing of services. A new wave of global business services are traded across borders and have emerged as important drivers of growth in the world's service sector. Research Limitations and Implications -This paper advances the understanding of nonownership services in an increasingly global and specialized post-industrial economy. The paper makes a conceptual contribution supported by descriptive data, but without empirical testing. Originality/Value -The authors integrate the non-ownership concept and three related economic theories of the firm to explain the role of global business services in driving business performance and the international transformation of service economies.

The benefits of specialization have been driving the rise of the service economy and pushing capability frontiers and economic growth. In service economies, almost any activity, asset, and skill can be bought on competitive markets, making it harder to build competitive advantage on any of those inputs. Against that background, the question emerges what constitutes sustainable value propositions of service providers. Drawing on an emerging stream of research on nonownership value of services, we argue that service providers create value by taking on ownership of service assets and thereby transform uncertainty of value creation into economic opportunities. In our view, service providers offer the essential value proposition of transforming their clients' uncertainty downsides into opportunities related to assets such as vehicles, real-estate, equipment and computing platforms. Clients benefit by delegating ownership of assets to the domain of a service provider. In turn, clients can focus their investment on their most promising assets. Service providers create sustainable competitive advantage by assuming ownership and excelling at the management of (1) unique physical assets, (2) unique intangible assets, and (3) maintaining an appropriate architecture of social capital through customer relationships and business eco-systems.

This paper analyzes the contribution of services sector for the production of different industries in the Malaysian economy. The purpose of this paper is to provide direct and indirect service intensities from 1990 to 2000 and the contribution of services sector in the Malaysian economy during the two time periods. The findings indicate that the contribution of services sector almost steady during the time period and direct and indirect intensities of other sectors, transport & communication, trade, financial related service, public service and entertainment sectors are quite significant. More compactly, the average direct services use per unit of output produced in the Malaysian economy almost steady from 12.08% in 1991 to 12.07% in 2000. On the other hand the indirect intensities decrease from 17.09% in 1991 to 16.93% in 2000. These figures indicate that both the direct service intensity and the direct plus indirect service intensity have almost same throughout the study period (1991)(1992)(1993)(1994)(1995)(1996)(1997)(1998)(1999)(2000).

This paper aims quantifying contribution of creative economy on Thailand's overall economy by using combined dataset of the Input-Output Table and the National Industrial Survey. Findings show that creative economy has been playing a significant role in the Thai economy in various aspects. Not only creating its value-added, creative economy generates high proportion to total employment and profit earning. Contrary to our understanding, majority of creative industries are however found in manufacturing sector rather than in service sector or agricultural sector. This causes high value added to the economy. In spite of those facts, value added from pure arts is still minimal because of limited demand in the country. We also find weak forward-and backward-linkages of creative economy to other economic sectors in Thailand. Moreover, most of the value added, though has a high contribution to the economy, is concentrated as a value added from capital, not from other factors.

In Malaysia, there needs to be more explanation of the gig economy activities found in the literature. It is challenging to comprehend the size and growth of the gig economy in Malaysia due to the difficulty of obtaining accurate measures of revenue generated by digital platforms. This paper aims to address the knowledge gap by employing descriptive analysis of administrative data from the relevant agencies tasked with fostering the digital economy in Malaysia. The findings revealed that between 2016 and 2021, there was a substantial increase in the number of gig workers and digital platforms that provide gig workers with a stable source of income and an additional source of revenue for the Malaysian economy. Physical gig activities dominated the gig economy market compared to digital gig activities. In addition, the COVID-19 pandemic has led to an increase in the number of local digital platforms as a result of the increase in the demand for online services. The government must prioritise the regulation of the gig economy in order to protect gig workers and ensure equitable distribution of the wealth generated by the gig economy.

This article (Special thanks to the editors of Discover Global Society magazine, Dr. Rajendra Baikady and Dr. Akshay Dhavale, and the anonymous referees for the article) analyzes the impact of technological innovation on occupational integration, using Brazil as a case study. The Brazilian example is evaluated as an illustration of how change promoted by innovation occurs, as well as its effects and consequences for individuals, positions, and occupations. The old and feared possibility of replacing humans with machines is discussed in light of the renewed fear caused by recent developments in artificial intelligence and how they may impact employment in different parts of the world. The study uses cohort analyses, occupational classes, and their respective productive sectors to provide empirical evidence for its arguments. Based on a historical-statistical analysis of a given social space, the study defends the hypothesis that the change resulting from technological innovation in the way goods and services are produced has not increased unemployment. However, it did contribute to the decline of the old middle class and the rise of a new middle class. It was not rural and urban workers who were replaced by machines. Instead, rural and urban smallholders found it difficult to compete with larger organizations that had already established themselves as modern enterprises. These former self-employed or smallholders with few employees changed occupations, and this trend was reproduced in the new generation, leading to a decline in the number of petty bourgeoisie and a concomitant increase in the occupational class called non-manual routine workers.

In Malaysia, there needs to be more explanation of the gig economy activities found in the literature. It is challenging to comprehend the size and growth of the gig economy in Malaysia due to the difficulty of obtaining accurate measures of revenue generated by digital platforms. This paper aims to address the knowledge gap by employing descriptive analysis of administrative data from the relevant agencies tasked with fostering the digital economy in Malaysia. The findings revealed that between 2016 and 2021, there was a substantial increase in the number of gig workers and digital platforms that provide gig workers with a stable source of income and an additional source of revenue for the Malaysian economy. Physical gig activities dominated the gig economy market compared to digital gig activities. In addition, the COVID-19 pandemic has led to an increase in the number of local digital platforms as a result of the increase in the demand for online services. The government must prioritise the regulation of the gig economy in order to protect gig workers and ensure equitable distribution of the wealth generated by the gig economy.

This paper investigates the role of the rise in services in the narrowing of gender gaps in hours and wages in recent decades. We highlight the between-industry component of differential gender trends for the United States and propose a model economy with goods, services, and home production, in which women have a comparative advantage in producing services. The rise of services, driven by structural transformation and marketization of home production, raises women's relative wages and market hours. Quantitatively, the model accounts for an important share of the observed trends in women's hours and relative wages. (JEL J16, J21, J22, J24, J31, L80) 1 See Goldin (2006) for a comprehensive overview of historical trends and their causes. See, among others, Goldin and Katz (2002) and Albanesi and Olivetti (2016) for the role of medical progress; Greenwood, Seshadri, and Yorukoglu (2005) for the role of technological progress in the household; Galor and Weil (1996) and Attanasio, Low, and Sánchez-Marcos (2008) for the role of declining fertility. See Fernández (2013) and references therein for theory and evidence on cultural factors.

Establishing a circular economy is assumed by some definitions to include social benefits such as employment opportunities; however, research beyond quantitative job creation projections is only recently emerging. While the repair sector is well-established, it has been suggested that increasing circularity implies significantly expanded demand for this service. This article uses five case studies of repair workers, based on semi-structured interviews, to explore self-employment in the repair service sector. Findings indicate that the stresses of work in the circular economy are similar to those of other fields, with self-employment offering opportunities both for job satisfaction and additional pressures. Research needs to give more consideration to the social implications of a circular transition-work may be a necessity for a satisfactory life experience (for most people), but it is under-ambitious to assume that having work is sufficient to achieve that, or should be the limit of ambition for a sustainability transition.

This study benefited from the support of numerous organizations and individuals. Managers and employee representatives at incumbent telecommunications firms provided detailed information on their restructuring and human resource policies, as well as access to their workplaces for site visits and interviews. We are grateful for their generous assistance with data collection. We discussed preliminary findings with representatives from case study firms at a final project conference at LSE, to which all interviewees were invited; and we distributed an earlier version of this report to key respondents at each organization, to assist in correcting errors in detail and interpretation. Any remaining errors are the responsibility of the authors.

Based on an analysis of the core concepts of the two paradigms “Service-dominant Logic” (SDL) and “Circular Economy” (CE), this research concludes that the concepts of SDL need to be extended to cover the impacts of the use of material resources and infrastructure which are inseparable from service-for-service exchange. Consequently, SDL’s concept of “value” as something entirely subjective and contextual, should be adjusted to reflect the massive impacts of material resource use in service-for-service exchange. The research concludes that an integration between the two paradigms is possible and would be beneficial for both. It would provide SDL with a “sustainability compass” and CE with a set of productive concepts that could be helpful in the identification of areas where service intervention could support more circularity in processes and actor networks and help design and develop service models and practices in support of the transition to a circular economy.

The economic weight of the so-called gig-economy, a system of market service providers, contractors and their employers, based on ad hoc contracts on demand, is growing. This trend, which is significantly transforming the labour market, is not leaving the business models of supply chain actors untouched. Today, the gig-economy model is also becoming increasingly prominent in logistics, with more and more people opting for this economic, entrepreneurial form of business and becoming freelancers. This model offers a number of advantages for workers, freelancers and employers alike. The gig-economy sheds new light on several issues -not only labour-related -but such also as: what factors play a role in the decision of the client and the contractor when they conclude an agreement to perform a service, this study deals with them. The study also explores how the benefits of the gig-economy are perceived by employers, what the keys to success might be, what competences are needed and how efficiency can be measured.

Green business in service sector is expected to transform industrial economy to service economy and is complied with<br> the trend of world economy development. Environmental benefits and sustainability are two characteristics of Green<br> business. Under the background of the transformation of the world economic structure, what the companies provide to<br> customers should be no longer the pure physical products, but more and more dematerialization services. For<br> example, the companies provide services (or a function, effectiveness) to the customers as the complementation of<br> physical products, which will prolong and strengthen the relationship between providers and customers, make the<br> companies pay more attention to product life cycle cost management, stimulate the companies reducing the<br> consumption of energy and the emission of greenhouse gases, improve the production efficiency and reduce cost. In<br> the green busine...

Since policymakers and scholars coined the term in the 1930s, the NordicModel has often been considered to denote a homogeneous politicalentity in which the constituent countries are ostensibly interchangeable.As a result, seldom attention has been afforded to what fundamentallydifferentiates Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden. By going beyondtraditional ‘fiscal-centric’ accounts of the Nordic model, and insteadfocusing on the role of central banks and monetary policy, we showthat each country bares far less similarities than has often beenassumed in the literature. We trace this heterogeneity back tovariegated responses to the 1970s crises of Fordist capitalism and drawon growth model theory to explain this divergent trajectory. We showhow these differences shaped how each country responded to theGlobal Financial Crisis and the COVID-19 pandemic, where a variegatedarray of monetary measures was employed to uphold their own distinctgrowth model. By accounting for the role of central banks within theNordic Model, we propose that it is better understood as a series ofmodels, drawing attention to the function of monetary policy withinthe growth models perspective in the political economy literature.

Digital platforms are fundamentally changing the world of work. At the click of a button, we can order food or services online to our doorstep in the so-called gig economy. While the platform economy opens immense opportunities for flexible, gainful and convenient entrepreneurship, the precarious livelihoods of workers and service providers often remain unaddressed. In particular, workers from economically developing countries are often subject to repetitive gig work, low levels of job security and high exploitation risks. As part of the SET project, Kutoma J. Wakunuma and Tom Kwanya have studied the livelihood of workers in the gig economy of Kenya, which allows us to better understand the perks and perils of the gig workers in the Global South. Kenya's gig economy: a convenient and cost-effective work? About five years ago, getting a taxi in Kenya meant either standing on the roadside and waving one down or wandering around the town centre looking for taxi bays. Similarly, food delivery was limited to hotel residents who could request room service. Everyone

The United Nations University Institute of Advanced Studies (UNU-IAS) is a global think tank whose mission is "to advance knowledge and promote learning for policy-making to meet the challenges of sustainable development". UNU-IAS undertakes research and postgraduate education to identify and address strategic issues of concern for all humankind, for governments, decision-makers, and particularly, for developing countries. Established in 1996, the Institute convenes expertise from disciplines such as economics, law, social and natural sciences to better understand and contribute creative solutions to pressing global concerns, with research and programmatic activities related to current debates on sustainable development:

Industrial revolution is the trigger of the growing demand from households for consumer services, and from the other institutional units for services improving the quality of production processes. The quality of services is the factor of the competitiveness of objects at different levels of the country's economy. In turn, logistics mediates all the processes of building a service as an intangible product. The nowadays trend of digitalization of all economic spheres is particularly relevant for logistics of the service sector. The article shows the direct and cyclical inverse role of the service sector in the modern economy in terms of its impact on the competitiveness of objects of different levels. The classification of services relevant to the research goals is given. Features of factors of competitiveness of non-material production are revealed. The role of logistics forming the competitiveness of enterprises in the non-material sphere is shown. Criteria for the classification of digital technologies of industry 4.0 in logistics of the service sector are proposed. Digital technologies involved in the sector of consumer and non-consumer services of material impact on property are presented and justified.

Industrial revolution is the trigger of the growing demand from households for consumer services, and from the other institutional units for services improving the quality of production processes. The quality of services is the factor of the competitiveness of objects at different levels of the country’s economy. In turn, logistics mediates all the processes of building a service as an intangible product. The nowadays trend of digitalization of all economic spheres is particularly relevant for logistics of the service sector. The article shows the direct and cyclical inverse role of the service sector in the modern economy in terms of its impact on the competitiveness of objects of different levels. The classification of services relevant to the research goals is given. Features of factors of competitiveness of non-material production are revealed. The role of logistics forming the competitiveness of enterprises in the non-material sphere is shown. Criteria for the classification of...

We define a method of Ride Sharing System consisting of a web portal from which one easily book and share the rides or vehicle in an efficient manner. To reduce the ill effect of the private vehicle this technology is very necessary now a days. In this there are new services and facilities by which the effect on the environment like pollution, congestion etc. can be reduced and to provide support to the needy at the earliest. Mass transit system is the best solution if provided efficiently, but many persons do not prefer it because of its lack of door to door service, longer and fixed route and less reliable schedule Ride sharing is one of the emerging technologies adopted all over the world, in which users with same origin destination and time of travel and they share the ride. So in this project there is a responsive website which uses the technology of front end and back end along with database management system. And to provide convenience to the users. Machine learning algorithm are also implied by which one can share or book ride in an efficient manner. Concept of data base management system like query optimization, joins are been used to save the data efficiently in the data base. The relational data base MYSQL is been used to maintain server side.

This article will explore the role of ‘old economy’ manufacturing sectors in ‘new economy’ technology regions of advanced industrial economies. In the early 21st century, attention has increasingly shifted away from protectionist concerns about loss of manufacturing industries in regional and national economies. Attention has instead focused on globalization and the offshoring of a wide array of service and technology‐oriented industries and jobs. Yet, what is missing in this paradigm shift is an examination of the critical role that manufacturing sectors play in these ‘new economy’ regions, by spurring innovation spillover and generating economic and employment multiplier effects. This article will review the literature pertaining to linkages between advanced technology regions and more traditional, blue‐collar industrial production industries. In conclusion, the article calls for broadening the current focus on job loss in the highly skilled service and technology sectors to an in...

This paper investigates the role of the rise of services in the narrowing of gender gaps in hours and wages in recent decades. We document the between-industry component of the rise in female work for the U.S., and propose a model economy with goods, services and home production, in which women have a comparative advantage in producing market and home services. The rise of services, driven by structural transformation and marketization of home production, acts as a gender-biased demand shift raising women's relative wages and market hours. Quantitatively, the model accounts for an important share of the observed trends. JEL codes: E24, J22, J16.

The rise in female participation to the labor market and the expansion of the services sector are two of the most remarkable stylized facts of the postwar period. We propose a model with three sectors: goods, services and home production, in which women have a comparative advantage in the production of services, both in the market and at home. Productivity growth is faster in market sectors than at home, and, within the market, it is faster in goods. Goods and services are poor substitutes in consumption, giving rise to structural transformation. On the other hand, market services are good substitutes to home production, driving marketization. Realistic di¤erences in productivity growth across sectors can predict an important share of the rise in women's market hours and the rise of services in the economy. We wish to thank participants in the SED Annual Conference 2012 for helpful comments and the ESRC for …nancial support (Grant RES-000-22-4114).

A key question with a long tradition in development economics is which patterns of structural change are more conducive for economic growth and convergence in the international economy. Although some studies show that industry has been loosing ground in the ...

A recent study reveals that 61.2% of the global workforce aged 15 and over are in the informal economy, and that 47.2% of all employment in the service industries (ILO, 2018). Despite this, there has been very little written on service industries and the informal economy. Instead, the vast bulk of literature on service industries has focused upon the formal economy. To ignore this large segment of the totality of services and workers operating in the informal economy is a misnomer. To do so is to disregard nearly half of the workforce employed in the service industries globally. Reflecting the long tradition of this journal in pursuing innovative and cutting-edge research that drives the research agenda on service industries, the Service Industries Journal has commissioned a special issue on the theme of 'Service Industries and the Informal Economy'. The aim of this editorial introduction is to provide a brief synopsis of the articles published which evaluate not only the extent and character of participation in the informal economy in the service industries but also the factors significantly associated with informality in the service industries as well as the challenges posed by the existence of such endeavour. Reflecting the studies in this special issue, this editorial gives special emphasis to the critical role of individual characteristics, country contexts, institutions, and demand-as well as supply-side issues required to achieve a better understanding of informality in the service industries across the globe. The studies address the extent to which, and how, the informal economy plays a role in the provision of services (e.g. health, transport, financial and tourism sectors), the characteristics of such informal sector provision, the motives of suppliers (supply-side) and customers/buyers (demand-side), and what might be done by public policy makers. Across the advanced, transition and developing economies, there is recognition that the paid and unpaid informal economy has far from disappeared. Take, for example, the household services sector. Not only does the unpaid and paid informal economy remain a prominent means of providing routine domestic services (e.g. household cleaning, caring) but also a principal means by which home repair, maintenance and improvement is undertaken. This is reflected in the persistence of not only do-it-yourself activity but also reliance on paid informal work in the provision of home repair, improvement and maintenance services across the world. There is also recognition that there is a growing trend to outsource household services (Carbonnier & Morel, 2015), and that there is a need to understand the barriers to outsourcing household services to the formal economy and to the gender implications of such outsourcing of domestic services (Windebank & Martinez-Perez, 2018).

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The quality of public services provided to citizens through information and communication technologies has emerged as one of the key points of public administration reform. In Italy, many legislative measures have triggered a virtuous circle of eGovernment that has achieved limited results in adopting new technologies by citizens and businesses [1]. This paper sets out to explore whether the design of an IT platform operating in a smart city context may increase the quality of services provided to citizens. Based on a case study methodology, the research examines the process of revitalization and smartification of a city, seen from the stakeholders' perspective such as Government, Citizens and Tourists [2]. The paper is original in its examination of the Tely platform enabled by data obtained from the technology developer. It turned out that the platform has the potential to increase the quality of services provided to citizens and promote social integration in an area with a significant migratory population. However, the limitations of a single case study in a specific research context, such as a small town, are acknowledged and further research is needed to fully understand the implications of smart city initiatives and their effective implementation in different contexts.

This paper reports out of the symposium on "Technology Management in the Service Sector" which was held as a part of Portland International Conference on Management of Engineering and Technology in 2007. The objectives of the symposium were: to explore, how technology management research and education can contribute to the evolving field of Services Science, Management, and Engineering; to define a research agenda for the field of engineering and technology management that addresses the critical needs of the evolving service economy; and to discuss needed funding structures and programs to foster service oriented research. We tackled these issues in two ways. First, the key leaders from academia, industry and government gave presented the critical issues and challenges that presently exist. Then, small groups analyzed the selected topics in depth. We identified three main components of service science: value, people and technology, and explored how researchers in the field of technology management tackle this new phenomenon.

A recent study reveals that 61.2% of the global workforce aged 15 and over are in the informal economy, and that 47.2% of all employment in the service industries (ILO, 2018). Despite this, there has been very little written on service industries and the informal economy. Instead, the vast bulk of literature on service industries has focused upon the formal economy. To ignore this large segment of the totality of services and workers operating in the informal economy is a misnomer. To do so is to disregard nearly half of the workforce employed in the service industries globally. Reflecting the long tradition of this journal in pursuing innovative and cutting-edge research that drives the research agenda on service industries, the Service Industries Journal has commissioned a special issue on the theme of 'Service Industries and the Informal Economy'. The aim of this editorial introduction is to provide a brief synopsis of the articles published which evaluate not only the extent and character of participation in the informal economy in the service industries but also the factors significantly associated with informality in the service industries as well as the challenges posed by the existence of such endeavour. Reflecting the studies in this special issue, this editorial gives special emphasis to the critical role of individual characteristics, country contexts, institutions, and demand-as well as supply-side issues required to achieve a better understanding of informality in the service industries across the globe. The studies address the extent to which, and how, the informal economy plays a role in the provision of services (e.g. health, transport, financial and tourism sectors), the characteristics of such informal sector provision, the motives of suppliers (supply-side) and customers/buyers (demand-side), and what might be done by public policy makers. Across the advanced, transition and developing economies, there is recognition that the paid and unpaid informal economy has far from disappeared. Take, for example, the household services sector. Not only does the unpaid and paid informal economy remain a prominent means of providing routine domestic services (e.g. household cleaning, caring) but also a principal means by which home repair, maintenance and improvement is undertaken. This is reflected in the persistence of not only do-it-yourself activity but also reliance on paid informal work in the provision of home repair, improvement and maintenance services across the world. There is also recognition that there is a growing trend to outsource household services (Carbonnier & Morel, 2015), and that there is a need to understand the barriers to outsourcing household services to the formal economy and to the gender implications of such outsourcing of domestic services (Windebank & Martinez-Perez, 2018).

Environmental pollution is an emerging issue in many developing countries and its mitigation is increasingly being integrated into national development policies. One approach to mitigate the problem is by implement pollution control policies in the form of pollution tax or clean technology incentives. Empirical studies for developed countries reveal that imposition of an carbon tax would decrease CO 2 emissions significantly and do not dramatically reduce economic growth. However, the same result may not apply for small-open developing countries such as Malaysia. The objective of this study is to quantify the impact of pollution tax on the Malaysian economy under the backdrop of trade liberalization. To examine the economic impact and effectiveness of carbon tax, a single-country, static Computable General Equilibrium model for Malaysia is constructed. The model is extended to incorporate output-specific carbon tax elements. Three simulations were carried out using a Malaysian 2000 Social Accounting Matrix. The first simulation examines the impact of halving the baseline tariff and export duty while the second solely focused on the impact of output-specific carbon tax. The third simulation combines both former scenarios. The model results indicate that the Malaysian economy is not sensitive to further liberalization. The reason could be attributed to the fact that Malaysian export duty is already low. Additionally, simulation results also indicate that while imposition of carbon tax reduces carbon emission, it also results in lower GDP and trade.

Contact Stephen.mclaughlin(at) nuim.ie Table 5: Summary of the service contract details Contextual background ICT's importance in the global economy is unquestionable. The continuing transition to knowledge-based economies as well as increasing levels of automation within manufacturing economies, demand the successful exploitation of ICT. Successful exploitation of ICT, in turn, demands the availability of a workforce possessing the necessary ICT knowledge and skills. However, within Europe, an ICT skills gap of up to 13% is forecast, potentially acting as a brake on the region's productivity. Other world economies are confronting challenges of a similar scale. The ICT profession as a whole is immature in comparison with professions such as law, medicine and engineering. When viewed from a macro perspective across Europe and further afield, there is limited consistency in terms of the basic building blocks of the ICT profession, such as bodies of knowledge, competences, education, and ethics. The impact of an immature profession manifests itself in many ways, including inadequate numbers of students entering the profession, negative public perception of the industry in some countries, and high incidence of failed ICT projects including patterns of ICT "black swans". As ICT becomes ever more pervasive, for example, via the 'Internet of Things' and 'Internet of Services', the extent to which ICT is applied by inadequately skilled practitioners has the potential to harm society increases. This last factor is particularly important as, historically, growing concern over the impact to society of failing to apply domain-specific knowledge successfully, has been the point of inflection for the maturing of other professions. Given such a precedent, there exists a strong argument for maturing the ICT profession. As Europe transitions to a knowledge-intensive economy, its long-term success and competitiveness will be increasingly dependent upon effectively leveraging ICT and ensuring that the ICT workforce possesses the requisite knowledge, skills and competences. Such skills, according to the European Commission's (2007) communication on "e-Skills for the 21 st Century: Fostering Competitiveness, Growth and Jobs", include both ICT practitioner skills, ICT user skills and e-business or eleadership skills. The pervasiveness of ICT and the speed of technological change means that ICT skills need to be continually developed and updated for issues such as cloud computing, green IT and cyber security. Further, compared to in the past where greater emphasis was placed on technical competences, today increased focus is placed on the need for dual thinkers who possess a hybrid of technical and business competences. * Non-exclusive job code (includes both ICT and non ICT analysts). Concluding remarks In order to move towards maturing of the ICT profession, the current service contract aims to investigate and identify potential areas of collaboration and cooperation between industry participants, academia, and governmental bodies, on an international basis. To date, many countries and regions have embarked on initiatives to tackle the deficit of e-skills and mature the ICT profession. Typically, although not without exception, these initiatives have been undertaken on a national or regional basis.

Based on literature review, this paper theoretically explores the insights into Service Science and its Applications to future Service Production. The insights reviewed shows that, in contrast to the fast service economy development, the advancement in service education and research are far left behind. The service sector accounts for most of the world's economic activity, but it's the least-studied part of the economy. This study concludes that, the high performance service organizations are those which clarify their mission, define outcomes and focus on results, empower employees, motivate and inspire people, are flexible and adjust to new conditions, are competitive in terms of performance, restructure work processes to meet needs, and maintain communications with stakeholders.